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Johnson HM, Ahmed CM. Disparate viral pandemics from COVID19 to monkeypox and beyond: a simple, effective and universal therapeutic approach hiding in plain sight. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1208828. [PMID: 38106428 PMCID: PMC10722180 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1208828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of antiviral therapeutics is fixated on COVID19 and rightly so as the fatalities at the height of the pandemic in the United States were almost 1,000,000 in a twelve month period spanning parts of 2020/2021. A coronavirus called SARS-CoV2 is the causative virus. Development of a vaccine through molecular biology approaches with mRNA as the inducer of virus spike protein has played a major role in driving down mortality and morbidity. Antivirals have been of marginal value in established infections at the level of hospitalization. Thus, the current focus is on early symptomatic infection of about the first five days. The Pfizer drug paxlovid which is composed of nirmatrelvir, a peptidomimetic protease inhibitor of SARS-CoV2 Mpro enzyme, and ritonavir to retard degradation of nirmatrelvir, is the current FDA recommended treatment of early COVID19. There is no evidence of broad antiviral activity of paxlovid against other diverse viruses such as the influenza virus, poxviruses, as well as a host of respiratory viruses. Although type I interferons (IFNs) are effective against SARS-CoV2 in cell cultures and in early COVID19 infections, they have not been broadly recommended as therapeutics for COVID19. We have developed stable peptidomimetics of both types I and II IFNs based on our noncanonical model of IFN signaling involving the C-terminus of the IFNs. We have also identified two members of intracellular checkpoint inhibitors called suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS), SOCS1 and SOCS3 (SOCS1/3), and shown that they are virus induced intrinsic virulence proteins with activity against IFN signaling enzymes JAK2 and TYK2. We developed a peptidomimetic antagonist, based on JAK2 activation loop, against SOCS1/3 and showed that it synergizes with the IFN mimetics for potent broad spectrum antiviral activity without the toxicity of intact IFN molecules. IFN mimetics and the SOCS1/3 antagonist should have an advantage over currently used antivirals in terms of safety and potency against a broad spectrum of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard M. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Halbi G, Fayer I, Aranovich D, Gat S, Pavan MJ, Nachmias D, Sanchez DS, Brik A, Granek R, Bernheim-Groswasser A. Smart design of universally decorated nanoparticles for drug delivery applications driven by active transport. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2023; 46:74. [PMID: 37653248 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-023-00331-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Targeting the cell nucleus remains a challenge for drug delivery. Here, we present a universal platform for the smart design of nanoparticle (NP) decoration that is based on: (i) a spacer polymer, commonly biotin-polyethylene-glycol-thiol, whose grafting density and molecular weight can be tuned for optimized performance, and (ii) protein binding peptides, such as cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), cancer-targeting peptides, or nuclear localization signal (NLS) peptides, that are linked to the PEG free-end by universal chemistry. We manifested our platform with two different bromo-acetamide (Br-Ac) modified NLSs. We used cell extract-based and live cell assays to demonstrate the recruitment of dynein motor proteins, which drive the NP active transport toward the nucleus, and the enhancement of cellular and nuclear entry, manifesting the properties of NLS as a CPP. Our control of the NP decoration scheme, and the modularity of our platform, carry great advantages for nano-carrier design for drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Halbi
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Itay Fayer
- The Stella and Avram Goren-Goldstein Department of Biotechnology Engineering Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Dina Aranovich
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Shachar Gat
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Mariela J Pavan
- The Ilse Katz Institute for Meso and Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Dikla Nachmias
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Daniel Sevilla Sanchez
- The Ilse Katz Institute for Meso and Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ashraf Brik
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3200008, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rony Granek
- The Stella and Avram Goren-Goldstein Department of Biotechnology Engineering Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
- The Ilse Katz Institute for Meso and Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Anne Bernheim-Groswasser
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel.
- The Ilse Katz Institute for Meso and Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel.
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Mahmood HTNA, Tomas Bort E, Walker AJ, Grose RP, Chioni AM. FGF signalling facilitates cervical cancer progression. FEBS J 2021; 289:3440-3456. [PMID: 34951738 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in women worldwide. While cervical cancer is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), not all females infected with HPV develop the disease, suggesting that other factors might facilitate its progression. Growing evidence supports the involvement of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) axis in several cancers, including gynecological. However, for cervical cancer, the molecular mechanisms that underpin the disease remain poorly understood, including the role of FGFR signaling. The aim of this study was to investigate FGF(R) signaling in cervical cancer through bioinformatic analysis of cell line and patient data and through detailed expression profiling, manipulation of the FGFR axis, and downstream phenotypic analysis in cell lines (HeLa, SiHa, and CaSki). Expression (protein and mRNA) analysis demonstrated that FGFR1b/c, FGFR2b/c, FGFR4, FGF2, FGF4, and FGF7 were expressed in all three lines. Interestingly, FGFR1 and 2 localized to the nucleus, supporting that nuclear FGFRs could act as transcription factors. Importantly, 2D and 3D cell cultures demonstrated that FGFR activation can facilitate cell functions correlated with invasive disease. Collectively, this study supports an association between FGFR signaling and cervical cancer progression, laying the foundations for the development of therapeutic approaches targeting FGFR in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Tomas Bort
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Anthony J Walker
- School of Life Sciences Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Richard P Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Athina-Myrto Chioni
- School of Life Sciences Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
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Chen C, Kim D, Yun HR, Lee YM, Yogendra B, Bo Z, Kim HE, Min JH, Lee YS, Rim YG, Kim HU, Sung S, Heo JB. Nuclear import of LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1 is redundantly mediated by importins α-1, α-2 and α-3. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1205-1214. [PMID: 32365248 PMCID: PMC7810169 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1 (LHP1) encodes the only plant homologue of the metazoan HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1 (HP1) protein family. The LHP1 protein is necessary for proper epigenetic regulation of a range of developmental processes in plants. LHP1 is a transcriptional repressor of flowering-related genes, such as FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), AGAMOUS (AG) and APETALA 3 (AP3). We found that LHP1 interacts with importin α-1 (IMPα-1), importin α-2 (IMPα-2) and importin α-3 (IMPα-3) both in vitro and in vivo. A genetic approach revealed that triple mutation of impα-1, impα-2 and impα-3 resulted in Arabidopsis plants with a rapid flowering phenotype similar to that of plants with mutations in lhp1 due to the upregulation of FT expression. Nuclear targeting of LHP1 was severely impaired in the impα triple mutant, resulting in the de-repression of LHP1 target genes AG, AP3 and SHATTERPROOF 1 as well as FT. Therefore, the importin proteins IMPα-1, -2 and -3 are necessary for the nuclear import of LHP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetic Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Daewon Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Hee Rang Yun
- Department of Molecular Genetic Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Yun Mi Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetic Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Bordiya Yogendra
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Zhao Bo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Hae Eun Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetic Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Jun Hong Min
- Department of Molecular Genetic Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Yong-Suk Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Yeong Gil Rim
- Systems & Synthetic Agrobiotech Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701 Korea
| | - Hyun Uk Kim
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006 Korea
| | - Sibum Sung
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- International Scholar, Kyung-Hee University, Suwon, Korea
- Corresponding author: Tel: +82 51 200 7520; Fax: +82 51 200 7505. ;
| | - Jae Bok Heo
- Department of Molecular Genetic Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
- Corresponding author: Tel: +82 51 200 7520; Fax: +82 51 200 7505. ;
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Chen YP, Chen CT, Liu TP, Chien FC, Wu SH, Chen P, Mou CY. Catcher in the rel: Nanoparticles-antibody conjugate as NF-κB nuclear translocation blocker. Biomaterials 2020; 246:119997. [PMID: 32247937 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor complex NF-κB (p65/p50) is localized to the cytoplasm by its inhibitor IκBα. Upon activation, the Rel proteins p65/p50 are released from IκBα and transported through nuclear pore to affect many gene expressions. While inhibitions of up or down stream signal pathways are often ineffective due to crosstalks and compensations, direct blocking of the Rel proteins p65/p50 has long been proposed as a potential target for cancer therapy. In this work, a nanoparticle/antibody complex targeting NF-κB is employed to catch the Rel protein p65 in perinuclear region and thus blocking the translocation near the nuclear pore gate. TAT peptide conjugated on mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) help non-endocytosis cell-membrane transducing and converge toward perinuclear region, where the p65 specific antibody performed the targeting and catching against active NF-κB p65 effectively. The size of the p65 bound nanoparticle becomes too big to enter nucleus. Simultaneous treatment of mice with the hybrid MSN and doxorubicin conferred a significant therapeutic effect against 4T1 tumor-bearing mice. The new approach of anti-body therapy targeting on transcription factor with "nucleus focusing" and "size exclusion blocking" effects of the antibody-conjugated nanoparticle is general and may be applicable to modulating other transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Chen
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan; International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Tsu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Tsang-Pai Liu
- Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, 112, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 104, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Ching Chien
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Chung-Li, 320, Taiwan
| | - Si-Han Wu
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan; International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
| | - Peilin Chen
- Research Center of Applied Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Yuan Mou
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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Noncanonical IFN Signaling, Steroids, and STATs: A Probable Role of V-ATPase. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:4143604. [PMID: 31275057 PMCID: PMC6558600 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4143604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A small group of only seven transcription factors known as STATs (signal transducer and activator of transcription) are considered to be canonical determinants of specific gene activation for a plethora of ligand/receptor systems. The activation of STATs involves a family of four tyrosine kinases called JAK kinases. JAK1 and JAK2 activate STAT1 in the cytoplasm at the heterodimeric gamma interferon (IFNγ) receptor, while JAK1 and TYK2 activate STAT1 and STAT2 at the type I IFN heterodimeric receptor. The same STATs and JAKs are also involved in signaling by functionally different cytokines, growth factors, and hormones. Related to this, IFNγ-activated STAT1 binds to the IFNγ-activated sequence (GAS) element, but so do other STATs that are not involved in IFNγ signaling. Activated JAKs such as JAK2 and TYK2 are also involved in the epigenetics of nucleosome unwrapping for exposure of DNA to transcription. Furthermore, activated JAKs and STATs appear to function coordinately for specific gene activation. These complex events have not been addressed in canonical STAT signaling. Additionally, the function of noncoding enhancer RNAs, including their role in enhancer/promoter interaction is not addressed in the canonical STAT signaling model. In this perspective, we show that JAK/STAT signaling, involving membrane receptors, is essentially a variation of cytoplasmic nuclear receptor signaling. Focusing on IFN signaling, we showed that ligand, IFN receptor, the JAKs, and the STATs all undergo endocytosis and ATP-dependent nuclear translocation to promoters of genes specifically activated by IFNs. We argue here that the vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) proton pump probably plays a key role in endosomal membrane crossing by IFNs for receptor cytoplasmic binding. Signaling of nuclear receptors such as those of estrogen and dihydrotestosterone provides templates for making sense of the specificity of gene activation by closely related cytokines, which has implications for lymphocyte phenotypes.
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7
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Dam J. [Traffic and signalisation of the leptin receptor]. Biol Aujourdhui 2018; 212:35-43. [PMID: 30362454 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2018020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Receptors are the master regulators conveying the information provided by the hormone from the extracellular environment to the intracellular milieu. As a result, the level of receptors at the cell surface can determine the signaling strength. Regulation of receptor trafficking to the cell surface or receptor retention processes in intracellular compartments are key mechanisms for leptin receptor (ObR) activity. An alteration of these mechanisms leads to the development of obesity. However, the canonical mechanism of plasma membrane receptors activation is challenged by the discovery that intracellular receptors also have their own signaling activity inside specific intracellular compartments. These intracellular receptors can trigger signaling that regulates a particular function, different from, or in continuity with, surface receptor signaling. We will address both these aspects by focusing particularly on the case of the leptin receptor (ObR), i.e., i) the regulation of its level of exposure to the cell surface and its impact on the development of obesity, and ii) the discovery of its location and signaling in some intracellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Dam
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France
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Strategies in the design of gold nanoparticles for intracellular targeting: opportunities and challenges. Ther Deliv 2017; 8:879-897. [DOI: 10.4155/tde-2017-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With unique physicochemical properties, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) have demonstrated their potential as drug carriers or therapeutic agents. Effective guidance of Au NPs into specific intracellular destinations becomes increasingly important as we strive to further improve the efficiency of drug delivery and modulate controllable cellular responses. In this review, we summarized recent advances in designing Au NPs with the capabilities of cellular penetration and internalization, endosomal escape, intracellular trafficking and subcellular localization via various approaches including physical injection, tuning the physiochemical parameters of Au NPs, and surface modification with targeting ligands. Strategies for delivering Au NPs to specific subcellular destinations including the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes are also discussed. Moreover, current challenges associated with intracellular targeting of Au NPs are discussed with future perspectives proposed.
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Noncanonical IFN Signaling: Mechanistic Linkage of Genetic and Epigenetic Events. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:9564814. [PMID: 28077919 PMCID: PMC5203919 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9564814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The canonical model of cytokine signaling via the JAK/STAT pathway dominates our view of signal transduction but provides no insight into the significance of the simultaneous presence of activated JAKs and STATs in the nucleus of cells treated with cytokines. Such a mechanistic shortcoming challenges the usefulness of the model in its present form. Focusing on the interferon (IFN) cytokines, we have developed a noncanonical model of IFN signaling that naturally connects activated JAKs and STATs at or near response elements of genes that are activated by the IFNs. Specifically, cells treated with IFNγ showed association of activated STAT1α and JAK2 at the GAS element of genes activated by IFNγ. For IFNα treated cells, the association involved activated STAT1α and TYK2 JAK kinase at the ISRE promoter. The power of the noncanonical model is that it provides mechanistic insight into specific gene activation at the level of the associated epigenetics, akin to that of steroid/steroid receptor signaling.
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Tian RH, Yang S, Zhu ZJ, Wang JL, Liu Y, Yao C, Ma M, Guo Y, Yuan Q, Hai Y, Huang YR, He Z, Li Z. NODAL secreted by male germ cells regulates the proliferation and function of human Sertoli cells from obstructive azoospermia and nonobstructive azoospermia patients. Asian J Androl 2016; 17:996-1005. [PMID: 26289399 PMCID: PMC4814958 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.159722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to explore the regulatory effects of male germ cell secreting factor NODAL on Sertoli cell fate decisions from obstructive azoospermia (OA) and nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) patients. Human Sertoli cells and male germ cells were isolated using two-step enzymatic digestion and SATPUT from testes of azoospermia patients. Expression of NODAL and its multiple receptors in human Sertoli cells and male germ cells were characterized by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunochemistry. Human recombinant NODAL and its receptor inhibitor SB431542 were employed to probe their effect on the proliferation of Sertoli cells using the CCK-8 assay. Quantitative PCR and Western blots were utilized to assess the expression of Sertoli cell functional genes and proteins. NODAL was found to be expressed in male germ cells but not in Sertoli cells, whereas its receptors ALK4, ALK7, and ACTR-IIB were detected in Sertoli cells and germ cells, suggesting that NODAL plays a regulatory role in Sertoli cells and germ cells via a paracrine and autocrine pathway, respectively. Human recombinant NODAL could promote the proliferation of human Sertoli cells. The expression of cell cycle regulators, including CYCLIN A, CYCLIN D1 and CYCLIN E, was not remarkably affected by NODAL signaling. NODAL enhanced the expression of essential growth factors, including GDNF, SCF, and BMP4, whereas SB431542 decreased their levels. There was not homogeneity of genes changes by NODAL treatment in Sertoli cells from OA and Sertoli cell-only syndrome (SCO) patients. Collectively, this study demonstrates that NODAL produced by human male germ cells regulates proliferation and numerous gene expression of Sertoli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zuping He
- Department of Urology, Institute of Andrology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Med-X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Cancer, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Urology, Institute of Andrology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
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The physiological expression of scavenger receptor SR-B1 in canine endometrial and placental epithelial cells and its potential involvement in pathogenesis of pyometra. Theriogenology 2016; 85:1599-1609.e2. [PMID: 26898415 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pyometra, the purulent inflammation of the uterus, is a common uterine disease of bitches that has potentially life-threatening consequences. The opportunistic bacterial infection of the uterus often progresses into the serious systemic inflammatory response syndrome. In a previous study, we characterized epithelial foam cells in the canine endometrial surface occurring in metestrus, and we regularly observed pronounced epithelial foam-cell formations in pyometra-affected uteri. Therefore, it was assumed that the mechanism behind lipid droplet accumulation in surface epithelial cells might even increase bacterial binding capacity and promote pyometra development. Lipid droplet accumulation in epithelial cells is accomplished via specialized lipid receptors called scavenger receptors (SR). Scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1) is an important receptor for lipid accumulation in diverse cell types, but it is also a strong binding partner for bacteria, and thereby enhances bacterial adhesion and clinical signs of systemic inflammatory response syndrome. In the present study, after the isolation of metestrous surface epithelial cells from canine uteri by laser capture microdissection, SR-B1 was identified at the messenger RNA (mRNA) level by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction and also at the protein level by means of immunohistochemistry. In pyometra-affected uteri, SR-B1 mRNA expression was higher than that in the healthy control samples, and SR-B1 protein was expressed in the surface and crypt epithelial cells. Furthermore, to understand the physiological role of SR-B1 expression in the metestrus surface epithelial cells, we investigated its expression in the epithelial cells of the glandular chambers of canine placenta in different stages of gestation because these cells are also characterized by lipid droplet accumulation. SR-B1 was present in the placental epithelial cells of the glandular chambers from 25 to 30 and 45 to 50 days of gestation, where basal and basal and/or apical expression patterns were observed. The physiological expression of SR-B1 in metestrous endometrial surface epithelia might be related to the implantation process and embryo development, as SR-B1 was also identified in the epithelial cells of the canine placental chambers. The increased levels of SR-B1 in pyometra-affected uteri indicate a potential role for this scavenger receptor in endometrial bacterial adhesion.
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Förthmann B, Grothe C, Claus P. A nuclear odyssey: fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) as a regulator of nuclear homeostasis in the nervous system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1651-62. [PMID: 25552245 PMCID: PMC11113852 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1818-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear localization of classical growth factors is a well-known phenomenon but still remains a molecular and cellular conundrum. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) is an excellent example of a protein which functions as an extracellular molecule involved in canonical receptor tyrosine kinase signaling as well as displaying intracellular functions. Paracrine and nuclear functions are two important sides of the same protein. FGF-2 is expressed in isoforms with different molecular weights from one mRNA species. In rodents, all of these isoforms become imported to the nucleus. In this review, we discuss structural and functional aspects of FGF-2 isoforms in the nervous system. The nuclear odyssey of FGF-2 is reflected by nuclear dynamics, localization to nuclear bodies such as nucleoli, binding to chromatin and engagement in various protein interactions. Recently discovered molecular partnerships of the isoforms shed light on their nuclear functions, thereby greatly extending our knowledge of the multifaceted functions of FGF-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Förthmann
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, OE 4140, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Grothe
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, OE 4140, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Claus
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, OE 4140, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Chia DJ. Minireview: mechanisms of growth hormone-mediated gene regulation. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:1012-25. [PMID: 24825400 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
GH exerts a diverse array of physiological actions that include prominent roles in growth and metabolism, with a major contribution via stimulating IGF-1 synthesis. GH achieves its effects by influencing gene expression profiles, and Igf1 is a key transcriptional target of GH signaling in liver and other tissues. This review examines the mechanisms of GH-mediated gene regulation that begin with signal transduction pathways activated downstream of the GH receptor and continue with chromatin events at target genes and additionally encompasses the topics of negative regulation and cross talk with other cellular inputs. The transcription factor, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b, is regarded as the major signaling pathway by which GH achieves its physiological effects, including in stimulating Igf1 gene transcription in liver. Recent studies exploring the mechanisms of how activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b accomplishes this are highlighted, which begin to characterize epigenetic features at regulatory domains of the Igf1 locus. Further research in this field offers promise to better understand the GH-IGF-1 axis in normal physiology and disease and to identify strategies to manipulate the axis to improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Chia
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029
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Reich NC. STATs get their move on. JAKSTAT 2013; 2:e27080. [PMID: 24470978 PMCID: PMC3891633 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.27080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that regulate dynamic localization of a protein within a cell can provide critical insight to its functional molecular interactions. Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) play essential roles in development, proliferation, and immune defense. However the consequences of STAT hyperactivity can predispose to diseases including autoimmunity and cancer. To function as transcription factors STATs must gain access to the nucleus, and knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate STAT nuclear trafficking can provide a means to control STAT action. This review presents a synopsis of some of the studies that address the nuclear dynamics of the STAT proteins. Evidence suggests that not all STATs are the same. Nuclear import of STAT1 and STAT4 appears linked to their tyrosine phosphorylation and the formation of parallel dimers via reciprocal phosphotyrosine and Src homology 2 domain interactions. This dimer arrangement generates a conformational nuclear localization signal. STAT2 is imported continually to the nucleus in an unphosphorylated state due to its association with IRF9, but the dominant nuclear export signal of STAT2 shuttles the complex back to the cytoplasm. Following STAT2 tyrosine phosphorylation, it can form dimers with STAT1 to affect nuclear import as the trimeric complex (ISGF3). Distinctly, STAT3, STAT5, and STAT6 are continually imported to the nucleus independent of tyrosine phosphorylation. Mutational studies indicate the nuclear localization signals in these STATs require the conformational structure of their coiled-coil domains. Increases in STAT nuclear accumulation following cytokine stimulation appear coordinate with their ability to bind DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy C Reich
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook, NY USA
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15
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Johnson HM, Noon-Song EN, Dabelic R, Ahmed CM. IFN signaling: how a non-canonical model led to the development of IFN mimetics. Front Immunol 2013; 4:202. [PMID: 23898330 PMCID: PMC3722551 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical model of cytokine signaling dominates our view of specific gene activation by cytokines such as the interferons (IFNs). The importance of the model extends beyond cytokines and applies to hormones such as growth hormone (GH) and insulin, and growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). According to this model, ligand activates the cell via interaction with the extracellular domain of the receptor. This results in activation of receptor or receptor-associated tyrosine kinases, primarily of the Janus activated kinase (JAK) family, phosphorylation and dimerization of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) transcription factors, which dissociate from the receptor cytoplasmic domain and translocate to the nucleus. This view ascribes no further role to the ligand, JAK kinase, or receptor in either specific gene activation or the associated epigenetic events. The presence of dimeric STATs in the nucleus essentially explains it all. Our studies have resulted in the development of a non-canonical, more complex model of IFNγ signaling that is akin to that of steroid hormone (SH)/steroid receptor (SR) signaling. We have shown that ligand, receptor, activated JAKs, and STATs are associated with specific gene activation, where the receptor subunit IFNGR1 functions as a co-transcription factor and the JAKs are involved in associated epigenetic events. We found that the type I IFN system functions similarly. The fact that GH receptor, insulin receptor, EGF receptor, and FGF receptor undergo nuclear translocation upon ligand binding suggests that they may also function similarly. The SH/SR nature of type I and II IFN signaling provides insight into the specificity of signaling by members of cytokine families. The non-canonical model could also provide better understanding to more complex cytokine families such as those of IL-2 and IL-12, whose members often use the same JAKs and STATs, but also have different functions and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard M Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
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16
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Zhu Y, Li Y, Haraguchi S, Yu M, Ohira M, Ozaki T, Nakagawa A, Ushijima T, Isogai E, Koseki H, Nakamura Y, Kong C, Mehlen P, Arakawa H, Nakagawara A. Dependence receptor UNC5D mediates nerve growth factor depletion-induced neuroblastoma regression. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:2935-47. [PMID: 23778138 DOI: 10.1172/jci65988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous regression of neuroblastoma (NB) resembles the developmentally regulated programmed cell death (PCD) of sympathetic neurons. Regressing tumor cells express high levels of the nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors TRKA and p75NTR and are dependent on NGF for survival; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, we show that UNC5D, a dependence receptor that is directly targeted by p53 family members, is highly expressed in favorable NBs. NGF withdrawal strongly upregulated UNC5D, E2F1, and p53 in human primary favorable NBs. The induced UNC5D was cleaved by caspases 2/3, and the released intracellular fragment translocated into the nucleus and interacted with E2F1 to selectively transactivate the proapoptotic target gene. The cleavage of UNC5D and its induction of apoptosis were strongly inhibited by addition of netrin-1. Unc5d(-/-) mice consistently exhibited a significant increase in dorsal root ganglia neurons and resistance to NGF depletion-induced apoptosis in sympathetic neurons compared with wild-type cells. Our data suggest that UNC5D forms a positive feedback loop with p53 and E2F1 to promote NGF dependence-mediated PCD during NB regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Zhu
- Division of Biochemistry and Innovative Cancer Therapeutics and Children's Cancer Research Center, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
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17
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Interferon alpha-armed nanoparticles trigger rapid and sustained STAT1-dependent anti-viral cellular responses. Cell Signal 2013; 25:989-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Prudovsky I, Kumar TKS, Sterling S, Neivandt D. Protein-phospholipid interactions in nonclassical protein secretion: problem and methods of study. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:3734-72. [PMID: 23396106 PMCID: PMC3588068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14023734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular proteins devoid of signal peptides use nonclassical secretion mechanisms for their export. These mechanisms are independent of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. Some nonclassically released proteins, particularly fibroblast growth factors (FGF) 1 and 2, are exported as a result of their direct translocation through the cell membrane. This process requires specific interactions of released proteins with membrane phospholipids. In this review written by a cell biologist, a structural biologist and two membrane engineers, we discuss the following subjects: (i) Phenomenon of nonclassical protein release and its biological significance; (ii) Composition of the FGF1 multiprotein release complex (MRC); (iii) The relationship between FGF1 export and acidic phospholipid externalization; (iv) Interactions of FGF1 MRC components with acidic phospholipids; (v) Methods to study the transmembrane translocation of proteins; (vi) Membrane models to study nonclassical protein release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Prudovsky
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | | | - Sarah Sterling
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; E-Mails: (S.S.); (D.N.)
| | - David Neivandt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; E-Mails: (S.S.); (D.N.)
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19
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Ahmed CM, Noon-Song EN, Kemppainen K, Pascalli MP, Johnson HM. Type I IFN receptor controls activated TYK2 in the nucleus: implications for EAE therapy. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 254:101-9. [PMID: 23110939 PMCID: PMC3534922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that activated wild-type and mutant Janus kinase JAK2 play a role in the epigenetics of histone modification, where it phosphorylates histone H3 on tyrosine 41(H3pY41). We showed that type I IFN signaling involves activated TYK2 in the nucleus. ChIP-PCR demonstrated the presence of receptor subunits IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 along with TYK2, STAT1, and H3pY41 specifically at the promoter of the OAS1 gene in IFN treated cells. A complex of IFNAR1, TYK2, and STAT1α was also shown in the nucleus by immunoprecipitation. IFN treatment was required for TYK2 activation in the nucleus. The presence of IFNAR1, IFNAR2, and activated STAT1 and STAT2, as well as the type I IFN in the nucleus of treated cells was confirmed by the combination of Western blotting and confocal microscopy. Trimethylated histone H3 lysine 9 underwent demethylation and subsequent acetylation specifically in the region of the OAS1 promoter. Resultant N-terminal truncated IFN mimetics functioned intracellularly as antivirals as well as therapeutics against experimental allergic encephalomyelitis without the undesirable side effects that limit the therapeutic efficacy of IFNβ in treatment of multiple sclerosis. The findings indicate that IFN signaling is complex like that of steroid signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- B-Lymphocytes/ultrastructure
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/enzymology
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Culture Media, Serum-Free/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/enzymology
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Enzyme Activation/physiology
- Female
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- HeLa Cells/ultrastructure
- Humans
- Interferon-alpha/chemistry
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Peptides/therapeutic use
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/metabolism
- STAT Transcription Factors/metabolism
- TYK2 Kinase/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulbul M Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
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20
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Koizumi K, Takano K, Kaneyasu A, Watanabe-Takano H, Tokuda E, Abe T, Watanabe N, Takenawa T, Endo T. RhoD activated by fibroblast growth factor induces cytoneme-like cellular protrusions through mDia3C. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:4647-61. [PMID: 23034183 PMCID: PMC3510025 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-04-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase RhoD, activated by fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling, forms actin-based, cytoneme-like, thin and long cellular protrusions through activating mDia3C. These protrusions transmit FGF receptors toward the cell body. They are likely to be responsible for intercellular communication between FGF-producing cells and target cells. The small GTPase RhoD regulates actin cytoskeleton to collapse actin stress fibers and focal adhesions, resulting in suppression of cell migration and cytokinesis. It also induces alignment of early endosomes along actin filaments and reduces their motility. We show here that a constitutively activated RhoD generated two types of actin-containing thin peripheral cellular protrusions distinct from Cdc42-induced filopodia. One was longer, almost straight, immotile, and sensitive to fixation, whereas the other was shorter, undulating, motile, and resistant to fixation. Moreover, cells expressing wild-type RhoD extended protrusions toward fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2/4/8–coated beads. Stimulation of wild-type RhoD-expressing cells with these FGFs also caused formation of cellular protrusions. Nodules moved through the RhoD-induced longer protrusions, mainly toward the cell body. Exogenously expressed FGF receptor was associated with these moving nodules containing endosome-like vesicles. These results suggest that the protrusions are responsible for intercellular communication mediated by FGF and its receptor. Accordingly, the protrusions are morphologically and functionally equivalent to cytonemes. RhoD was activated by FGF2/4/8. Knockdown of RhoD interfered with FGF-induced protrusion formation. Activated RhoD specifically bound to mDia3C and facilitated actin polymerization together with mDia3C. mDia3C was localized to the tips or stems of the protrusions. In addition, constitutively activated mDia3C formed protrusions without RhoD or FGF stimulation. Knockdown of mDia3 obstructed RhoD-induced protrusion formation. These results imply that RhoD activated by FGF signaling forms cytoneme-like protrusions through activation of mDia3C, which induces actin filament formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Koizumi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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21
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Epidermal Growth Factor Genetic Variation Associated With Advanced Cervical Cancer in Younger Women. Am J Clin Oncol 2012; 35:247-50. [DOI: 10.1097/coc.0b013e31820dbbf5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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22
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Steroid-like signalling by interferons: making sense of specific gene activation by cytokines. Biochem J 2012; 443:329-38. [PMID: 22452815 DOI: 10.1042/bj20112187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Many cytokines, hormones and growth factors use the JAK (Janus kinase)/STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) pathway for cell signalling and specific gene activation. In the classical model, ligand is said to interact solely with the receptor extracellular domain, which triggers JAK activation of STATs at the receptor cytoplasmic domain. Activated STATs are then said to carry out nuclear events of specific gene activation. Given the limited number of STATs (seven) and the activation of the same STATs by cytokines with different functions, the mechanism of the specificity of their signalling is not obvious. Focusing on IFNγ (interferon γ), we have shown that ligand, receptor and activated JAKs are involved in nuclear events that are associated with specific gene activation, where the receptor subunit IFNGR1 (IFNγ receptor 1) functions as a transcription/co-transcription factor and the JAKs are involved in key epigenetic events. RTKs (receptor tyrosine kinases) such as EGFR [EGF (epidermal growth factor) receptor] and FGFR [FGF (fibroblast growth factor) receptor] also undergo nuclear translocation in association with their respective ligands. EGFR and FGFR, like IFNGR1, have been shown to function as transcription/co-transcription factors. The RTKs also regulate other kinases that have epigenetic effects. Our IFNγ model, as well as the RTKs EGFR and FGFR, have similarities to that of steroid receptor signalling. These systems consist of ligand-receptor-co-activator complexes at the genes that they activate. The co-activators consist of transcription factors and kinases, of which the latter play an important role in the associated epigenetics. It is our view that signalling by cytokines such as IFNγ is but a variation of specific gene activation by steroid hormones.
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23
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Nuclear translocation and functions of growth factor receptors. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:165-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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24
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Zhen Y, Sørensen V, Skjerpen CS, Haugsten EM, Jin Y, Wälchli S, Olsnes S, Wiedlocha A. Nuclear Import of Exogenous FGF1 Requires the ER-Protein LRRC59 and the Importins Kpnα1 and Kpnβ1. Traffic 2012; 13:650-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2012.01341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sebastien Wälchli
- Department of Immunology; Institute for Cancer Research; The Norwegian Radium Hospital; Montebello; Oslo; 0310; Norway
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25
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Misono K, Lessard A. Apomorphine-evoked redistribution of neurokinin-3 receptors in dopaminergic dendrites and neuronal nuclei of the rat ventral tegmental area. Neuroscience 2012; 203:27-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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26
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Nacheva G, Lilkova E, Petkov P, Petkov P, Ilieva N, Ivanov I, Litov L. In SilicoStudies on the Stability of Human Interferon-Gamma Mutants. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2012. [DOI: 10.5504/50yrtimb.2011.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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27
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Paul G, Marchelletta RR, McCole DF, Barrett KE. Interferon-γ alters downstream signaling originating from epidermal growth factor receptor in intestinal epithelial cells: functional consequences for ion transport. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:2144-55. [PMID: 22069319 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.318139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr) regulates many cellular functions, such as proliferation, apoptosis, and ion transport. Our aim was to investigate whether long term treatment with interferon-γ (IFN-γ) modulates EGF activation of downstream signaling pathways in intestinal epithelial cells and if this contributes to dysregulation of epithelial ion transport in inflammation. Polarized monolayers of T(84) and HT29/cl.19A colonocytes were preincubated with IFN-γ prior to stimulation with EGF. Basolateral potassium transport was studied in Ussing chambers. We also studied inflamed colonic mucosae from C57BL/6 mice treated with dextran sulfate sodium or mdr1a knock-out mice and controls. IFN-γ increased intestinal epithelial EGFr expression without increasing its phosphorylation. Conversely, IFN-γ caused a significant decrease in EGF-stimulated phosphorylation of specific EGFr tyrosine residues and activation of ERK but not Akt-1. In IFNγ-pretreated cells, the inhibitory effect of EGF on carbachol-stimulated K(+) channel activity was lost. In inflamed colonic tissues, EGFr expression was significantly increased, whereas ERK phosphorylation was reduced. Thus, although it up-regulates EGFr expression, IFN-γ causes defective EGFr activation in colonic epithelial cells via reduced phosphorylation of specific EGFr tyrosine residues. This probably accounts for altered downstream signaling consequences. These observations were corroborated in the setting of colitis. IFN-γ also abrogates the ability of EGF to inhibit carbachol-stimulated basolateral K(+) currents. Our data suggest that, in the setting of inflammation, the biological effect of EGF, including the inhibitory effect of EGF on Ca(2+)-dependent ion transport, is altered, perhaps contributing to diarrheal and other symptoms in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Paul
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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28
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Martínez-Moreno CG, Palma L, Carranza M, Harvey S, Arámburo C, Luna M. Cellular and intracellular distribution of growth hormone in the adult chicken testis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 172:344-57. [PMID: 21458459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine actions of growth hormone (GH) have been implicated during the development of adult testicular function in several mammalian species, and recently intracrine, autocrine, and paracrine effects have been proposed for locally expressed GH. Previous reports have shown the distribution of GH mRNA and the molecular heterogeneity of GH protein in both adult chicken testes and vas deferens. This study provides evidence of the presence and distribution of GH and its receptor (GHR) during all stages of spermatogenesis in adult chicken testes. This hormone and its receptor are not restricted to the cytoplasm; they are also found in the nuclei of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids. The pattern of GH isoforms was characterized in the different, isolated germ cell subpopulations, and the major molecular variant in all subpopulations was 17 kDa GH, as reported in other chicken extra-pituitary tissues. Another molecular variant, the 29 kDa moiety, was found mainly in the enriched spermatocyte population, suggesting that it acts at specific developmental stages. The co-localization of GH with the proliferative cell nuclear antigen PCNA (a DNA replication marker present in spermatogonial cells) was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. These results show for the first time that GH and GHR are present in the nuclei of adult chicken germinal cells, and suggest that GH could participate in proliferation and differentiation during the complex process of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Martínez-Moreno
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
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29
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Flynn FW, Jensen DD, Thakar A, Xu X, Flynn SW, Zhang Z. Neurokinin 3 receptor forms a complex with acetylated histone H3 and H4 in hypothalamic neurons following hyperosmotic challenge. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R822-31. [PMID: 21697521 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00254.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3R) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is expressed in brain and is highly expressed by magnocellular vasopressinergic neurons in both the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON) of the hypothalamus. Hyperosmolarity causes a ligand-mediated internalization of NK3Rs to the cytoplasm and to the nuclei of vasopressinergic PVN neurons. This receptor activation-dependent pathway is presumed to be a means to directly transmit synaptic signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus. The present study evaluated in vivo the subnuclear domains that associate with NK3R. Rats were administered 2 M NaCl (intragastric) or no intragastric load, and 40 min later, the PVN was dissected and nuclei were isolated. Using double-immuno-transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we show that, compared with controls, hyperosmolarity causes a significant increase in NK3R Immunogold beads in the nucleus of PVN neurons. Furthermore, NK3R spatially colocalized with histone H4 and with highly acetylated H4 in nuclei isolated from the PVN of rats administered 2 M NaCl, but not in nuclei from control rats. Next, coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that acetylated H4, as well as acetylated H3, were pulled down with NK3R in the PVN nuclear enriched fraction from rats treated with 2 M NaCl, but not from control rats. In response to hyperosmolarity, NK3R is transported to the nucleus of PVN neurons and associates with transcriptionally active chromatin, where it may influence the transcription of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis W Flynn
- Graduate Neuroscience Program, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA.
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30
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Noon-Song EN, Ahmed CM, Dabelic R, Canton J, Johnson HM. Controlling nuclear JAKs and STATs for specific gene activation by IFNγ. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 410:648-53. [PMID: 21689637 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that gamma interferon (IFNγ) and its receptor subunit, IFNGR1, interacted with the promoter region of IFNγ-activated genes along with transcription factor STAT1α. Recent studies have suggested that activated Janus kinases pJAK2 and pJAK1 also played a role in gene activation by phosphorylation of histone H3 on tyrosine 41. This study addresses the question of the role of activated JAKs in specific gene activation by IFNγ. We carried out chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) followed by PCR in IFNγ treated WISH cells and showed association of pJAK1, pJAK2, IFNGR1, and STAT1 on the same DNA sequence of the IRF-1 gene promoter. The β-actin gene, which is not activated by IFNγ, did not show this association. The movement of activated JAK to the nucleus and the IRF-1 promoter was confirmed by the combination of nuclear fractionation, confocal microscopy and DNA precipitation analysis using the biotinylated GAS promoter. Activated JAKs in the nucleus was associated with phosphorylated tyrosine 41 on histone H3 in the region of the GAS promoter. Unphosphorylated JAK2 was found to be constitutively present in the nucleus and was capable of undergoing activation in IFNγ treated cells, most likely via nuclear IFNGR1. Association of pJAK2 and IFNGR1 with histone H3 in IFNγ treated cells was demonstrated by histone H3 immunoprecipitation. Unphosphorylated STAT1 protein was associated with histone H3 of untreated cells. IFNγ treatment resulted in its disassociation and then re-association as pSTAT1. The results suggest a novel role for activated JAKs in epigenetic events for specific gene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezra N Noon-Song
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611-0700, USA
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31
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Yoshitake K, Tanaka S, Mogushi K, Aihara A, Murakata A, Matsumura S, Mitsunori Y, Yasen M, Ban D, Noguchi N, Irie T, Kudo A, Nakamura N, Tanaka H, Arii S. Importin-α1 as a novel prognostic target for hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 18:2093-103. [PMID: 21286940 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-011-1569-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perturbations in the nuclear microenvironment, including transport systems, play a critical role in malignant progression, but the nuclear import abnormalities remain unclear in hepatocarcinogenesis. We analyzed the role of importin in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Gene expression profiling of the importin family was performed in HCC tissues. The significance of importin protein expression was analyzed in vitro as well as clinicopathologically. RESULTS According to the microarray profiles, the importin-α1 was dominantly overexpressed in HCC tissues as compared to the adjacent noncancerous tissues. By means of human HCC cell lines, a knockdown of importin-α1 by its siRNA greatly reduced cellular proliferation by 15.2-26.6% (P < 0.005). Immunohistochemical analysis on tissue samples demonstrated cancer-specific overexpression in 36.3% of HCCs. The overexpression of importin-α1 was correlated statistically with high levels of alfa-fetoprotein ( P = 0.0017), the tumor number (P = 0.0116), histological dedifferentiation (P = 0.0054), tumor morphology (P = 0.0433), portal vein invasion (P = 0.0007), hepatic vein invasion (P = 0.0081), Fc (P = 0.0367), Fc-inf (P = 0.0122), and the tumor, node, metastasis stage (P = 0.0026); this resulted in a significantly poorer prognosis in both overall survival (P = 0.0164) and recurrence-free survival (P = 0.0101). Multivariate analysis of recurrence-free survival revealed importin-α1 expression to be a statistically significant factor (P = 0.0361). In addition, early recurrence after curative resection was observed more frequently in the importin-α1-positive group as compared to the negative group (P = 0.0023). The multivariate analysis identified importin-α1 as the only independent predictor of early recurrence after HCC resection (odds ratio = 5.291, P = 0.0191). CONCLUSIONS Because importin-α1 might be closely associated with HCC progression, further analysis should be pursued to evaluate it as a novel prognostic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Yoshitake
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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CCN5, a novel transcriptional repressor of the transforming growth factor β signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:1459-69. [PMID: 21262769 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01316-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
CCN5 is a member of the CCN (connective tissue growth factor/cysteine-rich 61/nephroblastoma overexpressed) family and was identified as an estrogen-inducible gene in estrogen receptor-positive cell lines. However, the role of CCN5 in breast carcinogenesis remains unclear. We report here that the CCN5 protein is localized mostly in the cytoplasm and in part in the nucleus of human tumor breast tissue. Using a heterologous transcription assay, we demonstrate that CCN5 can act as a transcriptional repressor presumably through association with histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1). Microarray gene expression analysis showed that CCN5 represses expression of genes associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as well as expression of key components of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling pathway, prominent among them TGF-βRII receptor. We show that CCN5 is recruited to the TGF-βRII promoter, thereby providing a mechanism by which CCN5 restricts transcription of the TGF-βRII gene. Consistent with this finding, CCN5, we found, functions to suppress TGF-β-induced transcriptional responses and invasion that is concomitant with EMT. Thus, our data uncovered CCN5 as a novel transcriptional repressor that plays an important role in regulating tumor progression functioning, at least in part, by inhibiting the expression of genes involved in the TGF-β signaling cascade that is known to promote EMT.
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Johnson HM, Noon-Song E, Ahmed CM. Controlling Nuclear Jaks and Stats for Specific Gene Activation by Ifn γ and Other Cytokines: A Possible Steroid-like Connection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 2. [PMID: 22924155 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of specific gene activation by cytokines that use JAK/STAT signalling pathway is unknown. There are four different types of JAKs and seven different types of STATs. In the classical model of signaling, ligand interacts solely with the receptor extracellular domain, which triggers JAK activation at the receptor cytoplasmic domain. Activated STATs are then said to carry out nuclear events of specific gene activation, including associated epigenetic changes that cause heterochromatin destabilization. Ligand, receptor, and JAKs play no further role in the classical model. Given the limited number of STATs and the activation of the same STATs by cytokines with different functions, the mechanism of the specificity of their signalling is not obvious. Focusing on gamma interferon (IFNγ), we have shown that ligand, receptor, and activated JAKs are involved in nuclear events that are associated with specific gene activation. In this model, receptor subunit IFNGR1 functions as a transcription/cotranscription factor and the JAKs are involved in key epigenetic events that are required for specific gene activation. The model has implications for gene activation in cancer as well as stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard M Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Wang M, Trim CM, Gullick WJ. Localisation of Neuregulin 1-β3 to different sub-nuclear structures alters gene expression. Exp Cell Res 2010; 317:423-32. [PMID: 21110958 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulins are growth factors that signal via the ErbB3 and ErbB4 receptors. Here we show using immunohistochemistry that they are often expressed in the nucleus of a range of tumour types including soft tissue and breast. The Neuregulin 1 type I-β3 (NRG1-β3) isoform localises to two sub-nuclear compartments in animal cells, nucleoli and spliceosomes. We used NRG1-β3 tagged with photoactivatable GFP and demonstrated that this re-localised from nucleoli to spliceosomes over 90 min. Tyrosine kinase activity was not required for retaining the NRG1-β3 within the nucleus. Mutation of the lysines 14 and 16 or 15 and 16 together prevented nucleolar uptake while four positively charged residues were identified which were required for spliceosome uptake. Molecular modelling suggests that three of these may form a binding site. We showed using a kinome array that NRG1-β3 and a mutant exclusively localising to spliceosomes increased phosphorylation and/or expression of the HER4 and HER2 receptors. Using a transcriptomic analysis the same two constructs induced expression of several messenger RNAs and we confirmed the increased expression at the protein level of the most highly induced, Heat Shock Protein 70B'. These results suggest that Neuregulin activates receptor signalling in spliceosomes leading to altered gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, UK
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Abstract
Proteins with oxidizable thiols are essential to many functions of cell nuclei, including transcription, chromatin stability, nuclear protein import and export, and DNA replication and repair. Control of the nuclear thiol-disulfide redox states involves both the elimination of oxidants to prevent oxidation and the reduction of oxidized thiols to restore function. These processes depend on the common thiol reductants, glutathione (GSH) and thioredoxin-1 (Trx1). Recent evidence shows that these systems are controlled independent of the cytoplasmic counterparts. In addition, the GSH and Trx1 couples are not in redox equilibrium, indicating that these reductants have nonredundant functions in their support of proteins involved in transcriptional regulation, nuclear protein trafficking, and DNA repair. Specific isoforms of glutathione peroxidases, glutathione S-transferases, and peroxiredoxins are enriched in nuclei, further supporting the interpretation that functions of the thiol-dependent systems in nuclei are at least quantitatively distinct, and probably also qualitatively distinct, from similar processes in the cytoplasm. Elucidation of the distinct nuclear functions and regulation of the thiol redox pathways in nuclei can be expected to improve understanding of nuclear processes and also to provide the basis for novel approaches to treat aging and disease processes associated with oxidative stress in the nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Go
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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36
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Jensen DD, Sundstrom K, Flynn FW. Expression of the nuclear transport protein importin ß-1 and its association with the neurokinin 3 receptor in the rat hypothalamus following acute hyperosmotic challenge. Neuroscience 2010; 170:1020-7. [PMID: 20709160 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The tachykinin NK3 receptor (NK3R) is a G-protein coupled receptor that is activated, internalized, and trafficked to the nuclei of magnocellular neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) in response to acute hyperosmolarity. The lack of information on the nuclear import pathway raises concerns about the physiological role of nuclear NK3R. NK3R contains a nuclear localizing sequence (NLS) and this raises the possibility that importins are involved in transport of NK3R through the nuclear pore complex. The following experiments utilized: (1) co-immunoprecipitation to determine if NK3R is associated with importin ß-1 following activation in response to acute hyperosmolarity in vivo, and (2) immuno-neutralization of importin ß-1 in vitro to determine if nuclear transport of NK3R was blocked. Rats were given an i.v. injection of hypertonic saline (2 M) and 10 min after the infusion, the PVN was removed and homogenized. Importin ß-1 co-immunoprecipitated with the NK3R following treatment with 2 M NaCl, but not following isotonic saline treatment. Immuno-neutralization of importin ß-1 decreased the transport of NK3R into the nuclei in a time dependent fashion. The results indicate that in response to acute hyperosmotic challenge, NK3R associates with importin ß-1 which enables the nuclear transport of NK3R. This is the first in vivo study linking importin ß-1 and the nuclear transport of a G protein coupled receptor, the NK3R, in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Jensen
- Neuroscience Program and Department of Zoology & Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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Baibakov B, Murtazina R, Elowsky C, Giardiello FM, Kovbasnjuk O. Shiga toxin is transported into the nucleoli of intestinal epithelial cells via a carrier-dependent process. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:1318-35. [PMID: 22069640 PMCID: PMC3153243 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2061318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx) produced by the invasive Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 (S. dysenteriae1) causes gastrointestinal and kidney complications. It has been assumed that Stx is released intracellularly after enterocyte invasion by S. dysenteriae1. However, there is little information about Stx distribution inside S. dysenteriae1-infected enterocytes. Here, we use intestinal epithelial T84 cells to characterize the trafficking of Stx delivered into the cytosol, in ways that mimic aspects of S. dysenteriae1 infection. We find that cytoplasmic Stx is transported into nucleoli. Stx nucleolar movement is carrier- and energy-dependent. Stx binding to the nucleoli of normal human enterocytes in vitro supports possible roles for nucleolar trafficking in toxin-induced intestinal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Baibakov
- GI Division, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Felin JE, Mayo JL, Loos TJ, Jensen JD, Sperry DK, Gaufin SL, Meinhart CA, Moss JB, Bridgewater LC. Nuclear variants of bone morphogenetic proteins. BMC Cell Biol 2010; 11:20. [PMID: 20230640 PMCID: PMC2850327 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-11-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) contribute to many different aspects of development including mesoderm formation, heart development, neurogenesis, skeletal development, and axis formation. They have previously been recognized only as secreted growth factors, but the present study detected Bmp2, Bmp4, and Gdf5/CDMP1 in the nuclei of cultured cells using immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting of nuclear extracts. RESULTS In all three proteins, a bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) was found to overlap the site at which the proproteins are cleaved to release the mature growth factors from the propeptides. Mutational analyses indicated that the nuclear variants of these three proteins are produced by initiating translation from downstream alternative start codons. The resulting proteins lack N-terminal signal peptides and are therefore translated in the cytoplasm rather than the endoplasmic reticulum, thus avoiding proteolytic processing in the secretory pathway. Instead, the uncleaved proteins (designated nBmp2, nBmp4, and nGdf5) containing the intact NLSs are translocated to the nucleus. Immunostaining of endogenous nBmp2 in cultured cells demonstrated that the amount of nBmp2 as well as its nuclear/cytoplasmic distribution differs between cells that are in M-phase versus other phases of the cell cycle. CONCLUSIONS The observation that nBmp2 localization varies throughout the cell cycle, as well as the conservation of a nuclear localization mechanism among three different BMP family members, suggests that these novel nuclear variants of BMP family proteins play an important functional role in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny E Felin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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Krämer OH, Heinzel T. Phosphorylation-acetylation switch in the regulation of STAT1 signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 315:40-8. [PMID: 19879327 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
STAT1 signaling regulates the expression of important genes controlling cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune functions. Biochemical and genetic experiments have identified how this cascade is modulated. Phosphorylation of STAT1 tyrosine and serine moieties is induced rapidly by cytokines and growth factors. Upon nuclear translocation, phosphorylated STAT1 homo- and heterodimers activate gene expression. Inactivation of phosphorylated nuclear STAT1 has to be precisely regulated in order to allow signal transduction within limited time frames. Lysine acetylation has recently been appreciated as a novel mechanism regulating signal transduction events relying on STAT proteins. Here, we review these analyses and the finding that a switch from phosphorylated to acetylated STAT1 regulates acetylation-dependent dephosphorylation of STAT1 via the T cell tyrosine phosphatase. We discuss how these observations can be integrated into our current understanding of STAT-dependent cytokine signaling and its potential relevance for endocrine functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver H Krämer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), University of Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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40
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Sun M, Behrens C, Feng L, Ozburn N, Tang X, Yin G, Komaki R, Varella-Garcia M, Hong WK, Aldape KD, Wistuba II. HER family receptor abnormalities in lung cancer brain metastases and corresponding primary tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:4829-37. [PMID: 19622585 PMCID: PMC3372920 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-2921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the characteristics of deregulation of HER receptors and their ligands between primary tumor and corresponding brain metastases of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Fifty-five NSCLC primary tumors and corresponding brain metastases specimens were examined for the immunohistochemical expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphorylated EGFR, Her2, Her3, and phosphorylated Her3, and their ligands EGF, transforming growth factor-alpha, amphiregulin, epiregulin, betacellulin, heparin-binding EGFR-like growth factor, neuregulin (NRG) 1, and NRG2. Analysis of EGFR copy number using fluorescence in situ hybridization and mutation by PCR-based sequencing was also done. RESULTS Metastases showed significantly higher immunohistochemical expression of EGF (membrane: brain metastases 66.0 versus primary tumors 48.5; P = 0.027; nucleus: brain metastases 92.2 versus 67.4; P = 0.008), amphiregulin (nucleus: brain metastases 53.7 versus primary tumors 33.7; P = 0.019), phosphorylated EGFR (membrane: brain metastases 161.5 versus primary tumors 76.0; P < 0.0001; cytoplasm: brain metastases 101.5 versus primary tumors 55.9; P = 0.014), and phosphorylated Her3 (membrane: brain metastases 25.0 versus primary tumors 3.7; P = 0.001) than primary tumors did. Primary tumors showed significantly higher expression of cytoplasmic transforming growth factor-alpha(primary tumors 149.8 versus brain metastases 111.3; P = 0.008) and NRG1 (primary tumors 158.5 versus brain metastases 122.8; P = 0.006). In adenocarcinomas, a similar high frequency of EGFR copy number gain (high polysomy and amplification) was detected in primary (65%) and brain metastasis (63%) sites. However, adenocarcinoma metastases (30%) showed higher frequency of EGFR amplification than corresponding primary tumors (10%). Patients whose primary tumors showed EGFR amplification tended to develop brain metastases at an earlier time point. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that NSCLC brain metastases have some significant differences in HER family receptor-related abnormalities from primary lung tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghong Sun
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Carmen Behrens
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lei Feng
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Natalie Ozburn
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ximing Tang
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Guosheng Yin
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ritsuko Komaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Marileila Varella-Garcia
- Department of Medicine/Medical Oncology and Pathology, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Waun Ki Hong
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kenneth D. Aldape
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ignacio I. Wistuba
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Araújo AP, Ribeiro R, Pinto D, Pereira D, Sousa B, Mauricio J, Lopes C, Medeiros R. Epidermal Growth Factor Genetic Variation, Breast Cancer Risk, and Waiting Time to Onset of Disease. DNA Cell Biol 2009; 28:265-9. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2008.0823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Araújo
- Molecular Oncology Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology—Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ribeiro
- Molecular Oncology Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology—Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniela Pinto
- Molecular Oncology Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology—Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Virology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology—Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Deolinda Pereira
- Department of Medical Oncology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology—Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Berta Sousa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology—Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joaquina Mauricio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology—Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Lopes
- ICBAS, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology—Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Virology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology—Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Vuletic S, Dong W, Wolfbauer G, Day JR, Albers JJ. PLTP is present in the nucleus, and its nuclear export is CRM1-dependent. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2009; 1793:584-91. [PMID: 19321130 PMCID: PMC2692677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP), one of the key lipid transfer proteins in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, is nearly ubiquitously expressed in cells and tissues. Functions of secreted PLTP have been extensively studied. However, very little is known about potential intracellular PLTP functions. In the current study, we provide evidence for PLTP localization in the nucleus of cells that constitutively express PLTP (human neuroblastoma cells, SK-N-SH; and human cortical neurons, HCN2) and in cells transfected with human PLTP (Chinese hamster ovary and baby hamster kidney cells). Furthermore, we have shown that incubation of these cells with leptomycin B (LMB), a specific inhibitor of nuclear export mediated by chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1), leads to intranuclear accumulation of PLTP, suggesting that PLTP nuclear export is CRM1-dependent. We also provide evidence for entry of secreted PLTP into the cell and its translocation to the nucleus, and show that intranuclear PLTP is active in phospholipid transfer. These findings suggest that PLTP is involved in novel intracellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Vuletic
- Department of Medicine, Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, 401 Queen Anne Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Weijiang Dong
- Department of Medicine, Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, 401 Queen Anne Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Yanta West Road 76, Xi’an 710061, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gertrud Wolfbauer
- Department of Medicine, Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, 401 Queen Anne Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Joseph R. Day
- Department of Medicine, Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, 401 Queen Anne Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - John J. Albers
- Department of Medicine, Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, 401 Queen Anne Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Carpenter G, Liao HJ. Trafficking of receptor tyrosine kinases to the nucleus. Exp Cell Res 2008; 315:1556-66. [PMID: 18951890 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It has been known for at least 20 years that growth factors induce the internalization of cognate receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). The internalized receptors are then sorted to lysosomes or recycled to the cell surface. More recently, data have been published to indicate other intracellular destinations for the internalized RTKs. These include the nucleus, mitochondria, and cytoplasm. Also, it is recognized that trafficking to these novel destinations involves new biochemical mechanisms, such as proteolytic processing or interaction with translocons, and that these trafficking events have a function in signal transduction, implicating the receptor itself as a signaling element between the cell surface and the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Carpenter
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA.
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Di Segni A, Farin K, Pinkas-Kramarski R. Identification of nucleolin as new ErbB receptors- interacting protein. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2310. [PMID: 18523588 PMCID: PMC2390759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ErbB receptor tyrosine kinases are major contributors to malignant transformation. These receptors are frequently overexpressed in a variety of human carcinomas. The role of the ErbB receptors and their ligands in carcinomas and the mechanism by which their overexpression leads to cancer development is still unclear. Ligand binding to specific ErbB receptor is followed by receptor dimerization, phosphorylation and recruitment of SH2 containing cytoplasmic proteins, which initiate the cascade of signaling events. Nevertheless, increasing data suggest that there are non-phosphorylated receptor-substrate interactions that may affect ErbB-mediated responses. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In the present study, using GST-ErbB4 fusion protein pull down assay and mass spectroscopic analysis, we have found the ErbB receptors interact with nucleolin via their cytoplasmic tail. Nucleolin is a ubiquitous, nonhistone, nucleolar, multifunctional phosphoprotein that is also overexpressed in cancer cells. Our results demonstrate that overexpression of ErbB1 and nucleolin may lead to receptor dimerization, phosphorylation and to anchorage independent growth. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The oncogenic potential of ErbB depends on receptor levels and activation. Our results suggest that nucleolin may affect ErbB dimerization and activation leading to enhanced cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Di Segni
- Department of Neurobiology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
| | - Keren Farin
- Department of Neurobiology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
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Jensen D, Zhang Z, Flynn FW. Trafficking of tachykinin neurokinin 3 receptor to nuclei of neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus following osmotic challenge. Neuroscience 2008; 155:308-16. [PMID: 18583062 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tachykinin neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3R) is a G-protein (GTP binding protein) -coupled receptor that is heavily expressed by magnocellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). Osmotic challenge is reported to activate NK3R expressed by magnocellular neurons and cause the NK3R to be internalized to the cytoplasm and perhaps the cell nucleus. In this study we show using immuno-electron microscopy that isolated nuclei from neurons in the PVN of osmotic challenged animals (rats) show a robust labeling for the NK3R. NK3R immunoreactivity was detected by Western blot in isolated nuclei of PVN neurons following the 2 M NaCl injection. No nuclear NK3R immunoreactivity was detected in control animals. NK3R antibody specificity was confirmed by small interfering (SI) RNA technology. This study establishes that the NK3R is trafficked to the nucleus of PVN neurons following a peripheral osmotic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jensen
- Graduate Neuroscience Program, University of Wyoming, Department 3166, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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Fulcher AJ, Ahmed CMI, Noon-Song EN, Kwan RYQ, Subramaniam PS, Johnson HM, Jans DA. Interferon gamma is recognised by importin alpha/beta: enhanced nuclear localising and transactivation activities of an interferon gamma mimetic. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:1569-74. [PMID: 18405666 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) gamma's ability to localise in the nucleus and function in gene activation has been known for some time, although the role of the conventional nuclear transporting importin molecules is unclear. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the direct recognition of IFNgamma and an IFNgamma mimetic peptide by IMPalpha and the IMPalpha/beta heterodimer, where the IFNgamma mimetic shows higher affinity. Significantly, this correlates well both with in vivo ability to target green fluorescent protein to the nucleus in transfected cells as determined by quantitative confocal laser scanning microscopy, as well as GAS promoter activity of a luciferase reporter. This has important implications for IFNgamma's anti-viral action, and the potential use of the IFNgamma mimetic in antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Fulcher
- Nuclear Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, P.O. Box 13D, Victoria, Clayton 3800, Australia
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Pham LV, Zhou HJ, Lin-Lee YC, Tamayo AT, Yoshimura LC, Fu L, Darnay BG, Ford RJ. Nuclear Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-associated Factor 6 in Lymphoid Cells Negatively Regulates c-Myb-mediated Transactivation through Small Ubiquitin-related Modifier-1 Modification. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:5081-9. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706307200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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49
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Fung DCY. Modeling and analyzing gene co-expression in hepatocellular carcinoma using actor-semiotic networks and centrality signatures. Cancer Inform 2008; 6:463-74. [PMID: 19259423 PMCID: PMC2623292 DOI: 10.4137/cin.s1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is currently the fifth most common malignancy and the third most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Because of its high prevalence in developing nations, there have been numerous efforts made in the molecular characterization of primary HCC. However, a better understanding into the pathology of HCC required software-assisted network modeling and analysis. In this paper, the author presented his first attempt in exploring the biological implication of gene co-expression in HCC using actor-semiotic network modeling and analysis. The network was first constructed by integrating inter-actor relationships, e.g. gene co-expression, microRNA-to-gene, and protein interactions, with semiotic relationships, e.g. gene-to-Gene Ontology Process. Topological features that are highly discriminative of the HCC phenotype were identified by visual inspection. Finally, the author devised a graph signature-based analysis method to supplement the network exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Y Fung
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, School of Information Technologies, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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50
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Swanson SM, Kopchick JJ. Nuclear Localization of Growth Hormone Receptor: Another Age of Discovery for Cytokine Action? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 2007:pe69. [DOI: 10.1126/stke.4152007pe69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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