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Bindal P, Roy K, Sarkar B, Rana N, Kapil L, Singh C, Singh A. Intermittent fasting along with hydroalcoholic extract of Centella-asiatica ameliorates sub-acute hypoxia-induced ischemic stroke in adult zebrafish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 279:109871. [PMID: 38428624 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Reduced blood flow (hypoxia) to the brain is thought to be the main cause of strokes because it deprives the brain of oxygen and nutrients. An increasing amount of evidence indicates that the Centella-Asiatica (HA-CA) hydroalcoholic extract has a variety of pharmacological benefits, such as antioxidant activity, neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory qualities, and angiogenesis promotion. Intermittent fasting (IF) has neurological benefits such as anti-inflammatory properties, neuroprotective effects, and the ability to enhance neuroplasticity. The current study evaluates the combined effect of IF (for 1, 6, and 12 days) along with HA-CA (daily up to 12 days) in adult zebrafish subjected to hypoxia every 5 min for 12 days followed by behavioral (novel tank and open-field tank test), biochemical (SOD, GSH-Px, and LPO), inflammatory (IL-10, IL-1β, and TNF-α), mitochondrial enzyme activities (Complex-I, II, and IV), signaling molecules (AMPK, MAPK, GSK-3β, Nrf2), and imaging/staining (H&E, TTC, and TEM) analysis. Results show that sub-acute hypoxia promotes the behavioral alterations, and production of radical species and alters the oxidative stress status in brain tissues of zebrafish, along with mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and alteration of signaling molecules. Nevertheless, HA-CA along with IF significantly ameliorates these defects in adult zebrafish as compared to their effects alone. Further, imaging analysis significantly provided evidence of infarct damage along with neuronal and mitochondrial damage which was significantly ameliorated by IF and HA-CA. The use of IF and HA-CA has been proven to enhance the physiological effects of hypoxia in all dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Bindal
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India; Affiliated to I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, formerly Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala, Jalandhar 144603, India
| | - Kaunava Roy
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India; Affiliated to I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, formerly Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala, Jalandhar 144603, India
| | - Biplob Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India; Affiliated to I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, formerly Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala, Jalandhar 144603, India
| | - Natasha Rana
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India; Affiliated to I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, formerly Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala, Jalandhar 144603, India
| | - Lakshay Kapil
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India; Affiliated to I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, formerly Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala, Jalandhar 144603, India
| | - Charan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University (A Central University), Chauras Campus, Distt. Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand 246174, India
| | - Arti Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India; Affiliated to I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, formerly Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala, Jalandhar 144603, India.
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El-Latif AMA, Rabie MA, Sayed RH, Fattah MAAE, Kenawy SA. Inosine attenuates rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease in rats by alleviating the imbalance between autophagy and apoptosis. Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:1159-1174. [PMID: 37170799 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence points to impaired autophagy as one of the major factors implicated in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Autophagy is a downstream target of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Inosine has already demonstrated a neuroprotective effect against neuronal loss in neurodegenerative diseases, mainly due its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. We, herein, aimed at investigating the neuroprotective effects of inosine against rotenone-induced PD in rats and to focus on the activation of AMPK-mediated autophagy. Inosine successfully increased p-AMPK/AMPK ratio in PD rats and improved their motor performance and muscular co-ordination (assessed by rotarod, open field, and grip strength tests, as well as by manual gait analysis). Furthermore, inosine was able to mitigate the rotenone-induced histopathological alterations and to restore the tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in PD rats' substantia nigra. Inosine-induced AMPK activation resulted in an autophagy enhancement, as demonstrated by the increased striatal Unc-S1-like kinase1 and beclin-1 expression, and also by the increment light chain 3II to light chain 3I ratio, along with the decline in striatal mammalian target of rapamycin and p62 protein expressions. The inosine-induced stimulation of AMPK also attenuated neuronal apoptosis and promoted antioxidant activity. Unsurprisingly, these neuroprotective effects were antagonized by a preadministration of dorsomorphin (an AMPK inhibitor). In conclusion, inosine exerted neuroprotective effects against the rotenone-induced neuronal loss via an AMPK activation and through the restoration of the imbalance between autophagy and apoptosis. These findings support potential application of inosine in PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya M Abd El-Latif
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa A Rabie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rabab H Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mai A Abd El Fattah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sanaa A Kenawy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Fingelkurts AA, Fingelkurts AA. Turning Back the Clock: A Retrospective Single-Blind Study on Brain Age Change in Response to Nutraceuticals Supplementation vs. Lifestyle Modifications. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13030520. [PMID: 36979330 PMCID: PMC10046544 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13030520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing consensus that chronological age (CA) is not an accurate indicator of the aging process and that biological age (BA) instead is a better measure of an individual's risk of age-related outcomes and a more accurate predictor of mortality than actual CA. In this context, BA measures the "true" age, which is an integrated result of an individual's level of damage accumulation across all levels of biological organization, along with preserved resources. The BA is plastic and depends upon epigenetics. Brain state is an important factor contributing to health- and lifespan. METHODS AND OBJECTIVE Quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG)-derived brain BA (BBA) is a suitable and promising measure of brain aging. In the present study, we aimed to show that BBA can be decelerated or even reversed in humans (N = 89) by using customized programs of nutraceutical compounds or lifestyle changes (mean duration = 13 months). RESULTS We observed that BBA was younger than CA in both groups at the end of the intervention. Furthermore, the BBA of the participants in the nutraceuticals group was 2.83 years younger at the endpoint of the intervention compared with their BBA score at the beginning of the intervention, while the BBA of the participants in the lifestyle group was only 0.02 years younger at the end of the intervention. These results were accompanied by improvements in mental-physical health comorbidities in both groups. The pre-intervention BBA score and the sex of the participants were considered confounding factors and analyzed separately. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the obtained results support the feasibility of the goal of this study and also provide the first robust evidence that halting and reversal of brain aging are possible in humans within a reasonable (practical) timeframe of approximately one year.
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Huh S, Yu HS, Kang N, Ahn YM, Kim YS, Kim SH. Electroconvulsive Seizure Normalizes Motor Deficits and Induces Autophagy Signaling in the MPTP-Induced Parkinson Disease Mouse Model. Psychiatry Investig 2023; 20:273-283. [PMID: 36990671 PMCID: PMC10064206 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2022.0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electroconvulsive seizure (ECS) is a potent treatment modality for various neuropsychiatric diseases, including Parkinson disease (PD). Recent animal studies showed that repeated ECS activates autophagy signaling, the impairment of which is known to be involved in PD. However, the effectiveness of ECS on PD and its therapeutic mechanisms have not yet been investigated in detail. METHODS Systemic injection of a neurotoxin 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride (MPTP), which destroys dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra compacta (SNc), in mice was utilized to induce an animal model of PD. Mice were treated with ECS 3 times per week for 2 weeks. Behavioral changes were measured with a rotarod test. Molecular changes related to autophagy signaling in midbrain including SNc, striatum, and prefrontal cortex were analyzed with immunohistochemistry and immunoblot analyses. RESULTS Repeated ECS treatments normalized the motor deficits and the loss of dopamiergic neurons in SNc of the MPTP PD mouse model. In the mouse model, LC3-II, an autophagy marker, was increased in midbrain while decreased in prefrontal cortex, both of which were reversed by repeated ECS treatments. In the prefrontal cortex, ECS-induced LC3-II increase was accompanied with AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-Unc-51-like kinase 1-Beclin1 pathway activation and inhibition of mamalian target of rapamycin signaling which promotes autophagy initiation. CONCLUSION The findings revealed the therapeutic effects of repeated ECS treatments on PD, which could be attributed to the neuroprotective effect of ECS mediated by AMPK-autophagy signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghoo Huh
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sook Yu
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nuree Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Min Ahn
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sik Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Nowon Eulji Meical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Naseri A, Sanaie S, Hamzehzadeh S, Seyedi-Sahebari S, Hosseini MS, Gholipour-Khalili E, Rezazadeh-Gavgani E, Majidazar R, Seraji P, Daneshvar S, Rezazadeh-Gavgani E. Metformin: new applications for an old drug. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2023; 34:151-160. [PMID: 36474458 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2022-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metformin is a biguanide, evolved as one of the most widely used medicines. The applications of this component include but are not limited to reducing blood glucose, weight loss, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Studies about other probable indications have emerged, indicating that this agent can also be utilized for other purposes. In this review, applications of metformin are noticed based on the current evidence. Metformin commonly is used as an off-label drug in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but it worsens inflammation and should not be used for this purpose, according to the latest research. Metformin decreased the risk of death in patients with liver cirrhosis. It is an effective agent in the prevention and improvement of survival in patients suffering hepatocellular carcinoma. There is evidence of the beneficial effects of metformin in colorectal cancer, early-stage prostate cancer, breast cancer, urothelial cancer, blood cancer, melanoma, and bone cancer, suggesting metformin as a potent anti-tumor agent. Metformin shows neuroprotective effects and provides a potential therapeutic benefit for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease (AD). It also has been shown to improve mental function and reduce the incidence of dementia. Another condition that metformin has been shown to slow the progression of is Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Regarding infectious diseases, tuberculosis (TB) and coronavirus disease (COVID-19) are among the conditions suggested to be affected by metformin. The beneficial effects of metformin in cardiovascular diseases were also reported in the literature. Concerning renal function, studies showed that daily oral administration of metformin could ameliorate kidney fibrosis and normalize kidney structure and function. This study reviewed the clinical and preclinical evidence about the possible benefits of metformin based on recent studies. Numerous questions like whether these probable indications of metformin can be observed in non-diabetics, need to be described by future basic experiments and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirreza Naseri
- Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Iranian EBM Centre: A Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Center of Excellence, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sarvin Sanaie
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sina Hamzehzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Ehsan Rezazadeh-Gavgani
- Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Iranian EBM Centre: A Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Center of Excellence, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Majidazar
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parya Seraji
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sara Daneshvar
- Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Iranian EBM Centre: A Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Center of Excellence, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Burgos DF, Machío-Castello M, Iglesias-Cabeza N, Giráldez BG, González-Fernández J, Sánchez-Martín G, Sánchez MP, Serratosa JM. Early Treatment with Metformin Improves Neurological Outcomes in Lafora Disease. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:230-244. [PMID: 36303102 PMCID: PMC10119355 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01304-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lafora disease is a fatal form of progressive myoclonic epilepsy caused by mutations in the EPM2A or NHLRC1/EPM2B genes that usually appears during adolescence. The Epm2a-/- and Epm2b-/- knock-out mouse models of the disease develop behavioral and neurological alterations similar to those observed in patients. The aim of this work is to analyze whether early treatment with metformin (from conception to adulthood) ameliorates the formation of Lafora bodies and improves the behavioral and neurological outcomes observed with late treatment (during 2 months at 10 months of age). We also evaluated the benefits of metformin in patients with Lafora disease. To assess neurological improvements due to metformin administration in the two mouse models, we evaluated the effects on pentylenetetrazol sensitivity, posturing, motor coordination and activity, and memory. We also analyzed the effects on Lafora bodies, neurodegeneration, and astrogliosis. Furthermore, we conducted a follow-up study of an initial cohort of 18 patients with Lafora disease, 8 treated with metformin and 10 untreated. Our results indicate that early metformin was more effective than late metformin in Lafora disease mouse models improving neurological alterations of both models such as neuronal hyperexcitability, motor and memory alterations, neurodegeneration, and astrogliosis and decreasing the formation of Lafora bodies. Moreover, patients receiving metformin had a slower progression of the disease. Overall, early treatment improves the outcome seen with late metformin treatment in the two knock-out mouse models of Lafora disease. Metformin-treated patients exhibited an ameliorated course of the disease with slower deterioration of their daily living activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Burgos
- Laboratory of Neurology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autónoma de Madrid University (IIS-FJD, UAM), Av. Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- PhD Program in Neuroscience, Autonoma de Madrid University-Cajal Institute, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Machío-Castello
- Laboratory of Neurology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autónoma de Madrid University (IIS-FJD, UAM), Av. Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Iglesias-Cabeza
- Laboratory of Neurology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autónoma de Madrid University (IIS-FJD, UAM), Av. Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz G Giráldez
- Laboratory of Neurology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autónoma de Madrid University (IIS-FJD, UAM), Av. Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan González-Fernández
- Laboratory of Neurology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autónoma de Madrid University (IIS-FJD, UAM), Av. Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Parasitology, School of Pharmacy, Complutense de Madrid University, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Sánchez-Martín
- Laboratory of Neurology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autónoma de Madrid University (IIS-FJD, UAM), Av. Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina P Sánchez
- Laboratory of Neurology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autónoma de Madrid University (IIS-FJD, UAM), Av. Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Serratosa
- Laboratory of Neurology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autónoma de Madrid University (IIS-FJD, UAM), Av. Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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A review on role of metformin as a potential drug for epilepsy treatment and modulation of epileptogenesis. Seizure 2022; 101:253-261. [PMID: 36116284 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Available anti-seizure medications (ASMs) target the symptomatology of the disease rather than any significant disease/epileptogenesis modifying actions. There are critical concerns of drug resistance and seizure recurrence during epilepsy management. So, drug repurposing is evolving as a paradigm change in the quest for novel epilepsy treatment strategies. Metformin, a well-known anti-diabetic drug has shown multiple pieces of evidence of its potential antiepileptic action. OBJECTIVE This review elucidates various mechanisms underlying the beneficial role of metformin in seizure control and modulation of the epileptogenesis process. METHODS Preclinical and clinical evidence involving metformin's role in epilepsy and special conditions like tuberous sclerosis have been reviewed in this paper. The putative mechanisms of epileptogenesis modulation through the use of metformin are also summarised. RESULTS This review found the efficacy of metformin in different seizure models including genetic knockout model, chemical induced, and kindling models. Only one clinical study of metformin in tuberous sclerosis has shown a reduction in seizure frequency and tumor volume compared to placebo. The suggested mechanisms of metformin relevant to epileptogenesis modulation mainly encompass AMPK activation, mTOR inhibition, protection against blood-brain-barrier disruption, inhibition of neuronal apoptosis, and reduction of oxidative stress. In addition to seizure protection, metformin has a potential role in attenuating adverse effects associated with epilepsy and ASMs such as cognition and memory impairment. CONCLUSION Metformin has shown promising utility in epilepsy management and epileptogenesis modulation. The evidence in this review substantiates the need for a robust clinical trial to explore the efficacy and safety of metformin in persons with epilepsy.
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Bisphenol a Induces Autophagy Defects and AIF-Dependent Apoptosis via HO-1 and AMPK to Degenerate N2a Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010948. [PMID: 34681608 PMCID: PMC8535739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an environmental contaminant widely suspected to be a neurological toxicant. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated close links between BPA exposure, pathogenetic brain degeneration, and altered neurobehaviors, considering BPA a risk factor for cognitive dysfunction. However, the mechanisms of BPA resulting in neurodegeneration remain unclear. Herein, cultured N2a neurons were subjected to BPA treatment, and neurotoxicity was assessed using neuronal viability and differentiation assays. Signaling cascades related to cellular self-degradation were also evaluated. BPA decreased cell viability and axon outgrowth (e.g., by down-regulating MAP2 and GAP43), thus confirming its role as a neurotoxicant. BPA induced neurotoxicity by down-regulating Bcl-2 and initiating apoptosis and autophagy flux inhibition (featured by nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), light chain 3B (LC3B) aggregation, and p62 accumulation). Both heme oxygenase (HO)-1 and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) up-regulated/activated by BPA mediated the molecular signalings involved in apoptosis and autophagy. HO-1 inhibition or AIF silencing effectively reduced BPA-induced neuronal death. Although BPA elicited intracellular oxygen free radical production, ROS scavenger NAC exerted no effect against BPA insults. These results suggest that BPA induces N2a neurotoxicity characterized by AIF-dependent apoptosis and p62-related autophagy defects via HO-1 up-regulation and AMPK activation, thereby resulting in neuronal degeneration.
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Wei Y, Ni L, Pan J, Li X, Xu B, Deng Y, Yang T, Liu W. The Roles of Oxidative Stress in Regulating Autophagy in Methylmercury-induced Neurotoxicity. Neuroscience 2021; 469:175-190. [PMID: 34174372 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a potential neurotoxin that is highly toxic to the human central nervous system. Although MeHg neurotoxicity has been widely studied, the mechanism of MeHg neurotoxicity has not yet been fully elucidated. Some research evidence suggests that oxidative stress and autophagy are important molecular mechanisms of MeHg-induced neurotoxicity. Researchers have widely accepted that oxidative stress regulates the autophagy pathway. The current study reviews the activation of Nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor (Nrf2)-related oxidative stress pathways and autophagy signaling pathways in the case of MeHg neurotoxicity. In addition, autophagy mainly plays a role in the neurotoxicity of MeHg through mTOR-dependent and mTOR-independent autophagy signaling pathways. Finally, the regulation of autophagy by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Nrf2 in MeHg neurotoxicity was explored in this review, providing a new concept for the study of the neurotoxicity mechanism of MeHg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Wei
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Linlin Ni
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Jingjing Pan
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Tianyao Yang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China.
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Targeting impaired nutrient sensing with repurposed therapeutics to prevent or treat age-related cognitive decline and dementia: A systematic review. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101302. [PMID: 33609776 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dementia is a debilitating syndrome that significantly impacts individuals over the age of 65 years. There are currently no disease-modifying treatments for dementia. Impairment of nutrient sensing pathways has been implicated in the pathogenesis of dementia, and may offer a novel treatment approach for dementia. AIMS This systematic review collates all available evidence for Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapeutics that modify nutrient sensing in the context of preventing cognitive decline or improving cognition in ageing, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia populations. METHODS PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases were searched using key search terms focusing on available therapeutics such as 'metformin', 'GLP1', 'insulin' and the dementias including 'Alzheimer's disease' and 'Parkinson's disease'. Articles were screened using Covidence systematic review software (Veritas Health Innovation, Melbourne, Australia). The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool v 2.0 for human studies and SYRCLE's risk of bias tool for animal studies. RESULTS Out of 2619 articles, 114 were included describing 31 different 'modulation of nutrient sensing pathway' therapeutics, 13 of which specifically were utilized in human interventional trials for normal ageing or dementia. Growth hormone secretagogues improved cognitive outcomes in human mild cognitive impairment, and potentially normal ageing populations. In animals, all investigated therapeutic classes exhibited some cognitive benefits in dementia models. While the risk of bias was relatively low in human studies, this risk in animal studies was largely unclear. CONCLUSIONS Modulation of nutrient sensing pathway therapeutics, particularly growth hormone secretagogues, have the potential to improve cognitive outcomes. Overall, there is a clear lack of translation from animal models to human populations.
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Habieb ME, Mohamed MA, El Gamal DM, Hawas AM, Mohamed TM. Anti-aging effect of DL-β-hydroxybutyrate against hepatic cellular senescence induced by D-galactose or γ-irradiation via autophagic flux stimulation in male rats. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2020; 92:104288. [PMID: 33147533 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2020.104288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to shed new light on anti-aging effect of DL-β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB) against hepatic cellular senescence induced by d-galactose or γ-irradiation. The rats divided into 6 groups. Group 1, control, group 2, exposed to γ-ray (5 GY), group 3, injected by d-galactose (150 mg/kg) daily for consecutive 6 weeks, which regarded to induce the aging, group 4, injected intraperitoneal by β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB) (72.8 mg/kg) daily for consecutive 14 days, group 5, exposed to γ-ray then treated with βOHB daily for consecutive 14 days, group 6, injected daily with d-galactose for consecutive 6 weeks, then treated with βOHB daily at the last two weeks of d-galactose. Aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), Insulin, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were estimated in serum. Moreover, protein expression of Microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3-II/LC3-I) ratio, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), pAMPK, mRNA gene expression of 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Nucleoporin p62 (p62), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1(P21CIP1), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (p16INK4a) and DNA fragmentation percentage were measured in liver tissue as a biomarker of cellular senescence. The results confirmed that βOHB modulated serum level of AST, ALT, insulin, IL-6 and TNF-α, protein expression of mTOR and LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, pAMPK and p62 in liver aging model induced by d-galactose or γ-irradiation. Histopathological examination results of liver tissue indicated coincidence with those recorded by molecular biochemical inspection. Taken together, these findings suggest that βOHB may be useful in combating hepatic cellular senescence induced by d-galactose or γ-irradiation via autophagy dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Habieb
- Drug Radiation Research Dept., National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box, 29 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - M A Mohamed
- Drug Radiation Research Dept., National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box, 29 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - D M El Gamal
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Dept., Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - A M Hawas
- Drug Radiation Research Dept., National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box, 29 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - T M Mohamed
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Dept., Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt
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12
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Role of metformin in various pathologies: state-of-the-art microcapsules for improving its pharmacokinetics. Ther Deliv 2020; 11:733-753. [PMID: 32967584 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2020-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin was originally derived from a botanical ancestry and became the most prescribed, first-line therapy for Type 2 diabetes in most countries. In the last century, metformin was discovered twice for its antiglycemic properties in addition to its antimalarial and anti-influenza effects. Metformin exhibits flip-flop pharmacokinetics with limited oral bioavailability. This review outlines metformin pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and recent advances in polymeric particulate delivery systems as a potential tool to target metformin delivery to specific tissues/organs. This interesting biguanide is being rediscovered this century for multiple clinical indications as anticancer, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer's and much more. Microparticulate delivery systems of metformin may improve its oral bioavailability and optimize the therapeutic goals expected.
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13
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Cespedes A, Villa M, Benito-Cuesta I, Perez-Alvarez MJ, Ordoñez L, Wandosell F. Energy-Sensing Pathways in Ischemia: The Counterbalance Between AMPK and mTORC. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:4763-4770. [PMID: 31820693 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191210152156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is an important cause of death and disability, and it is the second leading cause of death worldwide. In humans, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) is the most common cause of ischemic stroke. The damage occurs due to the lack of nutrients and oxygen contributed by the blood flow. The present review aims to analyze to what extent the lack of each of the elements of the system leads to damage and which mechanisms are unaffected by this deficiency. We believe that the specific analysis of the effect of lack of each component could lead to the emergence of new therapeutic targets for this important brain pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Cespedes
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa". CSIC-UAM. Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Research Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics - Tolima University, Santa Helena - 730006299, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Mario Villa
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa". CSIC-UAM. Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biología (Fisiología Animal). Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. C/Darwin 2. 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Benito-Cuesta
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa". CSIC-UAM. Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Perez-Alvarez
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa". CSIC-UAM. Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biología (Fisiología Animal). Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. C/Darwin 2. 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lara Ordoñez
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa". CSIC-UAM. Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Wandosell
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa". CSIC-UAM. Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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14
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Wang L, Xiong X, Zhang X, Ye Y, Jian Z, Gao W, Gu L. Sodium Tanshinone IIA Sulfonate Protects Against Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting Autophagy and Inflammation. Neuroscience 2020; 441:46-57. [PMID: 32505745 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS) can protect against brain damage induced by stroke. However, the neural protection mechanism of STS remains unclear. We investigated whether STS performs its protective function by suppressing autophagy and inflammatory activity during brain injury. We established a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) model by blocking the left middle cerebral artery with a thread inserted through the internal carotid artery for 1 h, followed by reperfusion for 48 h either with or without STS and the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA). Neuroprotective effects were determined by evaluating infarction, brain edema, and neurological deficits. The numbers of microglia-derived macrophages, monocyte-derived microglia, T cells, and B cells in the brains were measured, based on the surface marker analyses of CD45, CD11b, B220, CD3, and CD4 using fluorescence-assisted cell sorting. STS (10, 20, 40 mg/kg) was able to significantly reduce infarct volumes, improve neurological deficits, and reduce brain water contents. STS treatment reduced neuroinflammation, as assessed by the infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils, corresponding with reduced numbers of macrophages, T cells, and B cells in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) brains. In addition, STS treatment also attenuated the upregulation of autophagy associated proteins, such as LC3-II, Beclin-1 and Sirt 6, which was induced by MCAO. These results demonstrated that STS can provide remarkable protection against ischemic stroke, possibly via the inhibition of autophagy and inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, P.O. Box 430060, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, P.O. Box 430060, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, P.O. Box 430060, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingze Ye
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, P.O. Box 430060, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, P.O. Box 430060, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenwei Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, P.O. Box 430060, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, China.
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, P.O. Box 430060, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, China.
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15
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Wilkaniec A, Cieślik M, Murawska E, Babiec L, Gąssowska-Dobrowolska M, Pałasz E, Jęśko H, Adamczyk A. P2X7 Receptor is Involved in Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induced by Extracellular Alpha Synuclein in Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113959. [PMID: 32486485 PMCID: PMC7312811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) belongs to a family of trimeric ion channels that are gated by extracellular adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP). Several studies have pointed to a role of P2X7R-dependent signalling in Parkinson's disease (PD)-related neurodegeneration. The pathology of (PD) is characterized by the formation of insoluble alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregates—Lewy bodies, but the mechanisms underlying α-Syn-induced dopaminergic cell death are still partially unclear. Our previous studies indicate that extracellular α-Syn directly interact with neuronal P2X7R and induces intracellular free calcium mobilization in neuronal cells. The main objective of this study was to examine the involvement of P2X7R receptor in α-Syn-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. We found that P2X7R stimulation is responsible for α-Syn-induced oxidative stress and activation of the molecular pathways of programmed cell death. Exogenous α-Syn treatment led to P2X7R-dependent decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential as well as elevation of mitochondrial ROS production resulting in breakdown of cellular energy production. Moreover, P2X7R-dependent deregulation of AMP-activated protein kinase as well as decrease in parkin protein level could be responsible for α-Syn-induced mitophagy impairment and accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria. P2X7R might be putative pharmacological targets in molecular mechanism of extracellular α-Syn toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wilkaniec
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (L.B.); (M.G.-D.); (E.P.); (H.J.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-608-66-00; Fax: +48-22-608-64-13
| | - Magdalena Cieślik
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (L.B.); (M.G.-D.); (E.P.); (H.J.); (A.A.)
| | - Emilia Murawska
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Warsaw University, Miecznikowa 1 Street, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Lidia Babiec
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (L.B.); (M.G.-D.); (E.P.); (H.J.); (A.A.)
| | - Magdalena Gąssowska-Dobrowolska
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (L.B.); (M.G.-D.); (E.P.); (H.J.); (A.A.)
| | - Ewelina Pałasz
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (L.B.); (M.G.-D.); (E.P.); (H.J.); (A.A.)
| | - Henryk Jęśko
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (L.B.); (M.G.-D.); (E.P.); (H.J.); (A.A.)
| | - Agata Adamczyk
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (L.B.); (M.G.-D.); (E.P.); (H.J.); (A.A.)
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16
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Jin BR, An HJ. Baicalin alleviates benign prostate hyperplasia through androgen-dependent apoptosis. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:2142-2155. [PMID: 32018227 PMCID: PMC7041748 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BPH is a disease prevalent among elderly men that is characterized by abnormal proliferation of prostatic epithelial and stromal tissues. No effective treatment exists for BPH owing to lack of a clear understanding of its molecular etiology. Although several studies have reported therapeutic effects of baicalin against numerous diseases, including prostate cancer, its beneficial effects on BPH have not yet been explored. The present study investigated the therapeutic effects of baicalin on the development of BPH and its mechanism of action. We established a testosterone-treated BPH animal model and DHT-stimulated prostate cell lines, including RWPE-1 and WPMY-1. Administration of baicalin ameliorated the pathological prostate enlargement, suppressed the production of DHT, and inhibited the activity of 5α- reductase Type II in the animal model. BC exerted these effects via its anti-proliferative effects by restoring the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, activating caspase-3 and caspase-8, and inducing the phosphorylation of AMPK. In vitro studies using DHT-stimulated prostate cells demonstrated an up-regulation of BPH-related and proliferation markers, whereas baicalin clearly reduced the overexpression of AR, PSA, PCNA, and Bcl-2. These results suggested that baicalin could suppress androgen-dependent development of BPH both in vivo and in vitro by inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ram Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju-si 26339, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin An
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju-si 26339, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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17
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Honda S, Arakawa S, Yamaguchi H, Torii S, Tajima Sakurai H, Tsujioka M, Murohashi M, Shimizu S. Association Between Atg5-independent Alternative Autophagy and Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:2622-2632. [PMID: 31978398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular process that degrades intracellular components, including misfolded proteins and damaged organelles. Many neurodegenerative diseases are considered to progress via the accumulation of misfolded proteins and damaged organelles; therefore, autophagy functions in regulating disease severity. There are at least two types of autophagy (canonical autophagy and alternative autophagy), and canonical autophagy has been applied to therapeutic strategies against various types of neurodegenerative diseases. In contrast, the role of alternative autophagy has not yet been clarified, but it is speculated to be involved in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Honda
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Satoko Arakawa
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yamaguchi
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Satoru Torii
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hajime Tajima Sakurai
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masatsune Tsujioka
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Michiko Murohashi
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Shigeomi Shimizu
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
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18
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Human prion protein-mediated calcineurin activation induces neuron cell death via AMPK and autophagy pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 119:105680. [PMID: 31866508 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.105680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is usually accepted that prion proteins induce apoptosis in nerve cells. However, the mechanisms of PrPSc-neurotoxicity are not completely clear. Calcineurin is a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase. It activates autophagy, and may represent a link between deregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis and neuronal cell death. In this study, the effect of calcineurin activation mediated by human prion protein induced neuronal cell death via AMPK dephosphorylation and autophagy, was investigated. Synthetic peptides of PrP (PrP 106-126) increased calcineurin activity, without changing the levels of this protein phosphatase. Furthermore, these peptides reduced the levels of AMPK phosphorylation at threonine residue 172 and in autophagy activation. Calcineurin inhibitor, FK506, prevented this effect. The data showed that PrP-treated neurons had lower levels of AMPK than control neurons. This decrease in AMPK levels was matched via activation of autophagy. FK506 prevented the changes in AMPK and autophagy levels induced by PrP peptides. Taken together, the data demonstrated that prion peptides triggered an apoptotic cascade via calcineurin activation, which mediated AMPK dephosphorylation and autophagy activation. Therefore, these data suggest that therapeutic strategies targeting calcineurin inhibition might facilitate the management of neurodegenerative disorders including prion disease.
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19
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Bykov VN, Grebenyuk AN, Ushakov IB. The Use of Radioprotective Agents to Prevent Effects Associated with Aging. BIOL BULL+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359019120021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Kim SH, Yu HS, Park S, Park HG, Ahn YM, Kang UG, Kim YS. Electroconvulsive Seizures Induce Autophagy by Activating the AMPK Signaling Pathway in the Rat Frontal Cortex. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 23:42-52. [PMID: 31678999 PMCID: PMC7442404 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyz055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is uncertain how electroconvulsive therapy-induced generalized seizures exert their potent therapeutic effects on various neuropsychiatric disorders. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a major role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis and activates autophagic processes via unc-51-like kinase (ULK1). Evidence supports the involvement of autophagy system in the action mechanisms of antidepressants and antipsychotics. The effect of electroconvulsive therapy on autophagy-related signaling requires further clarification. METHODS The effect of electroconvulsive seizure on autophagy and its association with the AMPK signaling pathway were investigated in the rat frontal cortex. Electroconvulsive seizure was provided once per day for 10 days (E10X), and compound C or 3-methyadenine was administered through an intracerebroventricular cannula. Molecular changes were analyzed with immunoblot, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy analyses. RESULTS E10X increased p-Thr172-AMPKα immunoreactivity in rat frontal cortex neurons. E10X increased phosphorylation of upstream effectors of AMPK, such as LKB1, CaMKK, and TAK1, and of its substrates, ACC, HMGR, and GABABR2. E10X also increased p-Ser317-ULK1 immunoreactivity. At the same time, LC3-II and ATG5-ATG12 conjugate immunoreactivity increased, indicating activation of autophagy. An intracerebroventricular injection of the AMPK inhibitor compound C attenuated the electroconvulsive seizure-induced increase in ULK1 phosphorylation as well as the protein levels of LC3-II and Atg5-Atg12 conjugate. Transmission electron microscopy clearly showed an increased number of autophagosomes in the rat frontal cortex after E10X, which was reduced by intracerebroventricular treatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyadenine and compound C. CONCLUSIONS Repeated electroconvulsive seizure treatments activated in vivo autophagy in the rat frontal cortex through the AMPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sook Yu
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Park
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Geun Park
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Min Ahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ung Gu Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sik Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Correspondence: Yong Sik Kim, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, 68 Hangeulbiseok-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01830, Republic of Korea ()
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21
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Ramalingam M, Huh YJ, Lee YI. The Impairments of α-Synuclein and Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin in Rotenone-Induced SH-SY5Y Cells and Mice Model of Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1028. [PMID: 31611767 PMCID: PMC6769080 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by selective degeneration of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). α-synuclein (α-syn) is known to regulate mitochondrial function and both PINK1 and Parkin have been shown to eliminate damaged mitochondria in PD. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is expressed in several distinct subcellular compartments and mediates the effects of nutrients, growth factors, and stress on cell growth. However, the contributions of these various regulators to DAergic cell death have been demonstrated mainly in culture with serum, which is known to dramatically influence endogenous growth rate and toxin susceptibility through nutrient and growth factor signaling. Therefore, we compared neurotoxicity induced by the mitochondrial inhibitor rotenone (ROT, 5 or 10 μM for 24 h) in SH-SY5Y cells cultured with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% FBS, or 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA, serum-free). In addition, C57BL/6J mice were injected with 12 μg ROT into the right striatum, and brains examined by histology and Western blotting 2 weeks later for evidence of DAergic cell death and the underlying signaling mechanisms. ROT dose-dependently reduced SH-SY5Y cell viability in all serum groups without a significant effect of serum concentration. ROT injection also significantly reduced immunoreactivity for the DAergic cell marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in both the mouse striatum and SNpc. Western blotting revealed that ROT inhibited TH and Parkin expression while increasing α-syn and PINK1 expression in both SH-SY5Y cells and injected mice, consistent with disruption of mitochondrial function. Moreover, expression levels of the mTOR signaling pathway components mTORC, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), ULK1, and ATG13 were altered in ROT-induced PD. Further, serum level influenced mTOR signaling in the absence of ROT and the changes in response to ROT. Signs of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and altered expression of tethering proteins mediating mitochondria-associated ER contacts (MAMs) were also altered concomitant with ROT-induced neurodegeneration. Taken together, this study demonstrates that complex mechanism involving mitochondrial dysfunction, altered mTOR nutrient-sensing pathways, ER stress, and disrupted MAM protein dynamics are involved in DAergic neurodegeneration in response to ROT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yun-Il Lee
- Well Aging Research Center, DGIST, Daegu, South Korea
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22
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Ding Y, Kong D, Zhou T, Yang ND, Xin C, Xu J, Wang Q, Zhang H, Wu Q, Lu X, Lim K, Ma B, Zhang C, Li L, Huang W. α-Arbutin Protects Against Parkinson's Disease-Associated Mitochondrial Dysfunction In Vitro and In Vivo. Neuromolecular Med 2019; 22:56-67. [PMID: 31401719 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-019-08562-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. The underlying mechanisms of PD pathogenesis have not been fully illustrated and currently PD remains incurable. Accumulating evidences suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction plays pivotal role in the dopaminergic neuronal death. Therefore, discovery of novel and safe agent for rescuing mitochondrial dysfunction would benefit PD treatment. Here we demonstrated for the first time that α-Arbutin (Arb), a natural polyphenol extracted from Ericaceae species, displayed significant protective effect on the rotenone (Rot)-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis of human neuroblastoma cell (SH-SY5Y). We further found that the neuroprotective effect of Arb was associated with ameliorating oxidative stress, stabilizing of mitochondrial membrane potential, and enhancing adenosine triphosphate production. To investigate the underlying mechanism, we checked the AMP-activated protein kinase and autophagy pathway and we found that both were involved in the neuroprotection of Arb. Moreover, we explored the protective effect of Arb in drosophila PD model and found that Arb rescued parkin deficiency-induced motor function disability and mitochondrial abnormality of drosophila. Taken together, our study demonstrated that Arb got excellent neuroprotective effect on PD models both in vitro and in vivo and Arb might serve as a potent therapeutic agent for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Deqin Kong
- Department of Toxicology, The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, School of Public Health, The Medical University of Air Force, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Nai-di Yang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenqi Xin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Kahleong Lim
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Bo Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengwu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.,Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, People's Republic of China
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23
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Bisulli F, Muccioli L, d'Orsi G, Canafoglia L, Freri E, Licchetta L, Mostacci B, Riguzzi P, Pondrelli F, Avolio C, Martino T, Michelucci R, Tinuper P. Treatment with metformin in twelve patients with Lafora disease. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:149. [PMID: 31227012 PMCID: PMC6588886 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lafora disease (LD) is a rare, lethal, progressive myoclonus epilepsy for which no targeted therapy is currently available. Studies on a mouse model of LD showed a good response to metformin, a drug with a well known neuroprotective effect. For this reason, in 2016, the European Medicines Agency granted orphan designation to metformin for the treatment of LD. However, no clinical data is available thus far. Methods We retrospectively collected data on LD patients treated with metformin referred to three Italian epilepsy centres. Results Twelve patients with genetically confirmed LD (6 EPM2A, 6 NHLRC1) at middle/late stages of disease were treated with add-on metformin for a mean period of 18 months (range: 6–36). Metformin was titrated to a mean maintenance dose of 1167 mg/day (range: 500–2000 mg). In four patients dosing was limited by gastrointestinal side-effects. No serious adverse events occurred. Three patients had a clinical response, which was temporary in two, characterized by a reduction of seizure frequency and global clinical improvement. Conclusions Metformin was overall safe in our small cohort of LD patients. Even though the clinical outcome was poor, this may be related to the advanced stage of disease in our cases and we cannot exclude a role of metformin in slowing down LD progression. Therefore, on the grounds of the preclinical data, we believe that treatment with metformin may be attempted as early as possible in the course of LD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bisulli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy. .,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Muccioli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe d'Orsi
- Epilepsy Centre, Clinic of Nervous System Diseases, University of Foggia, Ospedali Riuniti, Foggia, Italy
| | - Laura Canafoglia
- Department of Neurophysiology and Diagnostic Epileptology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Freri
- Pediatric Neurology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Licchetta
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Mostacci
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Riguzzi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Pondrelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Avolio
- Epilepsy Centre, Clinic of Nervous System Diseases, University of Foggia, Ospedali Riuniti, Foggia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Martino
- Epilepsy Centre, Clinic of Nervous System Diseases, University of Foggia, Ospedali Riuniti, Foggia, Italy
| | - Roberto Michelucci
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Tinuper
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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24
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Hou K, Xu D, Li F, Chen S, Li Y. The progress of neuronal autophagy in cerebral ischemia stroke: Mechanisms, roles and research methods. J Neurol Sci 2019; 400:72-82. [PMID: 30904689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence indicating that autophagy may be a new target in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Moderate autophagy can clear damaged organelles, thereby protecting cells against various injuries. However, long-term excessive autophagy brings redundant degradation of cell contents, leading to cell death and eventually serious damage to tissues and organs. A number of different animal models of ischemic brain injury shows that autophagy is activated and involved in the regulation of neuronal death during ischemic brain injury. This article summarizes the role of autophagy, its underlying regulators and mechanisms in ischemic neuronal injury. We briefly introduce the relationship between apoptosis and autophagy and give a summary of research methods and modulators of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Dan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Fengyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Shijie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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25
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Atef MM, El-Sayed NM, Ahmed AAM, Mostafa YM. Donepezil improves neuropathy through activation of AMPK signalling pathway in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 159:1-10. [PMID: 30414938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus and is associated with structural changes in the nerves. However, the molecular basis for DN is poorly understood. Adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been shown to regulate the activity of some kinases including protein kinase B (AKT), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) that represent important signalling pathways modulating the function of peripheral nociceptive neuron. Donepezil can activate AMPK and exerts neuroprotective effects. In this study, streptozotocin (45 mg/kg for 5 Day, i.p.) was used to induce experimental DN. After confirmation of development of neuropathy, mice were randomly distributed into five groups: Group 1; negative control group received saline (0.9%NaCl), Group 2; diabetic mice received saline, Group (3-5); diabetic mice received daily donepezil (1, 2 or 4 mg/kg, p.o.) respectively for 20 days. Mice were then sacrificed under anesthesia then their sciatic nerve and spinal cord were dissected out and processed for biochemical and histopathological studies. Diabetic mice revealed severe histological abnormalities including degenerated neurons in the spinal cord and swollen myelin sheath with inflammatory edema observed in sciatic nerves. In addition, diabetic mice showed reduced expression of p-AMPK in sciatic nerves with consequent activation of AKT/MAPK/4EBP1. A significant upregulation of the N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in both cervical and lumbar regions of spinal cord of diabetic mice was also demonstrated. Donepezil, an AMPK activator, blocked the phosphorylation of AKT/MAPK/4EBP1, down regulate the expression of NMDA receptors and reversed hyperalgesia developed in diabetic mice. Therefore, Donepezil could be a potential pharmacological agent for management of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norhan M El-Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
| | - Amal A M Ahmed
- Department of Cytology & Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Yasser M Mostafa
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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26
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The protective effect of metformin against the noise-induced hearing loss. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 275:2957-2966. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-018-5161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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27
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AMPK is activated early in cerebellar granule cells undergoing apoptosis and influences VADC1 phosphorylation status and activity. Apoptosis 2018. [PMID: 28643197 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-017-1389-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The neurodegeneration of cerebellar granule cells, after low potassium induced apoptosis, is known to be temporally divided into an early and a late phase. Voltage-dependent anion channel-1 (VDAC1) protein, changing from the closed inactive state to the active open state, is central to the switch between the early and late phase. It is also known that: (i) VDAC1 can undergo phosphorylation events and (ii) AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), the sensor of cellular stress, may have a role in neuronal homeostasis. In the view of this, the involvement of AMPK activation and its correlation with VDAC1 status and activity has been investigated in the course of cerebellar granule cells apoptosis. The results reported in this study show that an increased level of the phosphorylated, active, isoform of AMPK occurs in the early phase, peaks at 3 h and guarantees an increase in the phosphorylation status of VDCA1, resulting in a reduced activity of this latter. However this situation is transient in nature, since, in the late phase, AMPK activation decreases as well as the level of phosphorylated VDAC1. In a less phosphorylated status, VDAC1 fully recovers its gating activity and drives cells along the death route.
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28
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Trpm2 Ablation Accelerates Protein Aggregation by Impaired ADPR and Autophagic Clearance in the Brain. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3819-3832. [PMID: 30215158 PMCID: PMC6477016 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
TRPM2 a cation channel is also known to work as an enzyme that hydrolyzes highly reactive, neurotoxic ADP-ribose (ADPR). Although ADPR is hydrolyzed by NUT9 pyrophosphatase in major organs, the enzyme is defective in the brain. The present study questions the role of TRPM2 in the catabolism of ADPR in the brain. Genetic ablation of Trpm2 results in the disruption of ADPR catabolism that leads to the accumulation of ADPR and reduction in AMP. Trpm2−/− mice elicit the reduction in autophagosome formation in the hippocampus. Trpm2−/− mice also show aggregations of proteins in the hippocampus, aberrant structural changes and neuronal connections in synapses, and neuronal degeneration. Trpm2−/− mice exhibit learning and memory impairment, enhanced neuronal intrinsic excitability, and imbalanced synaptic transmission. These results respond to long-unanswered questions regarding the potential role of the enzymatic function of TRPM2 in the brain, whose dysfunction evokes protein aggregation. In addition, the present finding answers to the conflicting reports such as neuroprotective or neurodegenerative phenotypes observed in Trpm2−/− mice.
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29
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Cai M, Yang EJ. Gamisoyo-San Ameliorates Neuroinflammation in the Spinal Cord of hSOD1 G93A Transgenic Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:5897817. [PMID: 30046279 PMCID: PMC6036813 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5897817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive disorder, causes motor neuron degeneration and neuromuscular synapse denervation. Because this is a complex disease, there are no effective drugs for the treatment of patients with ALS. For example, riluzole is used in many countries but has many side effects and only increases the lifespan of patients by approximately 2-3 months. Therefore, patients with ALS often turn to complementary and alternative medicine, such as acupuncture, homeopathy, and herbal medicine, with the hope and belief of recovery, despite the lack of definite evidence on the efficacy of these methods. Gamisoyo-San (GSS), a herbal medicine known to improve health, has been used for stress-related neuropsychological disorders, including anorexia, in Asian countries, such as China, Korea, and Japan. To evaluate the effects of GSS on the spinal cord, we investigated the expression of neuroinflammatory and metabolic proteins in symptomatic hSOD1G93A mice. We observed that GSS reduces the expression of glial markers, including those for microglia and astrocytes, and prevents neuronal loss. Moreover, we found that GSS inhibits the expression of proteins related to Toll-like receptor 4 signaling and oxidative stress, known to cause neuroinflammation. Notably, GSS also regulates metabolism in the spinal cord of transgenic mice. These results suggest that GSS could be used for improving the immune system and increasing the life quality of patients with ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- MuDan Cai
- Department of Clinical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Department of Clinical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
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30
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Fujikake N, Shin M, Shimizu S. Association Between Autophagy and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:255. [PMID: 29872373 PMCID: PMC5972210 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a phylogenetically conserved mechanism that controls the degradation of subcellular constituents, including misfolded proteins, and damaged organelles. The progression of many neurodegenerative diseases is thought to be driven by the aggregation of misfolded proteins; therefore, autophagic activity is thought to affect disease severity to some extent. In some neurodegenerative diseases, the suppression of autophagic activity accelerates disease progression. Given that the induction of autophagy can potentially mitigate disease severity, various autophagy-inducing compounds have been developed and their efficacy has been evaluated in several rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases.
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31
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Karimipour M, Shojaei Zarghani S, Mohajer Milani M, Soraya H. Pre-Treatment with Metformin in Comparison with Post-Treatment Reduces Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Induced Injuries in Rats. Bull Emerg Trauma 2018; 6:115-121. [PMID: 29719841 DOI: 10.29252/beat-060205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the effects of pre versus post ischemic treatment with metformin after global cerebral ischemia in rats. Methods Male Wister rats underwent forebrain ischemia by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion for 17 min. Metformin (200 mg/kg) or vehicle was given orally by gavage for 7-14 days. Rats were divided into: control, metformin pre-treatment, metformin post-treatment and metformin pre and post continuous treatment groups. Cerebral infarct size, histopathology, myeloperoxidase and serum malondialdehyde were measured 7 days after ischemia. Results Histopathological analysis showed that metformin pre-treatment significantly decreased leukocyte infiltration, myeloperoxidase activity and also malondialdehyde level. Metformin pre-treatment and metformin post-treatment reduced infarct size compared with the control group, but it was not significant in the pre and post continuous treatment group. Conclusion Our findings suggest that pre-treatment with metformin in comparison with post-treatment in experimental stroke can reduce the extent of brain damage and is more neuroprotective at least in part by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Karimipour
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Sara Shojaei Zarghani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Soraya
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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32
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Martorana F, Gaglio D, Bianco MR, Aprea F, Virtuoso A, Bonanomi M, Alberghina L, Papa M, Colangelo AM. Differentiation by nerve growth factor (NGF) involves mechanisms of crosstalk between energy homeostasis and mitochondrial remodeling. Cell Death Dis 2018. [PMID: 29523844 PMCID: PMC5844953 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0429-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal differentiation involves extensive modification of biochemical and morphological properties to meet novel functional requirements. Reorganization of the mitochondrial network to match the higher energy demand plays a pivotal role in this process. Mechanisms of neuronal differentiation in response to nerve growth factor (NGF) have been largely characterized in terms of signaling, however, little is known about its impact on mitochondrial remodeling and metabolic function. In this work, we show that NGF-induced differentiation requires the activation of autophagy mediated by Atg9b and Ambra1, as it is disrupted by their genetic knockdown and by autophagy blockers. NGF differentiation involves the induction of P-AMPK and P-CaMK, and is prevented by their pharmacological inhibition. These molecular events correlate with modifications of energy and redox homeostasis, as determined by ATP and NADPH changes, higher oxygen consumption (OCR) and ROS production. Our data indicate that autophagy aims to clear out exhausted mitochondria, as determined by enhanced localization of p62 and Lysotracker-red to mitochondria. In addition, we newly demonstrate that NGF differentiation is accompanied by increased mitochondrial remodeling involving higher levels of fission (P-Drp1) and fusion proteins (Opa1 and Mfn2), as well as induction of Sirt3 and the transcription factors mtTFA and PPARγ, which regulate mitochondria biogenesis and metabolism to sustain increased mitochondrial mass, potential, and bioenergetics. Overall, our data indicate a new NGF-dependent mechanism involving mitophagy and extensive mitochondrial remodeling, which plays a key role in both neurogenesis and nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Martorana
- Laboratory of Neuroscience "R. Levi-Montalcini", Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milano, Italy.,SYSBIO.IT, Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniela Gaglio
- SYSBIO.IT, Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Bianco
- Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Network, Department of Public Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Federica Aprea
- Laboratory of Neuroscience "R. Levi-Montalcini", Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milano, Italy.,SYSBIO.IT, Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Assunta Virtuoso
- Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Network, Department of Public Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Marcella Bonanomi
- SYSBIO.IT, Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Lilia Alberghina
- Laboratory of Neuroscience "R. Levi-Montalcini", Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milano, Italy.,SYSBIO.IT, Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.,NeuroMI Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Michele Papa
- SYSBIO.IT, Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.,Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Network, Department of Public Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Colangelo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience "R. Levi-Montalcini", Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milano, Italy. .,SYSBIO.IT, Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy. .,NeuroMI Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
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33
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Perez-Alvarez MJ, Villa Gonzalez M, Benito-Cuesta I, Wandosell FG. Role of mTORC1 Controlling Proteostasis after Brain Ischemia. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:60. [PMID: 29497356 PMCID: PMC5818460 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Intense efforts are being undertaken to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms triggered after brain ischemia and to develop effective pharmacological treatments. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are complex and not completely understood. One of the main problems is the fact that the ischemic damage is time-dependent and ranges from negligible to massive, involving different cell types such as neurons, astrocytes, microglia, endothelial cells, and some blood-derived cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes, etc.). Thus, approaching such a complicated cellular response generates a more complex combination of molecular mechanisms, in which cell death, cellular damage, stress and repair are intermixed. For this reason, animal and cellular model systems are needed in order to dissect and clarify which molecular mechanisms have to be promoted and/or blocked. Brain ischemia may be analyzed from two different perspectives: that of oxygen deprivation (hypoxic damage per se) and that of deprivation of glucose/serum factors. For investigations of ischemic stroke, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) is the preferred in vivo model, and uses two different approaches: transient (tMCAO), where reperfusion is permitted; or permanent (pMCAO). As a complement to this model, many laboratories expose different primary cortical neuron or neuronal cell lines to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). This ex vivo model permits the analysis of the impact of hypoxic damage and the specific response of different cell types implicated in vivo, such as neurons, glia or endothelial cells. Using in vivo and neuronal OGD models, it was recently established that mTORC1 (mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex-1), a protein complex downstream of PI3K-Akt pathway, is one of the players deregulated after ischemia and OGD. In addition, neuroprotective intervention either by estradiol or by specific AT2R agonists shows an important regulatory role for the mTORC1 activity, for instance regulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels. This evidence highlights the importance of understanding the role of mTORC1 in neuronal death/survival processes, as it could be a potential therapeutic target. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art of the complex kinase mTORC1 focusing in upstream and downstream pathways, their role in central nervous system and their relationship with autophagy, apoptosis and neuroprotection/neurodegeneration after ischemia/hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Perez-Alvarez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biología (Fisiología Animal), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Villa Gonzalez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biología (Fisiología Animal), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Benito-Cuesta
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco G Wandosell
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
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34
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Kim SH, Park S, Yu HS, Ko KH, Park HG, Kim YS. The antipsychotic agent clozapine induces autophagy via the AMPK-ULK1-Beclin1 signaling pathway in the rat frontal cortex. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 81:96-104. [PMID: 29079139 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Clozapine, a representative atypical antipsychotic, has superior efficacy compared to other antipsychotic agents and is used for the treatment of severe psychotic disorders. Therefore, studies on its mechanisms of action are important for understanding the mechanisms of therapeutic approaches to psychosis. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a serine-threonine kinase that plays a major role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Unc-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) and Beclin1 are downstream substrates of AMPK and activate the autophagic process. In this study, we examined the effects of clozapine on the AMPK-ULK1-Beclin1 signaling pathway and autophagy in the frontal cortex of the rat. Clozapine (10mg/kg) administration increased the immunoreactivity of p-Thr172-AMPKα in the rat frontal cortex at 1, 2, and 4h after injection, as we previously reported. The immunoreactivity of p-Ser317-ULK1 and p-Ser93-Beclin1 was also increased at 2 and 4h after clozapine injection. At the same time, the immunoreactivity of LC3-II and the Atg5-Atg12 conjugate, which indicate activation of autophagy, was increased. Transmission electron microscopy clearly showed an increase in autophagosome number in the rat frontal cortex at 2h after clozapine injection. To investigate the role of AMPK in clozapine-induced autophagy, the effects of intracerebroventricular injection of compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, were examined. Administration of compound C attenuated the clozapine-induced increase in ULK1 and Beclin1 phosphorylation, as well the protein levels of LC3-II and the Atg5-Atg12 conjugate in the frontal cortex. In summary, the results showed that clozapine activates autophagy through the AMPK-ULK1-Beclin1 signaling pathway in the frontal cortex of the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hyun Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Dongguk University International Hospital, Dongguk University Medical School, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Park
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Dongguk University International Hospital, Dongguk University Medical School, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sook Yu
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Ko
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Dongguk University International Hospital, Dongguk University Medical School, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Geun Park
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sik Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Dongguk University International Hospital, Dongguk University Medical School, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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Curry DW, Stutz B, Andrews ZB, Elsworth JD. Targeting AMPK Signaling as a Neuroprotective Strategy in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2018; 8:161-181. [PMID: 29614701 PMCID: PMC6004921 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-171296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. It is characterized by the accumulation of intracellular α-synuclein aggregates and the degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. While no treatment strategy has been proven to slow or halt the progression of the disease, there is mounting evidence from preclinical PD models that activation of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) may have broad neuroprotective effects. Numerous dietary supplements and pharmaceuticals (e.g., metformin) that increase AMPK activity are available for use in humans, but clinical studies of their effects in PD patients are limited. AMPK is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase that is activated by falling energy levels and functions to restore cellular energy balance. However, in response to certain cellular stressors, AMPK activation may exacerbate neuronal atrophy and cell death. This review describes the regulation and functions of AMPK, evaluates the controversies in the field, and assesses the potential of targeting AMPK signaling as a neuroprotective treatment for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Curry
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Bernardo Stutz
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Zane B Andrews
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, VIC, Australia
| | - John D Elsworth
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Shah SZA, Zhao D, Hussain T, Yang L. Role of the AMPK pathway in promoting autophagic flux via modulating mitochondrial dynamics in neurodegenerative diseases: Insight into prion diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 40:51-63. [PMID: 28903070 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are highly energy demanding cells dependent on the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system. Mitochondria generate energy via respiratory complexes that constitute the electron transport chain. Adenosine triphosphate depletion or glucose starvation act as a trigger for the activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is an evolutionarily conserved protein that plays an important role in cell survival and organismal longevity through modulation of energy homeostasis and autophagy. Several studies suggest that AMPK activation may improve energy metabolism and protein clearance in the brains of patients with vascular injury or neurodegenerative disease. Mild mitochondrial dysfunction leads to activated AMPK signaling, but severe endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to a shift from autophagy towards apoptosis and perturbed AMPK signaling. Hence, controlling mitochondrial dynamics and autophagic flux via AMPK activation might be a useful therapeutic strategy in neurodegenerative diseases to reinstate energy homeostasis and degrade misfolded proteins. In this review article, we discuss briefly the role of AMPK signaling in energy homeostasis, the structure of AMPK, activation mechanisms of AMPK, regulation of AMPK, the role of AMPK in autophagy, the role of AMPK in neurodegenerative diseases, and finally the role of autophagic flux in prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Zahid Ali Shah
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Deming Zhao
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tariq Hussain
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lifeng Yang
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Phillipson OT. Alpha-synuclein, epigenetics, mitochondria, metabolism, calcium traffic, & circadian dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. An integrated strategy for management. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 40:149-167. [PMID: 28986235 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The motor deficits which characterise the sporadic form of Parkinson's disease arise from age-related loss of a subset of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. Although motor symptoms respond to dopamine replacement therapies, the underlying disease process remains. This review details some features of the progressive molecular pathology and proposes deployment of a combination of nutrients: R-lipoic acid, acetyl-l-carnitine, ubiquinol, melatonin (or receptor agonists) and vitamin D3, with the collective potential to slow progression of these features. The main nutrient targets include impaired mitochondria and the associated oxidative/nitrosative stress, calcium stress and impaired gene transcription induced by pathogenic forms of alpha- synuclein. Benefits may be achieved via nutrient influence on epigenetic signaling pathways governing transcription factors for mitochondrial biogenesis, antioxidant defences and the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, via regulation of the metabolic energy sensor AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the mammalian target of rapamycin mTOR. Nutrients also benefit expression of the transcription factor for neuronal survival (NR4A2), trophic factors GDNF and BDNF, and age-related calcium signals. In addition a number of non-motor related dysfunctions in circadian control, clock genes and associated metabolic, endocrine and sleep-wake activity are briefly addressed, as are late-stage complications in respect of cognitive decline and osteoporosis. Analysis of the network of nutrient effects reveals how beneficial synergies may counter the accumulation and promote clearance of pathogenic alpha-synuclein.
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Apoorv TS, Karthik C, Babu PP. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is decreased in the mouse brain during experimental cerebral malaria. Neurosci Lett 2017; 662:290-294. [PMID: 29107705 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe form of malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum and P.vivax. CM affects the brain leading to coma and is the leading cause of death in malaria patients. The enzyme, adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), is an important metabolic sensor that helps in maintaining energy homeostasis during normal physiological as well as pathological conditions. In the present study, we studied the status of AMPK in the mouse model of CM. The C57BL/6 mice infected by rodent-specific P.berghei ANKA were used for the study. We found a statistically significant reduction in the gene expressions of Prkaa1 (α1 subunit) and Prkaa2 (α2 subunit) in the brains of CM mice compared to uninfected control. Also, there was a statistically significant reduction in the ratio of phospho-AMPK/AMPK protein levels in CM compared to uninfected control. There was no statistically significant decrease in phospho-ACC/ACC ratio in the brain compared to control. As AMPK is downregulated in CM, there is a possible involvement in neuronal cell death during CM pathogenesis, and therefore we feel that novel AMPK activating drugs might be helpful as an adjunctive therapy for conferring neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thittayil Suresh Apoorv
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500 046, Telangana State, India
| | - Chintanuri Karthik
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500 046, Telangana State, India
| | - Phanithi Prakash Babu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500 046, Telangana State, India.
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Galasso A, Cameron CS, Frenguelli BG, Moffat KG. An AMPK-dependent regulatory pathway in tau-mediated toxicity. Biol Open 2017; 6:1434-1444. [PMID: 28808138 PMCID: PMC5665459 DOI: 10.1242/bio.022863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative tauopathies are characterised by accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates primarily degraded by autophagy. The 5′AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is expressed in most cells, including neurons. Alongside its metabolic functions, it is also known to be activated in Alzheimer's brains, phosphorylate tau, and be a critical autophagy activator. Whether it plays a neurotoxic or neuroprotective role remains unclear. In tauopathies stress conditions can result in AMPK activation, enhancing tau-mediated toxicity. Paradoxically, in these cases AMPK activation does not always lead to protective autophagic responses. Using a Drosophila in vivo quantitative approach, we have analysed the impact of AMPK and autophagy on tau-mediated toxicity, recapitulating the AMPK-mediated tauopathy condition: increased tau phosphorylation, without corresponding autophagy activation. We have demonstrated that AMPK binding to and phosphorylating tau at Ser-262, a site reported to facilitate soluble tau accumulation, affects its degradation. This phosphorylation results in exacerbation of tau toxicity and is ameliorated via rapamycin-induced autophagy stimulation. Our findings support the development of combinatorial therapies effective at reducing tau toxicity targeting tau phosphorylation and AMPK-independent autophagic induction. The proposed in vivo tool represents an ideal readout to perform preliminary screening for drugs promoting this process. Summary: Dissection of the impact of AMPK and autophagy on tau-mediated toxicity by using an in vivo Drosophila tool as readout to perform preliminary drug screening supported by quantitative analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Galasso
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Charles S Cameron
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Kevin G Moffat
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Chiang MC, Nicol CJ, Cheng YC. Resveratrol activation of AMPK-dependent pathways is neuroprotective in human neural stem cells against amyloid-beta-induced inflammation and oxidative stress. Neurochem Int 2017; 115:1-10. [PMID: 28989083 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with progressive memory loss resulting in dementia. Amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides play a critical role in the pathogenesis of this disease, and are thought to promote inflammation and oxidative stress leading to neurodegeneration in the neocortex and hippocampus of the AD brains. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a master regulator of cellular energy homeostasis, and cell survival in response to inflammation and oxidative stress. However, the neuroprotective mechanisms by which AMPK achieves these beneficial effects in human neural stem cells (hNSCs) exposed to Aβ is still not well understood. Resveratrol is a potent activator of AMPK suggesting it may have therapeutic potential against AD. Therefore, we will test the hypothesis that the AMPK activator resveratrol protects against Aβ mediated neuronal impairment (inflammation and oxidative stress) in hNSCs. Here, Aβ-treated hNSCs had significantly decreased cell viability that correlated with increased TNF-α and IL-1β inflammatory cytokine expression. Co-treatment with resveratrol significantly abrogated the Aβ-mediated effects in hNSCs, and was effectively blocked by the addition of the AMPK-specific antagonist (Compound C). These results suggest the neuroprotective effects of resveratrol are mediated by an AMPK-dependent pathway. In addition, resveratrol rescued the transcript expression levels of inhibitory kappa B kinase (IKK) in Aβ-treated hNSCs. NF-κB is a transcription factor with a key role in the expression of a variety of genes involved in inflammatory responses. Resveratrol prevented the Aβ-mediated increases in NF-κB mRNA and protein levels, and its nuclear translocation in hNSCs. Co-treatment with resveratrol also significantly restored iNOS and COX-2 levels in Aβ-treated hNSCs. Furthermore, hNSCs co-treated with resveratrol were significantly rescued from Aβ-induced oxidative stress, which correlated with reversal of the Aβ-induced mRNA decrease in oxidative defense genes (SOD-1, NRF2, Gpx1, Catalase, GSH and HO-1). Taken together, these novel findings show that activation of AMPK-dependent signaling by resveratrol rescues Aβ-mediated neurotoxicity in hNSCs, and provides evidence supporting a neuroprotective role for AMPK activating drugs in Aβ-related diseases such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chang Chiang
- Department of Life Science, College of Science and Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242, Taiwan.
| | - Christopher J Nicol
- Departments of Pathology & Molecular Medicine and Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yi-Chuan Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao Yuan, 333, Taiwan
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Fan J, Yang X, Li J, Shu Z, Dai J, Liu X, Li B, Jia S, Kou X, Yang Y, Chen N. Spermidine coupled with exercise rescues skeletal muscle atrophy from D-gal-induced aging rats through enhanced autophagy and reduced apoptosis via AMPK-FOXO3a signal pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:17475-17490. [PMID: 28407698 PMCID: PMC5392263 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality control of skeletal muscle is a continuous requirement throughout the lifetime, although its functions and quality present as a declining trend during aging process. Dysfunctional or deficient autophagy and excessive apoptosis may contribute to the atrophy of senescent skeletal muscle. Spermidine, as a natural polyamine, can be involved in important cellular functions for lifespan extension and stress resistance in several model organisms through activating autophagy. Similarly, cellular autophagic responses to exercise have also been extensively investigated. In the present study, in order to confirm the mitigation or amelioration of skeletal muscle atrophy in aging rats through spermidine coupled with exercise intervention and explore corresponding mechanisms, the rat model with aging-related atrophy of skeletal muscle was established by intraperitoneal injection of D-galactose (D-gal) (200 mg/kgd), and model rats were subjected to the intervention with spermidine (5 mg/kgd) or swimming (60 min/d, 5 d/wk) or combination for 42 days. Spermidine coupled with exercise could attenuate D-gal-induced aging-related atrophy of skeletal muscle through induced autophagy and reduced apoptosis with characteristics of more autophagosomes, activated mitophagy, enhanced mitochondrial quality, alleviated cell shrinkage, and less swollen mitochondria under transmission scanning microscopic observation. Meanwhile, spermidine coupled with exercise could induce autophagy through activating AMPK-FOXO3a signal pathway with characterization of increased Beclin1 and LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, up-regulated anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, down-regulated pro-apoptotic Bax and caspase-3, as well as activated AMPK and FOXO3a. Therefore, spermidine combined with exercise can execute the prevention or treatment of D-gal-induced aging-related skeletal muscle atrophy through enhanced autophagy and reduced apoptosis mediated by AMPK-FOXO3a signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Fan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Exercise and Health Promotion, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqi Yang
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Li
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziyang Shu
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Dai
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingran Liu
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Biao Li
- Graduate School, Jilin Sport University, Changchun, China
| | - Shaohui Jia
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Exercise and Health Promotion, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianjuan Kou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Exercise and Health Promotion, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Exercise and Health Promotion, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Exercise and Health Promotion, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
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Wang YW, He SJ, Feng X, Cheng J, Luo YT, Tian L, Huang Q. Metformin: a review of its potential indications. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:2421-2429. [PMID: 28860713 PMCID: PMC5574599 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s141675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metformin is the most commonly prescribed drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus. In recent years, in addition to glucose lowering, several studies have presented evidence suggesting some potential role for metformin, such as antitumor effect, antiaging effect, cardiovascular protective effect, neuroprotective effect or an optional treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome. This paper will critically review the role of metformin to provide reference for doctors and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Wang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Jia He
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Feng
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Cheng
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Tao Luo
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Tian
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Huang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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43
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Mitochondrial health, the epigenome and healthspan. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 130:1285-305. [PMID: 27358026 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Food nutrients and metabolic supply-demand dynamics constitute environmental factors that interact with our genome influencing health and disease states. These gene-environment interactions converge at the metabolic-epigenome-genome axis to regulate gene expression and phenotypic outcomes. Mounting evidence indicates that nutrients and lifestyle strongly influence genome-metabolic functional interactions determining disease via altered epigenetic regulation. The mitochondrial network is a central player of the metabolic-epigenome-genome axis, regulating the level of key metabolites [NAD(+), AcCoA (acetyl CoA), ATP] acting as substrates/cofactors for acetyl transferases, kinases (e.g. protein kinase A) and deacetylases (e.g. sirtuins, SIRTs). The chromatin, an assembly of DNA and nucleoproteins, regulates the transcriptional process, acting at the epigenomic interface between metabolism and the genome. Within this framework, we review existing evidence showing that preservation of mitochondrial network function is directly involved in decreasing the rate of damage accumulation thus slowing aging and improving healthspan.
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Subversion of Host Responses to Energy Insufficiency by Us3 Supports Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Replication during Stress. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00295-17. [PMID: 28468873 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00295-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular stress responses to energy insufficiency can impact virus reproduction. In particular, activation of the host AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by low energy could limit protein synthesis by inhibiting mTORC1. Although many herpesviruses, including herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), stimulate mTORC1, how HSV-1-infected cells respond to energy availability, a physiological indicator regulating mTORC1, has not been investigated. In addition, the impact of low-energy stress on productive HSV-1 growth and viral genetic determinants potentially enabling replication under physiological stress remains undefined. Here, we demonstrate that mTORC1 activity in HSV-1-infected cells is largely insensitive to stress induced by simulated energy insufficiency. Furthermore, resistance of mTORC1 activity to low-energy-induced stress, while not significantly influenced by the HSV-1 UL46-encoded phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt activator, was dependent upon the Ser/Thr kinase activity of Us3. A Us3-deficient virus was hypersensitive to low-energy-induced stress as infected cell protein synthesis and productive replication were reduced compared to levels in cells infected with a Us3-expressing virus. Although Us3 did not detectably prevent energy stress-induced AMPK activation, it enforced mTORC1 activation despite the presence of activated AMPK. In the absence of applied low-energy stress, AMPK activity in infected cells was restricted in a Us3-dependent manner. This establishes that the Us3 kinase not only activated mTORC1 but also enabled sustained mTORC1 signaling during simulated energy insufficiency that would otherwise restrict protein synthesis and virus replication. Moreover, it identifies the alphaherpesvirus-specific Us3 kinase as an mTORC1 activator that subverts the host cell energy-sensing program to support viral productive growth irrespective of physiological stress.IMPORTANCE Like all viruses, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) reproduction relies upon numerous host energy-intensive processes, the most demanding of which is protein synthesis. In response to low energy, the cellular AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) triggers a physiological stress response that antagonizes mTORC1, a multisubunit host kinase that controls protein synthesis. This could restrict virus protein production and growth. Here, we establish that the HSV-1 Us3 protein kinase subverts the normal response to low-energy-induced stress. While Us3 does not prevent AMPK activation by low energy, it enforces mTORC1 activation and overrides a physiological response that couples energy availability and protein synthesis. These results help explain how reproduction of HSV-1, a ubiquitous, medically significant human pathogen causing a spectrum of diseases ranging from the benign to the life threatening, occurs during physiological stress. This is important because HSV-1 reproduction triggered by physiological stress is characteristic of reactivation of lifelong latent infections.
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Li D, Luo L, Xu M, Wu J, Chen L, Li J, Liu Z, Lu G, Wang Y, Qiao L. AMPK activates FOXO3a and promotes neuronal apoptosis in the developing rat brain during the early phase after hypoxia-ischemia. Brain Res Bull 2017; 132:1-9. [PMID: 28499802 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key metabolic and stress sensor/effector. Few investigations have been performed to study the role of AMPK in developing rat brain with hypoxia-ischemia (HI). Forkhead transcriptional factor (FOXO3a) has been revealed to be a critical effector of AMPK-mediated celluar apoptosis. However, it is not clear whether AMPK/FOXO3a pathway is involved in neuronal apoptosis in the developing rat brain after HI. In this study, we generated hypoxia-ischemia brain damage (HIBD) model using postnatal day 7 rats. We found that activation of AMPK was accompanied by the decrease of p-mTOR, p-Akt and p-FOXO3a, which induced FOXO3a translocation into the nucleus and up-regulated the expression of Bim and cleaved caspase 3 (CC3). Furthermore, we discovered that AMPK inhibition by Compound C, a selective inhibitor for AMPK activity, significantly increased the phosphorylation levels of mTOR, Akt and FOXO3a, attenuated the nuclear translocation of FOXO3a, and inhibited Bim and CC3 expression after HI. Moreover, AMPK inhibition reduced cellular apoptosis, attenuated brain infarct volume and promoted neurological recovery in the developing rat brain after HI. Our findings suggest that AMPK participates in the regulation of FOXO3a-mediated neuronal apoptosis in the developing rat brain after HI. Agents targeting AMPK may offer promise for rescuing neurons from HI-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyuan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu,Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lili Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu,Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu,Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jinlin Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu,Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lina Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu,Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu,Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhongqiang Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu,Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Guoyan Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu,Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu,Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lina Qiao
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu,Sichuan 610041, China.
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Sumitomo A, Ueta K, Mauchi S, Hirai K, Horike K, Hikida T, Sakurai T, Sawa A, Tomoda T. Ulk1 protects against ethanol-induced neuronal stress and cognition-related behavioral deficits. Neurosci Res 2017; 117:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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García-Castillo V, López-Urrutia E, Villanueva-Sánchez O, Ávila-Rodríguez MÁ, Zentella-Dehesa A, Cortés-González C, López-Camarillo C, Jacobo-Herrera NJ, Pérez-Plasencia C. Targeting Metabolic Remodeling in Triple Negative Breast Cancer in a Murine Model. J Cancer 2017; 8:178-189. [PMID: 28243322 PMCID: PMC5327367 DOI: 10.7150/jca.16387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chemotherapy is the backbone of systemic treatment for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), which is one of the most relevant breast cancers molecular types due to the ability of tumor cells to develop drug resistance, highlighting the urgent need to design newer and safer drug combinations for treatment. In this context, to overcome tumor cell drug resistance, we employed a novel combinatorial treatment including Doxorubicin, Metformin, and Sodium Oxamate (DoxMetOx). Such pharmacological combination targets indispensable hallmarks of cancer-related to aerobic glycolysis and DNA synthesis. Materials and Methods: Thirty-five female nude mice were transplanted subcutaneously with MDA-MB-231 triple negative human cancer cell line. Once tumors were visible, mice were treated with doxorubicin, metformin, oxamate or all possible pharmacologic combinations. Treatments were administered daily for 15 days and tumors were measured by calipers every day. MicroPET images were taken in three different occasions, basal state, in the middle of the treatment, and at the end of treatment. Western blot analyses, qRT-PCR, flow cytometry, and cytotoxicity assays were performed to elucidate the mechanism of cell death promoted by the drugs in vitro. Results: In this work we assessed the proof of concept of metabolic correction in solid tumors as an effective drug treatment; hence, mice bearing tumors treated with the DoxMetOx therapy showed a complete inhibition of the tumor mass growing in 15 days of treatment depicted by the micro PET images. In vitro studies displayed that the three drugs together act by inhibiting both, mTOR-phosphorylation and expression of LDH-A gene, promoting apoptosis via dependent on the caspase-3 pathway, accompanied by cleavage of PARP. Moreover, induction of autophagy process was observed by the accumulation of LC3-II, a primordial protein implicated in the conformation and elongation of the autophagolysosome. Conclusions: The lack of effective drugs to inhibit TNBC growth is the main cause of therapy failure and tumor relapse. We have showed that targeting crucial molecular pathways in cancer by the combination of Doxorubicin, Metformin, and Oxamate resulted as an efficient and rapid tumor growth inhibitor in a triple negative xenograft model. Our findings are promising for patients diagnosed with TNBC tumors, for which unfortunately there are no reliable drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica García-Castillo
- Posgrade in Experimental Biology, Metropolitan University of Mexico
- FES-Iztacala, UBIMED, National Autonomous University of Mexico, UNAM, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Pérez-Plasencia
- FES-Iztacala, UBIMED, National Autonomous University of Mexico, UNAM, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
- Genomics Lab, National Cancer Institute of Mexico, Mexico
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Meng J, Lv Z, Qiao X, Li X, Li Y, Zhang Y, Chen C. The decay of Redox-stress Response Capacity is a substantive characteristic of aging: Revising the redox theory of aging. Redox Biol 2016; 11:365-374. [PMID: 28043053 PMCID: PMC5219648 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is tightly associated with redox events. The free radical theory of aging indicates that redox imbalance may be an important factor in the aging process. Most studies about redox and aging focused on the static status of oxidative stress levels, there has been little research investigating differential responses to redox challenge during aging. In this study, we used Caenorhabditis elegans and human fibroblasts as models to compare differential responses to oxidative stress challenge in young and old individuals. In response to paraquat stress, young individuals generated more ROS and activated signaling pathways including p-ERK, p-AKT and p-AMPKα/β. After the initial response, young individuals then promoted NRF2 translocation and induced additional antioxidant enzymes and higher expression of phase II enzymes, including SOD, CAT, GPX, HO-1, GSTP-1and others, to maintain redox homeostasis. Moreover, young individuals also demonstrated a better ability to degrade damaged proteins by up-regulating the expression of chaperones and improving proteasome activity. Based on these data, we propose a new concept "Redox-stress Response Capacity (RRC)", which suggests cells or organisms are capable of generating dynamic redox responses to activate cellular signaling and maintain cellular homeostasis. The decay of RRC is the substantive characteristic of aging, which gives a new understand of the redox theory of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Meng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhenyu Lv
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinhua Qiao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yazi Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chang Chen
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, 10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen, Beijing 100069, China.
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Kim E, Park M, Jeong J, Kim H, Lee SK, Lee E, Oh BH, Namkoong K. Cholinesterase Inhibitor Donepezil Increases Mitochondrial Biogenesis through AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in the Hippocampus. Neuropsychobiology 2016; 73:81-91. [PMID: 27002982 DOI: 10.1159/000441522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Donepezil, a widely prescribed drug for Alzheimer's disease (AD), is now considered to have multimodal actions beyond cholinesterase inhibition. We aimed to see whether donepezil enhances mitochondrial biogenesis and relevant signaling pathways since mitochondrial dysfunction is a key feature of the hypometabolic AD brain. METHODS As a metabolic gauge, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was investigated as a tentative mediator of neurometabolic action of donepezil. Changes in phospho-AMPK levels, mitochondrial biogenesis, and ATP levels were measured upon donepezil treatment using neuroblastoma cells, primary cultured neurons and ex vivo hippocampal tissue of adult mice. RESULTS Donepezil dose-dependently increased mitochondrial biogenesis and ATP levels as well as expression of PGC-1α and NRF-1 in neuroblastoma cells. Donepezil dose-dependently activated AMPK; however, inhibition of AMPK abolished the observed effects of donepezil, indicating that AMPK is a key mediator of donepezil's action. Notably, mitochondrial biogenesis upon donepezil treatment was mainly observed within dendritic regions of primary cultured hippocampal neurons. Levels of synaptic markers were also increased by donepezil. Finally, AMPK- dependent mitochondrial biogenesis by donepezil was confirmed in organotypic hippocampal tissue. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that AMPK/PGC-1α signaling is involved in beneficial actions of donepezil on neurometabolism. Pharmacological activation of AMPK might be a promising approach to counteract AD pathogenesis associated with brain hypometabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eosu Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Laboratory for Alzheimers Molecular Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Plant polyphenols as natural drugs for the management of Down syndrome and related disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:865-877. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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