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Gogulska Z, Smolenska Z, Turyn J, Mika A, Zdrojewski Z. Lipid Alterations in Systemic Sclerosis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:761721. [PMID: 34993231 PMCID: PMC8724564 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.761721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease with an elusive etiology and poor prognosis. Due to its diverse clinical presentation, a personalized approach is obligatory and needs to be based on a comprehensive biomarker panel. Therefore, particular metabolomic studies are necessary. Lipidomics addressed these issues and found disturbances in several crucial metabolic pathways. Aim of Review: The review aims to briefly summarize current knowledge related to lipid alterations in systemic sclerosis, highlight its importance, and encourage further research in this field. Key Scientific Concepts of Review: In this review, we summarized the studies on the lipidomic pattern, fatty acids, lipoproteins, cholesterol, eicosanoids, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, lysophospholipids, and sphingolipids in systemic sclerosis. Researchers demonstrated several alternate aspects of lipid metabolism. As we aimed to present our findings in a comprehensive view, we decided to divide our findings into three major groups: “serum lipoproteins,” “fatty acids and derivatives,” and “cellular membrane components,” as we do believe they play a prominent role in SSc pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Gogulska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Connective Tissue Diseases and Geriatrics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Zaneta Smolenska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Connective Tissue Diseases and Geriatrics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Turyn
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Adriana Mika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Zdrojewski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Connective Tissue Diseases and Geriatrics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Abstract
The relationship between sphingolipid levels and NAFLD pathology has been recognized for some time. Numerous studies using pharmacological and genetic approaches in vitro and in animal models of NAFLD have demonstrated that modifications to sphingolipid metabolism can attenuate various facets of NAFLD pathology. However, a more precise understanding of the role of sphingolipids and NAFLD pathology is essential to creating therapeutics that target this pathway. This chapter touches on the scale and variety of sphingolipid metabolites at play in NAFLD, which vary widely in their chemical structures and biological functions. With advances in liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry approaches, each of thousands of individual sphingolipid species and sphingolipid metabolites can be identified and precisely quantified. These approaches are beginning to reveal specific sub-classes and species of sphingolipids that change in NAFLD, and as such, enzymes that generate them can be identified and potentially serve as therapeutic targets. Advances in lipidomics technology have been, and will continue to be, critical to these gains in our understanding of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Montefusco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Johana Lambert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Andrea Anderson
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jeremy Allegood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - L Ashley Cowart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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3
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Magaye RR, Savira F, Xiong X, Huynh K, Meikle PJ, Reid C, Flynn BL, Kaye D, Liew D, Wang BH. Dihydrosphingosine driven enrichment of sphingolipids attenuates TGFβ induced collagen synthesis in cardiac fibroblasts. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2021; 35:100837. [PMID: 34277924 PMCID: PMC8264607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2021.100837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The sphingolipid de novo synthesis pathway, encompassing the sphingolipids, the enzymes and the cell membrane receptors, are being investigated for their role in diseases and as potential therapeutic targets. The intermediate sphingolipids such as dihydrosphingosine (dhSph) and sphingosine (Sph) have not been investigated due to them being thought of as precursors to other more active lipids such as ceramide (Cer) and sphingosine 1 phosphate (S1P). Here we investigated their effects in terms of collagen synthesis in primary rat neonatal cardiac fibroblasts (NCFs). Our results in NCFs showed that both dhSph and Sph did not induce collagen synthesis, whilst dhSph reduced collagen synthesis induced by transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). The mechanisms of these inhibitory effects were associated with the increased activation of the de novo synthesis pathway that led to increased dihydrosphingosine 1 phosphate (dhS1P). Subsequently, through a negative feedback mechanism that may involve substrate-enzyme receptor interactions, S1P receptor 1 expression (S1PR1) was reduced.
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Key Words
- Akt, protein kinase B
- CTGF, connective tissue growth factor
- Cardiac fibroblasts
- Cer, ceramide
- Cer1P, ceramide 1 phosphate
- Coll1a1, collagen 1a1
- Collagen synthesis
- Degs1, dihydroceramide desaturase 1 gene
- Des-1, dihydroceramide desaturase 1 enzyme
- Dihydrosphingosine
- ECM, extracellular matrix inhibitor of nuclear kappa B (NFKβ) kinase alpha and beta (IKKα/β)
- MA3PK, mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase
- MAPK, mitogren activated protein kinase
- MI, myocardial infarct
- MMP2, matrix metalloproteinase 2
- NCF, neonatal cardiac fibroblasts
- RPS6, ribosomal protein S6
- S1P, sphingosine-1 Phosphate
- S1PR1, sphingosine -1-phosphate receptor 1
- S1PRs, sphingosine 1 phosphate receptor 1-5
- SK1, sphingosine kinase 1
- Sph, sphingosine
- Sphingolipid
- TAK1, transforming growth factor β activating kinase 1
- TGFβ
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor β
- TIMP1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1
- d7dhSph, deuterated dihydrosphingosine
- dhCer, dihydroceramide
- dhS1P, dihydrosphingosine 1 phosphate
- mTOR, mammalian target for rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth R. Magaye
- Biomarker Discovery Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Feby Savira
- Biomarker Discovery Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Xin Xiong
- Biomarker Discovery Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Melbourne, Australia
- Shanghai Institute of Heart Failure, Research Centre for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Kevin Huynh
- Metabolomics Research Group, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter J. Meikle
- Metabolomics Research Group, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Public Health School, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Christopher Reid
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Public Health School, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Bernard L. Flynn
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Kaye
- Heart Failure Research Group, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Danny Liew
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bing H. Wang
- Biomarker Discovery Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Melbourne, Australia
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4
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Understanding Fibrosis in Systemic Sclerosis: Novel and Emerging Treatment Approaches. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2020; 22:77. [DOI: 10.1007/s11926-020-00953-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ha AW, Sudhadevi T, Ebenezer DL, Fu P, Berdyshev EV, Ackerman SJ, Natarajan V, Harijith A. Neonatal therapy with PF543, a sphingosine kinase 1 inhibitor, ameliorates hyperoxia-induced airway remodeling in a murine model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L497-L512. [PMID: 32697651 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00169.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperoxia (HO)-induced lung injury contributes to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm newborns. Intractable wheezing seen in BPD survivors is associated with airway remodeling (AWRM). Sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1)/sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling promotes HO-mediated neonatal BPD; however, its role in the sequela of AWRM is not known. We noted an increased concentration of S1P in tracheal aspirates of neonatal infants with severe BPD, and earlier, demonstrated that Sphk1-/- mice showed protection against HO-induced BPD. The role of SPHK1/S1P in promoting AWRM following exposure of neonates to HO was investigated in a murine model. Therapy using PF543, the specific SPHK1 inhibitor, during neonatal HO reduced alveolar simplification followed by reduced AWRM in adult mice. This was associated with reduced airway hyperreactivity to intravenous methacholine. Neonatal HO exposure was associated with increased expression of SPHK1 in lung tissue of adult mice, which was reduced with PF543 therapy in the neonatal stage. This was accompanied by amelioration of HO-induced reduction of E-cadherin in airway epithelium. This may be suggestive of arrested partial epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by HO. In vitro studies using human primary airway epithelial cells (HAEpCs) showed that SPHK1 inhibition or deletion restored HO-induced reduction in E-cadherin and reduced formation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS). Blocking mtROS with MitoTempo attenuated HO-induced partial EMT of HAEpCs. These results collectively support a therapeutic role for PF543 in preventing HO-induced BPD in neonates and the long-term sequela of AWRM, thus conferring a long-term protection resulting in improved lung development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison W Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tara Sudhadevi
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - David L Ebenezer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Panfeng Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Steven J Ackerman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Viswanathan Natarajan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anantha Harijith
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Lipid Mediators Regulate Pulmonary Fibrosis: Potential Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124257. [PMID: 32549377 PMCID: PMC7352853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease of unknown etiology characterized by distorted distal lung architecture, inflammation, and fibrosis. The molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of IPF are incompletely defined. Several lung cell types including alveolar epithelial cells, fibroblasts, monocyte-derived macrophages, and endothelial cells have been implicated in the development and progression of fibrosis. Regardless of the cell types involved, changes in gene expression, disrupted glycolysis, and mitochondrial oxidation, dysregulated protein folding, and altered phospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism result in activation of myofibroblast, deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, remodeling of lung architecture and fibrosis. Lipid mediators derived from phospholipids, sphingolipids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids play an important role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis and have been described to exhibit pro- and anti-fibrotic effects in IPF and in preclinical animal models of lung fibrosis. This review describes the current understanding of the role and signaling pathways of prostanoids, lysophospholipids, and sphingolipids and their metabolizing enzymes in the development of lung fibrosis. Further, several of the lipid mediators and enzymes involved in their metabolism are therapeutic targets for drug development to treat IPF.
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Abstract
There is a considerable unmet demand for safe and efficacious medications in the realm of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The fate of the immune cells is precisely governed by control of various metabolic processes such as mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, fatty acid synthesis, beta-oxidation, amino acid metabolism, and several others including the pentose phosphate pathway, which is a unique source of metabolites for cell proliferation and maintenance of a reducing environment. These pathways are tightly regulated by the cytokines, growth factors, availability of the nutrients and host-microbe interaction. Exploring the immunometabolic pathways that govern the fate of cells of the innate and adaptive immune system, during various stages of activation, proliferation, differentiation and effector response, is crucial for new development of new treatment targets. Identifying the pathway connections and key enzymes will help us to target the dysregulated inflammation in autoimmune diseases. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is increasingly recognized as one of the key drivers of proinflammatory responses in autoimmune diseases. In this review, we provide an update on the current understanding of the metabolic signatures noted within different immune cells of many different autoimmune diseases with a focus on selecting pathways and specific metabolites as targets for treatment.
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8
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Li H, Chang H, Shi Z, Leung PCK. ID
3 mediates the
TGF
‐β1‐induced suppression of matrix metalloproteinase‐1 in human granulosa cells. FEBS J 2019; 286:4310-4327. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Key laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction Institute of Animal Science Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology BC Children's Hospital Research Institute University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety‐State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing China
| | - Hsun‐Ming Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology BC Children's Hospital Research Institute University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
| | - Zhendan Shi
- Key laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction Institute of Animal Science Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety‐State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing China
| | - Peter C. K. Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology BC Children's Hospital Research Institute University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
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Magaye RR, Savira F, Hua Y, Kelly DJ, Reid C, Flynn B, Liew D, Wang BH. The role of dihydrosphingolipids in disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1107-1134. [PMID: 30523364 PMCID: PMC11105797 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2984-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrosphingolipids refer to sphingolipids early in the biosynthetic pathway that do not contain a C4-trans-double bond in the sphingoid backbone: 3-ketosphinganine (3-ketoSph), dihydrosphingosine (dhSph), dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate (dhS1P) and dihydroceramide (dhCer). Recent advances in research related to sphingolipid biochemistry have shed light on the importance of sphingolipids in terms of cellular signalling in health and disease. However, dihydrosphingolipids have received less attention and research is lacking especially in terms of their molecular mechanisms of action. This is despite studies implicating them in the pathophysiology of disease, for example dhCer in predicting type 2 diabetes in obese individuals, dhS1P in cardiovascular diseases and dhSph in hepato-renal toxicity. This review gives a comprehensive summary of research in the last 10-15 years on the dihydrosphingolipids, 3-ketoSph, dhSph, dhS1P and dhCer, and their relevant roles in different diseases. It also highlights gaps in research that could be of future interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth R Magaye
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Feby Savira
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yue Hua
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Darren J Kelly
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher Reid
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bernard Flynn
- Australian Translational Medicinal Chemistry Facility, Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Danny Liew
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bing H Wang
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Kano M, Kobayashi T, Date M, Tennichi M, Hamaguchi Y, Strasser DS, Takehara K, Matsushita T. Attenuation of murine sclerodermatous models by the selective S1P 1 receptor modulator cenerimod. Sci Rep 2019; 9:658. [PMID: 30679645 PMCID: PMC6345830 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37074-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a lipid mediator, regulates lymphocyte migration between lymphoid tissue and blood. Furthermore, S1P participates in several physiological phenomena including angiogenesis, inflammation, immune regulation, and neurotransmitter release. Moreover, S1P/S1P receptor signaling involves in systemic sclerosis (SSc) pathogenesis. This study aimed to investigate whether the selective S1P1 receptor modulator cenerimod attenuates murine sclerodermatous models. Cenerimod was orally administered to murine sclerodermatous chronic graft versus host disease (Scl-cGVHD) mice, either from day 0 to 42 or day 22 to 42 after bone marrow transplantation. Bleomycin-induced SSc model mice were administered cenerimod from day 0 to 28. Early cenerimod administration inhibited, and delayed cenerimod administration attenuated skin and lung fibrosis in Scl-cGVHD mice. Cenerimod suppressed the infiltration of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and CD11b+ cells into the inflamed skin of Scl-cGVHD mice as opposed to control mice. In contrast, cenerimod increased the frequency of regulatory T cells in the spleen and skin of Scl-cGVHD mice. Additionally, cenerimod attenuated the mRNA expression of extracellular matrix and fibrogenic cytokines in the skin. Furthermore, cenerimod attenuated bleomycin-induced fibrosis in the skin and lung. Hence, the selective S1P1 receptor modulator cenerimod is a promising candidate for treating patients with SSc and Scl-cGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyu Kano
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Kobayashi
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Date
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Momoko Tennichi
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Hamaguchi
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Daniel S Strasser
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Drug Discovery, Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Kazuhiko Takehara
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsushita
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan.
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Wang E, He X, Zeng M. The Role of S1P and the Related Signaling Pathway in the Development of Tissue Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1504. [PMID: 30687087 PMCID: PMC6338044 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis, including pulmonary fibrosis, hepatic fibrosis, and cardiac fibrosis, is an important stage in the development of many diseases. It can lead to structural damage and dysfunction and even severe carcinogenesis or death. There is currently no effective method for the treatment of fibrosis. At present, the molecular mechanism of tissue fibrosis has not yet been fully elucidated, but many studies have demonstrated that it is involved in conveying the complex messages between fibroblasts and various cytokines. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a naturally bioactive sphingolipid. S1P and the related signaling pathways are important intracellular metabolic pathways involved in many life activities, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and cellular signal transduction. Increasing evidence suggests that S1P and its signaling pathways play an important role in the development of tissue fibrosis; however, the mechanisms of these effects have not yet been fully elucidated, and even the role of S1P and its signaling pathways are still controversial. This article focuses on the role of S1P and the related signaling pathways in the development of fibrosis of lung, liver, heart, and other tissues, with emphasis on the application of inhibitors of some of molecules in the pathway in clinical treatment of fibrosis diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erjin Wang
- Department of Health Toxicology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xingxuan He
- Department of Human Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ming Zeng
- Department of Health Toxicology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Ng ML, Yarla NS, Menschikowski M, Sukocheva OA. Regulatory role of sphingosine kinase and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor signaling in progenitor/stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2018; 10:119-133. [PMID: 30310531 PMCID: PMC6177561 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v10.i9.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Balanced sphingolipid signaling is important for the maintenance of homeostasis. Sphingolipids were demonstrated to function as structural components, second messengers, and regulators of cell growth and survival in normal and disease-affected tissues. Particularly, sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) and its product sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) operate as mediators and facilitators of proliferation-linked signaling. Unlimited proliferation (self-renewal) within the regulated environment is a hallmark of progenitor/stem cells that was recently associated with the S1P signaling network in vasculature, nervous, muscular, and immune systems. S1P was shown to regulate progenitor-related characteristics in normal and cancer stem cells (CSCs) via G-protein coupled receptors S1Pn (n = 1 to 5). The SphK/S1P axis is crucially involved in the regulation of embryonic development of vasculature and the nervous system, hematopoietic stem cell migration, regeneration of skeletal muscle, and development of multiple sclerosis. The ratio of the S1P receptor expression, localization, and specific S1P receptor-activated downstream effectors influenced the rate of self-renewal and should be further explored as regeneration-related targets. Considering malignant transformation, it is essential to control the level of self-renewal capacity. Proliferation of the progenitor cell should be synchronized with differentiation to provide healthy lifelong function of blood, immune systems, and replacement of damaged or dead cells. The differentiation-related role of SphK/S1P remains poorly assessed. A few pioneering investigations explored pharmacological tools that target sphingolipid signaling and can potentially confine and direct self-renewal towards normal differentiation. Further investigation is required to test the role of the SphK/S1P axis in regulation of self-renewal and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li Ng
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Nagendra S Yarla
- Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam 530 045, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Mario Menschikowski
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden D-01307, Germany
| | - Olga A Sukocheva
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park SA 5042, Australia
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Lan T, Li C, Yang G, Sun Y, Zhuang L, Ou Y, Li H, Wang G, Kisseleva T, Brenner D, Guo J. Sphingosine kinase 1 promotes liver fibrosis by preventing miR-19b-3p-mediated inhibition of CCR2. Hepatology 2018; 68:1070-1086. [PMID: 29572892 PMCID: PMC6174945 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chronic liver disease mediated by activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and Kupffer cells (KCs) leads to liver fibrosis. Here, we aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism and define the cell type involved in mediating the sphingosine kinase (SphK)1-dependent effect on liver fibrosis. The levels of expression and activity of SphK1 were significantly increased in fibrotic livers compared with the normal livers in human. SphK1 was coexpressed with a range of HSC/KC markers including desmin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and F4/80 in fibrotic liver. Deficiency of SphK1 (SphK1-/- ) resulted in a marked amelioration of hepatic injury, including transaminase activities, histology, collagen deposition, α-SMA and inflammation, in CCl4 or bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced mice. Likewise, treatment with a specific inhibitor of SphK1, 5C, also significantly prevented liver injury and fibrosis in mice induced by CCl4 or BDL. In cellular levels, inhibition of SphK1 significantly blocked the activation and migration of HSCs and KCs. Moreover, SphK1 knockout in KCs reduced the secretion of CCL2, and SphK1 knockout in HSCs reduced C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 ([CCR2] CCL2 receptor) expression in HSCs. CCL2 in SphK1-/- mice was lower whereas microRNA-19b-3p in SphK1-/- mice was higher compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Furthermore, microRNA-19b-3p downregulated CCR2 in HSCs. The functional effect of SphK1 in HSCs on liver fibrosis was further strengthened by the results of animal experiments using a bone marrow transplantation (BMT) method. CONCLUSION SphK1 has distinct roles in the activation of KCs and HSCs in liver fibrosis. Mechanistically, SphK1 in KCs mediates CCL2 secretion, and SphK1 in HSCs upregulates CCR2 by downregulation of miR-19b-3p. (Hepatology 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lan
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina,Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western MedicineGuangzhouChina,Joint Laboratory of GuangdongHong Kong and Macao on Glycolipid Metabolic DiseasesGuangzhouChina
| | | | - Guizhi Yang
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yue Sun
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina,Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western MedicineGuangzhouChina,Joint Laboratory of GuangdongHong Kong and Macao on Glycolipid Metabolic DiseasesGuangzhouChina
| | - Lihang Zhuang
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina,Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western MedicineGuangzhouChina,Joint Laboratory of GuangdongHong Kong and Macao on Glycolipid Metabolic DiseasesGuangzhouChina
| | - Yitao Ou
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver transplantation Center of the Third Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Genshu Wang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver transplantation Center of the Third Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | | | - David Brenner
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina,Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western MedicineGuangzhouChina,Joint Laboratory of GuangdongHong Kong and Macao on Glycolipid Metabolic DiseasesGuangzhouChina
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14
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Di Pardo A, Basit A, Armirotti A, Amico E, Castaldo S, Pepe G, Marracino F, Buttari F, Digilio AF, Maglione V. De novo Synthesis of Sphingolipids Is Defective in Experimental Models of Huntington's Disease. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:698. [PMID: 29311779 PMCID: PMC5742211 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of lipid metabolism have been frequently associated with Huntington's disease (HD) over the past years. HD is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, with a complex pathogenic profile, typically characterized by progressive striatal and cortical degeneration and associated motor, cognitive and behavioral disturbances. Previous findings from our group support the idea that disturbed sphingolipid metabolism could represent an additional hallmark of the disease. Although such a defect represents a common biological denominator among multiple disease models ranging from cells to humans through mouse models, more efforts are needed to clearly define its clinical significance and the role it may play in the progression of the disease. In this study, we provided the first evidence of a defective de novo biosynthetic pathway of sphingolipids in multiple HD pre-clinical models. qPCR analysis revealed perturbed gene expression of sphingolipid-metabolizing enzymes in both early and late stage of the disease. In particular, reduction in the levels of sptlc1 and cerS1 mRNA in the brain tissues from manifest HD mice resulted in a significant decrease in the content of dihydroSphingosine, dihydroSphingosine-1-phospahte and dihydroCeramide [C18:0] as assessed by mass spectrometry. Moreover, in vitro studies highlighted the relevant role that aberrant sphingolipid metabolism may have in the HD cellular homeostasis. With this study, we consolidate the evidence of disturbed sphingolipid metabolism in HD and demonstrate for the first time that the de novo biosynthesis pathway is also significantly affected in the disease. This finding further supports the hypothesis that perturbed sphingolipid metabolism may represent a crucial factor accounting for the high susceptibility to disease in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdul Basit
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anna F Digilio
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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15
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Sacchetti C, Bottini N. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases in Systemic Sclerosis: Potential Pathogenic Players and Therapeutic Targets. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2017; 19:28. [PMID: 28397126 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-017-0655-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis depends on a complex interplay between autoimmunity, vasculopathy, and fibrosis. Reversible phosphorylation on tyrosine residues, in response to growth factors and other stimuli, critically regulates each one of these three key pathogenic processes. Protein tyrosine kinases, the enzymes that catalyze addition of phosphate to tyrosine residues, are known players in systemic sclerosis, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors are undergoing clinical trials for treatment of this disease. Until recently, the role of tyrosine phosphatases-the enzymes that counteract the action of tyrosine kinases by removing phosphate from tyrosine residues-in systemic sclerosis has remained largely unknown. Here, we review the function of tyrosine phosphatases in pathways relevant to the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis and their potential promise as therapeutic targets to halt progression of this debilitating rheumatic disease. RECENT FINDINGS Protein tyrosine phosphatases are emerging as important regulators of a multitude of signaling pathways and undergoing validation as molecular targets for cancer and other common diseases. Recent advances in drug discovery are paving the ways to develop new classes of tyrosine phosphatase modulators to treat human diseases. Although so far only few reports have focused on tyrosine phosphatases in systemic sclerosis, these enzymes play a role in multiple pathways relevant to disease pathogenesis. Further studies in this field are warranted to explore the potential of tyrosine phosphatases as drug targets for systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Sacchetti
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC #0656, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nunzio Bottini
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC #0656, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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16
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PTP4A1 promotes TGFβ signaling and fibrosis in systemic sclerosis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1060. [PMID: 29057934 PMCID: PMC5651906 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis of skin and internal organs. Protein tyrosine phosphatases have received little attention in the study of SSc or fibrosis. Here, we show that the tyrosine phosphatase PTP4A1 is highly expressed in fibroblasts from patients with SSc. PTP4A1 and its close homolog PTP4A2 are critical promoters of TGFβ signaling in primary dermal fibroblasts and of bleomycin-induced fibrosis in vivo. PTP4A1 promotes TGFβ signaling in human fibroblasts through enhancement of ERK activity, which stimulates SMAD3 expression and nuclear translocation. Upstream from ERK, we show that PTP4A1 directly interacts with SRC and inhibits SRC basal activation independently of its phosphatase activity. Unexpectedly, PTP4A2 minimally interacts with SRC and does not promote the SRC–ERK–SMAD3 pathway. Thus, in addition to defining PTP4A1 as a molecule of interest for TGFβ-dependent fibrosis, our study provides information regarding the functional specificity of different members of the PTP4A subclass of phosphatases. Although protein tyrosine kinases are being explored as antifibrotic agents for the treatment of systemic sclerosis, little is known about the function of counteractive protein tyrosine phosphatases in this context. Here, the authors show that PTP4A1 is highly expressed by fibroblasts from patients with systemic sclerosis and promotes TGFβ activity via SRC–ERK–SMAD3 signaling.
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17
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Vallée A, Lecarpentier Y, Guillevin R, Vallée JN. Interactions between TGF-β1, canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway and PPAR γ in radiation-induced fibrosis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:90579-90604. [PMID: 29163854 PMCID: PMC5685775 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy induces DNA damage and inflammation leading to fibrosis. Fibrosis can occur 4 to 12 months after radiation therapy. This process worsens with time and years. Radiation-induced fibrosis is characterized by fibroblasts proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation, and synthesis of collagen, proteoglycans and extracellular matrix. Myofibroblasts are non-muscle cells that can contract and relax. Myofibroblasts evolve towards irreversible retraction during fibrosis process. In this review, we discussed the interplays between transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR γ) in regulating the molecular mechanisms underlying the radiation-induced fibrosis, and the potential role of PPAR γ agonists. Overexpression of TGF-β and canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway stimulate fibroblasts accumulation and myofibroblast differentiation whereas PPAR γ expression decreases due to the opposite interplay of canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway. Both TGF-β1 and canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway stimulate each other through the Smad pathway and non-Smad pathways such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/serine/threonine kinase (PI3K/Akt) signaling. WNT/β-catenin pathway and PPAR γ interact in an opposite manner. PPAR γ agonists decrease β-catenin levels through activation of inhibitors of the WNT pathway such as Smad7, glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3 β) and dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1). PPAR γ agonists also stimulate phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) expression, which decreases both TGF-β1 and PI3K/Akt pathways. PPAR γ agonists by activating Smad7 decrease Smads pathway and then TGF-β signaling leading to decrease radiation-induced fibrosis. TGF-β1 and canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway promote radiation-induced fibrosis whereas PPAR γ agonists can prevent radiation-induced fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, INSERM U1084, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Laboratory of Mathematics and Applications (LMA), UMR CNRS 7348, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien (GHEF), Meaux, France
| | - Rémy Guillevin
- DACTIM, UMR CNRS 7348, University of Poitiers et CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Noël Vallée
- Laboratory of Mathematics and Applications (LMA), UMR CNRS 7348, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,CHU Amiens Picardie, University of Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), Amiens, France
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18
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Yang X, Liu C, Fujino M, Yang J, Li XK, Zou H. A modified graft-versus-host-induced model for systemic sclerosis, with pulmonary fibrosis in Rag2-deficient mice. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:1316-1327. [PMID: 28904861 PMCID: PMC5586340 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease that results in fibrosis in multiple organs. Various animal models for this disease have been developed, both genetic and induced. One of the induced models, sclerodermatous graft‐versus‐host disease (scl‐GvHD), exhibits the main characteristics of SSc, but involves lethal γ‐irradiation of recipients. We sought to develop a modified scl‐GvHD model. Spleen cells from B10.D2 donor mice were transplanted into immunodeficient Rag‐2 recipients on the BALB/c genetic background. Tissue fibrosis was analyzed at 3 and 9 weeks after transplantation. In addition to serum levels of anti‐Scl‐70 autoantibody and cytokines, tissue inflammation, fibrosis, expression of collagen‐I and α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), infiltration of leukocytes, mRNA expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β, collagen‐I, α‐SMA, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, and interleukin (IL)‐6, the classical signal pathway of TGF‐β, Smad‐3, and p‐Smad‐3 expression in tissue were analyzed. Skin thickening and increased collagen synthesis, as well as the manifestation of tissue fibrosis, could be detected in skin, kidney, and lung of modified scl‐GvHD mouse model. Increased serum levels of anti‐Scl‐70 autoantibody, IL‐10, and TGF‐β could be detected. Increased CD4+ T cells and F4/80+ macrophage infiltration were found in skin, kidney, and lung. Gene expression of collagen‐I, TGF‐β, α‐SMA, TNF‐α, and IL‐6 was increased in tissue of the scl‐GvHD model. Moreover, TGF‐β expression and Smad‐3 phosphorylation were detected in skin, kidney, and lung of scl‐GvHD mice. Our data show that spleen cells from B10.D2 donor mice transplanted into immunodeficient Rag‐2 recipients could induce typical fibrosis not only of the skin and kidney but also of lung, which was missing from previous scl‐GvHD models. Thus, the modified scl‐GvHD model might be a promising model to explore the immunologic mechanisms of SSc and may be useful for investigation of new therapies for systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Division of Rheumatology Huashan Hospital Fudan University Shanghai China.,Division of Transplantation Immunology National Research Institute for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan.,Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Chi Liu
- Division of Transplantation Immunology National Research Institute for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujino
- Division of Transplantation Immunology National Research Institute for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan.,AIDS Research Center National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo Japan
| | - Ji Yang
- Department of Dermatology Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Xiao-Kang Li
- Division of Transplantation Immunology National Research Institute for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan.,Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Hejian Zou
- Division of Rheumatology Huashan Hospital Fudan University Shanghai China.,Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy Fudan University Shanghai China
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19
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Pattanaik D, Brown M, Postlethwaite BC, Postlethwaite AE. Pathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:272. [PMID: 26106387 PMCID: PMC4459100 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic scleroderma (SSc) is one of the most complex systemic autoimmune diseases. It targets the vasculature, connective tissue-producing cells (namely fibroblasts/myofibroblasts), and components of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Clinical and pathologic manifestations of SSc are the result of: (1) innate/adaptive immune system abnormalities leading to production of autoantibodies and cell-mediated autoimmunity, (2) microvascular endothelial cell/small vessel fibroproliferative vasculopathy, and (3) fibroblast dysfunction generating excessive accumulation of collagen and other matrix components in skin and internal organs. All three of these processes interact and affect each other. The disease is heterogeneous in its clinical presentation that likely reflects different genetic or triggering factor (i.e., infection or environmental toxin) influences on the immune system, vasculature, and connective tissue cells. The roles played by other ubiquitous molecular entities (such as lysophospholipids, endocannabinoids, and their diverse receptors and vitamin D) in influencing the immune system, vasculature, and connective tissue cells are just beginning to be realized and studied and may provide insights into new therapeutic approaches to treat SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debendra Pattanaik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA ; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Monica Brown
- Section of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Bradley C Postlethwaite
- Department of Medicine, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Arnold E Postlethwaite
- Department of Medicine, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA ; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Memphis, TN , USA
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20
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Experimentally-derived fibroblast gene signatures identify molecular pathways associated with distinct subsets of systemic sclerosis patients in three independent cohorts. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0114017. [PMID: 25607805 PMCID: PMC4301872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide expression profiling in systemic sclerosis (SSc) has identified four ‘intrinsic’ subsets of disease (fibroproliferative, inflammatory, limited, and normal-like), each of which shows deregulation of distinct signaling pathways; however, the full set of pathways contributing to this differential gene expression has not been fully elucidated. Here we examine experimentally derived gene expression signatures in dermal fibroblasts for thirteen different signaling pathways implicated in SSc pathogenesis. These data show distinct and overlapping sets of genes induced by each pathway, allowing for a better understanding of the molecular relationship between profibrotic and immune signaling networks. Pathway-specific gene signatures were analyzed across a compendium of microarray datasets consisting of skin biopsies from three independent cohorts representing 80 SSc patients, 4 morphea, and 26 controls. IFNα signaling showed a strong association with early disease, while TGFβ signaling spanned the fibroproliferative and inflammatory subsets, was associated with worse MRSS, and was higher in lesional than non-lesional skin. The fibroproliferative subset was most strongly associated with PDGF signaling, while the inflammatory subset demonstrated strong activation of innate immune pathways including TLR signaling upstream of NF-κB. The limited and normal-like subsets did not show associations with fibrotic and inflammatory mediators such as TGFβ and TNFα. The normal-like subset showed high expression of genes associated with lipid signaling, which was absent in the inflammatory and limited subsets. Together, these data suggest a model by which IFNα is involved in early disease pathology, and disease severity is associated with active TGFβ signaling.
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21
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Priyadarsini S, Sarker-Nag A, Allegood J, Chalfant C, Karamichos D. Description of the sphingolipid content and subspecies in the diabetic cornea. Curr Eye Res 2014; 40:1204-10. [PMID: 25426847 PMCID: PMC4763931 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.990984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. Long term complications include but not limited heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, and ocular damage. An estimated 382 million people are diagnosed with Type 2 DM accounting for 90% of the cases. Common corneal dysfunctions associated with DM result in impaired vision due to decreased wound healing, corneal edema, and altered epithelial basement membrane. Lipids play a fundamental role in tissue metabolism and disease states. We attempt to determine the role of sphingolipids (SPL) in human Type I and Type II diabetic corneas. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cadaver corneas from healthy (non-diabetic/no ocular trauma), Type I (T1DM), and Type II diabetic (T2DM) donors were obtained and processed for lipidomics using LC-MS/MS. RESULTS Our data show significant differences in the SPL composition between control, T1DM and T2DM corneas. Both T1DM and T2DM showed a 10-folddownregulation of sphingomyelin(SM), 5-fold up regulation of Ceramides (Cer) and 2-fold upregulation of monohexosylceramides (MHC). Differences were also seen in total amounts of SPL where Cer was increased by approximately 3 fold in both T1DM and T2DM where SM decreased by 50% in both T1DM and T2DM when compared to healthy controls. No differences were seen in MHC amounts. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data indicate major differences in SPL distribution in human diabetic corneas. Information on the sphingolipids role in cornea, corneal cell physiology, and diseases are very limitedwhich highlights the importance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrestha Priyadarsini
- Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Akhee Sarker-Nag
- Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Jeremy Allegood
- Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University-School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0614
- The VCU Johnson Center, Richmond, VA 23298
- The VCU Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Charles Chalfant
- Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University-School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0614
- The VCU Johnson Center, Richmond, VA 23298
- The VCU Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Dimitrios Karamichos
- Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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22
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Tucker SC, Honn KV. Emerging targets in lipid-based therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:673-688. [PMID: 23261527 PMCID: PMC4106802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of prostaglandins and NSAIDS in the clinic has proven that lipid mediators and their associated pathways make attractive therapeutic targets. When contemplating therapies involving lipid pathways, several basic agents come to mind. There are the enzymes and accessory proteins that lead to the metabolism of lipid substrates, provided through diet or through actions of lipases, the subsequent lipid products, and finally the lipid sensors or receptors. There is abundant evidence that molecules along this lipid continuum can serve as prognostic and diagnostic indicators and are in fact viable therapeutic targets. Furthermore, lipids themselves can be used as therapeutics. Despite this, the vernacular dialog pertaining to "biomarkers" does not routinely include mention of lipids, though this is rapidly changing. Collectively these agents are becoming more appreciated for their respective roles in diverse disease processes from cancer to preterm labor and are receiving their due appreciation after decades of ground work in the lipid field. By relating examples of disease processes that result from dysfunction along the lipid continuum, as well as examples of lipid therapies and emerging technologies, this review is meant to inspire further reading and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Tucker
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Kenneth V Honn
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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23
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Wei J, Bhattacharyya S, Jain M, Varga J. Regulation of Matrix Remodeling by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ: A Novel Link Between Metabolism and Fibrogenesis. Open Rheumatol J 2012; 6:103-15. [PMID: 22802908 PMCID: PMC3396343 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901206010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intractable process of fibrosis underlies the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc) and other diseases, and in aggregate contributes to 45% of deaths worldwide. Because currently there is no effective anti-fibrotic therapy, a better understanding of the pathways and cellular differentiation programs underlying fibrosis are needed. Emerging evidence points to a fundamental role of the nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) in modulating fibrogenesis. While PPAR-γ has long been known to be important in lipid metabolism and in glucose homeostasis, its role in regulating mesenchymal cell biology and its association with pathological fibrosis had not been appreciated until recently. This article highlights recent studies revealing a consistent association of fibrosis with aberrant PPAR-γ expression and activity in various forms of human fibrosis and in rodent models, and reviews studies linking genetic manipulation of the PPAR-γ pathway in rodents and fibrosis. We survey the broad range of anti-fibrotic activities associated with PPAR-γ and the underlying mechanisms. We also summarize the emerging data linking PPAR-γ dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), which together with fibrosis is responsible for the mortality in patients in SSc. Finally, we consider current and potential future strategies for targeting PPAR-γ activity or expression as a therapy for controlling fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Swati Bhattacharyya
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Manu Jain
- Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - John Varga
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
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24
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Shea BS, Tager AM. Sphingolipid regulation of tissue fibrosis. Open Rheumatol J 2012; 6:123-9. [PMID: 22802910 PMCID: PMC3395890 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901206010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive sphingolipids, such as sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate (dhS1P) and ceramide, regulate a diverse array of cellular processes. Many of these processes are important components of wound-healing responses to tissue injury, including cellular apoptosis, vascular leak, fibroblast migration, and TGF-β signaling. Since over-exuberant or aberrant wound-healing responses to repetitive injury have been implicated in the pathogenesis of tissue fibrosis, these signaling sphingolipids have the potential to influence the development and progression of fibrotic diseases. Here we review accumulating in vitro and in vivo data indicating that these lipid mediators can in fact influence fibrogenesis in numerous organ systems, including the lungs, skin, liver, heart, and eye. Targeting these lipids, their receptors, or the enzymes involved in their metabolism consequently now appears to hold great promise for the development of novel therapies for fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry S Shea
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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25
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Brogden NK, Mehalick L, Fischer CL, Wertz PW, Brogden KA. The emerging role of peptides and lipids as antimicrobial epidermal barriers and modulators of local inflammation. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 25:167-81. [PMID: 22538862 DOI: 10.1159/000337927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Skin is complex and comprised of distinct layers, each layer with unique architecture and immunologic functions. Cells within these layers produce differing amounts of antimicrobial peptides and lipids (sphingoid bases and sebaceous fatty acids) that limit colonization of commensal and opportunistic microorganisms. Furthermore, antimicrobial peptides and lipids have distinct, concentration-dependent ancillary innate and adaptive immune functions. At 0.1-2.0 μM, antimicrobial peptides induce cell migration and adaptive immune responses to coadministered antigens. At 2.0-6.0 μM, they induce cell proliferation and enhance wound healing. At 6.0-12.0 μM, they can regulate chemokine and cytokine production and at their highest concentrations of 15.0-30.0 μM, antimicrobial peptides can be cytotoxic. At 1-100 nM, lipids enhance cell migration induced by chemokines, suppress apoptosis, and optimize T cell cytotoxicity, and at 0.3-1.0 μM they inhibit cell migration and attenuate chemokine and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses. Recently, many antimicrobial peptides and lipids at 0.1-2.0 μM have been found to attenuate the production of chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines to microbial antigens. Together, both the antimicrobial and the anti-inflammatory activities of these peptides and lipids may serve to create a strong, overlapping immunologic barrier that not only controls the concentrations of cutaneous commensal flora but also the extent to which they induce a localized inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Brogden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
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26
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Angadi PV, Krishnapillai R. Evaluation of PTEN immunoexpression in oral submucous fibrosis: role in pathogenesis and malignant transformation. Head Neck Pathol 2012; 6:314-21. [PMID: 22392409 PMCID: PMC3422583 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-012-0341-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic debilitating disease and a premalignant condition of the oral cavity characterized by generalized submucosal fibrosis. Despite its precancerous nature, the molecular biology regarding its malignant potential has not been extensively studied. PTEN, a known tumor suppressor gene is mutated in a majority of human cancers and has also been implicated in several fibrotic disorders. The present study aims to evaluate the expression of PTEN in OSMF and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and correlate it with the pathogenesis and malignant transformation of OSMF. 60 cases total of OSMF (30) and OSCC (30) were subjected to immunohistochemistry using PTEN antibody. Ten normal oral mucosa (NOM) specimens were also stained as controls. There was progressive loss of PTEN expression from normal mucosa to OSMF and OSCC (p ≤ 0.001). Significant differences were observed for PTEN expression between NOM and OSMF, OSMF and OSCC as well as NOM and OSCC. Though a progressive loss of PTEN was noticed between early OSMF and advanced OSMF, the variation did not reach statistical significance (p ≥ 0.001). Data suggest that there is a significant loss of PTEN expression in OSMF as compared to normal oral mucosa and that this trend increased from OSMF to OSCC. Thus, alteration of PTEN is likely an important molecular event in OSMF pathogenesis and oral carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punnya V. Angadi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, KLEVK Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Belgaum, 590010 Karnataka India ,Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, KLEVK Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Belgaum, 590010 Karnataka India
| | - Rekha Krishnapillai
- Department of Oral Pathology, Annoor Dental College and Hospital, Muvattupuzha, Kerala India
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Bhattacharyya S, Wei J, Varga J. Understanding fibrosis in systemic sclerosis: shifting paradigms, emerging opportunities. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2011; 8:42-54. [PMID: 22025123 PMCID: PMC3954787 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2011.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis in multiple organs is a prominent pathological finding and distinguishing hallmark of systemic sclerosis (SSc). Findings during the past 5 years have contributed to a more complete understanding of the complex cellular and molecular underpinning of fibrosis in SSc. Fibroblasts, the principal effector cells, are activated in the profibrotic cellular milieu by cytokines and growth factors, developmental pathways, endothelin 1 and thrombin. Innate immune signaling via Toll-like receptors, matrix-generated biomechanical stress signaling via integrins, hypoxia and oxidative stress seem to be implicated in perpetuating the process. Beyond chronic fibroblast activation, fibrosis represents a failure to terminate tissue repair, coupled with an expanded population of mesenchymal cells originating from bone marrow and transdifferentiation of epithelial cells, endothelial cells and pericytes. In addition, studies have identified intrinsic alterations in SSc fibroblasts resulting from epigenetic changes, as well as altered microRNA expression that might underlie the cell-autonomous, persistent activation phenotype of these cells. Precise characterization of the deregulated extracellular and intracellular signaling pathways, mediators and cellular differentiation programs that contribute to fibrosis in SSc will facilitate the development of selective, targeted therapeutic strategies. Effective antifibrotic therapy will ultimately involve novel compounds and repurposing of drugs that are already approved for other indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Bhattacharyya
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, McGaw M300, 240 East Huron Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ: innate protection from excessive fibrogenesis and potential therapeutic target in systemic sclerosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2011; 22:671-6. [PMID: 20693905 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e32833de1a7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Progressive organ fibrosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are the leading causes of death in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). However, the pathogenesis and the link between these two processes remain obscure. A better understanding of these events is needed in order to facilitate the discovery and development of effective therapies for SSc. RECENT FINDINGS Recent reports provide evidence that the orphan receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), better known for its pivotal role in metabolism, has potent effects on inflammation, fibrogenesis and vascular remodeling and is important in the pathogenesis of fibrosis and PAH, and as a potential therapeutic target in SSc. The studies discussed in this review indicate that ligands of PPARγ potently modulate connective tissue turnover and suggest that aberrant expression or function of PPARγ is associated with, and very likely contributes to, the progression of pathological fibrosis and vascular remodeling. These observations are of particularly relevance because FDA-approved drugs of the thiazolidinedione class currently used for the treatment of obesity-associated type 2 diabetes activate PPARγ signaling. Moreover, novel PPARγ ligands with selective activity are under development or in clinical trials for inflammatory diseases, asthma, Alzheimer disease and cancer. SUMMARY Drugs targeting the PPARγ pathway might be effective for the control of fibrosis as well as pathological vascular remodeling underlying PAH and, therefore, might have a therapeutic potential in SSc. A greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying the antifibrogenic and vascular remodeling activities of PPARγ ligands will be necessary in order to advance these drugs into clinical use.
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