1
|
Valizadeh M, Derafsh E, Abdi Abyaneh F, Parsamatin SK, Noshabad FZR, Alinaghipour A, Yaghoobi Z, Taheri AT, Dadgostar E, Aschner M, Mirzaei H, Tamtaji OR, Nabavizadeh F. Non-Coding RNAs and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Information of their Roles in Apoptosis. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:4508-4537. [PMID: 38102518 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03849-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis can be known as a key factor in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. In disease conditions, the rate of apoptosis expands and tissue damage may become apparent. Recently, the scientific studies of the non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has provided new information of the molecular mechanisms that contribute to neurodegenerative disorders. Numerous reports have documented that ncRNAs have important contributions to several biological processes associated with the increase of neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, microRNAs (miRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), as well as, long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) represent ncRNAs subtypes with the usual dysregulation in neurodegenerative disorders. Dysregulating ncRNAs has been associated with inhibiting or stimulating apoptosis in neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, this review highlighted several ncRNAs linked to apoptosis in neurodegenerative disorders. CircRNAs, lncRNAs, and miRNAs were also illustrated completely regarding the respective signaling pathways of apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ehsan Derafsh
- Windsor University School of Medicine, Cayon, Canada
| | | | - Sayedeh Kiana Parsamatin
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Azam Alinaghipour
- School of Medical Sciences, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Zahra Yaghoobi
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran
| | - Abdolkarim Talebi Taheri
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Dadgostar
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR, Iran
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR, Iran.
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Nabavizadeh
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shadfar S, Brocardo M, Atkin JD. The Complex Mechanisms by Which Neurons Die Following DNA Damage in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052484. [PMID: 35269632 PMCID: PMC8910227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cells are exposed to numerous exogenous and endogenous insults every day. Unlike other molecules, DNA cannot be replaced by resynthesis, hence damage to DNA can have major consequences for the cell. The DNA damage response contains overlapping signalling networks that repair DNA and hence maintain genomic integrity, and aberrant DNA damage responses are increasingly described in neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, DNA repair declines during aging, which is the biggest risk factor for these conditions. If unrepaired, the accumulation of DNA damage results in death to eliminate cells with defective genomes. This is particularly important for postmitotic neurons because they have a limited capacity to proliferate, thus they must be maintained for life. Neuronal death is thus an important process in neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the inability of neurons to divide renders them susceptible to senescence or re-entry to the cell cycle. The field of cell death has expanded significantly in recent years, and many new mechanisms have been described in various cell types, including neurons. Several of these mechanisms are linked to DNA damage. In this review, we provide an overview of the cell death pathways induced by DNA damage that are relevant to neurons and discuss the possible involvement of these mechanisms in neurodegenerative conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Shadfar
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (S.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Mariana Brocardo
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (S.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Julie D. Atkin
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (S.S.); (M.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chaudhry ZL, Klenja D, Janjua N, Cami-Kobeci G, Ahmed BY. COVID-19 and Parkinson's Disease: Shared Inflammatory Pathways Under Oxidative Stress. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110807. [PMID: 33142819 PMCID: PMC7693814 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The current coronavirus pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in a serious global health crisis. It is a major concern for individuals living with chronic disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). Increasing evidence suggests an involvement of oxidative stress and contribution of NFκB in the development of both COVID-19 and PD. Although, it is early to identify if SARS-CoV-2 led infection enhances PD complications, it is likely that oxidative stress may exacerbate PD progression in COVID-19 affected individuals and/or vice versa. In the current study, we sought to investigate whether NFκB-associated inflammatory pathways following oxidative stress in SARS-CoV-2 and PD patients are correlated. Toward this goal, we have integrated bioinformatics analysis obtained from Basic Local Alignment Search Tool of Protein Database (BLASTP) search for similarities of SARS-CoV-2 proteins against human proteome, literature review, and laboratory data obtained in a human cell model of PD. A Parkinson’s like state was created in 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA)-induced differentiated dopamine-containing neurons (dDCNs) obtained from an immortalized human neural progenitor cell line derived from the ventral mesencephalon region of the brain (ReNVM). The results indicated that SARS-CoV-2 infection and 6OHDA-induced toxicity triggered stimulation of caspases-2, -3 and -8 via the NFκB pathway resulting in the death of dDCNs. Furthermore, specific inhibitors for NFκB and studied caspases reduced the death of stressed dDCNs. The findings suggest that knowledge of the selective inhibition of caspases and NFκB activation may contribute to the development of potential therapeutic approaches for the treatment of COVID-19 and PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahara L. Chaudhry
- Institute of Biomedical & Environmental Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Creative Arts, Technologies & Science, University Square, University of Bedfordshire, Luton LU1 3JU, UK; (Z.L.C.); (G.C.-K.)
| | - Donika Klenja
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK;
| | - Najma Janjua
- Faculty of Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan;
| | - Gerta Cami-Kobeci
- Institute of Biomedical & Environmental Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Creative Arts, Technologies & Science, University Square, University of Bedfordshire, Luton LU1 3JU, UK; (Z.L.C.); (G.C.-K.)
| | - Bushra Y. Ahmed
- Institute of Biomedical & Environmental Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Creative Arts, Technologies & Science, University Square, University of Bedfordshire, Luton LU1 3JU, UK; (Z.L.C.); (G.C.-K.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Environmental Enrichment Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Alters Detoxifying Enzymes in an A53T α-Synuclein Transgenic Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100928. [PMID: 32998299 PMCID: PMC7600645 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although environmental enrichment (EE) is known to reduce oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease (PD), the metabolic alternations for detoxifying endogenous and xenobiotic compounds according to various brain regions are not fully elucidated yet. This study aimed to further understand the role of EE on detoxifying enzymes, especially those participating in phase I of metabolism, by investigating the levels of enzymes in various brain regions such as the olfactory bulb, brain stem, frontal cortex, and striatum. Eight-month-old transgenic PD mice with the overexpression of human A53T α-synuclein and wild-type mice were randomly allocated to either standard cage condition or EE for 2 months. At 10 months of age, the expression of detoxifying enzymes was evaluated and compared with wild-type of the same age raised in standard cages. EE improved neurobehavioral outcomes such as olfactory and motor function in PD mice. EE-treated mice showed that oxidative stress was attenuated in the olfactory bulb, brain stem, and frontal cortex. EE also reduced apoptosis and induced cell proliferation in the subventricular zone of PD mice. The overexpression of detoxifying enzymes was observed in the olfactory bulb and brain stem of PD mice, which was ameliorated by EE. These findings were not apparent in the other experimental regions. These results suggest the stage of PD pathogenesis may differ according to brain region, and that EE has a protective effect on the PD pathogenesis by decreasing oxidative stress.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lipids Nutrients in Parkinson and Alzheimer's Diseases: Cell Death and Cytoprotection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072501. [PMID: 32260305 PMCID: PMC7178281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s, have common features: protein accumulation, cell death with mitochondrial involvement and oxidative stress. Patients are treated to cure the symptoms, but the treatments do not target the causes; so, the disease is not stopped. It is interesting to look at the side of nutrition which could help prevent the first signs of the disease or slow its progression in addition to existing therapeutic strategies. Lipids, whether in the form of vegetable or animal oils or in the form of fatty acids, could be incorporated into diets with the aim of preventing neurodegenerative diseases. These different lipids can inhibit the cytotoxicity induced during the pathology, whether at the level of mitochondria, oxidative stress or apoptosis and inflammation. The conclusions of the various studies cited are oriented towards the preventive use of oils or fatty acids. The future of these lipids that can be used in therapy/prevention will undoubtedly involve a better delivery to the body and to the brain by utilizing lipid encapsulation.
Collapse
|
6
|
Melchinger H, Jain K, Tyagi T, Hwa J. Role of Platelet Mitochondria: Life in a Nucleus-Free Zone. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:153. [PMID: 31737646 PMCID: PMC6828734 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are abundant, small, anucleate circulating cells, serving many emerging pathophysiological roles beyond hemostasis; including active critical roles in thrombosis, injury response, and immunoregulation. In the absence of genomic DNA transcriptional regulation (no nucleus), platelets require strategic prepackaging of all the needed RNA and organelles from megakaryocytes, to sense stress (e.g., hyperglycemia), to protect themselves from stress (e.g., mitophagy), and to communicate a stress response to other cells (e.g., granule and microparticle release). Distinct from avian thrombocytes that have a nucleus, the absence of a nucleus allows the mammalian platelet to maintain its small size, permits morphological flexibility, and may improve speed and efficiency of protein expression in response to stress. In the absence of a nucleus, platelet lifespan of 7–10 days, is largely determined by the mitochondria. The packaging of 5–8 mitochondria is critical in aerobic respiration and yielding metabolic substrates needed for function and survival. Mitochondria damage or dysfunction, as observed with several disease processes, results in greatly attenuated platelet survival and increased risk for thrombovascular events. Here we provide insights into the emerging roles of platelets despite the lack of a nucleus, and the key role played by mitochondria in platelet function and survival both in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Melchinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Kanika Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Tarun Tyagi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - John Hwa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kline EM, Butkovich LM, Bradner JM, Chang J, Gelbard H, Goodfellow V, Caudle WM, Tansey MG. The second generation mixed lineage kinase-3 (MLK3) inhibitor CLFB-1134 protects against neurotoxin-induced nigral dopaminergic neuron loss. Exp Neurol 2019; 318:157-164. [PMID: 31077715 PMCID: PMC6592621 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons express mixed lineage kinases which regulate the expression of cell death genes. In Parkinson's disease, cell death via apoptosis is prevalent, and previous work testing mixed lineage kinase inhibitors in animal models suggested the inhibitors had some neuroprotective potential. CLFB-1134 is a new, brain-penetrant inhibitor specific for MLK3, tested here in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of dopaminergic depletion and nigral neuron death in mice. After ensuring that treatment with CLFB-1134 did not alter conversion of MPTP to MPP+, we demonstrated CLFB-1134's inhibition of MLK3 and neuroprotective efficacy. Specifically we evaluated the integrity of the nigrostriatal dopamine system following MPTP by assessing protein expression, high performance liquid chromatography, and immunohistology with stereology. We found that CLFB-1134 achieves protection of striatal dopaminergic terminals and nigral cell bodies when dosed simultaneously or following MPTP treatment. By preventing phosphorylation of JNK and other downstream targets of MLK3, CLFB-1134 protects against the neurotoxin MPTP. Inhibition of MLK3 may be a valid target for future work investigating treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Kline
- Emory University, 615 Michael St, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America.
| | - Laura M Butkovich
- Emory University, 615 Michael St, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America.
| | - Joshua M Bradner
- Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America.
| | - Jianjun Chang
- Emory University, 615 Michael St, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America.
| | - Harris Gelbard
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 645, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America.
| | - Val Goodfellow
- Califia Bio Inc., San Diego, CA, United States of America.
| | - W Michael Caudle
- Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America.
| | - Malú G Tansey
- Emory University, 615 Michael St, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li L, Liu H, Song H, Qin Y, Wang Y, Xu M, Liu C, Gao J, Sun S. Let-7d microRNA Attenuates 6-OHDA-Induced Injury by Targeting Caspase-3 in MN9D Cells. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 63:403-411. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0994-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
9
|
Jiang P, Gan M, Yen SH, Moussaud S, McLean PJ, Dickson DW. Proaggregant nuclear factor(s) trigger rapid formation of α-synuclein aggregates in apoptotic neurons. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:77-91. [PMID: 26839082 PMCID: PMC4911378 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell transmission of α-synuclein (αS) aggregates has been proposed to be responsible for progressive αS pathology in Parkinson disease (PD) and related disorders, including dementia with Lewy bodies. In support of this concept, a growing body of in vitro and in vivo experimental evidence shows that exogenously introduced αS aggregates can spread into surrounding cells and trigger PD-like pathology. It remains to be determined what factor(s) lead to initiation of αS aggregation that is capable of seeding subsequent propagation. In this study we demonstrate that filamentous αS aggregates form in neurons in response to apoptosis induced by staurosporine or other toxins-6-hydroxy-dopamine and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). Interaction between αS and proaggregant nuclear factor(s) is associated with disruption of nuclear envelope integrity. Knocking down a key nuclear envelop constituent protein, lamin B1, enhances αS aggregation. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo experimental models demonstrate that aggregates released upon cell breakdown can be taken up by surrounding cells. Accordingly, we suggest that at least some αS aggregation might be related to neuronal apoptosis or loss of nuclear membrane integrity, exposing cytosolic α-synuclein to proaggregant nuclear factors. These findings provide new clues to the pathogenesis of PD and related disorders that can lead to novel treatments of these disorders. Specifically, finding ways to limit the effects of apoptosis on αS aggregation, deposition, local uptake and subsequent propagation might significantly impact progression of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peizhou Jiang
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Ming Gan
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Shu-Hui Yen
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Simon Moussaud
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Pamela J McLean
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shao P, Yu YX, Bao JX. Association of Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase (DBH) Polymorphisms with Susceptibility to Parkinson's Disease. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:1617-22. [PMID: 27177268 PMCID: PMC4915320 DOI: 10.12659/msm.895798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to explore the association between 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) gene (rs1611115 and rs732833) and the susceptibility to Parkinson’s disease (PD). Material/Methods Polymerase chain reaction direct sequencing (PCR-DS) was used to test the genotypes of DBH polymorphisms in 95 PD patients and 100 healthy examinees frequency-matched with the former by age and sex. The genotype and allele distribution differences between the case and control groups were analyzed by chi-square test, and the relative risk of PD in southern Chinese populations was expressed by odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was also checked by chi-square test. Results The genotype and allele distribution frequencies in rs1611115 were obviously different between PD patients and the healthy control group (P<0.05). The TT genotype may lead to a 2.95 times higher risk of PD occurrence compared with the common genotype CC (OR=2.95, 95%CI=1.02–8.51), and the C allele increased risk of onset of PD (OR=1.81, 95%CI=1.17–2.82). Cognition of the PD patients was different between CC and CT+TT genotypes of rs1611115 (P=0.047). Conclusions DBH rs1611115 polymorphism was likely to be associated with the susceptibility to PD, but we did not find that rs732833 is a susceptibility marker for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Yun-Xia Yu
- Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of Haiyang, Haiyang, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Jing-Xi Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Haiyang, Haiyang, Shandong, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mao G, Zhou Z, Chen Y, Wang W, Wu X, Feng W, Cobbina SJ, Huang J, Zhang Z, Xu H, Yang L, Wu X. Neurological Toxicity of Individual and Mixtures of Low Dose Arsenic, Mono and Di (n-butyl) Phthalates on Sub-Chronic Exposure to Mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 170:183-93. [PMID: 26257159 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0457-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of individual and mixtures of di(n-butyl) phthalates (DBP) and their active metabolite monobutyl phthalate (MBP) and arsenic (As) on spatial cognition associated with hippocampal apoptosis in mice. Mice were exposed, individually or in combination, to DBP (50 mg/kg body weight, intragastrically), MBP (50 mg/kg body weight, intragastrically), and As (10 mg/L, per os) for 8 weeks. The Morris water maze test showed that mice exposed to DBP/MBP combined with As exhibited longer escape latencies and the lower average number of crossing the platform. The As content in the hippocampus after As exposure increased as compared to those without As exposure. In mice exposed to DBP/MBP combined with As, pathological alterations and oxidative damage to the hippocampus were found. Expression of apoptosis-related protein: Bax and caspase-3 were significantly increased in the hippocampus, while there was no significant change in expression of Bcl-2. The results suggested that DBP and MBP combined with As can induce spatial cognitive deficits through altering the expression of apoptosis-related protein and As played a critical role in cognition impairments. And the joint exposure has antagonistic effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Mao
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xueshan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiwei Feng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Samuel Jerry Cobbina
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai Xu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liuqing Yang
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cho HS, Shin MS, Song W, Jun TW, Lim BV, Kim YP, Kim CJ. Treadmill exercise alleviates short-term memory impairment in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced Parkinson's rats. J Exerc Rehabil 2013; 9:354-61. [PMID: 24278884 PMCID: PMC3836534 DOI: 10.12965/jer.130048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra is a key pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. In the present study, we investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on short-term memory, apoptotic dopaminergic neuronal cell death and fiber loss in the nigrostriatum, and cell proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of Parkinson's rats. Parkinson's rats were made by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the striatum using stereotaxic instrument. Four weeks after 6-OHDA injection, the rats in the 6-OHDA-injection group exhibited significant rotational asymmetry following apomorphine challenge. The rats in the exercise groups were put on the treadmill to run for 30 min once a day for 14 consecutive days starting 4 weeks after 6-OHDA injection. In the present results, extensive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra with loss of dopaminergic fibers in the striatum were produced in the rats without treadmill running, which resulted in short-term memory impairment. However, the rats performing treadmill running for 2 weeks alleviated nigrostriatal dopaminergic cell loss and alleviated short-term memory impairment with increasing cell proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of Parkinson's rats. The present results show that treadmill exercise may provide therapeutic value for the Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Sam Cho
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea ; Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xiao H, Wang Y, Xiang Q, Xiao C, Yuan L, Liu Z, Liu X. Novel physiological properties of ethanol extracts from Eremurus chinensis Fedtsch. roots: in vitro antioxidant and anticancer activities. Food Funct 2012; 3:1310-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2fo30152k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
14
|
Liu X, Shibata T, Hisaka S, Kawai Y, Osawa T. DHA Hydroperoxides as a Potential Inducer of Neuronal Cell Death: a Mitochondrial Dysfunction-Mediated Pathway. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2011; 43:26-33. [PMID: 18648656 PMCID: PMC2459249 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.2008040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
During the lipid peroxidation reaction, lipid hydroperoxides are formed as primary products. Several lines of evidence suggest that lipid hydroperoxides can trigger cell death in many cell types, including neurons. In a screening of lipid hydroperoxides which can induce toxicity in neuronal cells, we found docosahexaenoic acid hydroperoxides (DHA-OOH) induced much severe levels of reactive oxygen species generation and cell death in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells compared to the hydroperoxides of linoleic acid and arachidonic acid. Therefore, we focused on DHA-OOH, and demonstrated that DHA-OOH apparently induced an apoptosis in the neuronal cells through several apoptotic hallmarks including nuclei condensation, DNA fragmentation, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage and increased activity of caspase-3. We also found the signaling changes in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, such as cytochrome c release and increased expression of Bcl-2, as well as a dose-dependent attenuation of mitochondrial membrane potential in the DHA-OOH treated cells. These data indicated DHA hydroperoxide as a potential inducer of apoptosis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, which may be mediated by mitochondria dysfunction pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuebo Liu
- Laboratory of Food and Biodynamics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
En1 and Wnt signaling in midbrain dopaminergic neuronal development. Neural Dev 2011; 6:23. [PMID: 21569278 PMCID: PMC3104484 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-6-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons of the ventral mesodiencephalon are affected in significant health disorders such as Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and addiction. The ultimate goal of current research endeavors is to improve the clinical treatment of such disorders, such as providing a protocol for cell replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease that will successfully promote the specific differentiation of a stem cell into a dopaminergic neuronal phenotype. Decades of research on the developmental mechanisms of the mesodiencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) system have led to the identification of many signaling pathways and transcription factors critical in its development. The unraveling of these pathways will help fill in the pieces of the puzzle that today dominates neurodevelopment research: how to make and maintain a mdDA neuron. In the present review, we provide an overview of the mdDA system, the processes and signaling molecules involved in its genesis, with a focus on the transcription factor En1 and the canonical Wnt pathway, highlighting recent findings on their relevance--and interplay--in the development and maintenance of the mdDA system.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Apoptosis, the best known form of programmed cell death, is tightly regulated by a number of sensors, signal transducers and effectors. Apoptosis is mainly active during embryonic development, when deletion of redundant cellular material is required for the correct morphogenesis of tissues and organs; moreover, it is essential for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis during cell life. Cells also activate apoptosis when they suffer from various insults, such as damage to DNA or to other cellular components, or impairment of basic processes, such as DNA replication and DNA repair. Removal of damaged cells is fundamental in maintaining the health of organisms. In addition, apoptosis induction following DNA damage is exploited to kill cancer cells. In this chapter we will review the main features of developmental and induced apoptosis.
Collapse
|
17
|
Oral administration of coenzyme Q10 prevents cytochrome c release from mitochondria induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion in mouse brain synaptosomes. Neurosci Lett 2009; 463:22-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
18
|
Rabie T, Marti HH. Brain protection by erythropoietin: a manifold task. Physiology (Bethesda) 2008; 23:263-74. [PMID: 18927202 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00016.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many hematopoietic growth factors are produced locally in the brain. Among these, erythropoietin (Epo), has a dominant role for neuroprotection, neurogenesis, and acting as a neurotrophic factor in the central nervous system. These functions make erythropoietin a good candidate for treating diseases associated with neuronal cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamer Rabie
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Effects of calpain inhibition on dopaminergic markers and motor function following intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine administration in rats. Neuroscience 2008; 158:558-69. [PMID: 19007862 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine has been widely used to model aspects of Parkinson's disease in rodents, but the mechanisms underlying toxin-induced dopaminergic degeneration and functional impairment have not been fully elucidated. The main aim of the present study was to assess a possible role for calpains in neurochemical and behavioral deficits following unilateral infusion of intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine in adult rats. Toxin administration produced a profound dopaminergic denervation, as indicated by a 90-95% reduction in dopamine transporter radiolabeling measured in the caudate-putamen at 2 weeks post-lesion. Treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine also resulted in calpain activation in both caudate-putamen and substantia nigra, as measured by the appearance of calpain-specific spectrin breakdown products. Calpain activation peaked at 24 h after 6-hydroxydopamine infusion and remained elevated at later time points. In contrast, caspase-3-mediated spectrin cleavage subsided within 48 h in both brain areas. In a subsequent experiment, calpain inhibition was achieved by intrastriatal infusion of an adenovirus expressing the endogenous calpain inhibitor, calpastatin. Calpastatin delivery abolished the lesion-induced calpain-mediated spectrin cleavage and alleviated forelimb asymmetries resulting from unilateral intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine. Unexpectedly, dopamine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase labeling revealed significant neuroprotection, not in the nigrostriatal pathway but rather in the ventral tegmental area. These findings support a role for calpain activation in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. However, after near-total dopaminergic depletion, the primary benefit of calpain inhibition may not occur within the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway itself.
Collapse
|
20
|
Barnum CJ, Eskow KL, Dupre K, Blandino P, Deak T, Bishop C. Exogenous corticosterone reduces L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in the hemi-parkinsonian rat: role for interleukin-1beta. Neuroscience 2008; 156:30-41. [PMID: 18687386 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
While the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unknown, there is overwhelming evidence that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the progressive loss of dopamine (DA) neurons. Because nearly all persons suffering from PD receive l-DOPA, it is surprising that inflammation has not been examined as a potential contributor to the abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) that occur as a consequence of chronic l-DOPA treatment. As an initial test of this hypothesis, we examined the effects of exogenously administered corticosterone (CORT), an endogenous anti-inflammatory agent, on the expression and development of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) in unilateral DA-depleted rats. To do this, male Sprague-Dawley rats received unilateral medial forebrain bundle 6-hydroxydopamine lesions. Three weeks later, l-DOPA primed rats received acute injections of CORT (0-3.75 mg/kg) prior to l-DOPA to assess the expression of LID. A second group of rats was used to examine the development of LID in l-DOPA naïve rats co-treated with CORT and l-DOPA for 2 weeks. AIMs and rotations were recorded. Exogenous CORT dose-dependently attenuated both the expression and development of AIMs without affecting rotations. Real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction of striatal tissue implicated a role for interleukin-1 (IL-1) beta in these effects as its expression was increased on the lesioned side in rats treated with l-DOPA (within the DA-depleted striatum) and attenuated with CORT. In the final experiment, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) was microinjected into the striatum of l-DOPA-primed rats to assess the impact of IL-1 signaling on LID. Intrastriatal IL-1ra reduced the expression of LID without affecting rotations. These findings indicate a novel role for neuroinflammation in the expression of LID, and may implicate the use of anti-inflammatory agents as a potential adjunctive therapy for the treatment of LID.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Barnum
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Binghamton, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Battisti C, Formichi P, Radi E, Federico A. Oxidative-stress-induced apoptosis in PBLs of two patients with Parkinson disease secondary to alpha-synuclein mutation. J Neurol Sci 2008; 267:120-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2007.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
22
|
Yang W, Tiffany-Castiglioni E. Paraquat-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells: involvement of p53 and mitochondria. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2008; 71:289-299. [PMID: 18253895 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701738467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The herbicide paraquat is a suspected etiologic factor in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Paraquat was therefore used to reproduce Parkinsonian syndromes in lab animals, in which it produces dopaminergic pathogenesis. However, the factors or mechanisms by which paraquat kills dopaminergic neurons are not fully understood. Based on reported evidence that paraquat increases p53 protein levels and inhibits mitochondrial function, it was hypothesized that paraquat induces cell death in dopaminergic neurons through a mechanism in which p53 and mitochondrial apoptotic pathway are linked. To explore this possibility, dopaminergic SY5Y cells were treated with paraquat for 48 h and p53 responses were investigated, as well as biomarkers of the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Paraquat significantly increased protein levels of p53 and one of its target genes, Bax. By 24 h, paraquat decreased mitochondrial complex I activity and mitochondrial transmembrane potential and induced the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. In addition, paraquat increased the activities of caspases 9 and 3. Finally, nuclear condensation and DNA fragmentation occurred 48 h after treatment. The decrease of mitochondrial functions, the release of cytochrome c, the increase of caspase 9 and 3 activities, and DNA damage that were produced by paraquat were inhibited by a specific p53 inhibitor, pifithrin-alpha. These findings support the conclusion that paraquat produced apoptosis in SY5Y cells through the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway associated with p53.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wonsuk Yang
- Department of Integrative Biosciences and Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Xu HM, Jiang H, Wang J, Luo B, Xie JX. Over-expressed human divalent metal transporter 1 is involved in iron accumulation in MES23.5 cells. Neurochem Int 2007; 52:1044-51. [PMID: 18082289 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Elevated iron accumulation has been reported in brain regions in some neurodegenerative disorders. However, the mechanism for this is largely unknown. Divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) is an important divalent cation transporter. The aim of the present study is to construct recombinant adenovirus encoding human DMT1 with iron responsive element (DMT1+IRE) and infect MES23.5 dopaminergic cells in order to investigate the relationship between increased DMT1+IRE expression and iron accumulation. The human DMT1 gene was obtained by RT-PCR from tissues of human duodenum. AdDMT1+IRE was successfully constructed and identified by PCR, restriction endonuclease analyses and DNA sequencing, respectively. It was able to efficiently infect MES23.5 cells, which was confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blots. When incubated with 100 microM ferrous iron for 6h, the intracellular iron levels dramatically increased in AdDMT1+IRE infected MES23.5 cells compared to the solely adenovirus infected cells. Meanwhile, the levels of hydroxyl free radicals and malondialdehyde (MDA) in these cells increased. This led to the activation of caspase-3. The apoptosis in AdDMT1+IRE infected cells was shown with hypercondensed nuclei using Hoechst staining. Analysis of DNA extracted from these cells showed the typical "ladder pattern", indicating the formation of mono- and oligonucleosomes. These results suggested that increased DMT1+IRE expression in MES23.5 cells caused the increased intracellular iron accumulation. This resulted in the increased oxidative stress leading to ultimate cell apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Min Xu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Huang HY, Lin SZ, Kuo JS, Chen WF, Wang MJ. G-CSF protects dopaminergic neurons from 6-OHDA-induced toxicity via the ERK pathway. Neurobiol Aging 2007; 28:1258-69. [PMID: 16839644 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Revised: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is known to have various functions such as induction of survival, proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells. Recently, this factor has also been shown to exhibit neuroprotective effects in rat ischemic brain. In the present study, we first demonstrated that both G-CSF and G-CSF receptor were expressed in dopaminergic neurons in the adult substantia nigra and mesencephalic cultures, suggesting that G-CSF might exert its neuroprotective effects in dopaminergic neurons. Pretreatment with G-CSF protected dopaminergic neurons from 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced neurotoxicity. Investigation of the underlying mechanisms showed that the extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK), but not Janus kinase/signal transducer(s) and activator(s) of transcription (JAK/STAT), was activated following G-CSF treatment. Moreover, G-CSF also increased phosphorylation of Bad, and restored 6-OHDA-induced decrease in Bcl-xL level. The 6-OHDA-caused caspase-3 activation in dopaminergic neurons was inhibited by G-CSF. Inhibition of ERK abrogated G-CSF-mediated Bad phosphorylation, Bcl-xL expression, activated caspase-3 reduction, and the protection of dopaminergic neurons. Taken together, G-CSF prevents dopaminergic neurons from 6-OHDA-induced toxicity via ERK pathway followed by inhibiting the apoptosis-execution process. These results suggest that G-CSF might have a therapeutic potential in Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Huang
- Neuro-Medical Scientific Center, Buddhist Tzu-Chi General Hospital, Tzu-Chi College of Technology, Hualien 970, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Saldaña M, Aguilar E, Bonastre M, Marin C. Differential nigral expression of bcl-2 protein family in the pure and common forms of Dementia with Lewy bodies: relevance for dopaminergic neuronal vulnerability. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2007; 114:1469-77. [PMID: 17641817 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-007-0765-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether bcl-2 protein family is involved in the pathogenesis of the dopaminergic neurodegeneration that occurs in Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). The expression of the proapoptotic protein bax and the antiapoptotic proteins bcl-2 and bcl-xL was investigated by Western blot in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra of pure and common DLB forms. No changes in the nigral expression levels of bax, bcl-2 and bcl-xL proteins were found between control and DLB pure cases. In the common DLB forms, nigral bcl-xL and bcl-2 proteins levels were significantly decreased in the DLB cases associated with a concomitant severe AD pathology (p < 0.05). An increase in nigral bcl-2 protein expression was observed in the DLB cases with a mild AD-associated pathology (p < 0.05). The present results are in agreement with previous observations indicating that DLB cases with severe AD pathology tend to show severe Lewy pathology suggesting that AD pathology might exacerbate Lewy pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Saldaña
- Laboratori de Neurologia Experimental, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Singh S, Dikshit M. Apoptotic neuronal death in Parkinson's disease: Involvement of nitric oxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 54:233-50. [PMID: 17408564 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Revised: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 02/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis of nigral dopaminergic neurons by various mechanisms is an emerging phenomenon involved in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). Both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways seems to be involved in death of nigral neurons, intrinsic pathway however, seems to be more important due to the energy crisis. Apoptosis by intrinsic pathway is executed by several initiators and effector caspases, which have been found activated in PD patients, experimental models as well as in neuronal cultures. Nitric oxide (NO) seems to be a central molecule due to its ability to modulate both pro and antiapoptotic phenomenon. The review focuses on the diverse extrinsic and intrinsic factors, signaling pathways and their modulation by NO leading to the death of dopaminergic neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Singh
- Division of Toxicology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
O'Neill MJ, Messenger MJ, Lakics V, Murray TK, Karran EH, Szekeres PG, Nisenbaum ES, Merchant KM. Neuroreplacement, Growth Factor, and Small Molecule Neurotrophic Approaches for Treating Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2007; 77:179-217. [PMID: 17178475 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(06)77006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J O'Neill
- Eli Lilly and Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham Surrey GU20 6PH, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
The redox environment within neural cells is dependent on a series of redox couples. The glutathione disulfide/ glutathione (GSSG/GSH) redox pair forms the major redox couple in cells and as such plays a critical role in regulating redox-dependent cellular functions. Not only does GSH act as an antioxidant but it also can modulate the activity of a variety of different proteins via S-glutathionylation of cysteine sulfhydryl groups. The thioredoxin system also makes a significant contribution to the redox environment by reducing inter- and intrachain protein disulfide bonds as well as maintaining the activity of important antioxidant enzymes such as peroxiredoxins and methionine sulfoxide reductases. The redox environment affects the activity and function of a number of different protein phosphatases, protein kinases, and transcription factors. The sum of these effects will determine how changes in the redox environment alter overall cellular function, thereby playing a fundamental role in regulating neural cell fate and physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Maher
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ouyang M, Shen X. Critical role of ASK1 in the 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. J Neurochem 2006; 97:234-44. [PMID: 16515547 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03730.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced apoptosis in dopaminergic neuronal cells is a common cell model of Parkinson's disease (PD). The role of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) in this model has not been well studied. We observed significant activation of ASK1, p38 and JNK, as well as apoptosis in human dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells exposed to 6-OHDA. Over-expressing kinase-dead mutant ASK1(K709M) or knock-down of endogenous ASK1 by its small interfering RNA (siRNA) greatly suppressed activation of these kinases and apoptosis in the cells. It was found that the activation of p38 and JNK was suppressed to almost the same extent as that of ASK1 in the ASK1-knock-down cells, suggesting that activated ASK1 is almost totally responsible for activation of p38/JNK. It was also observed that the 6-OHDA-induced cell apoptosis could be effectively prevented by over-expressing the dominant-negative mutant of p38 or p38 inhibitor SB203580, demonstrating that activation of p38/JNK signalling is required for initiating the programmed cell death. Furthermore, suppression of the 6-OHDA-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) by pre-incubation of cells with N-acetyl-L-cysteine effectively inhibited the 6-OHDA-induced activation of ASK1, p38 and JNK, and protected the cells from apoptosis. This study clearly shows the route from ROS generation by 6-OHDA to initiation of p38/JNK signalling via activation of ASK1 in the studied PD model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Ouyang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kim YS, Kim SS, Cho JJ, Choi DH, Hwang O, Shin DH, Chun HS, Beal MF, Joh TH. Matrix metalloproteinase-3: a novel signaling proteinase from apoptotic neuronal cells that activates microglia. J Neurosci 2006; 25:3701-11. [PMID: 15814801 PMCID: PMC6725382 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4346-04.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation and inflammation are associated with progressive neuronal apoptosis in neurodegenerative human brain disorders. We sought to investigate molecular signaling mechanisms that govern activation of microglia in apoptotic neuronal degeneration. We report here that the active form of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) was released into the serum-deprived media (SDM) of PC12 cells and other media of apoptotic neuronal cells within 2-6 h of treatment of the cells, and SDM and catalytic domain of recombinant MMP-3 (cMMP-3) activated microglia in primary microglia cultures as well as BV2 cells, a mouse microglia cell line. Both SDM and cMMP-3 induced generation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1beta, and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist but not IL-12 and inducible nitric oxide synthase, which are readily induced by lipopolysaccharide, in microglia, suggesting that there is a characteristic pattern of microglial cytokine induction by apoptotic neurons. Neither glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor nor anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta1, were induced. SDM and cMMP-3 extensively released TNF-alpha from microglia and activated the nuclear factor-kappaB pathway, and these microglial responses were totally abolished by preincubation with an MMP-3 inhibitor, NNGH [N-isobutyl-N-(4-methoxyphenylsulfonyl)-glycylhydroxamic acid]. MMP-3-mediated microglial activation mostly depended on ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) phosphorylation but not much on either JNK (c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase) or p38 activation. Conditioned medium of SDM- or cMMP-3-activated BV2 cells caused apoptosis of PC12 cells. These results strongly suggest that the distinctive signal of neuronal apoptosis is the release of active form of MMP-3 that activates microglia and subsequently exacerbates neuronal degeneration. Therefore, the release of MMP-3 from apoptotic neurons may play a major role in degenerative human brain disorders, such as Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Seong Kim
- Burke Medical Research Institute, Weill Medical College and Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, White Plains, New York 10605, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Signore AP, Weng Z, Hastings T, Van Laar AD, Liang Q, Lee YJ, Chen J. Erythropoietin protects against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced dopaminergic cell death. J Neurochem 2006; 96:428-43. [PMID: 16336625 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the death of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. In the present study, erythropoietin, a trophic factor that has both hematopoietic and neural protective characteristics, was investigated for its capacity to protect dopaminergic neurons in experimental Parkinson's disease. Using both the dopaminergic cell line, MN9D, and primary dopamine neurons, we show that erythropoietin (1-3 U/mL) is neuroprotective against the dopaminergic neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine. Protection was mediated by the erythropoietin receptor, as neutralizing anti-erythropoietin receptor antibody abrogated the protection. Activation of Akt/protein kinase B (PKB), via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway, is a critical mechanism in erythropoietin-induced protection, while activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 contributes only moderately. Indeed, transfection of constitutively active Akt/PKB into dopaminergic cells was sufficient to protect against cell death. Furthermore, erythropoietin diminished markers of apoptosis in MN9D cells, including caspase 9 and caspase 3 activation and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, suggesting that erythropoietin interferes with the apoptosis-execution process. When erythropoietin was administered to mice unilaterally lesioned with 6-hydroxydopamine, it prevented the loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons and maintained striatal catecholamine levels for at least 8 weeks. Erythropoietin-treated mice also had significantly reduced behavioral asymmetries. These studies suggest that erythropoietin can be an effective neuroprotective agent for dopaminergic neurons, and may be useful in reversing behavioral deficits associated with Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armando P Signore
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kanthasamy AG, Kitazawa M, Kanthasamy A, Anantharam V. Dieldrin-induced neurotoxicity: relevance to Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Neurotoxicology 2005; 26:701-19. [PMID: 16112328 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2004.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Accepted: 07/25/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is increasingly recognized as a neurodegenerative disorder strongly associated with environmental chemical exposures. Recent epidemiological data demonstrate that environmental risk factors may play a dominant role as compared to genetic factors in the etiopathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Identification of key genetic defects such as alpha-synuclein and parkin mutations in PD also underscores the important role of genetic factors in the disease. Thus, understanding the interplay between genes and environment in PD may be critical to unlocking the mysteries of this 200-year-old neurodegenerative disease. Pesticides and metals are the most common classes of environmental chemicals that promote dopaminergic degeneration. The organochlorine pesticide dieldrin has been found in human PD postmortem brain tissues, suggesting that this pesticide has potential to promote nigral cell death. Though dieldrin has been banned, humans continue to be exposed to the pesticide through contaminated dairy products and meats due to the persistent accumulation of the pesticide in the environment. This review summarizes various neurotoxic studies conducted in both cell culture and animals models following dieldrin exposure and discusses their relevance to key pathological mechanisms associated with nigral dopaminergic degeneration including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, protein aggregation, and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Parkinson's Disorder Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Current and potential treatments of Parkinson's disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2005. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511544873.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
34
|
Prunell GF, Svendgaard NA, Alkass K, Mathiesen T. Delayed cell death related to acute cerebral blood flow changes following subarachnoid hemorrhage in the rat brain. J Neurosurg 2005; 102:1046-54. [PMID: 16028764 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2005.102.6.1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object. The authors tested the hypotheses that subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) leads to delayed cell death with the participation of apoptotic-like mechanisms and is influenced by the degree of acute decrease in the cerebral blood flow (CBF) following hemorrhage.
Methods. Subarachnoid hemorrhage was induced in rats by endovascular perforation of the internal carotid artery or injection of blood into the prechiasmatic cistern. Cerebral blood flow was measured using laser Doppler flowmetry for 60 minutes. Brain sections stained with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) showed DNA fragmentation at 2 and 7 days after both methods of inducing SAH in one third to two thirds of the surviving animals in the different experimental groups. More than 80% of the TUNEL-positive cells were neuron-specific nuclear protein—positive (neurons), but immunoreactivity to glial fibrillary acidic protein (astrocytes) and transferrin (oligodendrocytes) were markedly decreased in TUNEL-positive areas. Most of the TUNEL-positive cells displayed chromatin condensation and/or blebs and immunostained for increased Bax; approximately 50% of them were immunoreactive to cleaved caspase-3 and a few to Bcl-2. The duration of the acute CBF decrease below 30% of the baseline level was related to the degree of TUNEL staining.
Conclusions. Subarachnoid hemorrhage resulted in delayed cell death in a large proportion, but not all, of the surviving animals. The acute CBF decrease was related to the degree of subsequent cell death. These findings indicated the relevance of apoptotic-like pathways. There appears to be a temporal therapeutic window during which adequate treatment might reduce the final damage following SAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giselle F Prunell
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Section for Neurosurgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Maher P. The effects of stress and aging on glutathione metabolism. Ageing Res Rev 2005; 4:288-314. [PMID: 15936251 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2005.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione plays a critical role in many biological processes both directly as a co-factor in enzymatic reactions and indirectly as the major thiol-disulfide redox buffer in mammalian cells. Glutathione also provides a critical defense system for the protection of cells from many forms of stress. However, mild stress generally increases glutathione levels, often but not exclusively through effects on glutamate cysteine ligase, the rate-limiting enzyme for glutathione biosynthesis. This upregulation in glutathione provides protection from more severe stress and may be a critical feature of preconditioning and tolerance. In contrast, during aging, glutathione levels appear to decline in a number of tissues, thereby putting cells at increased risk of succumbing to stress. The evidence for such a decline is strongest in the brain where glutathione loss is implicated in both Parkinson's disease and in neuronal injury following stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Maher
- The Salk Institute, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been well established to occur in Parkinson's disease (PD) and appears to play a role in the pathogenesis of the disorder. A key component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is coenzyme Q(10), which not only serves as the electron acceptor for complexes I and II of the ETC but is also an antioxidant. In addition to being crucial to the bioenergetics of the cell, mitochondria play a central role in apoptotic cell death through a number of mechanisms, and coenzyme Q(10) can affect certain of these processes. Levels of coenzyme Q(10) have been reported to be decreased in blood and platelet mitochondria from PD patients. A number of preclinical studies in in vitro and in vivo models of PD have demonstrated that coenzyme Q(10) can protect the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. A phase II trial of coenzyme Q(10) in patients with early, untreated PD demonstrated a positive trend for coenzyme Q(10) to slow progressive disability that occurs in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clifford W Shults
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chera B, Schaecher KE, Rocchini A, Imam SZ, Sribnick EA, Ray SK, Ali SF, Banik NL. Immunofluorescent labeling of increased calpain expression and neuronal death in the spinal cord of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated mice. Brain Res 2004; 1006:150-6. [PMID: 15051518 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder characterized by rigidity, tremor, and bradykinesia, originating from degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN), retrorubral area, and locus ceoruleus (LC). Calpain has been implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Since the spinal cord (SC) and brain are integrally connected and calpain is involved in cell death and mitochondrial dysfunction, we hypothesized that SC neurons are also affected in PD. In order to examine this hypothesis, we examined both brain and SC from mice treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). To identify cells expressing calpain, double immunofluorescent labeling was performed with antibodies specific for calpain and a cell type (OX-42, GFAP, or NeuN). Combined terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and double immunofluorescent labeling were used to identify death of specific cells in the central nervous system (CNS). There was an increase in calpain expression in microglia, astrocytes, and neurons in the SC of MPTP-treated mice at 1 and 7 days, as compared to controls. TUNEL-positive neurons in the SC and SN showed apoptotic characteristics. These results demonstrated that neuronal death occurred not only in SN but also in the SC of MPTP-treated mice and has provided evidence for a possible calpain-mediated SC neuronal death in MPTP-induced parkinsonism in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhisham Chera
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, PO Box 250606, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Albéri L, Sgadò P, Simon HH. Engrailed genes are cell-autonomously required to prevent apoptosis in mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. Development 2004; 131:3229-36. [PMID: 15175251 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The neuropathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease is the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, presumably mediated by apoptosis. The homeobox transcription factors engrailed 1 and engrailed 2 are expressed by this neuronal population from early in development to adulthood. Despite a large mid-hindbrain deletion in double mutants null for both genes, mesencephalic dopaminergic (mDA) neurons are induced, become postmitotic and acquire their neurotransmitter phenotype. However, at birth, no mDA neurons are left. We show that the entire population of these neurons is lost by E14 in the mutant animals, earlier than in any other described genetic model system for Parkinson's disease. This disappearance is caused by apoptosis revealed by the presence of activated caspase 3 in the dying tyrosine hydroxylase-positive mutant cells. Furthermore, using in vitro cell mixing experiments and RNA interference on primary cell culture of ventral midbrain we were able to show that the demise of mDA neurons in the mutant mice is due to a cell-autonomously requirement of the engrailed genes and not a result of the missing mid-hindbrain tissue. Gene silencing in the postmitotic neurons by RNA interference activates caspase 3 and induces apoptosis in less than 24 hours. This rapid induction of cell death in mDA neurons suggests that the engrailed genes participate directly in the regulation of apoptosis, a proposed mechanism for Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Albéri
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Interdisciplinary Center of Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kermer P, Liman J, Weishaupt JH, Bähr M. Neuronal Apoptosis in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Basic Research to Clinical Application. NEURODEGENER DIS 2004; 1:9-19. [PMID: 16908969 DOI: 10.1159/000076665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2003] [Accepted: 10/09/2003] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the investigation of erroneous regulation of apoptotic mechanisms during acute and chronic injury of neuronal cells has gained increasing attention. Besides acute neuronal trauma and ischemia, chronic neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, Huntington's, Parkinson's and Lou-Gehrig's disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) are of particular interest. The present article will provide an overview of basic apoptotic mechanisms, the contribution of neuronal apoptosis to the above-mentioned disorders, potential clinical applications and their limitations and the possible implications for future studies regarding these neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Kermer
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Stolzing A, Grune T. Neuronal apoptotic bodies: phagocytosis and degradation by primary microglial cells. FASEB J 2004; 18:743-5. [PMID: 14766802 DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-0374fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal loss via apoptosis is a key element in numerous neurodegenerative diseases. To avoid accumulation of apoptotic material, the remains of apoptotic cells should be degraded. It was suggested that microglial cells are phagocytosing and degrading apoptotic material. There is only limited information available concerning the fate of the remains of apoptotic neurons. In this study, we investigated the ability of microglial cells to take up and degrade neuronal apoptotic material. We isolated primary microglial cells and used apoptotic bodies of apoptotic neuron-like PC12 cells as a substrate. The apoptotic material was taken up and degraded within the microglial cells. The uptake is clearly activation dependent. We were able to demonstrate that the CD36 scavenger receptor is involved in the uptake of the apoptotic material via competition studies, antibody blockage, and use of a CD36 mutant rat strain. Blockage of other uptake mechanisms was also able to inhibit the uptake to some extent. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate the role of the microglial lysosomal and proteasomal pathways in the degradation of proteins originating from apoptotic bodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Stolzing
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical Faculty (Charité), Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mladenović A, Perović M, Raicević N, Kanazir S, Rakić L, Ruzdijić S. 6-Hydroxydopamine increases the level of TNFα and bax mRNA in the striatum and induces apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons in hemiparkinsonian rats. Brain Res 2004; 996:237-45. [PMID: 14697501 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2003.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was focused on the apoptosis (programmed cell death) induction involved in the loss of dopaminergic (DA-ergic) neurons in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) hemiparkinsonian rats. The apoptosis in the striatum and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), was examined 6, 24 h and 7 days after the 6-OHDA lesions employing the TUNEL method. The changes in mRNA levels of pro-apoptotic protein tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and its "death receptor" TNFalphaRI and then bax mRNA, as an important regulator of apoptotic neurodegeneration were followed by RT-PCR procedure. In situ analysis revealed an increased number of TUNEL-positive neurons in 6-OHDA-treated animals in all examined time points. The highest number of apoptotic neurons was detected 24 h after the lesion, both in the ipsilateral striatum (3.41+/-0.18) and SNpc (5.8+/-0.79). A significant increase in the level of TNFalpha mRNA was observed in 6-OHDA-lesioned striatum, with maximal value after 24 h (46%) comparing to the control. In contrast, 6-OHDA did not significantly change the level of TNFalphaRI mRNA in any time point. Six and 24 h post-operatively, we observed a significant increase of bax mRNA expression (40% and 45%, respectively) in the ipsilateral striatum of treated animals in comparison with the right striatum of the controls. However, the highest level of the bax mRNA expression was reached 7 days after the surgery (94%) in the ipsilateral striatum of 6-OHDA-treated animals. These results suggest that striatal injection of 6-OHDA can induce early changes that would be an important regulator of apoptotic neurodegeneration of dopamine-producing neurons, during the first post-operative week.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Mladenović
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Immunology, Institute for Biological Research, 29 Novembra 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro, Yugoslavia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kahns S, Kalai M, Jakobsen LD, Clark BFC, Vandenabeele P, Jensen PH. Caspase-1 and caspase-8 cleave and inactivate cellular parkin. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:23376-80. [PMID: 12692130 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m300495200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesions in the parkin gene cause early onset Parkinson's disease by a loss of dopaminergic neurons, thus demonstrating a vital role for parkin in the survival of these neurons. Parkin is inactivated by caspase cleavage, and the major cleavage site is after Asp126. Caspases responsible for parkin cleavage were identified by several experimental paradigms. Transient coexpression of caspases and wild type parkin in HEK-293 cells identified caspase-1, -3, and -8 as efficient inducers of parkin cleavage whereas caspase-2, -7, -9, and -11 did not induce cleavage. A D126A parkin mutation abrogates cleavage induced by caspase-1 and -8, but not by caspase-3. In anti-Fas-treated Jurkat T cells, parkin cleavage was inhibited by caspase inhibitors hFlip and CrmA (but not by X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP)), indicating that caspase-8 (but not caspase-3) is responsible for the parkin cleavage in this model. Moreover, induction of apoptosis in caspase-3-deficient MCF7 cells, either by caspase-1 or -8 overexpression or by tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment, led to parkin cleavage. These results demonstrate that caspase-1 and -8 can directly cleave parkin and suggest that death receptor activation and inflammatory stress can cause loss of the ubiquitin ligase activity of parkin, thus causing accumulation of toxic parkin substrates and triggering dopaminergic cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soren Kahns
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus-C, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Linseman DA, Cornejo BJ, Le SS, Meintzer MK, Laessig TA, Bouchard RJ, Heidenreich KA. A myocyte enhancer factor 2D (MEF2D) kinase activated during neuronal apoptosis is a novel target inhibited by lithium. J Neurochem 2003; 85:1488-99. [PMID: 12787068 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.09799.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Depolarization promotes the survival of cerebellar granule neurons via activation of the transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2D (MEF2D). Removal of depolarization induces hyperphosphorylation of MEF2D on serine/threonine residues, resulting in its decreased DNA binding and susceptibility to caspases. The subsequent loss of MEF2-dependent gene transcription contributes to the apoptosis of granule neurons. The kinase(s) that phosphorylates MEF2D during apoptosis is currently unknown. The serine/threonine kinase, glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3 beta), plays a pro-apoptotic role in granule neurons. To investigate a potential role for GSK-3 beta in MEF2D phosphorylation, we examined the effects of lithium, a non-competitive inhibitor of GSK-3 beta, on MEF2D activity in cultured cerebellar granule neurons. Lithium inhibited caspase-3 activation and chromatin condensation in granule neurons induced to undergo apoptosis by removal of depolarizing potassium and serum. Concurrently, lithium suppressed the hyperphosphorylation and caspase-mediated degradation of MEF2D. Moreover, lithium sustained MEF2 DNA binding and transcriptional activity in the absence of depolarization. Lithium also attenuated MEF2D hyperphosphorylation and apoptosis induced by calcineurin inhibition under depolarizing conditions, a GSK-3 beta-independent model of neuronal death. In contrast to lithium, MEF2D hyperphosphorylation was not inhibited by forskolin, insulin-like growth factor-I, or valproate, three mechanistically distinct inhibitors of GSK-3 beta. These results demonstrate that the kinase that phosphorylates and inhibits the pro-survival function of MEF2D in cerebellar granule neurons is a novel lithium target distinct from GSK-3 beta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Linseman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center and the Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a severe and progressive neurodegenerative disease. It is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, after Alzheimer's disease. It is caused by the selective loss of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta. Although subject to intensive research, the etiology of PD is still enigmatic and treatment is basically symptomatic. Many factors are thought to operate in the mechanism of cell death of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in PD. In recent years, evidence for the role of apoptotic cell death in PD arises from morphological, as well as molecular, studies in cell cultures, animal models for PD, as well as human studies on postmortem brains from PD patients. These studies indicate that apoptosis takes place in PD and that there is a proapoptotic environment in the nigrostriatal region of parkinsonian patients. It is of utmost importance to conclusively determine the mode of cell death in PD because new "antiapoptotic" compounds may offer a means of protecting neurons from cell death and of slowing the rate of neurodegeneration and disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nirit Lev
- Neurosciences Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, 49100, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Greene JC, Whitworth AJ, Kuo I, Andrews LA, Feany MB, Pallanck LJ. Mitochondrial pathology and apoptotic muscle degeneration in Drosophila parkin mutants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:4078-83. [PMID: 12642658 PMCID: PMC153051 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0737556100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 904] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2002] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Several lines of evidence strongly implicate mitochondrial dysfunction as a major causative factor in PD, although the molecular mechanisms responsible for mitochondrial dysfunction are poorly understood. Recently, loss-of-function mutations in the parkin gene, which encodes a ubiquitin-protein ligase, were found to underlie a familial form of PD known as autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism (AR-JP). To gain insight into the molecular mechanism responsible for selective cell death in AR-JP, we have created a Drosophila model of this disorder. Drosophila parkin null mutants exhibit reduced lifespan, locomotor defects, and male sterility. The locomotor defects derive from apoptotic cell death of muscle subsets, whereas the male sterile phenotype derives from a spermatid individualization defect at a late stage of spermatogenesis. Mitochondrial pathology is the earliest manifestation of muscle degeneration and a prominent characteristic of individualizing spermatids in parkin mutants. These results indicate that the tissue-specific phenotypes observed in Drosophila parkin mutants result from mitochondrial dysfunction and raise the possibility that similar mitochondrial impairment triggers the selective cell loss observed in AR-JP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Greene
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, P.O. Box 357730, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Choi DH, Kim DH, Park YG, Chun BG, Choi SH. Protective effects of rilmenidine and AGN 192403 on oxidative cytotoxicity and mitochondrial inhibitor-induced cytotoxicity in astrocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 33:1321-33. [PMID: 12419464 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)01041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are important aspects of pathogenesis, particularly in the brain, which is highly dependent on oxygen, and the protection of astrocytes is essential for neuroprotection. In this context, imidazoline drugs have been reported to be neuroprotective. Our recent study showed that imidazoline drugs, including guanabenz, inhibit the naphthazarin-induced oxidative cytotoxicity associated with lysosomal destabilization. We now report on a study into the protective effects of rilmenidine and AGN 192403, which have affinity for imidazoline-1 receptors, on the cytotoxicity induced by naphthazarin and inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration in astrocytes. Cytotoxicity was measured grossly by LDH release and by measuring changes in lysosomal membrane stability and features of mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. Naphthazarin-induced cytotoxicity was evidenced by the ordered development of lysosomal acridine orange relocation, decrease in mitochondrial potential, cytochrome c release, and caspase-9 activation, and was inhibited by guanabenz, rilmenidine, and AGN 192403. Antimycin A and rotenone induced mitochondrial dysfunction primarily, and their cytotoxicities were inhibited only by AGN 192403. Rilmenidine and guanabenz may have a lysosomal stabilizing effect, which underlies their protective effects. AGN 192403 might affect the mitochondrial cell death cascades, and had a novel protective effect on the cytotoxicity associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hee Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Conn KJ, Gao WW, Ullman MD, McKeon-O'Malley C, Eisenhauer PB, Fine RE, Wells JM. Specific up-regulation of GADD153/CHOP in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium-treated SH-SY5Y cells. J Neurosci Res 2002; 68:755-60. [PMID: 12111836 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Growth arrest DNA damage-inducible 153 (GADD153) expression was increased in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium (MPP(+))-treated human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells as determined by gene microarray analysis. GADD153 expression increased after 24 hr of MPP(+) (1 mM) exposure and preceded activation of caspase 3. Comparison of GADD153 expression among cultures treated with other toxins whose primary mode of action is either via mitochondrial impairment (rotenone) or via oxidative stress (6-hydroxydopamine or hydrogen peroxide) showed that GADD153 was uniquely up-regulated by MPP(+). Together these data suggest that a cellular mechanism distinct from mitochondrial impairment or oxidative stress contributes significantly to the up-regulation of GADD153 by MPP(+) and that GADD153 may function as an inducer of apoptosis following MPP(+) exposure. Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Conn
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Two clonal nerve-like cell lines derived from HT22 and PC12 have been selected for resistance to glutamate toxicity and amyloid toxicity, respectively. In the following experiments it was asked if these cell lines show cross-resistance toward amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) and glutamate as well as toward a variety of additional neurotoxins. Conversely, it was determined if inhibitors of oxytosis, a well-defined oxidative stress pathway, also protect cells from the neurotoxins. It is shown that both glutamate and amyloid resistant cells are cross resistant to most of the other toxins or toxic conditions, while inhibitors of oxytosis protect from glutathione and cystine depletion and H2O2 toxicity, but not from the toxic effects of nitric oxide, rotenone, arsenite or cisplatin. It is concluded that while there is a great deal of cross-resistance to neurotoxins, the components of the cell death pathway which has been defined for oxytosis are not used by many of the neurotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Dargusch
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ghribi O, Herman MM, Savory J. The endoplasmic reticulum is the main site for caspase-3 activation following aluminum-induced neurotoxicity in rabbit hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 2002; 324:217-21. [PMID: 12009527 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(02)00147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We have assessed the distribution of caspase-3 in subcellular fractions from rabbit brain hippocampus and find that in controls the pro-caspase-3 form is distributed mainly in the cytoplasm. In animals treated intracisternally with the neurotoxin aluminum-maltolate, although pro-caspase-3 levels are higher in the cytosolic fractions, p17, the active caspase-3, is localized mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum. This distribution is confirmed by immunohistochemistry which demonstrates the co-localization of p17 with calnexin, a specific marker of the endoplasmic reticulum. Based on the apparent translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum of active caspase-3, an executioner of cell death, the results suggest that this organelle is an important site in the caspase-3 mediated apoptosis cascade. Inhibition of the latter enzyme by directly targeting its main site of activation could represent a strategy to prevent this adverse event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Othman Ghribi
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Caspase-9 activation results in downstream caspase-8 activation and bid cleavage in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci 2002. [PMID: 11739563 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.21-24-09519.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) toxicity are both associated with dopaminergic neuron death in the substantia nigra (SN). Apoptosis has been implicated in this cell loss; however, whether or not it is a major component of disease pathology remains controversial. Caspases are a major class of proteases involved in the apoptotic process. To evaluate the role of caspases in PD, we analyzed caspase activation in MPTP-treated mice, in cultured dopaminergic cells, and in postmortem PD brain tissue. MPTP was found to elicit not only the activation of the effector caspase-3 but also the initiators caspase-8 and caspase-9, mitochondrial cytochrome c release, and Bid cleavage in the SN of wild-type mice. These changes were attenuated in transgenic mice neuronally expressing the general caspase inhibitor protein baculoviral p35. These mice also displayed increased resistance to the cytotoxic effects of the drug. MPTP-associated toxicity in culture was found temporally to involve cytochrome c release, activation of caspase-9, caspase-3, and caspase-8, and Bid cleavage. Caspase-9 inhibition prevented the activation of both caspase-3 and caspase-8 and also inhibited Bid cleavage, but not cytochrome c release. Activated caspase-8 and caspase-9 were immunologically detectable within MPP(+)-treated mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons, dopaminergic nigral neurons from MPTP-treated mice, and autopsied Parkinsonian tissue from late-onset sporadic cases of the disease. These data demonstrate that MPTP-mediated activation of caspase-9 via cytochrome c release results in the activation of caspase-8 and Bid cleavage, which we speculate may be involved in the amplification of caspase-mediated dopaminergic cell death. These data suggest that caspase inhibitors constitute a plausible therapeutic for PD.
Collapse
|