1
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Patra AT, Tan E, Kok YJ, Ng SK, Bi X. Temporal insights into molecular and cellular responses during rAAV production in HEK293T cells. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101278. [PMID: 39022743 PMCID: PMC11253160 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The gene therapy field seeks cost-effective, large-scale production of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors for high-dosage therapeutic applications. Although strategies like suspension cell culture and transfection optimization have shown moderate success, challenges persist for large-scale applications. To unravel molecular and cellular mechanisms influencing rAAV production, we conducted an SWATH-MS proteomic analysis of HEK293T cells transfected using standard, sub-optimal, and optimal conditions. Gene Ontology and pathway analysis revealed significant protein expression variations, particularly in processes related to cellular homeostasis, metabolic regulation, vesicular transport, ribosomal biogenesis, and cellular proliferation under optimal transfection conditions. This resulted in a 50% increase in rAAV titer compared with the standard protocol. Additionally, we identified modifications in host cell proteins crucial for AAV mRNA stability and gene translation, particularly regarding AAV capsid transcripts under optimal transfection conditions. Our study identified 124 host proteins associated with AAV replication and assembly, each exhibiting distinct expression pattern throughout rAAV production stages in optimal transfection condition. This investigation sheds light on the cellular mechanisms involved in rAAV production in HEK293T cells and proposes promising avenues for further enhancing rAAV titer during production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Tanala Patra
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Evan Tan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Yee Jiun Kok
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Say Kong Ng
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Xuezhi Bi
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore 138668, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Food, Chemical and Biotechnology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore 138683, Singapore
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2
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Destro F, Wu W, Srinivasan P, Joseph J, Bal V, Neufeld C, Wolfrum JM, Manalis SR, Sinskey AJ, Springs SL, Barone PW, Braatz RD. The state of technological advancement to address challenges in the manufacture of rAAV gene therapies. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 76:108433. [PMID: 39168354 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Current processes for the production of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) are inadequate to meet the surging demand for rAAV-based gene therapies. This article reviews recent advances that hold the potential to address current limitations in rAAV manufacturing. A multidisciplinary perspective on technological progress in rAAV production is presented, underscoring the necessity to move beyond incremental refinements and adopt a holistic strategy to address existing challenges. Since several recent reviews have thoroughly covered advancements in upstream technology, this article provides only a concise overview of these developments before moving to pivotal areas of rAAV manufacturing not well covered in other reviews, including analytical technologies for rapid and high-throughput measurement of rAAV quality attributes, mathematical modeling for platform and process optimization, and downstream approaches to maximize efficiency and rAAV yield. Novel technologies that have the potential to address the current gaps in rAAV manufacturing are highlighted. Implementation challenges and future research directions are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Destro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Weida Wu
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Prasanna Srinivasan
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John Joseph
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vivekananda Bal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caleb Neufeld
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Wolfrum
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Scott R Manalis
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anthony J Sinskey
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stacy L Springs
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Paul W Barone
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Richard D Braatz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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3
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Wang K, Yu S, Sun R, Xu K, Zhao X, Zhou J, Rao Y, Wang X. Biosynthesis of a Functional Fragment of Human Collagen II in Pichia pastoris. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:2567-2576. [PMID: 39092670 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Collagen II (COL2) is the major component of cartilage tissue and is widely applied in pharmaceuticals, food, and cosmetics. In this study, COL fragments were extracted from human COL2 for secretory expression in Pichia pastoris. Three variants were successfully secreted by shake flask cultivation with a yield of 73.3-100.7 mg/L. The three COL2 variants were shown to self-assemble into triple-helix at 4 °C and capable of forming higher order assembly of nanofiber and hydrogel. The bioactivities of the COL2 variants were validated, showing that sample 205 exhibited the best performance for inducing fibroblast differentiation and cell migration. Meanwhile, sample 205 and 209 exhibited higher capacity for inducing in vitro blood clotting than commercial mouse COL1. To overexpress sample 205, the expression cassettes were constructed with different promoters and signal peptides, and the fermentation condition was optimized, obtaining a yield of 172 mg/L for sample 205. Fed-batch fermentation was carried out using a 5 L bioreactor, and the secretory protease Pep4 was knocked out to avoid sample degradation, finally obtaining a yield of 3.04 g/L. Here, a bioactive COL2 fragment was successfully identified and can be overexpressed in P. pastoris; the variant may become a potential biomaterial for skin care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Shuyao Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ruoxi Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Kangjie Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xinyi Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yijian Rao
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xinglong Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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Marwidi Y, Nguyen HOB, Santos D, Wangzor T, Bhardwaj S, Ernie G, Prawdzik G, Lew G, Shivak D, Trias M, Padilla J, Tran H, Meyer K, Surosky R, Ward AM. A robust and flexible baculovirus-insect cell system for AAV vector production with improved yield, capsid ratios and potency. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101228. [PMID: 38524756 PMCID: PMC10959708 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Manufacturing of adeno-associated viruses (AAV) for gene and cell therapy applications has increased significantly and spurred development of improved mammalian and insect cell-based production systems. We developed a baculovirus-based insect cell production system-the SGMO Helper-with a novel gene architecture and greater flexibility to modulate the expression level and content of individual Rep and Cap proteins. In addition, we incorporated modifications to the AAV6 capsid sequence that improves yield, capsid integrity, and potency. Production of recombinant AAV 6 (rAAV6) using the SGMO Helper had improved yields compared to the Bac-RepCap helper from the Kotin lab. SGMO Helper-derived rAAV6 is resistant to a previously described proteolytic cleavage unique to baculovirus-insect cell production systems and has improved capsid ratios and potency, in vitro and in vivo, compared with rAAV6 produced using Bac-RepCap. Next-generation sequencing sequence analysis demonstrated that the SGMO Helper is stable over six serial passages and rAAV6 capsids contain comparable amounts of non-vector genome DNA as rAAV6 produced using Bac-RepCap. AAV production using the SGMO Helper is scalable using bioreactors and has improved yield, capsid ratio, and in vitro potency. Our studies demonstrate that the SGMO Helper is an improved platform for AAV manufacturing to enable delivery of cutting-edge gene and cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Marwidi
- Sangamo Therapeutics, 501 Canal Boulevard, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | | | - David Santos
- Sangamo Therapeutics, 501 Canal Boulevard, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Tenzin Wangzor
- Sangamo Therapeutics, 501 Canal Boulevard, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Sumita Bhardwaj
- Sangamo Therapeutics, 501 Canal Boulevard, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Gabriel Ernie
- Sangamo Therapeutics, 501 Canal Boulevard, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Gregg Prawdzik
- Sangamo Therapeutics, 501 Canal Boulevard, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Garrett Lew
- Sangamo Therapeutics, 501 Canal Boulevard, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - David Shivak
- Sangamo Therapeutics, 501 Canal Boulevard, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Michael Trias
- Sangamo Therapeutics, 501 Canal Boulevard, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Jada Padilla
- Sangamo Therapeutics, 501 Canal Boulevard, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Hung Tran
- Sangamo Therapeutics, 501 Canal Boulevard, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Kathleen Meyer
- Sangamo Therapeutics, 501 Canal Boulevard, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Richard Surosky
- Sangamo Therapeutics, 501 Canal Boulevard, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
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5
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Yang Q, Wang J, Chen Z. Conditional splicing system for tight control of viral overlapping genes. J Virol 2024; 98:e0024224. [PMID: 38446633 PMCID: PMC11019872 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00242-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral genomes frequently harbor overlapping genes, complicating the development of virus-vectored vaccines and gene therapies. This study introduces a novel conditional splicing system to precisely control the expression of such overlapping genes through recombinase-mediated conditional splicing. We refined site-specific recombinase (SSR) conditional splicing systems and explored their mechanisms. The systems demonstrated exceptional inducibility (116,700-fold increase) with negligible background expression, facilitating the conditional expression of overlapping genes in adenovirus-associated virus (AAV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Notably, this approach enabled the establishment of stable AAV producer cell lines, encapsulating all necessary packaging genes. Our findings underscore the potential of the SSR-conditional splicing system to significantly advance vector engineering, enhancing the efficacy and scalability of viral-vector-based therapies and vaccines. IMPORTANCE Regulating overlapping genes is vital for gene therapy and vaccine development using viral vectors. The regulation of overlapping genes presents challenges, including cytotoxicity and impacts on vector capacity and genome stability, which restrict stable packaging cell line development and broad application. To address these challenges, we present a "loxp-splice-loxp"-based conditional splicing system, offering a novel solution for conditional expression of overlapping genes and stable cell line establishment. This system may also regulate other cytotoxic genes, representing a significant advancement in cell engineering and gene therapy as well as biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlin Wang
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
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6
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Joshi PRH, Venereo-Sanchez A. Functional Baculovirus Particle Quantification via Plaque Assay. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2829:259-265. [PMID: 38951341 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3961-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Plaque assay method enables the quantification of infectious baculovirus when defined as plaque forming units (PFU). It allows to determine the amount of infectious virus needed to infect the cells at a specific multiplicity of infection (MOI). Serial dilutions of baculovirus stock are added to the Sf9 cells monolayer followed by addition of 5% Agarose overlay. Six days after infection clear infection halos are observed using a neutral red solution. Here we describe the quantification of recombinant baculovirus expression vector (rBEV) carrying a transgene in an rAAV expression cassette. Reproducible quantification of PFU is obtained with this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav R H Joshi
- Viral Vectors and Vaccines Bioprocessing Group, Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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7
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Cuevas-Juárez E, Palomares LA. Extraction of Modified Adeno-Associated Virus-Like Particles Displaying Peptides on Their Surface. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2829:227-235. [PMID: 38951338 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3961-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) of the adeno-associated virus (AAV) can be produced using the baculovirus expression vector system. Insertion of small peptides on the surface of the AAV or AAV VLPs has been used to redirect the AAV to different target tissues and for vaccine development. Usually, the VLPs self-assemble intracellularly, and an extraction step must be performed before purification. Here, we describe the method we have used to extract AAV VLPs from insect cells successfully with peptide insertions on their surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Cuevas-Juárez
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Laura A Palomares
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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8
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Joshi PRH, Venereo-Sanchez A. Recombinant AAV Production. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2829:203-214. [PMID: 38951336 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3961-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The insect cell-baculovirus expression vector (IC-BEV) platform has enabled small research-scale and large commercial-scale production of recombinant proteins and therapeutic biologics including recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-based gene delivery vectors. The wide use of this platform is comparable with other mammalian cell line-based platforms due to its simplicity, high-yield, comparable quality attributes, and robust bioprocessing features. In this chapter, we describe a rAAV production protocol employing one of the recent modifications of the One-Bac platform that consists of a stable transformed Sf9 cell line carrying AAV Rep2/Cap5 genes that are induced upon infection with a single recombinant baculovirus expression vector harboring the transgene of interest (rAAV genome). The overall protocol consists of essential steps including rBEV working stock preparation, rAAV production, and centrifugation-based clarification of cell culture lysate. The same protocol can also be applied for rAAV vector production using traditional Three-Bac, Two-Bac, and Mono-Bac platforms without requiring significant changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav R H Joshi
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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9
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Kilgore R, Minzoni A, Shastry S, Smith W, Barbieri E, Wu Y, LeBarre JP, Chu W, O'Brien J, Menegatti S. The downstream bioprocess toolbox for therapeutic viral vectors. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1709:464337. [PMID: 37722177 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Viral vectors are poised to acquire a prominent position in modern medicine and biotechnology owing to their role as delivery agents for gene therapies, oncolytic agents, vaccine platforms, and a gateway to engineer cell therapies as well as plants and animals for sustainable agriculture. The success of viral vectors will critically depend on the availability of flexible and affordable biomanufacturing strategies that can meet the growing demand by clinics and biotech companies worldwide. In this context, a key role will be played by downstream process technology: while initially adapted from protein purification media, the purification toolbox for viral vectors is currently undergoing a rapid expansion to fit the unique biomolecular characteristics of these products. Innovation efforts are articulated on two fronts, namely (i) the discovery of affinity ligands that target adeno-associated virus, lentivirus, adenovirus, etc.; (ii) the development of adsorbents with innovative morphologies, such as membranes and 3D printed monoliths, that fit the size of viral vectors. Complementing these efforts are the design of novel process layouts that capitalize on novel ligands and adsorbents to ensure high yield and purity of the product while safeguarding its therapeutic efficacy and safety; and a growing panel of analytical methods that monitor the complex array of critical quality attributes of viral vectors and correlate them to the purification strategies. To help explore this complex and evolving environment, this study presents a comprehensive overview of the downstream bioprocess toolbox for viral vectors established in the last decade, and discusses present efforts and future directions contributing to the success of this promising class of biological medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Kilgore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States.
| | - Arianna Minzoni
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Shriarjun Shastry
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Will Smith
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Eduardo Barbieri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Yuxuan Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Jacob P LeBarre
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Wenning Chu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Juliana O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; North Carolina Viral Vector Initiative in Research and Learning, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
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10
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Kondratov O, Zolotukhin S. Exploring the Comprehensive Kozak Sequence Landscape for AAV Production in Sf9 System. Viruses 2023; 15:1983. [PMID: 37896760 PMCID: PMC10612025 DOI: 10.3390/v15101983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread successful use of recombinant Adeno-associated virus (rAAV) in gene therapy has driven the demand for scale-up manufacturing methods of vectors with optimized yield and transduction efficiency. The Baculovirus/Sf9 system is a promising platform for high yield production; however, a major drawback to using an invertebrate cell line compared to a mammalian system is a generally altered AAV capsid stoichiometry resulting in lower biological potency. Here, we introduce a term of the structural and biological "fitness" of an AAV capsid as a function of two interdependent parameters: (1) packaging efficiency (yield), and (2) transduction efficiency (infectivity). Both parameters are critically dependent on AAV capsid structural proteins VP1/2/3 stoichiometry. To identify an optimal AAV capsid composition, we developed a novel Directed Evolution (DE) protocol for assessing the structural and biological fitness of Sf9-manufactured rAAV for any given serotype. The approach involves the packaging of a combinatorial capsid library in insect Sf9 cells, followed by a library screening for high infectivity in human Cre-recombinase-expressing C12 cells. One single DE selection round, complemented by Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) and guided by in silico analysis, identifies a small subset of VP1 translation initiation sites (known as Kozak sequence) encoding "fit" AAV capsids characterized by a high production yield and superior transduction efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Kondratov
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
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11
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Destro F, Joseph J, Srinivasan P, Kanter JM, Neufeld C, Wolfrum JM, Barone PW, Springs SL, Sinskey AJ, Cecchini S, Kotin RM, Braatz RD. Mechanistic modeling explains the production dynamics of recombinant adeno-associated virus with the baculovirus expression vector system. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 30:122-146. [PMID: 37746245 PMCID: PMC10512016 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Current manufacturing processes for recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) have less-than-desired yields and produce significant amounts of empty capsids. The increasing demand and the high cost of goods for rAAV-based gene therapies motivate development of more efficient manufacturing processes. Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first rAAV-based gene therapy product manufactured in the baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS), a technology that demonstrated production of high titers of full capsids. This work presents a first mechanistic model describing the key extracellular and intracellular phenomena occurring during baculovirus infection and rAAV maturation in the BEVS. The model predictions are successfully validated for in-house and literature experimental measurements of the vector genome and of structural and non-structural proteins collected during rAAV manufacturing in the BEVS with the TwoBac and ThreeBac constructs. A model-based analysis of the process is carried out to identify the bottlenecks that limit full capsid formation. Vector genome amplification is found to be the limiting step for rAAV production in Sf9 cells using either the TwoBac or ThreeBac system. In turn, vector genome amplification is hindered by limiting Rep78 levels. Transgene and non-essential baculovirus protein expression in the insect cell during rAAV manufacturing also negatively influences the rAAV production yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Destro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - John Joseph
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Prasanna Srinivasan
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joshua M. Kanter
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Caleb Neufeld
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jacqueline M. Wolfrum
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Paul W. Barone
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stacy L. Springs
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anthony J. Sinskey
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sylvain Cecchini
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Robert M. Kotin
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
- Carbon Biosciences, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Richard D. Braatz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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12
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Moço PD, Xu X, Silva CAT, Kamen AA. Production of adeno-associated viral vector serotype 6 by triple transfection of suspension HEK293 cells at higher cell densities. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2300051. [PMID: 37337925 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) as vectors for gene and cell therapy has increased, leading to a rise in the amount of AAV vectors required during pre-clinical and clinical trials. AAV serotype 6 (AAV6) has been found to be efficient in transducing different cell types and has been successfully used in gene and cell therapy protocols. However, the number of vectors required to effectively deliver the transgene to one single cell has been estimated at 106 viral genomes (VG), making large-scale production of AAV6 necessary. Suspension cell-based platforms are currently limited to low cell density productions due to the widely reported cell density effect (CDE), which results in diminished production at high cell densities and decreased cell-specific productivity. This limitation hinders the potential of the suspension cell-based production process to increase yields. In this study, we investigated the improvement of the production of AAV6 at higher cell densities by transiently transfecting HEK293SF cells. The results showed that when the plasmid DNA was provided on a cell basis, the production could be carried out at medium cell density (MCD, 4 × 106 cells mL-1 ) resulting in titers above 1010 VG mL-1 . No detrimental effects on cell-specific virus yield or cell-specific functional titer were observed at MCD production. Furthermore, while medium supplementation alleviated the CDE in terms of VG/cell at high cell density (HCD, 10 × 106 cells mL-1 ) productions, the cell-specific functional titer was not maintained, and further studies are necessary to understand the observed limitations for AAV production in HCD processes. The MCD production method reported here lays the foundation for large-scale process operations, potentially solving the current vector shortage in AAV manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo D Moço
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Xingge Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Cristina A T Silva
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Amine A Kamen
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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13
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Fu Q, Polanco A, Lee YS, Yoon S. Critical challenges and advances in recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) biomanufacturing. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:2601-2621. [PMID: 37126355 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy is a promising therapeutic approach for genetic and acquired diseases nowadays. Among DNA delivery vectors, recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is one of the most effective and safest vectors used in commercial drugs and clinical trials. However, the current yield of rAAV biomanufacturing lags behind the necessary dosages for clinical and commercial use, which embodies a concentrated reflection of low productivity of rAAV from host cells, difficult scalability of the rAAV-producing bioprocess, and high levels of impurities materialized during production. Those issues directly impact the price of gene therapy medicine in the market, limiting most patients' access to gene therapy. In this context, the current practices and several critical challenges associated with rAAV gene therapy bioprocesses are reviewed, followed by a discussion of recent advances in rAAV-mediated gene therapy and other therapeutic biological fields that could improve biomanufacturing if these advances are integrated effectively into the current systems. This review aims to provide the current state-of-the-art technology and perspectives to enhance the productivity of rAAV while reducing impurities during production of rAAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, The University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ashli Polanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yong Suk Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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Zhao Z, Deng J, Fan D. Green biomanufacturing in recombinant collagen biosynthesis: trends and selection in various expression systems. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:5439-5461. [PMID: 37401335 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00724c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Collagen, classically derived from animal tissue, is an all-important protein material widely used in biomedical materials, cosmetics, fodder, food, etc. The production of recombinant collagen through different biological expression systems using bioengineering techniques has attracted significant interest in consideration of increasing market demand and the process complexity of extraction. Green biomanufacturing of recombinant collagen has become one of the focus topics. While the bioproduction of recombinant collagens (type I, II, III, etc.) has been commercialized in recent years, the biosynthesis of recombinant collagen is extremely challenging due to protein immunogenicity, yield, degradation, and other issues. The rapid development of synthetic biology allows us to perform a heterologous expression of proteins in diverse expression systems, thus optimizing the production and bioactivities of recombinant collagen. This review describes the research progress in the bioproduction of recombinant collagen over the past two decades, focusing on different expression systems (prokaryotic organisms, yeasts, plants, insects, mammalian and human cells, etc.). We also discuss the challenges and future trends in developing market-competitive recombinant collagens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China.
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
- Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianjun Deng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China.
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
- Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China.
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
- Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
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15
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Mietzsch M, Liu W, Ma K, Bennett A, Nelson AR, Gliwa K, Chipman P, Fu X, Bechler S, McKenna R, Viner R. Production and characterization of an AAV1-VP3-only capsid: An analytical benchmark standard. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 29:460-472. [PMID: 37273903 PMCID: PMC10238842 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are non-enveloped ssDNA icosahedral T = 1 viruses used as vectors for clinical gene delivery. Currently, there are over 200 AAV-related clinical trials and six approved biologics on the market. As such new analytical methods are continually being developed to characterize and monitor the quality and purity of manufactured AAV vectors, these include ion-exchange chromatography and Direct Mass Technology. However, these methods require homogeneous analytical standards with a high molecular weight standard comparable to the mass of an AAV capsid. Described here is the design, production, purification, characterization, and the cryo-electron microscopy structure of an AAV1-VP3-only capsid that fulfills this need as a calibrant to determine capsid mass, charge, homogeneity, and transgene packaging characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mietzsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Weijing Liu
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 355 River Oaks Parkway, San Jose, CA 95134, USA
| | - Ke Ma
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 490 Lakeside Dr., Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA
| | - Antonette Bennett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Austin R. Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Keely Gliwa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Paul Chipman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Fu
- Biological Science Imaging Resource, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Shane Bechler
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 490 Lakeside Dr., Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Rosa Viner
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 355 River Oaks Parkway, San Jose, CA 95134, USA
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16
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Iglesias CF, Ristovski M, Bolic M, Cuperlovic-Culf M. rAAV Manufacturing: The Challenges of Soft Sensing during Upstream Processing. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020229. [PMID: 36829723 PMCID: PMC9951952 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is the most effective viral vector technology for directly translating the genomic revolution into medicinal therapies. However, the manufacturing of rAAV viral vectors remains challenging in the upstream processing with low rAAV yield in large-scale production and high cost, limiting the generalization of rAAV-based treatments. This situation can be improved by real-time monitoring of critical process parameters (CPP) that affect critical quality attributes (CQA). To achieve this aim, soft sensing combined with predictive modeling is an important strategy that can be used for optimizing the upstream process of rAAV production by monitoring critical process variables in real time. However, the development of soft sensors for rAAV production as a fast and low-cost monitoring approach is not an easy task. This review article describes four challenges and critically discusses the possible solutions that can enable the application of soft sensors for rAAV production monitoring. The challenges from a data scientist's perspective are (i) a predictor variable (soft-sensor inputs) set without AAV viral titer, (ii) multi-step forecasting, (iii) multiple process phases, and (iv) soft-sensor development composed of the mechanistic model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Milica Ristovski
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Miodrag Bolic
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Miroslava Cuperlovic-Culf
- Digital Technologies Research Center, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Correspondence:
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17
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Collins L, Ponnazhagan S, Curiel DT. Synthetic Biology Design as a Paradigm Shift toward Manufacturing Affordable Adeno-Associated Virus Gene Therapies. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:17-26. [PMID: 36627108 PMCID: PMC9872172 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy has demonstrated enormous potential for changing how we combat disease. By directly engineering the genetic composition of cells, it provides a broad range of options for improving human health. Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) represent a leading gene therapy vector and are expected to address a wide range of conditions in the coming decade. Three AAV therapies have already been approved by the FDA to treat Leber's congenital amaurosis, spinal muscular atrophy, and hemophilia B. Yet these therapies cost around $850,000, $2,100,000, and $3,500,000, respectively. Such prices limit the broad applicability of AAV gene therapy and make it inaccessible to most patients. Much of this problem arises from the high manufacturing costs of AAVs. At the same time, the field of synthetic biology has grown rapidly and has displayed a special aptitude for addressing biomanufacturing problems. Here, we discuss emerging efforts to apply synthetic biology design to decrease the price of AAV production, and we propose that such efforts could play a major role in making gene therapy much more widely accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan
Thrasher Collins
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University
in St. Louis, 4950 Childrens Place, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United
States
| | - Selvarangan Ponnazhagan
- Department
of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd., Birmingham, Alabama 35233, United States
| | - David T. Curiel
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University
in St. Louis, 4950 Childrens Place, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United
States
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, Washington University
in St. Louis, 4950 Childrens
Place, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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18
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Guardalini LGO, da Silva Cavalcante PE, Leme J, de Mello RG, Bernardino TC, Astray RM, Tonso A, Jorge SAC, Núñez NGF. Oxygen uptake and transfer rates throughout production of recombinant baculovirus and rabies virus-like particles. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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19
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Lavado-García J, Pérez-Rubio P, Cervera L, Gòdia F. The cell density effect in animal cell-based bioprocessing: Questions, insights and perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108017. [PMID: 35809763 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the main challenges in the development of bioprocesses based on cell transient expression is the commonly reported reduction of cell specific productivity at increasing cell densities. This is generally known as the cell density effect (CDE). Many efforts have been devoted to understanding the cell metabolic implications to this phenomenon in an attempt to design operational strategies to overcome it. A comprehensive analysis of the main studies regarding the CDE is provided in this work to better define the elements comprising its cause and impact. Then, examples of methodologies and approaches employed to achieve successful transient expression at high cell densities (HCD) are thoroughly reviewed. A critical assessment of the limitations of the reported studies in the understanding of the CDE is presented, covering the leading hypothesis of the molecular implications. The overall analysis of previous work on CDE may offer useful insights for further research into manufacturing of biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Lavado-García
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cel·lular i Bioprocessos, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Pol Pérez-Rubio
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cel·lular i Bioprocessos, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Cervera
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cel·lular i Bioprocessos, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Gòdia
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cel·lular i Bioprocessos, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Azali MA, Mohamed S, Harun A, Hussain FA, Shamsuddin S, Johan MF. Application of Baculovirus Expression Vector system (BEV) for COVID-19 diagnostics and therapeutics: a review. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:98. [PMID: 35792966 PMCID: PMC9259773 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00368-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The baculovirus expression vector system has been developed for expressing a wide range of proteins, including enzymes, glycoproteins, recombinant viruses, and vaccines. The availability of the SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence has enabled the synthesis of SARS-CoV2 proteins in a baculovirus-insect cell platform for various applications. The most cloned SARS-CoV-2 protein is the spike protein, which plays a critical role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. It is available in its whole length or as subunits like S1 or the receptor-binding domain (RBD). Non-structural proteins (Nsps), another recombinant SARS-CoV-2 protein generated by the baculovirus expression vector system (BEV), are used in the identification of new medications or the repurposing of existing therapies for the treatment of COVID-19. Non-SARS-CoV-2 proteins generated by BEV for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis or treatment include moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (MMLVRT), angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), therapeutic proteins, and recombinant antibodies. The recombinant proteins were modified to boost the yield or to stabilize the protein. CONCLUSION This review covers the wide application of the recombinant protein produced using the baculovirus expression technology for COVID-19 research. A lot of improvements have been made to produce functional proteins with high yields. However, there is still room for improvement and there are parts of this field of research that have not been investigated yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Azharuddin Azali
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- School of Agriculture Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 22200, Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Salmah Mohamed
- School of Agriculture Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 22200, Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Azian Harun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Faezahtul Arbaeyah Hussain
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Shaharum Shamsuddin
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Farid Johan
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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21
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Shupe J, Zhang A, Odenwelder DC, Dobrowsky T. Gene therapy: challenges in cell culture scale-up. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 75:102721. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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22
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The effect of different insect cell culture media on the efficiency of protein production by Spodoptera frugiperda cells. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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23
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Manufacturing of AAV vectors: translational challenges from development to industrialisation. Emerg Top Life Sci 2021; 5:725-728. [PMID: 34755857 DOI: 10.1042/etls20210179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AAV mediated gene therapy offers the potential for curative therapies for many fatal and debilitating diseases, however the translation of these concepts into licenced products is stymied by manufacturing challenges leading to very high costs and delayed commercialisation. This is an issue which vector developers need to address, specifically around productivities and vector purities including levels of empty non-functional capsids. To date vector developers have focused on the optimising of vector targeting and gene delivery, however there is an increasing need to recognise the issue of manufacturability of vectors, and to be able develop screening and assessment of novel vectors to ensure that in future innovations and development can be produced to the required quality and in the desired quantities and at an acceptable cost.
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24
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Bombyx mori Pupae Efficiently Produce Recombinant AAV2/HBoV1 Vectors with a Bombyx mori Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus Expression System. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040704. [PMID: 33919645 PMCID: PMC8073075 DOI: 10.3390/v13040704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have broad application prospects in the field of gene therapy. The establishment of low-cost and large-scale manufacturing is now the general agenda for industry. The baculovirus-insect cell/larva expression system has great potential for these applications due to its scalability and predictable biosafety. To establish a more efficient production system, Bombyx mori pupae were used as a new platform and infected with recombinant Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV). The production of a chimeric recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) serotype 2/human bocavirus type-1 (HBoV1) vector was used to evaluate the efficiency of this new baculovirus expression vector (BEV)–insect expression system. For this purpose, we constructed two recombinant BmNPVs, which were named rBmNPV/AAV2Rep-HBoV1Cap and rBmNPV/AAV2ITR-eGFP. The yields of rAAV2/HBoV1 derived from the rBmNPV/AAV2Rep-HBoV1Cap and rBmNPV/AAV2ITR-eGFP co-infected BmN cells exceeded 2 × 104 vector genomes (VG) per cell. The rBmNPV/AAV2Rep-HBoV1Cap and rBmNPV/AAV2ITR-eGFP can express stably for at least five passages. Significantly, rAAV2/HBoV1 could be efficiently generated from BmNPV-infected silkworm larvae and pupae at average yields of 2.52 × 1012 VG/larva and 4.6 × 1012 VG/pupa, respectively. However, the vectors produced from the larvae and pupae had a high percentage of empty particles, which suggests that further optimization is required for this platform in the future. Our work shows that silkworm pupae, as an efficient bioreactor, have great potential for application in the production of gene therapy vectors.
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25
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Peixoto C, Merten O. Biomanufacturing of Gene Therapy Vectors. Biotechnol J 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Peixoto
- iBET Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica Oeiras Portugal
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