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Kehrein J, Bunker A, Luxenhofer R. POxload: Machine Learning Estimates Drug Loadings of Polymeric Micelles. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:3356-3374. [PMID: 38805643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Block copolymers, composed of poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s, can serve as drug delivery systems; they form micelles that carry poorly water-soluble drugs. Many recent studies have investigated the effects of structural changes of the polymer and the hydrophobic cargo on drug loading. In this work, we combine these data to establish an extended formulation database. Different molecular properties and fingerprints are tested for their applicability to serve as formulation-specific mixture descriptors. A variety of classification and regression models are built for different descriptor subsets and thresholds of loading efficiency and loading capacity, with the best models achieving overall good statistics for both cross- and external validation (balanced accuracies of 0.8). Subsequently, important features are dissected for interpretation, and the DrugBank is screened for potential therapeutic use cases where these polymers could be used to develop novel formulations of hydrophobic drugs. The most promising models are provided as an open-source software tool for other researchers to test the applicability of these delivery systems for potential new drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Kehrein
- Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alex Bunker
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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2
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Nimer NA, Nimer SN. Immunization against Medically Important Human Coronaviruses of Public Health Concern. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2024; 2024:9952803. [PMID: 38938549 PMCID: PMC11208815 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9952803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a virus that affects the human immune system. It was observed to be on the rise since the beginning of 2020 and turned into a life-threatening pandemic. Scientists have tried to develop a possible preventive and therapeutic drug against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other related coronaviruses by assessing COVID-19-recovered persons' immunity. This study aims to review immunization against SARS-CoV-2, along with exploring the interventions that have been developed for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2. This study also highlighted the role of phototherapy in treating SARS-CoV infection. The study adopted a review approach to gathering the information available and the progress that has been made in the treatment and prevention of COVID-19. Various vaccinations, including nucleotide, subunit, and vector-based vaccines, as well as attenuated and inactivated forms that have already been shown to have prophylactic efficacy against the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV, have been summarized. Neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies are all associated with viral infections. Because there is no specific antiviral vaccine or therapies for coronaviruses, the main treatment strategy is supportive care, which is reinforced by combining broad-spectrum antivirals, convalescent plasma, and corticosteroids. COVID-19 has been a challenge to keep reconsidering the usual approaches to regulatory evaluation as a result of getting mixed and complicated findings on the vaccines, as well as licensing procedures. However, it is observed that medicinal herbs also play an important role in treating infection of the upper respiratory tract, the principal symptom of SARS-CoV due to their natural bioactive composite. However, some Traditional Chinese Medicines contain mutagens and nephrotoxins and the toxicological properties of the majority of Chinese herbal remedies are unknown. Therefore, to treat the COVID-19 infection along with conventional treatment, it is recommended that herb-drug interaction be examined thoroughly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil A. Nimer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Seema N. Nimer
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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3
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Arman M, Alam S, Maruf RA, Shams Z, Islam MN. Molecular modeling of some commercially available antiviral drugs and their derivatives against SARS-CoV-2 infection. NARRA J 2024; 4:e319. [PMID: 38798846 PMCID: PMC11125382 DOI: 10.52225/narra.v4i1.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Numerous prior studies have identified therapeutic targets that could effectively combat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, including the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and Main protease (Mpro). In parallel, antiviral compounds like abacavir, acyclovir, adefovir, amantadine, amprenavir, darunavir, didanosine, oseltamivir, penciclovir, and tenofovir are under investigation for their potential in drug repurposing to address this infection. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of modifying the functional groups of the aforementioned antivirals in silico. Using the genetic optimization for ligand docking algorithm on software Maestro (version 11.1), the modified antivirals were docked onto ACE2 receptor, RdRp, and Mpro. Using QuickProp (Maestro v11.1), PASS (prediction of activity spectra for the substances), and altogether with SwissADME, the ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) of the modified antivirals, as well as their bioavailability and the predicted activity spectra, were determined. Discovery studio software was used to undertake post-docking analysis. Among the 10 antivirals, N(CH3)2 derivative of darunavir, N(CH3)2 derivative of amprenavir and NCH3 derivative of darunavir exhibited best binding affinities with ACE2 receptor (docking scores: -10.333, -9.527 and -9.695 kJ/mol, respectively). Moreover, NCH3 derivative of abacavir (-6.506 kJ/mol), NO2 derivative of didanosine (-6.877 kJ/mol), NCH3 derivative of darunavir (-7.618 kJ/mol) exerted promising affinity to Mpro. In conclusion, the results of the in silico screenings can serve as a useful information for future experimental works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Arman
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Safaet Alam
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Division, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rifat A. Maruf
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Ziaus Shams
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad N. Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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4
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Alshammari SO. Marine Brown Algae-Derived Compounds as Potential Inhibitors of Japanese Encephalitis Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:92. [PMID: 38393063 PMCID: PMC10890675 DOI: 10.3390/md22020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that primarily affects people in Asia and seriously threatens public health. Considering the rising occurrence rates and lack of targeted antiviral treatments, it is essential to comprehend and tackle obstacles related to JEV in order to lessen its influence on world health. This investigation explores compounds derived from marine brown algae (Phaeophyceae) as potential inhibitors of JEV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), a critical enzyme in the virus's replication cycle. Employing the computational virtual screen approach, four compounds, i.e., CMNPD16749, CMNPD2606, CMNPD27817, and CMNPD23662, with favorable binding energies ranging from -15.7 Kcal/mol to -13.9 kcal/mol were identified. Subsequently, through molecular docking analysis, the interactions responsible for the binding stability between the target protein and hit molecules compared to the reference molecule Galidesvir were studied. Further, through extensive molecular dynamic (MD) simulation studies at 200 ns, it was confirmed that each docked complex showed acceptable dynamic stability compared to the reference molecule. These findings were further validated using MM/PBSA free binding energy calculations, PCA analysis and free energy landscape construction. These computational findings suggested that the brown algae-derived compounds may act as an antiviral drug against JEV infection and lay a crucial foundation for future experimental studies against JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saud O Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 76321, Saudi Arabia
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Fahim SA, ElZohairy YA, Moustafa RI. Favipiravir, an antiviral drug, in combination with tamoxifen exerts synergistic effect in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells via hTERT inhibition. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1844. [PMID: 38246945 PMCID: PMC10800350 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51977-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen (TAM) is one of the most successful treatments for breast cancer; however, TAM resistance continues to be a significant barrier. TAM resistance has been reported to be associated with increased expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). This enzyme shares structural similarity with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) enzyme of RNA viruses, suggesting that RdRp inhibitors may also inhibit hTERT. Favipiravir (FAV) is an antiviral drug that inhibits RdRp of RNA viruses. Thus, we propose that FAV may also elicit an antitumor effect by suppressing hTERT. This study aimed to investigate the effect of FAV and TAM on TAM-resistant breast cancer (TAMR-1). The cell viabilities were determined. The levels of CDK1/ hTERT, in addition to regulators of hTERT-targeted signaling pathways were measured. Apoptosis, migration, and cell cycle distribution were also determined. Our data revealed that the combination of TAM and FAV suppressed cell proliferation synergistically (CI < 1) and resulted in a significant change in cell migration and apoptosis. Indeed, this was associated with reduced levels of hTERT and CDK1 and shift in the cell cycle distribution. Our findings suggest that the TAM/FAV combination exhibits synergistic effects against TAMR-1 human breast cancer cells by targeting hTERT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A Fahim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University (NGU), Newgiza, Km 22 Cairo-Alexandria Desert Road, 6th of October, P.O. Box 12577, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Yehia A ElZohairy
- School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University (NGU), Newgiza, Km 22 Cairo-Alexandria Desert Road, P.O. Box 12577, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rehab I Moustafa
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
- Microbiology Department, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University (NGU), Newgiza, Km 22 Cairo-Alexandria Desert Road, P.O. Box 12577, Giza, Egypt
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Kushwaha ND, Mohan J, Kushwaha B, Ghazi T, Nwabuife JC, Koorbanally N, Chuturgoon AA. A comprehensive review on the global efforts on vaccines and repurposed drugs for combating COVID-19. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115719. [PMID: 37597435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
The recently discovered coronavirus, known as SARS-CoV-2, is a highly contagious and potentially lethal viral infection that was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. Since the beginning of the pandemic, an unprecedented number of COVID-19 vaccine candidates have been investigated for their potential to manage the pandemic. Herein, we reviewed vaccine development and the associated research effort, both traditional and forward-looking, to demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of their technology, in addition to their efficacy limitations against mutant SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, we report repurposed drug discovery, which mainly focuses on virus-based and host-based targets, as well as their inhibitors. SARS-CoV-2 targets include the main protease (Mpro), and RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp), which are the most well-studied and conserved across coronaviruses, enabling the development of broad-spectrum inhibitors of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narva Deshwar Kushwaha
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Jivanka Mohan
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Babita Kushwaha
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Terisha Ghazi
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Joshua C Nwabuife
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Neil Koorbanally
- School of Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Anil A Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
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Kazakova E, Lane TR, Jones T, Puhl AC, Riabova O, Makarov V, Ekins S. 1-Sulfonyl-3-amino-1 H-1,2,4-triazoles as Yellow Fever Virus Inhibitors: Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationship. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:42951-42965. [PMID: 38024733 PMCID: PMC10653066 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) transmitted by infected mosquitoes causes an acute viral disease for which there are no approved small-molecule therapeutics. Our recently developed machine learning models for YFV inhibitors led to the selection of a new pyrazolesulfonamide derivative RCB16003 with acceptable in vitro activity. We report that the N-phenyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-amine class, which was recently identified as active non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors against HIV-1, can also be repositioned as inhibitors of yellow fever virus replication. As compared to other Flaviviridae or Togaviridae family viruses tested, both compounds RCB16003 and RCB16007 demonstrate selectivity for YFV over related viruses, with only RCB16007 showing some inhibition of the West Nile virus (EC50 7.9 μM, CC50 17 μM, SI 2.2). We also describe the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) in vitro and pharmacokinetics (PK) for RCB16007 in mice. This compound had previously been shown to not inhibit hERG, and we now describe that it has good metabolic stability in mouse and human liver microsomes, low levels of CYP inhibition, high protein binding, and no indication of efflux in Caco-2 cells. A single-dose oral PK study in mice has a T1/2 of 3.4 h and Cmax of 1190 ng/mL, suggesting good availability and stability. We now propose that the N-phenyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-amine class may be prioritized for in vivo efficacy testing against YFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kazakova
- Federal
Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the
Russian Academy of Sciences (Research Centre of Biotechnology RAS), 33-2 Leninsky Prospect, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Thomas R. Lane
- Collaborations
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Thane Jones
- Collaborations
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Ana C. Puhl
- Collaborations
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Olga Riabova
- Federal
Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the
Russian Academy of Sciences (Research Centre of Biotechnology RAS), 33-2 Leninsky Prospect, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim Makarov
- Federal
Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the
Russian Academy of Sciences (Research Centre of Biotechnology RAS), 33-2 Leninsky Prospect, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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8
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Ahmed YM, Eldin MA, Galal A, Atta NF. Electrochemical sensor for simultaneous determination of antiviral favipiravir drug, paracetamol and vitamin C based on host-guest inclusion complex of β-CD/CNTs nanocomposite. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19910. [PMID: 37963918 PMCID: PMC10645768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45353-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Favipiravir (FVI) is extensively used as an effective medication against several diverse infectious RNA viruses. It is widely administered as an anti-influenza drug. Combination therapy formed from FVI, paracetamol (PAR) and vitamin C (VC) is needed for treating patients diseased by RNA viruses. Thus, an efficient electrochemical sensor is developed for detecting FVI in human serum samples. The sensor is fabricated by casting a thin layer of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) over a glassy carbon (GC) electrode surface followed by electrodeposition of another layer of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). Under optimized conditions, the sensor shows excellent catalytic effect for FVI, PAR and VC oxidation in the concentration ranges (0.08 µM → 80 µM), (0.08 µM → 50 µM) and (0.8 µM → 80 µM) with low detection limits of 0.011 μM, 0.042 μM and 0.21 μM, respectively. The combined effect of host-guest interaction ability of β-CD for the drugs, and a large conductive surface area of CNTs improves the sensing performance of the electrode. The sensor exhibits stable response over 4 weeks, good reproducibility, and insignificant interference from common species present in serum samples. The reliability of using the sensor in serum samples shows good recovery of FVI, PAR and VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef M Ahmed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Eldin
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Galal
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Nada F Atta
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
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9
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Maria C, Rauter AP. Nucleoside analogues: N-glycosylation methodologies, synthesis of antiviral and antitumor drugs and potential against drug-resistant bacteria and Alzheimer's disease. Carbohydr Res 2023; 532:108889. [PMID: 37517197 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Nucleosides have gained significant attention since the discovery of the structure of DNA. Nucleoside analogues may be synthesized through multiple synthetic pathways, however the N-glycosylation of a nucleobase is the most common method. Amongst the different classical N-glycosylation methodologies, the Vorbrüggen glycosylation is the most popular method. This review focuses on the synthesis and therapeutic applications of several FDA approved nucleoside analogues as antiviral and anticancer agents. Moreover, this review also focuses on the potential of these compounds as new antibacterial and anti-Alzheimer's disease agents, offering an overview of the most recent research in these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Maria
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Amélia P Rauter
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Ma J, Wei J, Chen G, Yan X, Sun H, Li N. Extracts of Thesium chinense inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and inflammation in vitro. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2023; 61:1446-1453. [PMID: 37675874 PMCID: PMC10486283 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2023.2253841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still spreading rapidly. Relevant research based on the antiviral effects of Thesium chinense Turcz (Santalaceae) was not found. OBJECTIVE To investigate the antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects of extracts of T. chinense. MATERIALS AND METHODS To investigate the anti-entry and replication effect of the ethanol extract of T. chinense (drug concentration 80, 160, 320, 640, 960 μg/mL) against the SARS-CoV-2. Remdesivir (20.74 μM) was used as positive control, and Vero cells were used as host cells to detect the expression level of nucleocapsid protein (NP) in the virus by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. RAW264.7 cells were used as an anti-inflammatory experimental model under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction, and the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The ethanol extract of T. chinense significantly inhibited the replication (half maximal effective concentration, EC50: 259.3 μg/mL) and entry (EC50: 359.1 μg/mL) of SARS-CoV-2 into Vero cells, and significantly reduced the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α produced by LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Petroleum ether (EC50: 163.6 μg/mL), ethyl acetate (EC50: 22.92 μg/mL) and n-butanol (EC50: 56.8 μg/mL) extracts showed weak inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 replication in Vero cells, and reduced the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α produced by LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. CONCLUSION T. chinense can be a potential candidate to fight SARS-CoV-2, and is becoming a traditional Chinese medicine candidate for treating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncheng Ma
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Juanru Wei
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaowei Yan
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hechun Sun
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ning Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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11
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Bekegnran CP, Driouich JS, Breuer J, Barthelemy K, Giocanti M, de Lamballerie X, Kreins AY, Nougairede A, Solas C. Simultaneous quantitation of favipiravir and its hydroxide metabolite in human plasma and hamster matrices using a UPLC-MS/MS method. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5689. [PMID: 37349975 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Favipiravir, a broad-spectrum RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor, is currently being evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies for the treatment of various infectious diseases including COVID-19. We developed an ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) assay for the quantification of favipiravir and its hydroxide metabolite (M1), in human and hamster biological matrices. Analytes were separated on an Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.8 μm) after a simple protein precipitation with acetonitrile. The mobile phase consisted of water and methanol, each containing 0.05% formic acid. Experiments were performed using electrospray ionization in the positive and negative ion mode, with protonated molecules used as the precursor ion and a total run time of 6 min. The MS/MS response was linear over the concentration ranges from 0.5-100 μg/ml for favipiravir and 0.25-30 μg/ml for M1. Intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision were within the recommended limits of the European Medicines Agency guidelines. No significant matrix effect was observed, and the method was successfully applied to inform favipiravir dose adjustments in six immunocompromised children with severe RNA viral infections. In conclusion, the UPLC-MS/MS assay is suitable for quantification of favipiravir over a wide range of dosing regimens, and can easily be adapted to other matrices and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar P Bekegnran
- APHM, Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie, Hôpital La Timone, Marseille, France
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille University-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Selim Driouich
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille University-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Judith Breuer
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Karine Barthelemy
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille University-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Madeleine Giocanti
- APHM, Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie, Hôpital La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille University-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Alexandra Y Kreins
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Immunology and Gene Therapy, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust Foundation, London, UK
| | - Antoine Nougairede
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille University-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Solas
- APHM, Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie, Hôpital La Timone, Marseille, France
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille University-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
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12
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ITIGIMATH N, ASHOKA H, YALLUR BC, HADAGALI MD. LC-MS/MS Method Development and Validation for Determination of Favipiravir Pure and Tablet Dosage Forms. Turk J Pharm Sci 2023; 20:226-233. [PMID: 37606007 PMCID: PMC10445228 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2022.75470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Analytical method development and validation for determination of favipiravir (FVPR) in pure and tablet dosage forms by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique. Materials and Methods A simple LC-MS/MS method was developed for determination of a new antiviral drug, FVPR in pharmaceutical formulations. The stationary phase employed was a Shim pack GISS, C18 (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.9 μm) column and mobile phase used in pump A was 10.0 mM ammonium acetate and in pump B methanol was used. The gradient program was used with fixed mobile phase flow rate at 0.4 mL min-1. Total run time was 5.0 min. The proposed method was validated according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The established method found better outcomes. Results The linearity graph was found in the range of 50-200 μg/mL and the correlation coefficient value (R2) obtained was found to be 1.0. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 4.044 μg/mL and 12.253 μg/mL, respectively. Tremendous recovery outcomes were observed and found to be 101%, 99.0%, and 99.5% for FVPR at 150% upper, 100% middle, and 50% lower concentrations, respectively. Conclusion All outcomes obtained comply with ICH guidelines. The developed method was simple, unique, accurate, robust, precise, and reproducible for determination of FVPR in tablet formulation. The method is novel and could be adopted in formulation industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandeesha ITIGIMATH
- Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Bangalore, Belagavi, India
| | - Hadagali ASHOKA
- BMS College of Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Bengalore, India
| | - Basappa C. YALLUR
- Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Bangalore, Belagavi, India
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13
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Kamzeeva PN, Aralov AV, Alferova VA, Korshun VA. Recent Advances in Molecular Mechanisms of Nucleoside Antivirals. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:6851-6879. [PMID: 37623252 PMCID: PMC10453654 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45080433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for new drugs has been greatly accelerated by the emergence of new viruses and drug-resistant strains of known pathogens. Nucleoside analogues (NAs) are a prospective class of antivirals due to known safety profiles, which are important for rapid repurposing in the fight against emerging pathogens. Recent improvements in research methods have revealed new unexpected details in the mechanisms of action of NAs that can pave the way for new approaches for the further development of effective drugs. This review accounts advanced techniques in viral polymerase targeting, new viral and host enzyme targeting approaches, and prodrug-based strategies for the development of antiviral NAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vladimir A. Korshun
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.N.K.); (A.V.A.); (V.A.A.)
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14
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Sinha P, Yadav AK. Identification of 3, 4-dihydroxy complexes as potential antiviral via DFT, molecular docking, molecular dynamics and MM/PBSA against rabies and dengue receptors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37580968 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2246572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
The quest to identify antiviral drug candidates for dengue and rabies viral diseases is a great challenge for the researchers. While different research is being conducted on the repurposed drugs against these two viruses, no drug compound has gained success in treating them. Therefore, in this study, 3, 4-dihydroxy complexes have been virtually designed to investigate their antiviral properties and analyze their efficiency in interaction with the concerned viral diseases. DFT calculations are carried out to study the electronic and thermodynamic properties to understand the stability and reactivity of the reported compounds. These compounds were subjected to molecular docking studies to understand the binding interactions with NS5 Dengue virus mRNA 2'-O-methyltransferase and phosphoprotein C-terminal domain of Rabies virus. MD simulation, hydrogen bond analysis, and MM/PBSA were performed at 100 ns to support the obtained docking results.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashasti Sinha
- Department of Physics, School of Physical & Decision Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Kumar Yadav
- Department of Physics, School of Physical & Decision Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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15
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De Castro F, Ciardullo G, Fanizzi FP, Prejanò M, Benedetti M, Marino T. Incorporation of N7-Platinated Guanines into Thermus Aquaticus (Taq) DNA Polymerase: Atomistic Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9849. [PMID: 37372996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we elucidated some key aspects of the mechanism of action of the cisplatin anticancer drug, cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2], involving direct interactions with free nucleotides. A comprehensive in silico molecular modeling analysis was conducted to compare the interactions of Thermus aquaticus (Taq) DNA polymerase with three distinct N7-platinated deoxyguanosine triphosphates: [Pt(dien)(N7-dGTP)] (1), cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl(N7-dGTP)] (2), and cis-[Pt(NH3)2(H2O)(N7-dGTP)] (3) {dien = diethylenetriamine; dGTP = 5'-(2'-deoxy)-guanosine-triphosphate}, using canonical dGTP as a reference, in the presence of DNA. The goal was to elucidate the binding site interactions between Taq DNA polymerase and the tested nucleotide derivatives, providing valuable atomistic insights. Unbiased molecular dynamics simulations (200 ns for each complex) with explicit water molecules were performed on the four ternary complexes, yielding significant findings that contribute to a better understanding of experimental results. The molecular modeling highlighted the crucial role of a specific α-helix (O-helix) within the fingers subdomain, which facilitates the proper geometry for functional contacts between the incoming nucleotide and the DNA template needed for incorporation into the polymerase. The analysis revealed that complex 1 exhibits a much lower affinity for Taq DNA polymerase than complexes 2-3. The affinities of cisplatin metabolites 2-3 for Taq DNA polymerase were found to be quite similar to those of natural dGTP, resulting in a lower incorporation rate for complex 1 compared to complexes 2-3. These findings could have significant implications for the cisplatin mechanism of action, as the high intracellular availability of free nucleobases might promote the competitive incorporation of platinated nucleotides over direct cisplatin attachment to DNA. The study's insights into the incorporation of platinated nucleotides into the Taq DNA polymerase active site suggest that the role of platinated nucleotides in the cisplatin mechanism of action may have been previously underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica De Castro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, Centro Ecotekne, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giada Ciardullo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Laboratorio PROMOCS cubo 14C, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Fanizzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, Centro Ecotekne, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Mario Prejanò
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Laboratorio PROMOCS cubo 14C, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Michele Benedetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, Centro Ecotekne, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Tiziana Marino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Laboratorio PROMOCS cubo 14C, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Rende, Italy
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16
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De Clercq E. Hydrogen Bonding (Base Pairing) in Antiviral Activity. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051145. [PMID: 37243232 DOI: 10.3390/v15051145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Base pairing based on hydrogen bonding has, since its inception, been crucial in the antiviral activity of arabinosyladenine, 2'-deoxyuridines (i.e., IDU, TFT, BVDU), acyclic nucleoside analogues (i.e., acyclovir) and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). Base pairing based on hydrogen bonding also plays a key role in the mechanism of action of various acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) such as adefovir, tenofovir, cidofovir and O-DAPYs, thus explaining their activity against a wide array of DNA viruses (human hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency (HIV) and human herpes viruses (i.e., human cytomegalovirus)). Hydrogen bonding (base pairing) also seems to be involved in the inhibitory activity of Cf1743 (and its prodrug FV-100) against varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and in the activity of sofosbuvir against hepatitis C virus and that of remdesivir against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Hydrogen bonding (base pairing) may also explain the broad-spectrum antiviral effects of ribavirin and favipiravir. This may lead to lethal mutagenesis (error catastrophe), as has been demonstrated with molnutegravir in its activity against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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17
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De Castro F, Stefàno E, De Luca E, Benedetti M, Fanizzi FP. Platinum-Nucleos(t)ide Compounds as Possible Antimetabolites for Antitumor/Antiviral Therapy: Properties and Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030941. [PMID: 36986802 PMCID: PMC10058173 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues (NAs) are a family of compounds which include a variety of purine and pyrimidine derivatives, widely used as anticancer and antiviral agents. For their ability to compete with physiological nucleosides, NAs act as antimetabolites exerting their activity by interfering with the synthesis of nucleic acids. Much progress in the comprehension of their molecular mechanisms has been made, including providing new strategies for potentiating anticancer/antiviral activity. Among these strategies, new platinum-NAs showing a good potential to improve the therapeutic indices of NAs have been synthesized and studied. This short review aims to describe the properties and future perspectives of platinum-NAs, proposing these complexes as a new class of antimetabolites.
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18
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El-Zahry MR, Ali MFB. NiFe-based Prussian blue analogue nanopolygons hybridized with functionalized glyoxal polymer as a voltammetric platform for the determination of amisulpride in biological samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1559-1570. [PMID: 36807994 PMCID: PMC9942618 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04559-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
A novel voltammetric platform based on pencil graphite electrode (PGE) modification has been proposed, containing bimetallic (NiFe) Prussian blue analogue nanopolygons decorated with electro-polymerized glyoxal polymer nanocomposites (p-DPG NCs@NiFe PBA Ns/PGE). Cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and square wave voltammetry (SWV) were utilized to investigate the electrochemical performance of the proposed sensor. The analytical response of p-DPG NCs@NiFe PBA Ns/PGE was evaluated through the quantity of amisulpride (AMS), one of the most common antipsychotic drugs. Under the optimized experimental and instrumental conditions, the method showed linearity over the range from 0.5 to 15 × 10-8 mol L-1 with a good correlation coefficient (R = 0.9995) and a low detection limit (LOD) reached, 1.5 nmol L-1, with excellent relative standard deviation for human plasma and urine samples. The interference effect of some potentially interfering substances was negligible, and the sensing platform demonstrated an outstanding reproducibility, stability, and reusability. As a first trial, the proposed electrode aimed to shed light on the AMS oxidation mechanism, where the oxidation mechanism was monitored and elucidated using the FTIR technique. It was also found that the prepared p-DPG NCs@NiFe PBA Ns/PGE platform had promising applications for the simultaneous determination of AMS in the presence of some co-administered COVID-19 drugs, which could be attributed to the large active surface area, and high conductivity of bimetallic nanopolygons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa R El-Zahry
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Assiut, Assiut, 2014101, Egypt.
| | - Marwa F B Ali
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
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19
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Jahirul Islam M, Nawal Islam N, Siddik Alom M, Kabir M, Halim MA. A review on structural, non-structural, and accessory proteins of SARS-CoV-2: Highlighting drug target sites. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152302. [PMID: 36434912 PMCID: PMC9663145 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, is a highly transmittable and pathogenic human coronavirus that first emerged in China in December 2019. The unprecedented outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 devastated human health within a short time leading to a global public health emergency. A detailed understanding of the viral proteins including their structural characteristics and virulence mechanism on human health is very crucial for developing vaccines and therapeutics. To date, over 1800 structures of non-structural, structural, and accessory proteins of SARS-CoV-2 are determined by cryo-electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography, and NMR spectroscopy. Designing therapeutics to target the viral proteins has several benefits since they could be highly specific against the virus while maintaining minimal detrimental effects on humans. However, for ongoing and future research on SARS-CoV-2, summarizing all the viral proteins and their detailed structural information is crucial. In this review, we compile comprehensive information on viral structural, non-structural, and accessory proteins structures with their binding and catalytic sites, different domain and motifs, and potential drug target sites to assist chemists, biologists, and clinicians finding necessary details for fundamental and therapeutic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Jahirul Islam
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, The Red-Green Research Centre, BICCB, 16 Tejkunipara, Tejgaon, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh
| | - Nafisa Nawal Islam
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Siddik Alom
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mahmuda Kabir
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad A. Halim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, 370 Paulding Avenue NW, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA,Corresponding author
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20
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Itigimatha N, Chadchan KS, Yallur BC, Hadagali MD. New Analytical Methods for the Determination of New Anti-Viral Drug Favipiravir: A Potential Therapeutic Drug Against Covid-19 Virus, in Bulk and Dosage Forms. Pharm Chem J 2023; 56:1419-1425. [PMID: 36683827 PMCID: PMC9838498 DOI: 10.1007/s11094-023-02807-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Simple, accurate and robust analytical methods have been developed and validated for the determination of favipiravir (FVPR) by RP-HPLC and UV spectroscopy techniques as per the ICH guidelines. In the RP-HPLC method for FVPR determination, the mobile phase was ammonium acetate buffer pH 6.5 in pump Aand methanol in pump B. The C18 (Sunfire) 5 μm, 4.6 × 250 mm column was used as a stationary phase, and the detection wavelength was at 323 nm. Under these conditions, FVPR was eluted as a sharp peak at 2.65 min and the overall time taken for each injection was 10 min. In case of the UV spectroscopy method, standard FVPR solutions were prepared with pure ethanol and scanned from 250 to 400 nm and a flourishing spectrum was obtained at 323 nm. Hence, the wavelength of 323 nm was fixed for the whole process of validation in both techniques. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) in the RP-HPLC method were 1.0 and 3.5 μg/mL, respectively, and the linearity was established in the 10 to 50 μg/mL range. In the UV spectroscopy method, the LOD and LOQ values were found to be 3.5 and 12 μg/mL, respectively, and the linearity was established within 20 to 60 μg/mL range. The regression coefficient was found to exceed 0.999 in both methods. The proposed RP-HPLC and UV spectroscopy techniques are simple, accurate, rugged and robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandeesha Itigimatha
- grid.444321.40000 0004 0501 2828Department of Chemistry, MS Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore, 560054 India ,grid.444321.40000 0004 0501 2828Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Karnataka 590018 India
| | - Kailash S. Chadchan
- grid.411706.50000 0004 1773 9266Department of Chemistry, BLDEA’s V. P. Dr. P. G. Halakatti College of Engineering and Technology, Vijayapur, Karnataka 586103 India
| | - Basappa C. Yallur
- grid.444321.40000 0004 0501 2828Department of Chemistry, MS Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore, 560054 India ,grid.444321.40000 0004 0501 2828Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Karnataka 590018 India
| | - Manjunatha D. Hadagali
- grid.449028.30000 0004 1773 8378Department of Studies in Chemistry, Davangere University, Shivagangothri, Davangere, Karnataka 577002 India
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21
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Nelfinavir: An Old Ally in the COVID-19 Fight? Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122471. [PMID: 36557724 PMCID: PMC9783559 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
After almost three years of the pandemic, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still spreading around the world, causing notable sanitary and social issues. New antiviral therapies are constantly under investigation. However, few options have been approved for the treatment of COVID-19. Clinical trials are currently ongoing to evaluate the efficacy of nelfinavir on mild−moderate COVID-19. This study aims to investigate the activity of this compound on SARS-CoV-2 “Variants of Concern” (VOCs), comparing its effectiveness with the approved drugs remdesivir and molnupiravir. The experiments were conducted in a biosafety level 3 facility. In this study, we used a Vero-E6-cell-based infection assay to investigate the in vitro activity of nelfinavir, molnupiravir, and remdesivir. Four strains of SARS-CoV-2 were tested: 20A.EU1, B.1.1.7, P.1, and B.1.617.2. All compounds reached micromolar/submicromolar EC50, EC90, and EC99. Furthermore, the Cmax/EC50 and Cmax/EC90 ratios were >1 for all compounds and all variants tested. Our study demonstrated that nelfinavir, as molnupiravir, and remdesivir are effective in vitro on SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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22
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Kurban M, Muz İ. Size-dependent adsorption performance of ZnO nanoclusters for drug delivery applications. Struct Chem 2022; 34:1061-1071. [PMID: 36196262 PMCID: PMC9523195 DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-02063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Kurban
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, 40100 Kırşehir, Turkey
| | - İskender Muz
- Department of Mathematics and Science Education, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, 50300 Nevşehir, Turkey
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23
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Yi J, Miao J, Zuo Q, Owusu F, Dong Q, Lin P, Wang Q, Gao R, Kong X, Yang L. COVID-19 pandemic: A multidisciplinary perspective on the pathogenesis of a novel coronavirus from infection, immunity and pathological responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:978619. [PMID: 36091053 PMCID: PMC9459044 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.978619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread to more than 200 countries and regions, having a huge impact on human health, hygiene, and economic activities. The epidemiological and clinical phenotypes of COVID-19 have increased since the onset of the epidemic era, and studies into its pathogenic mechanisms have played an essential role in clinical treatment, drug development, and prognosis prevention. This paper reviews the research progress on the pathogenesis of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), focusing on the pathogenic characteristics, loci of action, and pathogenic mechanisms leading to immune response malfunction of SARS-CoV-2, as well as summarizing the pathological damage and pathological manifestations it causes. This will update researchers on the latest SARS-CoV-2 research and provide directions for future therapeutic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yi
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiameng Miao
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingwei Zuo
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Felix Owusu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiutong Dong
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Peizhe Lin
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qilong Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianbin Kong
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Long Yang
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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24
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Ouyang J, Zaongo SD, Harypursat V, Li X, Routy JP, Chen Y. SARS-CoV-2 pre-exposure prophylaxis: A potential COVID-19 preventive strategy for high-risk populations, including healthcare workers, immunodeficient individuals, and poor vaccine responders. Front Public Health 2022; 10:945448. [PMID: 36003629 PMCID: PMC9393547 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.945448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented worldwide spread of SARS-CoV-2 has imposed severe challenges on global health care systems. The roll-out and widespread administration of COVID-19 vaccines has been deemed a major milestone in the race to restrict the severity of the infection. Vaccines have as yet not entirely suppressed the relentless progression of the pandemic, due mainly to the emergence of new virus variants, and also secondary to the waning of protective antibody titers over time. Encouragingly, an increasing number of antiviral drugs, such as remdesivir and the newly developed drug combination, Paxlovid® (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir), as well as molnupiravir, have shown significant benefits for COVID-19 patient outcomes. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been proven to be an effective preventive strategy in high-risk uninfected people exposed to HIV. Building on knowledge from what is already known about the use of PrEP for HIV disease, and from recently gleaned knowledge of antivirals used against COVID-19, we propose that SARS-CoV-2 PrEP, using specific antiviral and adjuvant drugs against SARS-CoV-2, may represent a novel preventive strategy for high-risk populations, including healthcare workers, immunodeficient individuals, and poor vaccine responders. Herein, we critically review the risk factors for severe COVID-19 and discuss PrEP strategies against SARS-CoV-2. In addition, we outline details of candidate anti-SARS-CoV-2 PrEP drugs, thus creating a framework with respect to the development of alternative and/or complementary strategies to prevent COVID-19, and contributing to the global armamentarium that has been developed to limit SARS-CoV-2 infection, severity, and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ouyang
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Silvere D. Zaongo
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Vijay Harypursat
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
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25
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Synthesis and antiviral properties of biomimetic iminosugar-based nucleosides. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 241:114618. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Nie LX, Huang LY, Wang XP, Lv LF, Yang XX, Jia XF, Kang S, Yao LW, Dai Z, Ma SC. Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging Illustrates the Quality Characters of Isatidis Radix. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:897528. [PMID: 35783961 PMCID: PMC9240750 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.897528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
For a long history, herbal medicines have made significant contributions to human health all around the world. However, the exploration of an effective approach to illustrate their inner quality remains a challenge. So, it is imperative to develop new methods and technologies to characterize and identify quality markers of herbal medicines. Taking Isatidis Radix, the dried root of Isatis indigotica as an example, desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), in combination with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF/MS), was applied in this work for the first time to reveal the comprehensive spatial distribution of metabolites and, further, to illustrate quality characters of this herbal medicine. After simple pretreatment, 102 metabolites including alkaloids, sulfur-containing compounds, phenylpropanoids, nucleosides, amino acids, organic acids, flavonoids, phenols, terpenes, saccharides, peptides, and sphingolipids were characterized, some of which were successfully localized and visualized in the transverse section of the root. Based on the ion images, samples with different quality characters were distinguished unambiguously by the pattern recognition method of orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA). Simultaneously, 11 major influencing components exerting higher ion intensities in superior samples were identified as the potential quality markers of Isatidis Radix. Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), together with chemometric analysis could not only improve the understanding of the plant biology of herbal medicines but also be beneficial in the identification of quality markers, so as to carry out better quality control of herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xing Nie
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Herbal Medicine (CHN-139), Beijing, China
| | - Lie-Yan Huang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Ping Wang
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lin-Feng Lv
- Shaoxing Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Shaoxing, China
| | | | | | - Shuai Kang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Ling-Wen Yao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Dai
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang-Cheng Ma
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Herbal Medicine (CHN-139), Beijing, China
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27
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Punekar M, Kshirsagar M, Tellapragada C, Patil K. Repurposing of antiviral drugs for COVID-19 and impact of repurposed drugs on the nervous system. Microb Pathog 2022; 168:105608. [PMID: 35654381 PMCID: PMC9160731 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The recent pandemic, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has devastated humanity and is continuing to threaten us. Due to the high transmissibility of this pathogen, researchers are still trying to cope with the treatment and prevention of this disease. Few of them were successful in finding cure for COVID-19 by including repurposed drugs in the treatment. In such pandemic situations, when it is nearly impossible to design and implement a new drug target, previously designed antiviral drugs could help against novel viruses, referred to as drug repurposing/redirecting/repositioning or re-profiling. This review describes the current landscape of the repurposing of antiviral drugs for COVID-19 and the impact of these drugs on our nervous system. In some cases, specific antiviral therapy has been notably associated with neurological toxicity, characterized by peripheral neuropathy, neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric effects within the central nervous system (CNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura Punekar
- ICMR National Institute of Virology, 20-A, P B No 11, Dr Ambedkar Road, Pune, 411001, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Manas Kshirsagar
- Maastricht University, Minderbroedersberg 4-6, 6211 LK, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Chaitanya Tellapragada
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 1, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kanchankumar Patil
- ICMR National Institute of Virology, 20-A, P B No 11, Dr Ambedkar Road, Pune, 411001, Maharashtra, India.
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28
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Ergür FÖ, Yıldız M, Şener MU, Kavurgacı S, Ozturk A. Adverse effects associated with favipiravir in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: a retrospective study. SAO PAULO MED J 2022; 140:372-377. [PMID: 35507992 PMCID: PMC9671260 DOI: 10.1590/1516-3180.2021.0489.r1.13082021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Favipiravir is generally used in treating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia in Turkey. OBJECTIVE To determine the side effects of favipiravir and whether it is a good treatment option. DESIGN AND SETTING Retrospective study conducted in Atatürk Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. METHODS 357 patients who completed favipiravir treatment at the recommended dose were included. 37 patients with drug side effects and 320 patients without drug side effects were examined in two groups. RESULTS Side effects were observed in 37 (10.36%) out of 357 patients using favipiravir. The most common side effect was liver dysfunction, in 26 (7.28%) of the patients. The following other side effects were also observed: diarrhea (1.4%), nausea (0.84%), abdominal pain (0.28%) and thrombocytopenia (0.28%). One patient (0.28%) presented both increased transaminases and nausea. CONCLUSION In this study, it was determined that favipiravir may constitute an alternative for treating COVID-19 pneumonia given that its side effects are generally well tolerated and not serious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Figen Öztürk Ergür
- MD. Physician, Pulmonary Medicine Department, Health Sciences University Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Murat Yıldız
- MD. Physician, Pulmonary Medicine Department, Health Sciences University Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Melahat Uzel Şener
- MD. Physician, Interventional Pulmonology Department, Health Sciences University Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Suna Kavurgacı
- MD. Physician, Pulmonary Medicine Department, Health Sciences University Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ayperi Ozturk
- MD, PhD. Associate Professor, Interventional Pulmonology Department, Health Sciences University Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.Interventional Pulmonology DepartmentHealth Sciences University Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research HospitalAnkaraTurkey
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29
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Mir I, Aamir S, Shah SRH, Shahid M, Amin I, Afzal S, Nawaz A, Khan MU, Idrees M. Immune-related therapeutics: an update on antiviral drugs and vaccines to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2022; 13:84-100. [PMID: 35538681 PMCID: PMC9091641 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2022.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic rapidly spread globally. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19, is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus with a reported fatality rate ranging from 1% to 7%, and people with immune-compromised conditions, children, and older adults are particularly vulnerable. Respiratory failure and cytokine storm-induced multiple organ failure are the major causes of death. This article highlights the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms of host cells activated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and possible therapeutic approaches against COVID-19. Some potential drugs proven to be effective for other viral diseases are under clinical trials now for use against COVID-19. Examples include inhibitors of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (remdesivir, favipiravir, ribavirin), viral protein synthesis (ivermectin, lopinavir/ritonavir), and fusion of the viral membrane with host cells (chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, nitazoxanide, and umifenovir). This article also presents the intellectual groundwork for the ongoing development of vaccines in preclinical and clinical trials, explaining potential candidates (live attenuated-whole virus vaccines, inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, DNA-based vaccines, protein-based vaccines, nanoparticle-based vaccines, virus-like particles and mRNA-based vaccines). Designing and developing an effective vaccine (both prophylactic and therapeutic) would be a long-term solution and the most effective way to eliminate the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Cruz G, Acosta J, Del Arco J, Clemente-Suárez VJ, Deroncele V, Fernández-Lucas J. Enzyme‐mediated synthesis of Molnupiravir: paving the way for the application of biocatalysis in pharmaceutical industry. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Cruz
- Universidad Europea de Madrid SLU Applied Biotechnology Group SPAIN
| | - Javier Acosta
- Universidad Europea: Universidad Europea de Madrid SLU Applied Biotechnology Group SPAIN
| | - Jon Del Arco
- Universidad Europea de Madrid SLU Applied Biotechnology Group SPAIN
| | | | | | - Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Universidad Europea de Madrid Research and docotoral school C/ Tajo s/n 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón Madrid SPAIN
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31
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Wang HN, Sun SS, Liu MZ, Yan MC, Liu YF, Zhu Z, Zhang Z. Natural bioactive compounds from marine fungi (2017-2020). JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2022; 24:203-230. [PMID: 34253101 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2021.1947254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites generated by marine fungi have relatively small molecular weights and excellent activities and have become an important source for developing drug lead compounds. The review summarizes the structures of novel small-molecule compounds derived from marine fungi in recent years; introduces representative monomers in antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-viral, and anti-neuritis aspects; and discusses their biological activities and molecular mechanisms. This review will act as a guide for further discovering marine-derived drugs with novel chemical structures and specific targeting mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Nan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao 276800, China
| | - Shan-Shan Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao 276800, China
| | - Meng-Zhen Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao 276800, China
| | - Mao-Cai Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao 276800, China
| | - Yu-Feng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao 276800, China
| | - Zheng Zhu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao 276800, China
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32
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Dutta N, Deb I, Sarzynska J, Lahiri A. Inosine and its methyl derivatives: Occurrence, biogenesis, and function in RNA. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 169-170:21-52. [PMID: 35065168 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Inosine is one of the most common post-transcriptional modifications. Since its discovery, it has been noted for its ability to contribute to non-Watson-Crick interactions within RNA. Rapidly accumulating evidence points to the widespread generation of inosine through hydrolytic deamination of adenosine to inosine by different classes of adenosine deaminases. Three naturally occurring methyl derivatives of inosine, i.e., 1-methylinosine, 2'-O-methylinosine and 1,2'-O-dimethylinosine are currently reported in RNA modification databases. These modifications are expected to lead to changes in the structure, folding, dynamics, stability and functions of RNA. The importance of the modifications is indicated by the strong conservation of the modifying enzymes across organisms. The structure, binding and catalytic mechanism of the adenosine deaminases have been well-studied, but the underlying mechanism of the catalytic reaction is not very clear yet. Here we extensively review the existing data on the occurrence, biogenesis and functions of inosine and its methyl derivatives in RNA. We also included the structural and thermodynamic aspects of these modifications in our review to provide a detailed and integrated discussion on the consequences of A-to-I editing in RNA and the contribution of different structural and thermodynamic studies in understanding its role in RNA. We also highlight the importance of further studies for a better understanding of the mechanisms of the different classes of deamination reactions. Further investigation of the structural and thermodynamic consequences and functions of these modifications in RNA should provide more useful information about their role in different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Dutta
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Indrajit Deb
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Joanna Sarzynska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ansuman Lahiri
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India.
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33
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Cannalire R, Cerchia C, Beccari AR, Di Leva FS, Summa V. Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Proteases and Polymerase for COVID-19 Treatment: State of the Art and Future Opportunities. J Med Chem 2022; 65:2716-2746. [PMID: 33186044 PMCID: PMC7688049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The newly emerged coronavirus, called SARS-CoV-2, is the causing pathogen of pandemic COVID-19. The identification of drugs to treat COVID-19 and other coronavirus diseases is an urgent global need, thus different strategies targeting either virus or host cell are still under investigation. Direct-acting agents, targeting protease and polymerase functionalities, represent a milestone in antiviral therapy. The 3C-like (or Main) protease (3CLpro) and the nsp12 RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) are the best characterized SARS-CoV-2 targets and show the highest degree of conservation across coronaviruses fostering the identification of broad-spectrum inhibitors. Coronaviruses also possess a papain-like protease, another essential enzyme, still poorly characterized and not equally conserved, limiting the identification of broad-spectrum agents. Herein, we provide an exhaustive comparative analysis of SARS-CoV-2 proteases and RdRp with respect to other coronavirus homologues. Moreover, we highlight the most promising inhibitors of these proteins reported so far, including the possible strategies for their further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Cannalire
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico
II”, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Carmen Cerchia
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico
II”, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Saverio Di Leva
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico
II”, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Summa
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico
II”, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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34
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Cannalire R, Cerchia C, Beccari AR, Di Leva FS, Summa V. Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Proteases and Polymerase for COVID-19 Treatment: State of the Art and Future Opportunities. J Med Chem 2022. [PMID: 33186044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01140/suppl_file/jm0c01140_si_001.pdf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The newly emerged coronavirus, called SARS-CoV-2, is the causing pathogen of pandemic COVID-19. The identification of drugs to treat COVID-19 and other coronavirus diseases is an urgent global need, thus different strategies targeting either virus or host cell are still under investigation. Direct-acting agents, targeting protease and polymerase functionalities, represent a milestone in antiviral therapy. The 3C-like (or Main) protease (3CLpro) and the nsp12 RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) are the best characterized SARS-CoV-2 targets and show the highest degree of conservation across coronaviruses fostering the identification of broad-spectrum inhibitors. Coronaviruses also possess a papain-like protease, another essential enzyme, still poorly characterized and not equally conserved, limiting the identification of broad-spectrum agents. Herein, we provide an exhaustive comparative analysis of SARS-CoV-2 proteases and RdRp with respect to other coronavirus homologues. Moreover, we highlight the most promising inhibitors of these proteins reported so far, including the possible strategies for their further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Cannalire
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Carmen Cerchia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea R Beccari
- Dompé Farmaceutici SpA, via Campo di Pile, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Di Leva
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Summa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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35
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Yan W, Zheng Y, Zeng X, He B, Cheng W. Structural biology of SARS-CoV-2: open the door for novel therapies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:26. [PMID: 35087058 PMCID: PMC8793099 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00884-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the pandemic disease COVID-19, which is so far without efficacious treatment. The discovery of therapy reagents for treating COVID-19 are urgently needed, and the structures of the potential drug-target proteins in the viral life cycle are particularly important. SARS-CoV-2, a member of the Orthocoronavirinae subfamily containing the largest RNA genome, encodes 29 proteins including nonstructural, structural and accessory proteins which are involved in viral adsorption, entry and uncoating, nucleic acid replication and transcription, assembly and release, etc. These proteins individually act as a partner of the replication machinery or involved in forming the complexes with host cellular factors to participate in the essential physiological activities. This review summarizes the representative structures and typically potential therapy agents that target SARS-CoV-2 or some critical proteins for viral pathogenesis, providing insights into the mechanisms underlying viral infection, prevention of infection, and treatment. Indeed, these studies open the door for COVID therapies, leading to ways to prevent and treat COVID-19, especially, treatment of the disease caused by the viral variants are imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhu Yan
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanhui Zheng
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaotao Zeng
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin He
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
- The First People's Hospital of Longquanyi District Chengdu, 610100, Chengdu, China.
| | - Wei Cheng
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
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36
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Potential Application of Exosomes in Vaccine Development and Delivery. Pharm Res 2022; 39:2635-2671. [PMID: 35028802 PMCID: PMC8757927 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-derived components composed of proteins, lipid, genetic information, cytokines, and growth factors. They play a vital role in immune modulation, cell-cell communication, and response to inflammation. Immune modulation has downstream effects on the regeneration of damaged tissue, promoting survival and repair of damaged resident cells, and promoting the tumor microenvironment via growth factors, antigens, and signaling molecules. On top of carrying biological messengers like mRNAs, miRNAs, fragmented DNA, disease antigens, and proteins, exosomes modulate internal cell environments that promote downstream cell signaling pathways to facilitate different disease progression and induce anti-tumoral effects. In this review, we have summarized how vaccines modulate our immune response in the context of cancer and infectious diseases and the potential of exosomes as vaccine delivery vehicles. Both pre-clinical and clinical studies show that exosomes play a decisive role in processes like angiogenesis, prognosis, tumor growth metastasis, stromal cell activation, intercellular communication, maintaining cellular and systematic homeostasis, and antigen-specific T- and B cell responses. This critical review summarizes the advancement of exosome based vaccine development and delivery, and this comprehensive review can be used as a valuable reference for the broader delivery science community.
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37
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Jeong HJ, Min S, Kim S, Namgoong SK, Jeong K. Hyperpolarization study on remdesivir with its biological reaction monitoring via signal amplification by reversible exchange. RSC Adv 2022; 12:4377-4381. [PMID: 35425403 PMCID: PMC8981083 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00062h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our experiments indicate hyperpolarized proton signals in the entire structure of remdesivir are obtained due to a long-distance polarization transfer by para-hydrogen. SABRE-based biological real-time reaction monitoring, by using a protein enzyme under mild conditions is carried out. It represents the first successful para-hydrogen based hyperpolarization application in biological reaction monitoring. Hyperpolarized proton signals in the entire structure of remdesivir are obtained due to a long-distance polarization transfer by para-hydrogen. Biological real-time reaction monitoring, by using a protein enzyme under mild conditions is carried out.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Jeong
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Korea Military Academy, Seoul 01805, South Korea
| | - Sein Min
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, South Korea
| | - Sarah Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, South Korea
| | - Sung Keon Namgoong
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, South Korea
| | - Keunhong Jeong
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Korea Military Academy, Seoul 01805, South Korea
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38
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De Castro F, De Luca E, Benedetti M, Fanizzi FP. Platinum compounds as potential antiviral agents. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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39
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Zenchenko AA, Drenichev MS, Il’icheva IA, Mikhailov SN. Antiviral and Antimicrobial Nucleoside Derivatives: Structural Features and Mechanisms of Action. Mol Biol 2021; 55:786-812. [PMID: 34955556 PMCID: PMC8682041 DOI: 10.1134/s0026893321040105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of new viruses and resistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms has become a powerful stimulus in the search for new drugs. Nucleosides are a promising class of natural compounds, and more than a hundred drugs have already been created based on them, including antiviral, antibacterial and antitumor agents. The review considers the structural and functional features and mechanisms of action of known nucleoside analogs with antiviral, antibacterial or antiprotozoal activity. Particular attention is paid to the mechanisms that determine the antiviral effect of nucleoside analogs containing hydrophobic fragments. Depending on the structure and position of the hydrophobic substituent, such nucleosides can either block the process of penetration of viruses into cells or inhibit the stage of genome replication. The mechanisms of inhibition of viral enzymes by compounds of nucleoside and non-nucleoside nature have been compared. The stages of creation of antiparasitic drugs, which are based on the peculiarities of metabolic transformations of nucleosides in humans body and parasites, have been considered. A new approach to the creation of drugs is described, based on the use of prodrugs of modified nucleosides, which, as a result of metabolic processes, are converted into an effective drug directly in the target organ or tissue. This strategy makes it possible to reduce the general toxicity of the drug to humans and to increase the effectiveness of its action on cells infected by the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Zenchenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - M. S. Drenichev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - I. A. Il’icheva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - S. N. Mikhailov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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40
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Mehmandoust M, Khoshnavaz Y, Tuzen M, Erk N. Voltammetric sensor based on bimetallic nanocomposite for determination of favipiravir as an antiviral drug. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:434. [PMID: 34837114 PMCID: PMC8626286 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel and sensitive voltammetric nanosensor was developed for the first time for trace level monitoring of favipiravir based on gold/silver core–shell nanoparticles (Au@Ag CSNPs) with conductive polymer poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and functionalized multi carbon nanotubes (F-MWCNTs) on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The formation of Au@Ag CSNPs/PEDOT:PSS/F-MWCNT composite was confirmed by various analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Under the optimized conditions and at a typical working potential of + 1.23 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), the Au@Ag CSNPs/PEDOT:PSS/F-MWCNT/GCE revealed linear quantitative ranges from 0.005 to 0.009 and 0.009 to 1.95 µM with a limit of detection 0.46 nM (S/N = 3) with acceptable relative standard deviations (1.1-4.9 %) for pharmaceutical formulations, urine, and human plasma samples without applying any sample pretreatment (1.12–4.93%). The interference effect of antiviral drugs, biological compounds, and amino acids was negligible, and the sensing system demonstrated outstanding reproducibility, repeatability, stability, and reusability. The findings revealed that this assay strategy has promising applications in diagnosing FAV in clinical samples, which could be attributed to the large surface area on active sites and high conductivity of bimetallic nanocomposite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehmandoust
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560, Ankara, Turkey.
- Biomaterials, Energy, Photocatalysis, Enzyme Technology, Nano & Advanced Materials, Additive Manufacturing, Environmental Applications, and Sustainability Research & Development Group (BIOENAMS R&D Group), Sakarya University, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - Yasamin Khoshnavaz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Tuzen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science & Arts, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tr-60250, Tokat, Turkey
- Research Institute, Center for Environment and Water, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Materials, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nevin Erk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560, Ankara, Turkey.
- Biomaterials, Energy, Photocatalysis, Enzyme Technology, Nano & Advanced Materials, Additive Manufacturing, Environmental Applications, and Sustainability Research & Development Group (BIOENAMS R&D Group), Sakarya University, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey.
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Buabeid M, Ijaz M, Shamim S, Huang X, Murtaza G. Therapeutic Uses of Traditional Chinese Medicines Against COVID-19. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:5017-5026. [PMID: 34866921 PMCID: PMC8639285 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s328261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a pandemic and a serious respiratory disorder that is caused by coronavirus. It has produced an outbreak of acute infectious pneumonia in China and afterward all around the world. There is not a single anti-viral drug, vaccine or any kind of treatment available for this fatal disease. There are only a few options available for symptomatic relief. Thus, in China, 85% of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals have been treated with traditional Chinese medicines (TCM). Thus, this article focused on the previous kinds of literature regarding COVID-19 and its treatment with TCM along with its applications. SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV showed similarity in genes, pathological processes, and epidemiology, so these can be treated with TCM. The proof regarding treatment of SARS-CoV with TCM explicitly shows the advantages of using TCM therapy for COVID-19. Present literature explains the mode of action and efficacy of TCM and elaborates on the natural compounds introduced to treat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Buabeid
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, 346, United Arab Emirates
- Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research Centre, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Munazza Ijaz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saba Shamim
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Xianju Huang
- College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
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De Castro F, De Luca E, Girelli CR, Barca A, Romano A, Migoni D, Verri T, Benedetti M, Fanizzi FP. First evidence for N7-Platinated Guanosine derivatives cell uptake mediated by plasma membrane transport processes. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 226:111660. [PMID: 34801970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nucleos(t)ide analogues (NA) belong to a family of compounds widely used in anticancer/antiviral treatments. They generally exhibit a cell toxicity limited by cellular uptake levels and the resulting nucleos(t)ides metabolism modifications, interfering with the cell machinery for nucleic acids synthesis. We previously synthesized purine nucleos(t)ide analogues N7-coordinated to a platinum centre with unaltered sugar moieties of the type: [Pt(dien)(N7-dGuo)]2+ (1; dien = diethylenetriamine; dGuo = 2'-deoxy-guanosine), [Pt(dien)(N7-dGMP)] (2; dGMP = 5'-(2'-deoxy)-guanosine monophosphate), and [Pt(dien)(N7-dGTP)]2- (3; dGTP = 5'-(2'-deoxy)-guanosine triphosphate), where the indicated electric charge is calculated at physiological pH (7.4). In this work, we specifically investigated the uptake of these complexes (1-3) at the plasma membrane level. Specific experiments on HeLa cervical cancer cells indicated a relevant cellular uptake of the model platinated deoxynucleos(t)ide 1 and 3 while complex 2 appeared unable to cross the cell plasma membrane. Obtained data buttress an uptake mechanism involving Na+-dependent concentrative transporters localized at the plasma membrane level. Consistently, 1 and 3 showed higher cytotoxicity with respect to complex 2 also suggesting selective possible applications as antiviral/antitumor drugs among the used model compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica De Castro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Erik De Luca
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Chiara Roberta Girelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Amilcare Barca
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Romano
- Divisione di Neuroscienze, Istituto di Neurologia Sperimentale, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, I-20132 Milano, Italy.
| | - Danilo Migoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Tiziano Verri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Michele Benedetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Francesco Paolo Fanizzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
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Brishty SR, Hossain MJ, Khandaker MU, Faruque MRI, Osman H, Rahman SMA. A Comprehensive Account on Recent Progress in Pharmacological Activities of Benzimidazole Derivatives. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:762807. [PMID: 34803707 PMCID: PMC8597275 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.762807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, nitrogenous heterocyclic molecules have attracted a great deal of interest among medicinal chemists. Among these potential heterocyclic drugs, benzimidazole scaffolds are considerably prevalent. Due to their isostructural pharmacophore of naturally occurring active biomolecules, benzimidazole derivatives have significant importance as chemotherapeutic agents in diverse clinical conditions. Researchers have synthesized plenty of benzimidazole derivatives in the last decades, amidst a large share of these compounds exerted excellent bioactivity against many ailments with outstanding bioavailability, safety, and stability profiles. In this comprehensive review, we have summarized the bioactivity of the benzimidazole derivatives reported in recent literature (2012-2021) with their available structure-activity relationship. Compounds bearing benzimidazole nucleus possess broad-spectrum pharmacological properties ranging from common antibacterial effects to the world's most virulent diseases. Several promising therapeutic candidates are undergoing human trials, and some of these are going to be approved for clinical use. However, notable challenges, such as drug resistance, costly and tedious synthetic methods, little structural information of receptors, lack of advanced software, and so on, are still viable to be overcome for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shejuti Rahman Brishty
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Jamal Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | | | - Hamid Osman
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - S. M. Abdur Rahman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Assis LC, de Castro AA, de Jesus JPA, da Cunha EFF, Nepovimova E, Krejcar O, Kuca K, Ramalho TC, La Porta FDA. Theoretical insights into the effect of halogenated substituent on the electronic structure and spectroscopic properties of the favipiravir tautomeric forms and its implications for the treatment of COVID-19. RSC Adv 2021; 11:35228-35244. [PMID: 35493173 PMCID: PMC9042810 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06309j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we systematically investigated the electronic structure, spectroscopic (nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, Raman, electron ionization mass spectrometry, UV-Vis, circular dichroism, and emission) properties, and tautomerism of halogenated favipiravir compounds (fluorine, chlorine, and bromine) from a computational perspective. Additionally, the effects of hydration on the proton transfer mechanism of the tautomeric forms of the halogenated favipiravir compounds are discussed. Our results suggest that spectroscopic properties allow for the elucidation of such tautomeric forms. As is well-known, the favipiravir compound has excellent antiviral properties and hence was recently tested for the treatment of new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Through in silico modeling, in the current study, we evaluate the role of such tautomeric forms in order to consider the effect of drug-metabolism in the inhibition process of the main protease (Mpro) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of SARS-CoV-2 virus. According to the molecular docking, all halogenated compounds presented a better interaction energy than the co-crystallized active ligand (−3.5 kcal mol−1) in the viral RdRp, in both wild-type (−6.3 to −6.5 kcal mol−1) and variant (−5.4 to −5.6 kcal mol−1) models. The variant analyzed for RdRp (Y176C) decreases the affinity of the keto form of the compounds in the active site, and prevented the ligands from interacting with RNA. These findings clearly indicated that all these compounds are promising as drug candidates for this molecular target. In this study, we systematically investigated the electronic structure, spectroscopic properties, and tautomerism of halogenated favipiravir compounds (fluorine, chlorine, and bromine) from a computational perspective.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Cristina Assis
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras CEP 37200-000 Lavras Minas Gerais Brazil
| | | | - João Paulo Almirão de Jesus
- Post-graduation Program in Materials Science and Engineering and Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Computational Chemistry, Federal Technological University of Paraná Avenida dos Pioneiros 3131 86036-370 Londrina Paraná Brazil
| | | | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Krejcar
- Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Teodorico Castro Ramalho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras CEP 37200-000 Lavras Minas Gerais Brazil .,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Felipe de Almeida La Porta
- Post-graduation Program in Materials Science and Engineering and Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Computational Chemistry, Federal Technological University of Paraná Avenida dos Pioneiros 3131 86036-370 Londrina Paraná Brazil
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Han F, Liu Y, Mo M, Chen J, Wang C, Yang Y, Wu J. Current treatment strategies for COVID‑19 (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:858. [PMID: 34664677 PMCID: PMC8548951 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged suddenly at the end of 2019 and the disease came to be known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To date, there is no specific therapy established to treat COVID-19. Identifying effective treatments is urgently required to treat patients and stop the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in humans. For the present review, >100 publications on therapeutic agents for COVID-19, including in vitro and in vivo animal studies, case reports, retrospective analyses and meta-analyses were retrieved from PubMed and analyzed, and promising therapeutic agents that may be used to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection were highlighted. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, different drugs have been repurposed for its treatment. Existing drugs, including chloroquine (CQ), its derivative hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), remdesivir and nucleoside analogues, monoclonal antibodies, convalescent plasma, Chinese herbal medicine and natural compounds for treating COVID-19 evaluated in experimental and clinical studies were discussed. Although early clinical studies suggested that CQ/HCQ produces antiviral action, later research indicated certain controversy regarding their use for treating COVID-19. The molecular mechanisms of these therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV2 have been investigated, including inhibition of viral interactions with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors in human cells, viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RNA replication and the packaging of viral particles. Potent therapeutic options were reviewed and future challenges to accelerate the development of novel therapeutic agents to treat and prevent COVID-19 were acknowledged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabin Han
- The Translational Research Laboratory for Stem Cell and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Innovation Institute for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Yanming Liu
- Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital/Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Mei Mo
- The Translational Research Laboratory for Stem Cell and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Innovation Institute for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Juanli Chen
- Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital/Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- The Translational Research Laboratory for Stem Cell and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Innovation Institute for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Yong Yang
- The Translational Research Laboratory for Stem Cell and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Innovation Institute for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Jibiao Wu
- The Translational Research Laboratory for Stem Cell and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Innovation Institute for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
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Kayode AJ, Banji-Onisile FO, Olaniran AO, Okoh AI. An Overview of the Pathogenesis, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Management of Endemic Human Coronaviruses: A Reflection on the Past and Present Episodes and Possible Future Outbreaks. Pathogens 2021; 10:1108. [PMID: 34578140 PMCID: PMC8470645 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of the 2019 coronavirus pandemic caught the world by surprise in late 2019 and has held it hostage for months with an increasing number of infections and deaths. Although coronavirus was first discovered in the 1960s and was known to cause respiratory infection in humans, no information was available about the epidemic pattern of the virus until the past two decades. This review addresses the pathogenesis, transmission dynamics, diagnosis, management strategies, the pattern of the past and present events, and the possibility of future outbreaks of the endemic human coronaviruses. Several studies have described bats as presumptive natural reservoirs of coronaviruses. In essence, the identification of a diverse group of similar SARS coronaviruses in bats suggests the possibility of a future epidemic due to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-like) coronaviruses originating from different reservoir hosts. The study also identified a lack of vaccines to prevent human coronavirus infections in humans in the past, however, the recent breakthrough in vaccine discovery and approval for emergency use for the treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 is commendable. The high rates of genomic substitution and recombination due to errors in RNA replication and the potential for independent species crossing suggest the chances of an entirely new strain evolving. Therefore, rapid research efforts should be deployed for vaccination to combat the COVID-19 pandemic and prevent a possible future outbreak. More sensitization and enlightenment on the need to adopt good personal hygiene practices, social distancing, and scientific evaluation of existing medications with promising antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2 is required. In addition, intensive investigations to unravel and validate the possible reservoirs, the intermediate host, as well as insight into the ability of the virus to break the species barrier are needed to prevent future viral spillover and possible outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeoye J. Kayode
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; or
- Wastewater Coronavirus Surveillance Laboratory, SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Center, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Folasade O. Banji-Onisile
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (F.O.B.-O.); (A.O.O.)
| | - Ademola O. Olaniran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (F.O.B.-O.); (A.O.O.)
| | - Anthony I. Okoh
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; or
- Wastewater Coronavirus Surveillance Laboratory, SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Center, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 555588, United Arab Emirates
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47
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Abd El Hadi SR, Zien El-Deen EE, Bahaa MM, Sadakah AA, Yassin HA. COVID-19: Vaccine Delivery System, Drug Repurposing and Application of Molecular Modeling Approach. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:3313-3330. [PMID: 34366663 PMCID: PMC8335551 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s320320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has spread across the world, resulting in a pandemic COVID-19 which is a human zoonotic disease that is caused by a novel coronavirus (CoV) strain thought to have originated in wild or captive bats in the initial COVID outbreak region. The global COVID-19 outbreak started in Guangdong Province, China's southernmost province. The global response to the COVID-19 pandemic has been hampered by the sheer number of infected people, many of whom need intensive care before succumbing to the disease. The epidemic is being handled by a combination of disease control by public health interventions and compassionate treatment for those who have been impacted. There is no clear anti-COVID-19 medication available at this time. However, the need to find medications that can turn the tide has led to the development of a number of investigational drugs as potential candidates for improving outcomes, especially in the severely and critically ill. Although many of these adjunctive medications are still being studied in clinical trials, professional organizations have attempted to define the circumstances in which their use is deemed off-label or compassionate. It is important to remind readers that new information about COVID-19's clinical features, treatment options, and outcomes is released on a regular basis. The mainstay of treatment remains optimized supportive care, and the therapeutic effectiveness of the subsequent agents is still being studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha R Abd El Hadi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Esmat E Zien El-Deen
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa M Bahaa
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Abdelfattah A Sadakah
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department, Faculty of Dentistry, AlSalam University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Heba A Yassin
- Pharmaceutics Department. Faculty of Pharmacy, AlSalam University, Tanta, Egypt
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Preliminary investigation of drug impurities associated with the anti-influenza drug Favipiravir - An insilico approach. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021; 1204:113375. [PMID: 34306990 PMCID: PMC8285362 DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of repurposed or modified antiviral drugs has become more significant during the current global pandemic of SARS Covid-19. In the present study, four structurally analogous impurity molecules of antiviral drug Favipiravir are selected for preliminary computational investigation for assessing the structure-activity relationship. The optimized geometry and the electronic structures of the compounds are computed using Density Functional Theory as a precursor to evaluating their physical, chemical and spectral properties. The frontier orbitals analysis is performed to obtain global reactivity parameters namely, the chemical potential, absolute electronegativity, global softness, global hardness, electrophilicity, etc. The natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis and Mulliken analysis provided an understanding of the charge-transfer interactions of molecules. The possibilities of intermolecular interactions of the drug systems with the receptors are also visualized using the electrostatic potential maps (MEP) derived from the DFT computations. The physiochemical properties are assessed computationally using SwissADME webtool to correlate the structural aspects of the compounds with their biological responses. Useful parameters namely flexibility, lipophilicity, size, polarity, solubility and saturation were also computed to evaluate the therapeutic activity or drug-likeness.
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Kumar R, Harilal S, Al-Sehemi AG, Mathew GE, Carradori S, Mathew B. The Chronicle of COVID-19 and Possible Strategies to Curb the Pandemic. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2852-2886. [PMID: 32614740 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200702151018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19, a type of infection that emerged in Wuhan, has become a pandemic affecting people worldwide and is rapidly spreading and evolving. Day by day, the confirmed cases and deaths are increasing many folds. SARS-CoV-2 is a novel virus; therefore, limited data are available to curb the disease. Epidemiological approaches, such as isolation, quarantine, social distancing, lockdown, and curfew, are being employed to halt the spread of the disease. Individual and joint efforts all over the world are producing a wealth of data and information which are expected to produce therapeutic strategies against COVID-19. Current research focuses on the utilization of antiviral drugs, repurposing strategies, vaccine development, as well as basic to advanced research about the organism and the infection. The review focuses on its life cycle, targets, and possible therapeutic strategies, which can lead to further research and development of COVID-19 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, Kerala University of Health Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Seetha Harilal
- Department of Pharmacy, Kerala University of Health Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Abdullah G Al-Sehemi
- Research center for Advanced Materials Science, King Khalid University, 61413 Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Simone Carradori
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi-682 041, India
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50
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Rezaei Z, Mobasheri L, Sadri F. Molecular Insights into COVID-19 Pathophysiology, Immune Pathogenesis, Detection, and Treatment. DNA Cell Biol 2021; 40:858-868. [PMID: 33989051 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2021.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In late December 2019, a new kind of Coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was officially identified in Wuhan, China. In March 2020, SARS-CoV-2 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO), and it has infected millions of people worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is a highly contagious Coronavirus, which has led to an outbreak of acute respiratory tract infection called "Coronavirus disease 2019" (COVID-19), resulting in mild to severe respiratory infections in humans. The design of appropriate therapeutic approaches is dependent on the understanding of molecular and cellular pathways of Coronavirus infections. In this study, we summarized the characteristic features of SARS-CoV-2. In addition, we considered the recent information regarding COVID-19 molecular immune pathogenesis, diagnosis, and potential treatment, which may provide novel perspectives and therapeutic goals in combating SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Rezaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Leila Mobasheri
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.,Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Farzad Sadri
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.,Young Researchers and Elite Club, Yasooj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasooj, Iran
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