Reduced Right Ventricular Output Reserve in Patients With Systemic Sclerosis and Mildly Elevated Pulmonary Artery Pressure

A pulmonary hypertension targeted algorithm to improve referral to right heart catheterization: A machine learning approach

Background

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a pathophysiological problem that may involve several clinical symptoms and be linked to various respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses. Its diagnosis is made invasively by Right Cardiac Catheterization (RHC), which is difficult to perform routinely. Aim of the current study was to develop a Machine Learning (ML) algorithm based on the analysis of anamnestic data to predict the presence of an invasively measured PH.

Methods

226 patients with clinical indication of RHC for suspected PH were enrolled between October 2017 and October 2020. All patients underwent a protocol of diagnostic techniques for PH according to the recommended guidelines. Machine learning (ML) approaches were considered to develop classifiers aiming to automatically detect patients affected by PH, based on the patient's characteristics, anamnestic data, and non-invasive parameters, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) results and spirometry outcomes.

Results

Out of 51 variables of patients undergoing RHC collected, 12 resulted significantly different between patients who resulted positive and those who resulted negative at RHC. Among them 8 were selected and utilized to both train and validate an Elastic-Net Regularized Generalized Linear Model, from which a risk score was developed. The AUC of the identification model is of 83 % with an overall accuracy of 74 % [95 % CI (61 %, 84 %)], indicating very good discrimination between patients with and without the pathology.

Conclusions

The PH-targeted ML models could streamline routine screening for PH, facilitating earlier identification and better RHC referrals.

The prognostic relevance of exercise pulmonary hypertension in cardiac and pulmonary diseases

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

In this review, we provide an overview of the prognostic implications of exPH in patients with various common cardiac and pulmonary diseases.

RECENT FINDINGS

Exercise pulmonary hypertension (exPH) has been recently re-introduced in the current European Society of Cardiology/European Respiratory Society pulmonary hypertension guidelines. Accordingly, exPH is defined as a mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP)/cardiac output ( CO ) slope greater than 3 mmHg/l/min. Key considerations for this re-introduction included increasing understanding on normal pulmonary hemodynamics during exercise and the broadly available evidence on the association of an abnormal mPAP/ CO slope with poor survival in the general population and in different disease entities.

SUMMARY

Exercise (patho-)physiology has opened a new field for clinical research facilitating recognition of cardiovascular and pulmonary vascular diseases in an early stage. Such early recognition with significant prognostic and possibly therapeutic relevance, but being undetectable at rest, makes exercise pulmonary hemodynamics particularly interesting for common diseases, such as valvular heart disease, left heart disease, and chronic pulmonary disease.

The Management of Mild Pulmonary Hypertension in Clinical Practice

The definition of pulmonary hypertension (PH) has been revised recently, with the mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) threshold (assessed by right heart catheterization) reduced from ⩾25 mm Hg to >20 mm Hg. This change reflects the mPAP upper limit of normal and a lower limit that is independently associated with adverse outcomes. To improve the specificity of diagnosing pathogenic increases in mPAP, however, a diagnosis of precapillary PH now also includes pulmonary vascular resistance >2.0 Wood units (WU) (lowered from >3.0 WU). These changes are positioned to capture approximately 55% more patients with PH. Because all clinical trials showing a benefit of pulmonary vasodilator therapy in precapillary PH used the classical hemodynamic definition, the approach to the diagnosis and management of patients with mild PH (i.e., mPAP 21-24 mm Hg and pulmonary vascular resistance 2-3 WU) requires particular consideration. Here, we use a question/answer format to discuss key areas in the management of mild PH, including practical information tailored to clinicians without training in PH.

Sildenafil Versus Placebo for Early Pulmonary Vascular Disease in Scleroderma (SEPVADIS): protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a leading cause of death in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). An important component of SSc patient management is early detection and treatment of PH. Recently the threshold for the diagnosis of PH has been lowered to a mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) threshold of > 20 mmHg on right heart catheterization (RHC). However, it is unknown if PH-specific therapy is beneficial in SSc patients with mildly elevated pressure (SSc-MEP, mPAP 21-24 mmHg).

METHODS

The SEPVADIS trial is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial of sildenafil in SSc-MEP patients with a target enrollment of 30 patients from two academic sites in the United States. The primary outcome is change in six-minute walk distance after 16 weeks of treatment. Secondary endpoints include change in pulmonary arterial compliance by RHC and right ventricular function by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging at 16 weeks. Echocardiography, serum N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide, and health-related quality of life is being measured at 16 and 52 weeks.

DISCUSSION

The SEPVADIS trial will be the first randomized study of sildenafil in SSc-MEP patients. The results of this trial will be used to inform a phase 3 study to investigate the efficacy of treating patients with mild elevations in mPAP.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT04797286.

Exercise Testing in the Risk Assessment of Pulmonary Hypertension

TOPIC IMPORTANCE

Right ventricular dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension (PH) contributes to reduced exercise capacity, morbidity, and mortality. Exercise can unmask right ventricular dysfunction not apparent at rest, with negative implications for prognosis.

REVIEW FINDINGS

Among patients with pulmonary vascular disease, right ventricular afterload may increase during exercise out of proportion to increases observed among healthy individuals. Right ventricular contractility must increase to match the demands of increased afterload to maintain ventricular-arterial coupling (the relationship between contractility and afterload) and ultimately cardiac output. Impaired right ventricular contractile reserve leads to ventricular-arterial uncoupling, preventing cardiac output from increasing during exercise and limiting exercise capacity. Abnormal pulmonary vascular response to exercise can signify early pulmonary vascular disease and is associated with increased mortality. Impaired right ventricular contractile reserve similarly predicts poor outcomes, including reduced exercise capacity and death. Exercise provocation can be used to assess pulmonary vascular response to exercise and right ventricular contractile reserve. Noninvasive techniques (including cardiopulmonary exercise testing, transthoracic echocardiography, and cardiac MRI) as well as invasive techniques (including right heart catheterization and pressure-volume analysis) may be applied selectively to the screening, diagnosis, and risk stratification of patients with suspected or established PH. Further research is required to determine the role of exercise stress testing in the management of pulmonary vascular disease.

SUMMARY

This review describes the current understanding of clinical applications of exercise testing in the risk assessment of patients with suspected or established PH.

The sine transform is the sine qua non of the pulmonary and systemic pressure relationship

Assessment of therapeutic interventions in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) suffers from several commonly encountered limitations: (1) patient studies are often too small and short-term to provide definitive conclusions, (2) there is a lack of a universal set of metrics to adequately assess therapy and (3) while clinical treatments focus on management of symptoms, there remain many cases of early loss of life in a seemingly arbitrary distribution. Here we provide a unified approach to assess right and left pressure relationships in PAH and pulmonary hypertension (PH) patients by developing linear models informed by the observation of Suga and Sugawa that pressure generation in the ventricle (right or left) approximately follows a single lobe of a sinusoid. We sought to identify a set of cardiovascular variables that either linearly or via a sine transformation related to systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (PAPs) and systemic systolic blood pressure (SBP). Importantly, both right and left cardiovascular variables are included in each linear model. Using non-invasively obtained cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) image metrics the approach was successfully applied to model PAPs in PAH patients with an r2 of 0.89 (p < 0.05) and SBP with an r2 of 0.74 (p < 0.05). Further, the approach clarified the relationships that exist between PAPs and SBP separately for PAH and PH patients, and these relationships were used to distinguish PAH vs. PH patients with good accuracy (68%, p < 0.05). An important feature of the linear models is that they demonstrate that right and left ventricular conditions interact to generate PAPs and SBP in PAH patients, even in the absence of left-sided disease. The models predicted a theoretical right ventricular pulsatile reserve that in PAH patients was shown to be predictive of the 6 min walk distance (r2 = 0.45, p < 0.05). The linear models indicate a physically plausible mode of interaction between right and left ventricles and provides a means of assessing right and left cardiac status as they relate to PAPs and SBP. The linear models have potential to allow assessment of the detailed physiologic effects of therapy in PAH and PH patients and may thus permit cross-over of knowledge between PH and PAH clinical trials.

Prognostic meaning of right ventricular function and output reserve in patients with systemic sclerosis

Background

The objective of this study was to investigate the prognostic impact of right ventricular (RV) function at rest and during exercise in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) presenting for a screening for pulmonary hypertension (PH).

Methods

In this study, data from SSc patients who underwent routinely performed examinations for PH screening including echocardiography and right heart catheterization at rest and during exercise were analysed. Uni- and multivariable analyses were performed to identify prognostic parameters.

Results

Out of 280 SSc patients screened for PH, 225 were included in the analysis (81.3% female, mean age 58.1±13.0 years, 68% limited cutaneous SSc, WHO-FC II–III 74%, 24 manifest PH). During the observation period of 3.2±2.7 (median 2.6) years 35 patients died. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) at rest <18 mm (p=0.001), RV output reserve as increase of cardiac index (CI) during exercise <2 l/min (p<0.0001), RV pulmonary vascular reserve (Δ mean pulmonary artery pressure/Δ cardiac output) ≥3 mmHg/l/min (p<0.0001), peak CI <5.5 l/min/m² (p=0.001), pulmonary arterial compliance <2 ml/mmHg (p=0.002), TAPSE/systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (sPAP) ratio ≤0.6 ml/mmHg (p<0.0001) and echocardiographic qualitative RV function at rest (p<0.0001) significantly predicted worse survival. In the multivariable analysis TAPSE/sPAP ratio and diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide ≤65% were identified as independent prognostic predictors and had 75% sensitivity and 69% specificity to predict future development of pulmonary vascular disease (PVD) during follow-up.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that assessment of RV function at rest and during exercise may provide crucial information to identify SSc patients who are at a high risk of poor outcome and for the development of PH and/or PVD.

sPAP/PAAT Ratio as a New Index of Pulmonary Vascular Load: A Study in Normal Subjects and Ssc Patients with and without PH

In pulmonary hypertension (PH), the development of right ventricular (RV) dilatation and RV failure are signs of accelerated progression of the disease, resulting in an increased risk of cardiac death. Even the noninvasive assessment of systolic blood pressure in the pulmonary artery undertaken by echocardiography does not provide a measure of ventricle–pulmonary interaction. Some studies have shown the potential for echocardiography to indirectly evaluate pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and the acceleration time of pulmonary outflow (PAAT). We used systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance to develop an sPAP/PAAT ratio (strength/surface unit)/(time) for this study. From January 2017 to December 2018, 60 healthy subjects and 63 patients with systemic scleroderma (Ssc) (60 females, 3 males), 27 with PH and 36 without PH at two-dimensional echocardiographic/Doppler, were screened. In normal subjects, the mean sPAP/PAAT ratio was 0.26 ± 0.063, which indicated optimal pulmonary arterial ventricle coupling and biventricular function. The data derived from the analysis of the Ssc patients showed that those presenting pre-capillary PH at cardiac catheterization had an sPAP/PAAT ratio of 0.40 ± 0.05. There was a significant correlation between sPAP/PAAT with Walk Distance (WD) and PVR, but not with TAPSE. Interobserver variability was less than 5%. The sPAP/PAAT ratio is a new parameter that may indicate pulmonary vascular afterload and interaction, both in normal subjects and in patients with Ssc and PH.

Abnormal pulmonary hemodynamics during exercise is associated with exercise capacity in COPD

BACKGROUND

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a frequent complication in COPD and it is associated with decreased exercise capacity and poor prognosis. We hypothesized that even in COPD patients without significant PH at rest, abnormal pulmonary hemodynamics during exercise affect exercise capacity.

METHODS

Consecutive COPD patients with clinically indicated right heart catheterization and resting mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) < 25 mmHg and age- and sex-matched controls with the same limits of pulmonary hemodynamics but no chronic lung disease who underwent clinical work-up including invasive hemodynamic assessment during exercise, were retrospectively analyzed. Chi-square tests were used to evaluate differences between groups for categorical data and Fisher's exact test or Mann-Whitney-U-tests for continuous variables. Associations were analyzed with Spearman rank correlation tests.

RESULTS

We included n = 26 COPD patients (female/male: 16/10, 66 ± 11 yr, FEV₁: 56 ± 25%predicted) and n = 26 matched controls (FEV₁: 96 ± 22%predicted). At rest, COPD patients presented with slightly increased mPAP (21 (18-23) vs. 17 (14-20) mmHg, p = 0.022), and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) [2.5 (1.9-3.0) vs. 1.9 (1.5-2.4) WU, p = 0.020] as compared to controls. During exercise, COPD patients reached significantly higher mPAP [47 (40-52) vs. 38 (32-44) mmHg, p = 0.015] and PVR [3.1 (2.2-3.7) vs. 1.7 (1.1-2.9) WU, p = 0.028] values despite lower peak exercise level [50 (50-75) vs. 100 (75-125) Watt, p = 0.002]. The mPAP/cardiac output slope was increased in COPD vs. controls [6.9 (5.5-10.9) vs. 3.7 (2.4-7.4) mmHg/L/min, p = 0.007] and negatively correlated with both peak oxygen uptake (r = - 0.46, p = 0.007) and 6-min walk distance (r = - 0.46, p = 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Even in the absence of significant PH at rest, COPD patients reveal characteristic abnormalities in pulmonary hemodynamics during exercise, which may represent an important exercise-limiting factor.

Pulmonary hypertension phenotypes in patients with systemic sclerosis

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) commonly affects patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and is associated with significant morbidity and increased mortality. PH is a heterogenous condition and several different forms can be associated with SSc, including pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) resulting from a pulmonary arterial vasculopathy, PH due to left heart disease and PH due to interstitial lung disease. The incidence of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease is also increased. Accurate and early diagnosis to allow optimal treatment is, therefore, essential. Recent changes to diagnostic haemodynamic criteria at the 6th World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension have resulted in therapeutic uncertainty regarding patients with borderline pulmonary haemodynamics. Furthermore, the optimal pulmonary vascular resistance threshold for diagnosing PAH and the role of exercise in identifying early disease require further elucidation. In this article we review the epidemiology, diagnosis, outcomes and treatment of the spectrum of pulmonary vascular phenotypes associated with SSc.

Standardized exercise training is feasible, safe, and effective in pulmonary arterial and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: results from a large European multicentre randomized controlled trial

AIMS

This prospective, randomized, controlled, multicentre study aimed to evaluate efficacy and safety of exercise training in patients with pulmonary arterial (PAH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH).

METHODS AND RESULTS

For the first time a specialized PAH/CTEPH rehabilitation programme was implemented in 11 centres across 10 European countries. Out of 129 enrolled patients, 116 patients (58 vs. 58 randomized into a training or usual care control group) on disease-targeted medication completed the study [85 female; mean age 53.6 ± 12.5 years; mean pulmonary arterial pressure 46.6 ± 15.1 mmHg; World Health Organization (WHO) functional class II 53%, III 46%; PAH n = 98; CTEPH n = 18]. Patients of the training group performed a standardized in-hospital rehabilitation with mean duration of 25 days [95% confidence interval (CI) 17-33 days], which was continued at home. The primary endpoint, change of 6-min walking distance, significantly improved by 34.1 ± 8.3 m in the training compared with the control group (95% CI, 18-51 m; P < 0.0001). Exercise training was feasible, safe, and well-tolerated. Secondary endpoints showed improvements in quality of life (short-form health survey 36 mental health 7.3 ± 2.5, P = 0.004), WHO-functional class (training vs. control: improvement 9:1, worsening 4:3; χ2P = 0.027) and peak oxygen consumption (0.9 ± 0.5 mL/min/kg, P = 0.048) compared with the control group.

CONCLUSION

This is the first multicentre and so far the largest randomized, controlled study on feasibility, safety, and efficacy of exercise training as add-on to medical therapy in PAH and CTEPH. Within this study, a standardized specialized training programme with in-hospital start was successfully established in 10 European countries.

Endocan and Circulating Progenitor Cells in Women with Systemic Sclerosis: Association with Inflammation and Pulmonary Hypertension

Background: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is characterized by early vasculopathy and fibrosis in the skin, lungs, and other tissues. Vascular manifestations of SSc include Raynaud’s phenomenon, digital ulcers, and pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). PAH is the second most common cause of mortality in SSc. Circulating CD34+ cells associated with cardiovascular health status in several conditions, including chronic immune-inflammatory disease. CD34+ cell numbers have been found inconstantly reduced in SSc. Endocan, a proteoglycan expressed by endothelial cells, was recently suggested as a marker of vascular stress. We tested the relationships among CD34+ cells, endocan, inflammatory markers, vitamin D levels, and clinical parameters in SSc patients with PAH. METHODS: Standard echocardiography was performed. Vitamin D levels, CD34+ cells, inflammatory markers, endocan plasma levels were determined in 36 female SSc patients (24 diffuse/12 limited) and 36 matched controls (HC). RESULTS: We found no difference in CD34+ and vitamin D levels in SSc as compared to controls; ESR, CRP, fibrinogen, endocan, sPAP were higher in SSc with respect to controls. We found a correlation between endocan and: CD34+ cells (r: −0.540, p = 0.002), pulmonary arterial pressure (sPAP) (r: 0.565, p < 0.001), tricuspid annular plane excursion (TAPSE) (r: −0.311, p < 0.01), and E/A ratio (r: −0.487, p < 0.001), but not with ejection fraction (r: −0.057, p = 0.785) in SSc. CD34+ cells correlate with fibrinogen (r: −0.619, p < 0.001), sPAP (r: −0.404, p = 0.011), E/A (r: 0.470, p < 0.005 in SSc. CONCLUSION: CD34+ cell number was significantly correlated with endocan levels and with sPAP in SSc; endocan and CD34+ progenitor cells might be suggested as a potential marker of disease status.

How low should we go? Potential benefits and ramifications of the pulmonary hypertension hemodynamic definitions proposed by the 6th World Symposium

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The 6th World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension (WSPH) proposed lowering the mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) threshold that defines pulmonary hypertension from ≥ 25 to > 20 mmHg. The historical context and evolution of the pulmonary hypertension definition and the data used to rationalize recent changes are reviewed here.

RECENT FINDINGS

There are accumulating data on the clinical significance of mildly elevated mPAPs (21-24 mmHg). Studies have demonstrated lower exercise capacity and an increased risk of progression to overt pulmonary hypertension (mPAP ≥ 25 mmHg) in specific at-risk patient populations. Further, large registries across diverse pulmonary hypertension populations have identified increased mortality in patients with mPAPs 21-24 mmHg. Although the clinical sequelae of lowering the mPAP threshold remain unclear, this uncertainty has fueled recent debates within the pulmonary hypertension community.

SUMMARY

The changes to the pulmonary hypertension definition proposed by the 6th WSPH are supported by normative hemodynamic data in healthy individuals as well as studies demonstrating an association between mPAPs above this normal range and increased mortality. Whether the higher mortality observed in patients with mildly elevated mPAPs is directly attributable to pulmonary vascular disease that is amenable to therapeutic intervention remains to be determined.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic sclerosis

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a frequent and severe complication of systemic sclerosis (SSc) due to combined vasculopathy and fibrogenesis. Early diagnosis and treatment are highly challenging in SSc-PAH and require referral to an expert PAH centre. Diagnostic algorithms evolved in the last decade. Novel therapeutic options notably targeting pulmonary vascular remodeling are needed.

Right Heart Size and Right Ventricular Reserve in Pulmonary Hypertension: Impact on Management and Prognosis

Various parameters reflecting right heart size, right ventricular function and capacitance have been shown to be prognostically important in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH). In the advanced disease, patients suffer from right heart failure, which is a main reason for an impaired prognosis. Right heart size has shown to be associated with right ventricular function and reserve and is correlated with prognosis in patients with PH. Right ventricular reserve, defined as the ability of the ventricle to adjust to exercise or pharmacologic stress, is expressed by various parameters, which may be determined invasively by right heart catheterization or by stress-Doppler-echocardiography as a noninvasive approach. As the term "right ventricular contractile reserve" may be misleading, "right ventricular output reserve" seems desirable as a preferred term of increase in cardiac output during exercise. Both right heart size and right ventricular reserve have been shown to be of prognostic importance and may therefore be useful for risk assessment in patients with pulmonary hypertension. In this article we aim to display different aspects of right heart size and right ventricular reserve and their prognostic role in PH.

Fick principle and exercise pulmonary hemodynamic determinants of the six-minute walk distance in pulmonary hypertension

The six-minute walk test is widely used to assess the severity and prognosis of pulmonary hypertension. However, the pathophysiology underlying a compromised six-minute walk distance is incompletely characterized. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Fick principle and pulmonary hemodynamic determinants of the six-minute walk distance in patients with suspected pulmonary hypertension. Twenty-nine patients were retrospectively studied and underwent a right heart catheterization for the evaluation of suspected pulmonary hypertension. With the pulmonary artery catheter in place, patients were moved to a treadmill and completed a six-minute walk test. Fick cardiac output and indices of right heart afterload were calculated using continuous measurements of pulmonary vascular pressures, gas exchange, and mixed venous blood samples. Fifteen subjects who walked ≤ 348 m were compared to 14 subjects who walked > 348 m. Systemic oxygen delivery was impaired in six-minute walk distance ≤ 348 m compared to six-minute walk distance > 348 m (15.2 ± 6.2 vs. 23.2 ± 6.8 mL/kg/min, p < 0.01). Impaired oxygen delivery was due to a depressed cardiac index and decreased cardiac reserve demonstrated by the change in the stroke volume index (3.0 ± 14 vs. 17 ± 15 mL/min/m², p = 0.02). The six-minute walk distance positively correlated with oxygen delivery (r = 0.501, p = 0.006) and inversely correlated with oxygen extraction (r = 0.369, p = 0.049). A decreased six-minute walk distance was associated with an increased total pulmonary resistance (r = 0.502, p = 0.006) and pulmonary vascular resistance (r = 0.530, p = 0.003). In patients with suspected pulmonary hypertension, a decreased six-minute walk distance is due to compromised oxygen delivery, decreased cardiac reserve, and increased right ventricular afterload.

Management of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare and complex immune-mediated connective tissue disease characterized by multi-organ fibrosis and dysfunction. Systemic sclerosis-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (SSc-PAH) is a leading cause of death in this population. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) can coexist with other forms of pulmonary hypertension in SSc, including pulmonary hypertension related to left heart disease, interstitial lung disease, chronic thromboembolism and pulmonary venous occlusive disease, which further complicates diagnosis and management. Available pulmonary arterial hypertension therapies target the nitric oxide, endothelin and prostacyclin pathways. These therapies have been studied in SSc-PAH in addition to idiopathic PAH, often with different treatment responses. In this article, we discuss the management as well as the treatment options for patients with SSc-PAH.

The role of cardiopulmonary exercise testing and training in patients with pulmonary hypertension: making the case for this assessment and intervention to be considered a standard of care

Introduction: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a broad pathophysiological disorder primarily characterized by increased pulmonary vascular resistance due to multiple possible etiologies. Patients typically present with multiple complaints that worsen as disease severity increases. Although initially discouraged due to safety concerns, exercise interventions for patients with PH have gained wide interest and multiple investigations have established the effective role of exercise training in improving the clinical profile, exercise tolerance, and overall quality of life.Areas covered: In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology of PH during rest and exercise, the role of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) in the diagnosis and prognosis of PAH, the role of exercise interventions in this patient population, and the expected physiological adaptations to exercise training.Expert opinion: Exercise testing, in particular CPX, provides a wealth of clinically valuable information in the PH population. Moreover, the available evidence strongly supports the safety and efficacy of exercise training as a clinical tool in improving exercise tolerance and quality of life. Although clinical trials investigating the role of exercise in this PH population are relatively few compared to other chronic conditions, current available evidence supports the clinical implementation of exercise training as a safe and effective treatment modality.

Haemodynamic phenotypes and survival in patients with systemic sclerosis: the impact of the new definition of pulmonary arterial hypertension

BACKGROUND

In this study, we investigated the impact of the new haemodynamic definition of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) as proposed by the 6th PH World Symposium on phenotypes and survival in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc).

METHODS

In SSc patients who were prospectively and consecutively screened for PAH including right heart catheterisation in Heidelberg or Zurich, haemodynamic and clinical variables have been reassessed according to the new PAH definition. Patients have been followed for 3.7±3.7 (median 3.4) years; Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed. Patients with significant lung or left heart disease were excluded from comparative analyses.

RESULTS

The final dataset included 284 SSc patients, 146 patients (49.2%) had mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) ≤20 mm Hg, 19.3% had mPAP 21-24 mm Hg and 29.4% had mPAP ≥25 mm Hg. In the group of mildly elevated mPAP, only four patients (1.4% of the whole SSc cohort) had pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) values ≥3 Wood Units (WU) and could be reclassified as manifest SSc-APAH. Twenty-eight (9.8%) patients with mPAP of 21-24 mm Hg and PVR ≥2 WU already presented with early pulmonary vascular disease with decreased 6 min walking distance (6MWD) (p<0.001), TAPSE (p=0.004) and pulmonary arterial compliance (p<0.001). A PVR ≥2 WU was associated with reduced long-term survival (p=0.002). PVR and 6MWD were independent prognostic predictors in multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSION

The data of this study show that a PVR threshold ≥3 WU is too high to enable an early diagnosis of PAH. A PVR threshold ≥2 WU was already associated with pulmonary vascular disease, significantly reduced survival and would be more appropriate in SSc patients with mild PAH.

Early treatment with ambrisentan of mildly elevated mean pulmonary arterial pressure associated with systemic sclerosis: a randomized, controlled, double-blind, parallel group study (EDITA study)

Objective

The objective of this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel group, trial was to assess the effect of ambrisentan on mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and mildly elevated pulmonary hypertension (PH).

Methods

Thirty-eight SSc patients with mildly elevated mPAP at rest between 21 and 24 mmHg and/or > 30 mmHg during low-dose exercise were randomly assigned to treatment with either ambrisentan 5–10 mg/day or placebo. Right heart catheterization and further clinical parameters were assessed at baseline and after 6 months. The primary endpoint was the difference of mPAP change at rest between groups.

Results

After 6 months, the two groups did not differ in the primary endpoint (ambrisentan mPAP − 1 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. placebo − 0.73 ± 3.59 mmHg at rest, p = 0.884). However, three patients from the placebo group but none of the ambrisentan group progressed to SSc-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension. Furthermore, ambrisentan treatment showed significant improvements in the secondary endpoints cardiac index (CI) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) at rest (CI 0.36 ± 0.66 l/min/m² vs. − 0.31 ± 0.71 l/min/m², p = 0.010; PVR − 0.70 ± 0.78 WU vs. 0.01 ± 0.71 WU, p = 0.012) and during exercise (CI 0.7 ± 0.81 l/min/m² vs. − 0.45 ± 1.36 l/min/m², p = 0.015; PVR − 0.84 ± 0.48 WU vs. − 0.0032 ± 0.34 WU, p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

This is the first randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study testing the effect of ambrisentan in patients with mildly elevated mPAP and/or exercise PH. The primary endpoint change in mPAP did only tendentially improve in the ambrisentan group, but the significant improvement of other hemodynamic parameters points to a possible benefit of ambrisentan and will be helpful to design future trials.

Trial registration

www.ClinicalTrials.gov, unique identifier NCT: NCT02290613, registered 14^th of November 2014.