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Carstens G, Verbeek MM, Rohlwink UK, Figaji AA, te Brake L, van Laarhoven A. Metabolite transport across central nervous system barriers. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:1063-1077. [PMID: 38546534 PMCID: PMC11179608 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x241241908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Metabolomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is used to improve diagnostics and pathophysiological understanding of neurological diseases. Alterations in CSF metabolite levels can partly be attributed to changes in brain metabolism, but relevant transport processes influencing CSF metabolite concentrations should be considered. The entry of molecules including metabolites into the central nervous system (CNS), is tightly controlled by the blood-brain, blood-CSF, and blood-spinal cord barriers, where aquaporins and membrane-bound carrier proteins regulate influx and efflux via passive and active transport processes. This report therefore provides reference for future CSF metabolomic work, by providing a detailed summary of the current knowledge on the location and function of the involved transporters and routing of metabolites from blood to CSF and from CSF to blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesa Carstens
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center of Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marcel M Verbeek
- Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ursula K Rohlwink
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anthony A Figaji
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lindsey te Brake
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan van Laarhoven
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center of Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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2
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Dowaidar M. Cell-penetrating peptides with nanoparticles hybrid delivery vectors and their uptake pathways. Mitochondrion 2024; 78:101906. [PMID: 38797356 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are molecules that improve the cellular uptake of various molecular payloads that do not easily traverse the cellular membrane. CPPs can be found in pharmaceutical and medical products. The vast majority of cell-penetrating chemicals that are discussed in published research are peptide based. The paper also delves into the various applications of hybrid vectors. Because CPPs are able to carry cargo across the cellular membrane, they are a viable candidate for use as a suitable carrier for a wide variety of cargoes, such as siRNA, nanoparticles, and others. In which we discuss the CPPs, their classification, uptake mechanisms, hybrid vector systems, nanoparticles and their uptake mechanisms, etc. Further in this paper, we discuss CPPs conjugated to Nanoparticles, Combining CPPs with lipids and polymeric Nanoparticles in A Conjugated System, CPPs conjugated to nanoparticles for therapeutic purposes, and potential therapeutic uses of CPPs as delivery molecules. Also discussed the preclinical and clinical use of CPPS, intracellular trafficking of nanoparticles, and activatable and bioconjugated CPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataz Dowaidar
- Bioengineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen Technologies and Carbon Management, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; Biosystems and Machines Research Center, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
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3
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Yadav S, Singh P. Advancement and application of novel cell-penetrating peptide in cancer management. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:234. [PMID: 37323859 PMCID: PMC10264343 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03649-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are small amino acid sequences with the potential to enter cell membranes. Along with nucleic acids, large proteins, and other chemical compounds, they can deliver several bioactive cargos inside cells. Numerous CPPs have been extracted from natural or synthetic materials since the discovery of the first CPP. In the past few decades, a significant variety of studies have shown the potential of CPPs to cure different diseases. The low toxicity in peptide compared to other drug delivery carriers is a significant benefit of CPP-based therapy, in addition to the high efficacy brought about by swift and effective delivery. A significant tendency for intracellular DNA delivery may also be observed when nanoparticles and the cell penetration peptide are combined. CPPs are frequently used to increase intracellular absorption of nucleic acid, and other therapeutic agents inside the cell. Due to long-term side effects and possible toxicity, its implementation is restricted. The use of cell-permeating peptides is a commonly used technique to increase their intracellular absorption. Additionally, CPPs have lately been sought for application in vivo, following their success in cellular studies. This review will go through the numerous CPPs, the chemical modifications that improve their cellular uptake, the various means for getting them across cell membranes, and the biological activity they acquire after being conjugate with specific chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Plot No. 2, Sector 17-A, Yamuna Expressway, Gautam Budh Nagar, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310 India
| | - Pratichi Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh India
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Raby WN, Heller M, Milliaressis D, Choi CJ, Basaraba C, Levin FR, Church S, Pavlicova M, Nunes EV. Cocaine use disorder patients develop distinct patterns of regulation of acth secretion by a vasopressin agonist and oxytocin: Report on a laboratory study. DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE REPORTS 2023; 7:100158. [PMID: 37397438 PMCID: PMC10311151 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadr.2023.100158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Background : Oxytocin and Vasopressin systems in the brain sustain adaptation to stressors. Cocaine being a stressor, it may alter brain homeostatic function. This dysregulation may entrench cocaine use disorder. Method : This is a human laboratory study of the effects of intranasal desmopressin (a Vasopressin 1b receptor agonist) and oxytocin on ACTH secretion in cocaine use disorder patients versus a control group. It consisted of two endocrine challenges performed on consecutive days. On day 1, the effect of intranasal desmopressin (80 IU) on ACTH secretion was measured. On day 2, a pre-treatment with intranasal oxytocin (24 IU) preceded intranasal desmopressin to monitor its effect on desmopressin-induced ACTH secretion. We hypothesized that the effect of intranasal oxytocin in controls would differ from the effect in cocaine use disorder patients. Results : Forty-three patients were included in this study: 14 controls and 29 cocaine use disorder patients. Significant differences were noted in the direction of change of ACTH secretion between the two groups. In cocaine use disorder patients, overall ACTH secretion was on average 2.7 pg/ml/min higher after intranasal desmopressin than after intranasal oxytocin/desmopressin (t292 = 2.91, p = 0.004). The opposite was observed in controls: overall ACTH secretion averaged 3.3 pg/ml/min less after intranasal desmopressin than after intranasal oxytocin/desmopressin (t292 = -2.35, p = 0.02). Conclusion : Intranasal oxytocin and desmopressin revealed a pattern of ACTH secretion in cocaine use disorder patients that is distinct from a non-addicted control group. (ClinicalTrial.gov00255357, 10/2014).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfrid Noël Raby
- Division on Substance Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1510 Waters Place, 2nd Floor, Bronx, NY, 10461
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew Heller
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Demetrios Milliaressis
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - C. Jean Choi
- Division of Mental Health Data Science, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cale Basaraba
- Division of Mental Health Data Science, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frances R. Levin
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Church
- Wholeview Wellness Centers, 369 Lexington Avenue, Suite 14A, New York City, NY, 10017, USA
| | - Martina Pavlicova
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edward V. Nunes
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
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Wang W, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Kong L, Li W, Hu W, Wang Y, Liu X. Nano-integrated cascade antioxidases opsonized by albumin bypass the blood-brain barrier for treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:7103-7116. [PMID: 36341569 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01401g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Potent antioxidative drugs are urgently needed to treat ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) induced reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated cerebrovascular and neural injury during ischemia strokes. However, current antioxidative agents have limited application in such disease due to low blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration. We herein designed a "neutrophil piggybacking" strategy based on albumin opsonized nanoparticles co-encapsulated with antioxidases catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). The system utilized the natural potential of neutrophils to target inflamed tissues to deliver antioxidases to injured sites in the brain. In addition, the system was integrated with a selenium (Se)-containing crosslinker to inhibit ferroptosis. We showed that the nanoparticles opsonized in the hybrid form rather than with an albumin-shell structure exhibited enhanced neutrophil targeting and efficient BBB penetration in vitro and in vivo. We further showed that the neutrophil-mediated delivery of antioxidases effectively reduced oxidative damage and apoptosis of neurons in brain tissue in a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) mouse model. Moreover, the successful delivery of Se with the nanoparticles increased the expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and effectively inhibited neuronal ferroptosis, achieving a satisfactory neuroprotective effect in I/R injury mice. Our study demonstrated that the rationally designed nanomedicines using the "neutrophil piggybacking" strategy can efficiently penetrate the BBB, greatly expanding the application of nanomedicines in the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuxuan Wang
- Stroke Center & Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China. .,School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou 511442, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Lingqi Kong
- Stroke Center & Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Wenyu Li
- Stroke Center & Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Wei Hu
- Stroke Center & Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Yucai Wang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Stroke Center & Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
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Zhang Y, Li Q, Han C, Geng F, Zhang S, Qu Y, Tang W. Superoxide dismutase@zeolite Imidazolate Framework-8 Attenuates Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:885113. [PMID: 35662706 PMCID: PMC9159373 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.885113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation have been considered major contributors to noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) that constituted a public health threat worldwide. Nanoantioxidants, with high antioxidant activity and good stability, have been extensively used in the study of ROS-related diseases. In this study, we constructed a superoxide dismutase (SOD)@zeolite imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) nanoparticle based on biomimetic mineralization and applied it to a rat model of NIHL. Our results showed that SOD@ZIF-8 effectively protected the animals from hearing loss and hair cell loss caused by noise. ROS, oxidative damage, and inflammation of noise-damaged cochlea were attenuated considerably after SOD@ZIF-8 administration. Importantly, we found that SOD@ZIF-8 achieved nanotherapy for NIHL in rats via a primary effect on the Sirtuin-3 (SIRT3)/superoxide dismutase2 (SOD2) signaling pathway without obvious adverse side effects. Therefore, our study is expected to open up a new field for NIHL treatment, and lay a foundation for the application of nanomaterials in other ROS-related inner ear diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Tangshan People's Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Application Center for Precision Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chengzhou Han
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fang Geng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Application Center for Precision Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Qu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenxue Tang
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Application Center for Precision Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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7
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Noël Raby W, Heller M, Milliaressis D, Jean Choi C, Basaraba C, Pavlicova M, Alschuler DM, Levin FR, Church S, Nunes EV. Intranasal oxytocin may improve odds of abstinence in cocaine-dependent patients: results from a preliminary study. DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE REPORTS 2021; 2:100016. [PMID: 36845891 PMCID: PMC9948893 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadr.2021.100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Oxytocin (OT) treatment in drug addiction studies have suggested potential therapeutic benefits. There is a paucity of clinical trial studies of oxytocin in cocaine use disorders. Method This was a 6-week randomized, double-blind, outpatient clinical trial study investigating the effect of daily Intranasal Oxytocin (24 IU) on cocaine use by cocaine use disorder patients. After a 7-day inpatient abstinence induction stage, patients were randomized to intranasal oxytocin or intranasal placebo. During the outpatient phase, cocaine use disorder patients were required to present themselves to the research staff 3 times a week for witnessed randomized medication administration, to provide a urine sample for qualitative toxicology, and complete mandatory assessments, including the Time-Line-Follow Back. For the interim days, patients were given an "at-home" bottle that was weighed at each clinic visit to monitor compliance. Results Neither administration of Intranasal placebo (n = 11) or Oxytocin (n = 15) induced at least 3 weeks of continuous abstinence. However, from week 3, the odds of weekly abstinence increased from 4.61 (95% CI = 1.05, 20.3) to 15.0 (CI = 1.18, 190.2) by week 6 for the Intranasal Oxytocin group (t = 2.12, p = 0.037), though there was no significant group difference overall in the odds of abstinence over time (F1,69 = 1.73, p = 0.19). More patients on Intranasal Oxytocin dropped out (p = 0.0005). Conclusions Intranasal Oxytocin increased the odds of weekly abstinence in Cocaine patients after 2 weeks compared to PBO, but was associated with a higher dropout rate. (ClinicalTrials.gov 02,255,357, 10/2014).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfrid Noël Raby
- Division on Substance Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1510 Waters Place, 2nd Floor, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States of America
- Corresponding author at: Division on Substance Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1510 Waters Place, 2nd Floor, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America.
| | - Matthew Heller
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Demetrios Milliaressis
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - C. Jean Choi
- Division of Mental Health Data Science, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Cale Basaraba
- Division of Mental Health Data Science, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Martina Pavlicova
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Daniel M. Alschuler
- Division of Mental Health Data Science, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Frances R. Levin
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Sarah Church
- Wholeview Wellness Centers, 369 Lexington Avenue, Suite 14A, New York City, NY 10017, United States of America
| | - Edward V. Nunes
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States of America
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8
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Perlikowska R. Whether short peptides are good candidates for future neuroprotective therapeutics? Peptides 2021; 140:170528. [PMID: 33716091 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a broad group of largely debilitating, and ultimately terminal conditions resulting in progressive degeneration of different brain regions. The observed damages are associated with cell death, structural and functional deficits of neurons, or demyelination. The concept of neuroprotection concerns the administration of the agent, which should reverse some of the damage or prevent further adverse changes. A growing body of evidence suggested that among many classes of compounds considered as neuroprotective agents, peptides derived from natural materials or their synthetic analogs are good candidates. They presented a broad spectrum of activities and abilities to act through diverse mechanisms of action. Biologically active peptides have many properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. Peptides with pro-survival and neuroprotective activities, associated with inhibition of oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation and are able to improve cell viability or mitochondrial functions, are also promising molecules of particular interest to the pharmaceutical industries. Peptide multiple activities open the way for broad application potential as therapeutic agents or ingredients of health-promoting functional foods. Significantly, synthetic peptides can be remodeled in numerous ways to have desired features, such as increased solubility or biological stability, as well as selectivity towards a specific receptor, and finally better membrane penetration. This review summarized the most common features of major neurodegenerative disorders, their causes, consequences, and reported new neuroprotective drug development approaches. The author focused on the unique perspectives in neuroprotection and provided a concise survey of short peptides proposed as novel therapeutic agents against various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Perlikowska
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215, Lodz, Poland.
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Sasaki T, Katagi H, Goldman S, Becher OJ, Hashizume R. Convection-Enhanced Delivery of Enhancer of Zeste Homolog-2 (EZH2) Inhibitor for the Treatment of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma. Neurosurgery 2020; 87:E680-E688. [PMID: 32674144 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyaa301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a fatal childhood brain tumor and the majority of patients die within 2 yr after initial diagnosis. Factors that contribute to the dismal prognosis of these patients include the infiltrative nature and anatomic location in an eloquent area of the brain, which precludes total surgical resection, and the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which reduces the distribution of systemically administered agents. Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) is a direct infusion technique to deliver therapeutic agents into a target site in the brain and able to deliver a high concentration drug to the infusion site without systemic toxicities. OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of enhancer of zeste homolog-2 (EZH2) inhibitor by CED against human DIPG xenograft models. METHODS The concentration of EZH2 inhibitor (EPZ-6438) in the brainstem tumor was evaluated by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). We treated mice-bearing human DIPG xenografts with EPZ-6438 using systemic (intraperitoneal) or CED administration. Intracranial tumor growth was monitored by bioluminescence image, and the therapeutic response was evaluated by animal survival. RESULTS LC/MS analysis showed that the concentration of EPZ-6438 in the brainstem tumor was 3.74% of serum concentration after systemic administration. CED of EPZ-6438 suppressed tumor growth and significantly extended animal survival when compared to systemic administration of EPZ-6438 (P = .0475). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that CED of an EZH2 inhibitor is a promising strategy to bypass the BBB and to increase the efficacy of an EZH2 inhibitor for the treatment of DIPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sasaki
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hiroaki Katagi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stewart Goldman
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation in the Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Oren J Becher
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation in the Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rintaro Hashizume
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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10
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Solár P, Zamani A, Kubíčková L, Dubový P, Joukal M. Choroid plexus and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in disease. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:35. [PMID: 32375819 PMCID: PMC7201396 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00196-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) forming the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (B-CSF) barrier is among the least studied structures of the central nervous system (CNS) despite its clinical importance. The CP is an epithelio-endothelial convolute comprising a highly vascularized stroma with fenestrated capillaries and a continuous lining of epithelial cells joined by apical tight junctions (TJs) that are crucial in forming the B-CSF barrier. Integrity of the CP is critical for maintaining brain homeostasis and B-CSF barrier permeability. Recent experimental and clinical research has uncovered the significance of the CP in the pathophysiology of various diseases affecting the CNS. The CP is involved in penetration of various pathogens into the CNS, as well as the development of neurodegenerative (e.g., Alzheimer´s disease) and autoimmune diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis). Moreover, the CP was shown to be important for restoring brain homeostasis following stroke and trauma. In addition, new diagnostic methods and treatment of CP papilloma and carcinoma have recently been developed. This review describes and summarizes the current state of knowledge with regard to the roles of the CP and B-CSF barrier in the pathophysiology of various types of CNS diseases and sets up the foundation for further avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Solár
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne´s University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 53, CZ-656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alemeh Zamani
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Kubíčková
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Dubový
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Joukal
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Sarma A, Das MK. Nose to brain delivery of antiretroviral drugs in the treatment of neuroAIDS. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2020; 1:15. [PMID: 34765998 PMCID: PMC7725542 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-020-00019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NeuroAIDS (Neuro Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) or HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) associated neuronal abnormality is continuing to be a significant health issue among AIDS patients even under the treatment of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Injury and damage to neurons of the brain are the prime causes of neuroAIDS, which happens due to the ingress of HIV by direct permeation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or else via peripherally infected macrophage into the central nervous system (CNS). The BBB performs as a stringent barricade for the delivery of therapeutics drugs. The intranasal route of drug administration exhibits as a non-invasive technique to bypass the BBB for the delivery of antiretroviral drugs and other active pharmaceutical ingredients inside the brain and CNS. This method is fruitful for the drugs that are unable to invade the BBB to show its action in the CNS and thus erase the demand of systemic delivery and thereby shrink systemic side effects. Drug delivery from the nose to the brain/CNS takes very less time through both olfactory and trigeminal nerves. Intranasal delivery does not require the involvement of any receptor as it occurs by an extracellular route. Nose to brain delivery also involves nasal associated lymphatic tissues (NALT) and deep cervical lymph nodes. However, very little research has been done to explore the utility of nose to brain delivery of antiretroviral drugs in the treatment of neuroAIDS. This review focuses on the potential of nasal route for the effective delivery of antiretroviral nanoformulations directly from nose to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Sarma
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam 786004 India.,Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guwahati, Assam 781026 India
| | - Malay K Das
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam 786004 India
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12
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Durcanova B, Appleton J, Gurijala N, Belov V, Giffenig P, Moeller E, Hogan M, Lee F, Papisov M. The Configuration of the Perivascular System Transporting Macromolecules in the CNS. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:511. [PMID: 31191221 PMCID: PMC6547014 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Large blood vessels entering the CNS are surrounded by perivascular spaces that communicate with the cerebrospinal fluid and, at their termini, with the interstitial space. Solutes and particles can translocate along these perivascular conduits, reportedly in both directions. Recently, this prompted a renewed interest in the intrathecal therapy delivery route for CNS-targeted therapeutics. However, the extent of the CNS coverage by the perivascular system is unknown, making the outcome of drug administration to the CSF uncertain. We traced the translocation of model macromolecules from the CSF into the CNS of rats and non-human primates. Conduits transporting macromolecules were found to extend throughout the parenchyma from both external and internal (fissures) CNS boundaries, excluding ventricles, in large numbers, on average ca. 40 channels per mm2 in rats and non-human primates. The high density and depth of extension of the perivascular channels suggest that the perivascular route can be suitable for delivery of therapeutics to parenchymal targets throughout the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vasily Belov
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Shriners Hospitals for Children - Boston, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Pilar Giffenig
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Matthew Hogan
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Fredella Lee
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mikhail Papisov
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Shriners Hospitals for Children - Boston, Boston, MA, United States
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13
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Bourganis V, Kammona O, Alexopoulos A, Kiparissides C. Recent advances in carrier mediated nose-to-brain delivery of pharmaceutics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 128:337-362. [PMID: 29733950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders (e.g., multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, etc.) represent a growing public health issue, primarily due to the increased life expectancy and the aging population. The treatment of such disorders is notably elaborate and requires the delivery of therapeutics to the brain in appropriate amounts to elicit a pharmacological response. However, despite the major advances both in neuroscience and drug delivery research, the administration of drugs to the CNS still remains elusive. It is commonly accepted that effectiveness-related issues arise due to the inability of parenterally administered macromolecules to cross the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) in order to access the CNS, thus impeding their successful delivery to brain tissues. As a result, the direct Nose-to-Brain delivery has emerged as a powerful strategy to circumvent the BBB and deliver drugs to the brain. The present review article attempts to highlight the different experimental and computational approaches pursued so far to attain and enhance the direct delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain and shed some light on the underlying mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis and treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Bourganis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 472, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Olga Kammona
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, P.O. Box 60361, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aleck Alexopoulos
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, P.O. Box 60361, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Costas Kiparissides
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 472, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, P.O. Box 60361, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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14
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Freskgård PO, Urich E. Antibody therapies in CNS diseases. Neuropharmacology 2017; 120:38-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Jiang Y, Arounleut P, Rheiner S, Bae Y, Kabanov AV, Milligan C, Manickam DS. SOD1 nanozyme with reduced toxicity and MPS accumulation. J Control Release 2016; 231:38-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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16
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Bauer KC, Huus KE, Finlay BB. Microbes and the mind: emerging hallmarks of the gut microbiota-brain axis. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:632-44. [PMID: 26918908 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The concept of a gut microbiota-brain axis has emerged to describe the complex and continuous signalling between the gut microbiota and host nervous system. This review examines key microbial-derived neuromodulators and structural components that comprise the gut microbiota-brain axis. To conclude, we briefly identify current challenges in gut microbiota-brain research and suggest a framework to characterize these interactions. Here, we propose five emerging hallmarks of the gut microbiota-brain axis: (i) Indistinguishability, (ii) Emergence, (iii) Bidirectional Signalling, (iv) Critical Window Fluidity and (5) Neural Homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylynda C Bauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kelsey E Huus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - B Brett Finlay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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17
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Lindqvist A, Jönsson S, Hammarlund-Udenaes M. Exploring Factors Causing Low Brain Penetration of the Opioid Peptide DAMGO through Experimental Methods and Modeling. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1258-66. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Lindqvist
- Translational
PKPD Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Associate Member
of SciLife Lab, Uppsala University, Box 591, Uppsala, SE-75124, Sweden
| | - Siv Jönsson
- Pharmacometrics
Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, Uppsala, SE-75124, Sweden
| | - Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes
- Translational
PKPD Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Associate Member
of SciLife Lab, Uppsala University, Box 591, Uppsala, SE-75124, Sweden
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18
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HAMPL R, BIČÍKOVÁ M, SOSVOROVÁ L. How Hormones Influence Composition and Physiological Function of the Brain-Blood Barrier. Physiol Res 2015; 64:S259-64. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormones exert many actions in the brain. Their access and effects in the brain are regulated by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Hormones as other substances may enter the brain and vice versa either by paracellular way requiring breaching tight junctions stitching the endothelial cells composing the BBB, or by passage through the cells (transcellular way). Hormones influence both ways through their receptors, both membrane and intracellular, present on/in the BBB. In the review the main examples are outlined how hormones influence the expression and function of proteins forming the tight junctions, as well as how they regulate expression and function of major protein transporters mediating transport of various substances including hormone themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. HAMPL
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
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19
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Hampl R, Bičíková M, Sosvorová L. Hormones and the blood-brain barrier. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 21:159-64. [PMID: 25719333 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2014-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hormones exert many actions in the brain, and brain cells are also hormonally active. To reach their targets in brain structures, hormones must overcome the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a unique device selecting desired/undesired molecules to reach or leave the brain, and it is composed of endothelial cells forming the brain vasculature. These cells differ from other endothelial cells in their almost impermeable tight junctions and in possessing several membrane structures such as receptors, transporters, and metabolically active molecules, ensuring their selection function. The main ways how compounds pass through the BBB are briefly outlined in this review. The main part concerns the transport of major classes of hormones: steroids, including neurosteroids, thyroid hormones, insulin, and other peptide hormones regulating energy homeostasis, growth hormone, and also various cytokines. Peptide transporters mediating the saturable transport of individual classes of hormones are reviewed. The last paragraph provides examples of how hormones affect the permeability and function of the BBB either at the level of tight junctions or by various transporters.
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20
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Jiang Y, Brynskikh AM, S-Manickam D, Kabanov AV. SOD1 nanozyme salvages ischemic brain by locally protecting cerebral vasculature. J Control Release 2015; 213:36-44. [PMID: 26093094 PMCID: PMC4684498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD; SOD1) is widely considered as a potential therapeutic candidate for pathologies involving oxidative stress, but its application has been greatly hindered by delivery issues. In our previous study, nanoformulated SOD1 (cl-nanozyme) was shown to decrease infarct volume and improve sensorimotor functions after a single intravenous (IV) injection in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury (stroke). However, it remained unclear how cl-nanozyme was able to deliver SOD1 to the brain and exert therapeutic efficacy. The present study aims to answer this question by exploring micro-distribution pattern of cl-nanozyme in the rat brain after stroke. Immunohistochemistry studies demonstrated cl-nanozyme co-localization with fibrin along damaged arteries and capillaries in the ischemic hemisphere. We further found that cl-nanozyme can be cross-linked into thrombi formed after I/R injury in the brain, and this effect is independent of animal species (rat/mouse) used for modeling I/R injury. This work is also the first report reinforcing therapeutic potential of cl-nanozyme in a well-characterized mouse MCAO model of I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Jiang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Anna M Brynskikh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Devika S-Manickam
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Alexander V Kabanov
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Laboratory for Chemical Design of Bionanomaterials, Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 117234, Russia.
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21
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Bocsik A, Darula Z, Tóth G, Deli MA, Wollemann M. Transfer of opiorphin through a blood-brain barrier culture model. Arch Med Res 2015; 46:502-6. [PMID: 26143971 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Opioid peptides are potent analgesics with therapeutic potential in the treatment of acute and chronic pain. Their efficacy is limited by peptidases (enkephalinases). Opiorphin pentapeptide (QRFSR) is the first characterized human endogenous inhibitor of enkephalinases. The peptide is able to increase the binding and affinity of endogenous opiates to mu opioid receptors; thus, the mechanism of opiorphin may provide a new therapeutic approach in pain management. The analgesic effect of opiorphin was proven in several earlier published in vitro and in vivo studies. Our aim was to test the transfer of opiorphin through a blood-brain barrier model for the first time. The flux of opiorphin was tested on a blood-brain barrier culture model consisting of rat brain endothelial, glial and pericyte cells. Brain endothelial cells in this triple co-culture model form tight monolayers characterized by transendothelial electrical resistance measurement. Relative quantity of the peptide was estimated by mass spectrometry. The transfer of opiorphin through the blood-brain barrier model was estimated to be ∼3%, whereas the permeability coefficient was 0.53 ± 1.36 × 10(-6) cm/s (n = 4). We also observed rapid conversion of N-terminal glutamine into pyroglutamic acid during the transfer experiments. Our results indicate that opiorphin crosses cultured brain endothelial cells in the absence of serum factors in a significant amount. This is in agreement with previous in vivo data showing potentiation of enkephalin-mediated antinociception. We suggest that opiorphin may have a potential as a centrally acting novel drug to treat pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bocsik
- Institute of Biophysics, Biologial Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Darula
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biologial Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Géza Tóth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biologial Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mária A Deli
- Institute of Biophysics, Biologial Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Mária Wollemann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biologial Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.
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22
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Jafari S, Maleki Dizaj S, Adibkia K. Cell-penetrating peptides and their analogues as novel nanocarriers for drug delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 5:103-11. [PMID: 26191505 PMCID: PMC4492185 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2015.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The impermeability of biological membranes is a major obstacle in drug delivery; however, some peptides have transition capabilities of biomembranes. In recent decades, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been introduced as novel biocarriers that are able to translocate into the cells. CPPs are biologically potent tools for non-invasive cellular internalization of cargo molecules. Nevertheless, the non-specificity of these peptides presents a restriction for targeting drug delivery; therefore, a peptidic nanocarrier sensitive to matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) has been prepared, called activatable cell-penetrating peptide (ACPP). In addition to the cell-penetrating peptide dendrimer (DCPP), other analogues of CPPs have been synthesized. METHODS In this study, the most recent literature in the field of biomedical application of CPPs and their analogues, ACPP and DCCP, were reviewed. RESULTS This review focuses on CPP and its analogues, ACPP and DCPP, as novel nanocarriers for drug delivery. In addition, nanoconjugates and bioconjugates of these peptide sequences are discussed. CONCLUSION DCCP, branched CPPs, compared to linear peptides have advantages such as resistance to rapid biodegradation, high loading capacities and large-scale production capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Jafari
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran ; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Solmaz Maleki Dizaj
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran ; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khosro Adibkia
- Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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23
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Olberg DE, Hausner SH, Bauer N, Klaveness J, Indrevoll B, Andressen KW, Dahl M, Levy FO, Sutcliffe JL, Haraldsen I. Radiosynthesis of high affinity fluorine-18 labeled GnRH peptide analogues: in vitro studies and in vivo assessment of brain uptake in rats. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00486h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of high affinity 18F-GnRH peptides have been synthesized and show utility as imaging agents for GnRH receptor expression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sven H. Hausner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of California Davis
- Davis
- USA
- Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Nadine Bauer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of California Davis
- Davis
- USA
| | | | | | - Kjetil Wessel Andressen
- Department of Pharmacology
- Faculty of Medicine
- University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital
- Oslo
- Norway
| | - Marie Dahl
- Department of Pharmacology
- Faculty of Medicine
- University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital
- Oslo
- Norway
| | - Finn Olav Levy
- Department of Pharmacology
- Faculty of Medicine
- University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital
- Oslo
- Norway
| | - Julie L. Sutcliffe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of California Davis
- Davis
- USA
- Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Ira Haraldsen
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine
- Oslo University Hospital
- Oslo
- Norway
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24
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Zhang X, Liu L, Chai G, Zhang X, Li F. Brain pharmacokinetics of neurotoxin-loaded PLA nanoparticles modified with chitosan after intranasal administration in awake rats. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 39:1618-24. [PMID: 24087853 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.727828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Neurotoxin (NT), an analgesic peptide which was separated from the venom of Naja naja atra, is endowed an exceptional specificity of action that blocks transmission of the nerve impulse by binding to the acetylcholine receptor in the membrane. However, it has limited permeability across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to encapsulate NT within polylactic acid (PLA) nanoparticles (NPs) modified with chitosan (NT-PLA-cNPs) and to evaluate their brain pharmacokinetic behaviors after intranasal (i.n.) administration using a microdialysis technique in free-moving rats. METHODS NT-PLA-cNPs (NT labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate) were prepared and characterized. Then, NT-PLA-cNPs were i.n. administered to rats and the fluorescence intensity in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) was monitored for up to 480 min, with NT-PLA-NPs and NT solution as control groups. RESULTS The NPs prepared were spherical with a homogenous size distribution. The mean particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency were 140.5 ± 5.4 nm, +33.71 ± 3.24 mV, and 83.51 ± 2.65%, respectively. The brain transport results showed that Tmax of NT-PLA-cNPs was equal with that of NT-PLA-NPs after i.n. administration (150 min). The Cmax and AUC(0-8 h) of each group followed the following order: NT-PLA-cNPs > NT-PLA-NPs. The corresponding absolute bioavailability (Fabs) of NT-PLA-cNPs was about 151% with NT-PLA-NPs as reference preparations. CONCLUSION These results suggest that NPs modified with chitosan have better brain targeting efficiency and are a promising approach for i.n. delivery of large hydrophilic peptides and proteins in improving the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingguo Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang Chinese Medical University , HangZhou , China
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25
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Stockwell J, Abdi N, Lu X, Maheshwari O, Taghibiglou C. Novel central nervous system drug delivery systems. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 83:507-20. [PMID: 24325540 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
For decades, biomedical and pharmaceutical researchers have worked to devise new and more effective therapeutics to treat diseases affecting the central nervous system. The blood-brain barrier effectively protects the brain, but poses a profound challenge to drug delivery across this barrier. Many traditional drugs cannot cross the blood-brain barrier in appreciable concentrations, with less than 1% of most drugs reaching the central nervous system, leading to a lack of available treatments for many central nervous system diseases, such as stroke, neurodegenerative disorders, and brain tumors. Due to the ineffective nature of most treatments for central nervous system disorders, the development of novel drug delivery systems is an area of great interest and active research. Multiple novel strategies show promise for effective central nervous system drug delivery, giving potential for more effective and safer therapies in the future. This review outlines several novel drug delivery techniques, including intranasal drug delivery, nanoparticles, drug modifications, convection-enhanced infusion, and ultrasound-mediated drug delivery. It also assesses possible clinical applications, limitations, and examples of current clinical and preclinical research for each of these drug delivery approaches. Improved central nervous system drug delivery is extremely important and will allow for improved treatment of central nervous system diseases, causing improved therapies for those who are affected by central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Stockwell
- Department of Physiology, 2D01 Health Sciences, 107 Wiggins Rd., Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, 2D01 Health Sciences, 107 Wiggins Rd., Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
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26
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Anand JP, Porter-Barrus VR, Waldschmidt HV, Yeomans L, Pogozheva ID, Traynor JR, Mosberg HI. Translation of structure-activity relationships from cyclic mixed efficacy opioid peptides to linear analogues. Biopolymers 2014; 102:107-14. [PMID: 24436042 PMCID: PMC4132888 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Most opioid analgesics used in the treatment of pain are mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonists. While effective, there are significant drawbacks to opioid use, including the development of tolerance and dependence. However, the coadministration of a MOR agonist with a delta opioid receptor (DOR) antagonist slows the development of MOR-related side effects, while maintaining analgesia. We have previously reported a series of cyclic mixed efficacy MOR agonist/DOR antagonist ligands. Here we describe the transfer of key features from these cyclic analogs to linear sequences. Using the linear MOR/DOR agonist, Tyr-DThr-Gly-Phe-Leu-Ser-NH2 (DTLES), as a lead scaffold, we replaced Phe(4) with bulkier and/or constrained aromatic residues shown to confer DOR antagonism in our cyclic ligands. These replacements failed to confer DOR antagonism in the DTLES analogs, presumably because the more flexible linear ligands can adopt binding poses that will fit in the narrow binding pocket of the active conformations of both MOR and DOR. Nonetheless, the pharmacological profile observed in this series, high affinity and efficacy for MOR and DOR with selectivity relative to KOR, has also been shown to reduce the development of unwanted side effects. We further modified our lead MOR/DOR agonist with a C-terminal glucoserine to improve bioavailability. The resulting ligand displayed high efficacy and potency at both MOR and DOR and no efficacy at KOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P Anand
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
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27
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Gaillard PJ, Visser CC, de Boer M, Appeldoorn CCM, Rip J. Blood-to-Brain Drug Delivery Using Nanocarriers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9105-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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28
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Enhanced brain drug delivery: safely crossing the blood-brain barrier. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2013; 9:e71-e174. [PMID: 24064276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ronaldson PT, Davis TP. Targeted drug delivery to treat pain and cerebral hypoxia. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:291-314. [PMID: 23343976 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.005991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited drug penetration is an obstacle that is often encountered in treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases including pain and cerebral hypoxia. Over the past several years, biochemical characteristics of the brain (i.e., tight junction protein complexes at brain barrier sites, expression of influx and efflux transporters) have been shown to be directly involved in determining CNS permeation of therapeutic agents; however, the vast majority of these studies have focused on understanding those mechanisms that prevent drugs from entering the CNS. Recently, this paradigm has shifted toward identifying and characterizing brain targets that facilitate CNS drug delivery. Such targets include the organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs in humans; Oatps in rodents), a family of sodium-independent transporters that are endogenously expressed in the brain and are involved in drug uptake. OATP/Oatp substrates include drugs that are efficacious in treatment of pain and/or cerebral hypoxia (i.e., opioid analgesic peptides, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors). This clearly suggests that OATP/Oatp isoforms are viable transporter targets that can be exploited for optimization of drug delivery to the brain and, therefore, improved treatment of CNS diseases. This review summarizes recent knowledge in this area and emphasizes the potential that therapeutic targeting of OATP/Oatp isoforms may have in facilitating CNS drug delivery and distribution. Additionally, information presented in this review will point to novel strategies that can be used for treatment of pain and cerebral hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Ronaldson
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ 85724-5050, USA.
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Skrlj N, Drevenšek G, Hudoklin S, Romih R, Curin Šerbec V, Dolinar M. Recombinant single-chain antibody with the Trojan peptide penetratin positioned in the linker region enables cargo transfer across the blood-brain barrier. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 169:159-69. [PMID: 23160949 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9962-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of therapeutic proteins into tissues and across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is limited by the size and biochemical properties of the proteins. Efficient delivery across BBB is generally restricted to small, highly lipophilic molecules. However, in the last decades, several peptides that can pass cell membranes have been identified. It has been shown that these peptides are also capable of delivering large hydrophilic cargoes into cells and are therefore a powerful biological tool for transporting drugs across cell membranes and even into the brain. We designed and prepared a single-chain antibody fragment (scFvs), specific for the pathological form of the prion protein (PrP(Sc)), where a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) was used as a linker between the two variable domains of the scFv. The intravenously administered recombinant scFv-CPP was successfully targeted to and delivered into mouse brain cells. Our single-chain antibody fragments are of special interest in view of possible therapeutic reagents design not only for prion diseases but also for other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nives Skrlj
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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31
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Smith MW, Al-Jayyoussi G, Gumbleton M. Peptide sequences mediating tropism to intact blood-brain barrier: an in vivo biodistribution study using phage display. Peptides 2012; 38:172-80. [PMID: 22955033 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peptide motifs that demonstrate tropism for the blood brain barrier (BBB) are of real translational value in developing innovative delivery strategies for biological brain targeted therapies. In vivo peptide-phage display affords peptide selection against the full complement of biological markers within the correct cellular macro- and micro-environments. Here a stringent in vivo biopanning protocol was employed in the rat aimed at identifying cyclic 7-mer peptide motifs that mediate tropism to brain microvasculature. Five rounds of biopanning identified 349 unique peptide motifs in the brain tissue gray matter compartment (microvasculature and parenchyma). While in general no consensus was evident linking peptide physico-chemical properties and brain tropism, peptides bearing c-SxTSSTx-c or c-xxxSSTx-c motifs were found to be present in high abundance. Based on amino acid frequency distribution of the 349 unique peptides sequences a theoretical 'idealized' peptide pattern, c-PP(S/P)SSST-c, could be derived. For the most abundant experimental peptide sequence found in brain tissue, c-SYTSSTM-c, an in vivo pharmacokinetic and whole body tissue biodistribution study was performed. Based upon tissue exposure data (i.e. tissue AUC((0-infinity))) the sequence c-SYTSSTM-c efficiently retargeted phage virions to the brain providing an approximate 5-fold greater (P<0.05) accumulation in brain over control phage; in all other organs no significant (P>0.05) difference in tissue tropism between c-SYTSSTM-c and control phages were evident. This peptide and more generally the peptide motifs, -SxTSSTx- or -xxxSSTx-, warrant further investigation as agents mediating sequence-dependent tropism to brain microvasculature potentially able to deliver biologic cargo to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew W Smith
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Lindqvist A, Rip J, Gaillard PJ, Björkman S, Hammarlund-Udenaes M. Enhanced brain delivery of the opioid peptide DAMGO in glutathione pegylated liposomes: a microdialysis study. Mol Pharm 2012; 10:1533-41. [PMID: 22934681 DOI: 10.1021/mp300272a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione PEGylated (GSH-PEG) liposomes were evaluated for their ability to enhance and prolong blood-to-brain drug delivery of the opioid peptide DAMGO (H-Tyr-d-Ala-Gly-MePhe-Gly-ol). An intravenous loading dose of DAMGO followed by a 2 h constant rate infusion was administered to rats, and after a washout period of 1 h, GSH-PEG liposomal DAMGO was administered using a similar dosing regimen. DAMGO and GSH-PEG liposomal DAMGO were also administered as a 10 min infusion to compare the disposition of the two formulations. Microdialysis made it possible to determine free DAMGO in brain and plasma, while the GSH-PEG liposomal encapsulated DAMGO was measured with regular plasma sampling. The antinociceptive effect of DAMGO was determined with the tail-flick method. All samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The short infusion of DAMGO resulted in a fast decline of the peptide concentration in plasma with a half-life of 9.2 ± 2.1 min. Encapsulation in GSH-PEG liposomes prolonged the half-life to 6.9 ± 2.3 h. Free DAMGO entered the brain to a limited extent with a steady state ratio between unbound drug concentrations in brain interstitial fluid and in blood (Kp,uu) of 0.09 ± 0.04. GSH-PEG liposomes significantly increased the brain exposure of DAMGO to a Kp,uu of 0.21 ± 0.17 (p < 0.05). By monitoring the released, active substance in both blood and brain interstitial fluid over time, we were able to demonstrate that GSH-PEG liposomes offer a promising platform for enhancing and prolonging the delivery of drugs to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Lindqvist
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Manickam DS, Brynskikh AM, Kopanic JL, Sorgen PL, Klyachko NL, Batrakova EV, Bronich TK, Kabanov AV. Well-defined cross-linked antioxidant nanozymes for treatment of ischemic brain injury. J Control Release 2012; 162:636-45. [PMID: 22902590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Development of well-defined nanomedicines is critical for their successful clinical translation. A simple synthesis and purification procedure is established for chemically cross-linked polyion complexes of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) or catalase with a cationic block copolymer, methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(L-lysine hydrochloride) (PEG-pLL₅₀). Such complexes, termed cross-linked nanozymes (cl-nanozymes) retain catalytic activity and have narrow size distribution. Moreover, their cytotoxicity is decreased compared to non-cross-linked complexes due to suppression of release of the free block copolymer. SOD1 cl-nanozymes exhibit prolonged ability to scavenge experimentally induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cultured brain microvessel endothelial cells and central neurons. In vivo they decrease ischemia/reperfusion-induced tissue injury and improve sensorimotor functions in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model after a single intravenous (i.v.) injection. Altogether, well-defined cl-nanozymes are promising modalities for attenuation of oxidative stress after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika S Manickam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center-UNMC, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Establishing the principle of reversibility in peptide/protein and small-molecule therapy. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:17-23. [PMID: 22833930 DOI: 10.4155/tde.11.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several important pharmacological features can be integrated into injected drugs to enhance their therapeutic efficacy following administration. Short-lived peptide/protein drugs should be converted into long-lived species in vivo to avoid multiple injections. Circulating levels of anticancer agents need to be maintained within a narrow therapeutic range for prolonged period. Water-insoluble drugs must be turned into soluble species and blood-brain barrier-impermeable agents need to be modified to cross it following peripheral administrations. The derivatization requiring for achieving those desirable pharmacological features typically result in biologically/pharmacologically inactive products, unless those derivatizations can be carried out in a reversible fashion.
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Opioid glycopeptide analgesics derived from endogenous enkephalins and endorphins. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:205-26. [PMID: 22300099 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.11.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, potent and selective analgesics have been developed from endogenous opioid peptides. Glycosylation provides an important means of modulating interaction with biological membranes, which greatly affects the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the resulting glycopeptide analogues. Furthermore, manipulation of the membrane affinity allows penetration of cellular barriers that block efficient drug distribution, including the blood-brain barrier. Extremely potent and selective opiate agonists have been developed from endogenous peptides, some of which show great promise as drug candidates.
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Brainpeps: the blood-brain barrier peptide database. Brain Struct Funct 2011; 217:687-718. [PMID: 22205159 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-011-0375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Peptides are able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) through various mechanisms, opening new diagnostic and therapeutic avenues. However, their BBB transport data are scattered in the literature over different disciplines, using different methodologies reporting different influx or efflux aspects. Therefore, a comprehensive BBB peptide database (Brainpeps) was constructed to collect the BBB data available in the literature. Brainpeps currently contains BBB transport information with positive as well as negative results. The database is a useful tool to prioritize peptide choices for evaluating different BBB responses or studying quantitative structure-property (BBB behaviour) relationships of peptides. Because a multitude of methods have been used to assess the BBB behaviour of compounds, we classified these methods and their responses. Moreover, the relationships between the different BBB transport methods have been clarified and visualized.
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Marklund N, Hillered L. Animal modelling of traumatic brain injury in preclinical drug development: where do we go from here? Br J Pharmacol 2011; 164:1207-29. [PMID: 21175576 PMCID: PMC3229758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability in young adults. Survivors of TBI frequently suffer from long-term personality changes and deficits in cognitive and motor performance, urgently calling for novel pharmacological treatment options. To date, all clinical trials evaluating neuroprotective compounds have failed in demonstrating clinical efficacy in cohorts of severely injured TBI patients. The purpose of the present review is to describe the utility of animal models of TBI for preclinical evaluation of pharmacological compounds. No single animal model can adequately mimic all aspects of human TBI owing to the heterogeneity of clinical TBI. To successfully develop compounds for clinical TBI, a thorough evaluation in several TBI models and injury severities is crucial. Additionally, brain pharmacokinetics and the time window must be carefully evaluated. Although the search for a single-compound, 'silver bullet' therapy is ongoing, a combination of drugs targeting various aspects of neuroprotection, neuroinflammation and regeneration may be needed. In summary, finding drugs and prove clinical efficacy in TBI is a major challenge ahead for the research community and the drug industry. For a successful translation of basic science knowledge to the clinic to occur we believe that a further refinement of animal models and functional outcome methods is important. In the clinical setting, improved patient classification, more homogenous patient cohorts in clinical trials, standardized treatment strategies, improved central nervous system drug delivery systems and monitoring of target drug levels and drug effects is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Marklund
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
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38
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Murua A, Orive G, Hernández RM, Pedraz JL. Emerging technologies in the delivery of erythropoietin for therapeutics. Med Res Rev 2011; 31:284-309. [PMID: 19967731 DOI: 10.1002/med.20184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering the function of proteins and their roles in signaling pathways is one of the main goals of biomedical research, especially from the perspective of uncovering pathways that may ultimately be exploited for therapeutic benefit. Over the last half century, a greatly expanded understanding of the biology of the glycoprotein hormone erythropoietin (Epo) has emerged from regulator of the circulating erythrocyte mass to a widely used therapeutic agent. Originally viewed as the renal hormone responsible for erythropoiesis, recent in vivo studies in animal models and clinical trials demonstrate that many other tissues locally produce Epo independent of its effects on red blood cell mass. Thus, not only its hematopoietic activity but also the recently discovered nonerythropoietic actions in addition to new drug delivery systems are being thoroughly investigated in order to fulfill the specific Epo release requirements for each therapeutic approach. The present review focuses on updating the information previously provided by similar reviews and recent experimental approaches are presented to describe the advances in Epo drug delivery achieved in the last few years and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Murua
- Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, SLFPB-EHU, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Hülper P, Dullin C, Kugler W, Lakomek M, Erdlenbruch B. Monitoring proteins using in vivo near-infrared time-domain optical imaging after 2-O-hexyldiglycerol-mediated transfer to the brain. Mol Imaging Biol 2011; 13:275-83. [PMID: 20521132 PMCID: PMC3051066 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-010-0348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of the present study was to gain insight into the penetration, biodistribution, and fate of globulins in the brain after 2-O-hexyldiglycerol-induced blood–brain barrier opening. Procedures The spatial distribution of fluorescence probes was investigated after blood–brain barrier opening with intracarotid 2-O-hexyldiglycerol injection. Fluorescence intensity was visualized by microscopy (mice and rats) and by in vivo time-domain optical imaging. Results There was an increased 2-O-hexyldiglycerol-mediated transfer of fluorescence-labeled globulins into the ipsilateral hemisphere. Sequential in vivo measurements revealed that the increase in protein concentration lasted at least 96 h after administration. Ex vivo detection of tissue fluorescence confirmed the results obtained in vivo. Conclusion Globulins enter the healthy brain in conjunction with 2-O-hexyldiglycerol. Sequential in vivo near-infrared fluorescence measurements enable the visualization of the spatial distribution of antibodies in the brain of living small animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hülper
- Kinderklinik der Universität Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37099 Göttingen, Germany.
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Robertson CR, Flynn SP, White HS, Bulaj G. Anticonvulsant neuropeptides as drug leads for neurological diseases. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:741-62. [PMID: 21340067 DOI: 10.1039/c0np00048e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anticonvulsant neuropeptides are best known for their ability to suppress seizures and modulate pain pathways. Galanin, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, neurotensin, dynorphin, among others, have been validated as potential first-in-class anti-epileptic or/and analgesic compounds in animal models of epilepsy and pain, but their therapeutic potential extends to other neurological indications, including neurodegenerative and psychatric disorders. Disease-modifying properties of neuropeptides make them even more attractive templates for developing new-generation neurotherapeutics. Arguably, efforts to transform this class of neuropeptides into drugs have been limited compared to those for other bioactive peptides. Key challenges in developing neuropeptide-based anticonvulsants are: to engineer optimal receptor-subtype selectivity, to improve metabolic stability and to enhance their bioavailability, including penetration across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Here, we summarize advances toward developing systemically active and CNS-penetrant neuropeptide analogs. Two main objectives of this review are: (1) to provide an overview of structural and pharmacological properties for selected anticonvulsant neuropeptides and their analogs and (2) to encourage broader efforts to convert these endogenous natural products into drug leads for pain, epilepsy and other neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Robertson
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 421 Wakara Way, STE. 360 Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
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41
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Redzic Z. Molecular biology of the blood-brain and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers: similarities and differences. Fluids Barriers CNS 2011; 8:3. [PMID: 21349151 PMCID: PMC3045361 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-8-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient processing of information by the central nervous system (CNS) represents an important evolutionary advantage. Thus, homeostatic mechanisms have developed that provide appropriate circumstances for neuronal signaling, including a highly controlled and stable microenvironment. To provide such a milieu for neurons, extracellular fluids of the CNS are separated from the changeable environment of blood at three major interfaces: at the brain capillaries by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is localized at the level of the endothelial cells and separates brain interstitial fluid (ISF) from blood; at the epithelial layer of four choroid plexuses, the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (BCSFB), which separates CSF from the CP ISF, and at the arachnoid barrier. The two barriers that represent the largest interface between blood and brain extracellular fluids, the BBB and the BCSFB, prevent the free paracellular diffusion of polar molecules by complex morphological features, including tight junctions (TJs) that interconnect the endothelial and epithelial cells, respectively. The first part of this review focuses on the molecular biology of TJs and adherens junctions in the brain capillary endothelial cells and in the CP epithelial cells. However, normal function of the CNS depends on a constant supply of essential molecules, like glucose and amino acids from the blood, exchange of electrolytes between brain extracellular fluids and blood, as well as on efficient removal of metabolic waste products and excess neurotransmitters from the brain ISF. Therefore, a number of specific transport proteins are expressed in brain capillary endothelial cells and CP epithelial cells that provide transport of nutrients and ions into the CNS and removal of waste products and ions from the CSF. The second part of this review concentrates on the molecular biology of various solute carrier (SLC) transport proteins at those two barriers and underlines differences in their expression between the two barriers. Also, many blood-borne molecules and xenobiotics can diffuse into brain ISF and then into neuronal membranes due to their physicochemical properties. Entry of these compounds could be detrimental for neural transmission and signalling. Thus, BBB and BCSFB express transport proteins that actively restrict entry of lipophilic and amphipathic substances from blood and/or remove those molecules from the brain extracellular fluids. The third part of this review concentrates on the molecular biology of ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-transporters and those SLC transporters that are involved in efflux transport of xenobiotics, their expression at the BBB and BCSFB and differences in expression in the two major blood-brain interfaces. In addition, transport and diffusion of ions by the BBB and CP epithelium are involved in the formation of fluid, the ISF and CSF, respectively, so the last part of this review discusses molecular biology of ion transporters/exchangers and ion channels in the brain endothelial and CP epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Redzic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, SAFAT 13110, Kuwait.
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Staquicini FI, Ozawa MG, Moya CA, Driessen WHP, Barbu EM, Nishimori H, Soghomonyan S, Flores LG, Liang X, Paolillo V, Alauddin MM, Basilion JP, Furnari FB, Bogler O, Lang FF, Aldape KD, Fuller GN, Höök M, Gelovani JG, Sidman RL, Cavenee WK, Pasqualini R, Arap W. Systemic combinatorial peptide selection yields a non-canonical iron-mimicry mechanism for targeting tumors in a mouse model of human glioblastoma. J Clin Invest 2010; 121:161-73. [PMID: 21183793 DOI: 10.1172/jci44798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The management of CNS tumors is limited by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a vascular interface that restricts the passage of most molecules from the blood into the brain. Here we show that phage particles targeted with certain ligand motifs selected in vivo from a combinatorial peptide library can cross the BBB under normal and pathological conditions. Specifically, we demonstrated that phage clones displaying an iron-mimic peptide were able to target a protein complex of transferrin and transferrin receptor (TfR) through a non-canonical allosteric binding mechanism and that this functional protein complex mediated transport of the corresponding viral particles into the normal mouse brain. We also showed that, in an orthotopic mouse model of human glioblastoma, a combination of TfR overexpression plus extended vascular permeability and ligand retention resulted in remarkable brain tumor targeting of chimeric adeno-associated virus/phage particles displaying the iron-mimic peptide and carrying a gene of interest. As a proof of concept, we delivered the HSV thymidine kinase gene for molecular-genetic imaging and targeted therapy of intracranial xenografted tumors. Finally, we established that these experimental findings might be clinically relevant by determining through human tissue microarrays that many primary astrocytic tumors strongly express TfR. Together, our combinatorial selection system and results may provide a translational avenue for the targeted detection and treatment of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda I Staquicini
- David H. Koch Center, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Van Dorpe S, Adriaens A, Polis I, Peremans K, Van Bocxlaer J, De Spiegeleer B. Analytical characterization and comparison of the blood-brain barrier permeability of eight opioid peptides. Peptides 2010; 31:1390-9. [PMID: 20347901 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Opioid drugs, including the newly developed peptides, should penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) for pain management activity. Although BBB transport is fragmentarily described for some mu-opioid peptides, a complete and comparative overview is currently lacking. In this study, the BBB transport of eight opioid peptides (EM-1, EM-2, CTAP, CTOP, DAMGO, dermorphin, TAPP and TAPS) is described and compared. In addition, the metabolic stability in plasma and brain was evaluated. The highest influx rate was obtained for dermorphin (K(in)=2.18 microl/(g x min)), followed by smaller rates for EM-1, EM-2 and TAPP (K(in)=1.06-1.14 microl/(g x min)). Negligible influx was observed for DAMGO, CTOP and TAPS (K(in)=0.18-0.40 microl/(g x min)) and no influx for CTAP. Capillary depletion revealed that all peptides reached brain parenchyma for over 75%. Efflux was shown for TAPP (t(1/2)=2.82 min) and to a lesser extent for EM-1, EM-2 and DAMGO (t(1/2)=10.66-21.98 min), while no significant efflux was observed for the other peptides. All peptides were stable in mouse plasma and brain, with generally higher stability in brain, except for EM-1 and EM-2 which showed plasma half-life stabilities of a few minutes only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Van Dorpe
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Zhang L, Robertson CR, Green BR, Pruess TH, White HS, Bulaj G. Structural requirements for a lipoamino acid in modulating the anticonvulsant activities of systemically active galanin analogues. J Med Chem 2010; 52:1310-6. [PMID: 19199479 DOI: 10.1021/jm801397w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of lipoamino acid (LAA), Lys-palmitoyl, and cationization into a series of galanin analogues yielded systemically active anticonvulsant compounds. To study the relationship between the LAA structure and anticonvulsant activity, orthogonally protected LAAs were synthesized in which the Lys side chain was coupled to fatty acids varying in length from C(8) to C(18) or was coupled to a monodispersed polyethylene glycol, PEG(4). Galanin receptor affinity, serum stability, lipophilicity (log D), and activity in the 6 Hz mouse model of epilepsy of each of the newly synthesized analogues were determined following systemic administration. The presence of various LAAs or Lys(MPEG(4)) did not affect the receptor binding properties of the modified peptides, but their anticonvulsant activities varied substantially and were generally correlated with their lipophilicity. Our results suggest that varying the length or polarity of the LAA residue adjacent to positively charged amino acid residues may effectively modulate the antiepileptic activity of the galanin analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84108, USA
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Dhuria SV, Hanson LR, Frey WH. Intranasal delivery to the central nervous system: mechanisms and experimental considerations. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:1654-73. [PMID: 19877171 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 798] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the distribution of systemically administered therapeutics to the central nervous system (CNS), posing a significant challenge to drug development efforts to treat neurological and psychiatric diseases and disorders. Intranasal delivery is a noninvasive and convenient method that rapidly targets therapeutics to the CNS, bypassing the BBB and minimizing systemic exposure. This review focuses on the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying intranasal delivery to the CNS, with a discussion of pathways from the nasal cavity to the CNS involving the olfactory and trigeminal nerves, the vasculature, the cerebrospinal fluid, and the lymphatic system. In addition to the properties of the therapeutic, deposition of the drug formulation within the nasal passages and composition of the formulation can influence the pathway a therapeutic follows into the CNS after intranasal administration. Experimental factors, such as head position, volume, and method of administration, and formulation parameters, such as pH, osmolarity, or inclusion of permeation enhancers or mucoadhesives, can influence formulation deposition within the nasal passages and pathways followed into the CNS. Significant research will be required to develop and improve current intranasal treatments and careful consideration should be given to the factors discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyeilla V Dhuria
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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Sun XL, Hu G. ATP-sensitive potassium channels: A promising target for protecting neurovascular unit function in stroke. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2010; 37:243-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Gomes NGM, Campos MG, Orfão JMC, Ribeiro CAF. Plants with neurobiological activity as potential targets for drug discovery. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:1372-89. [PMID: 19666075 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Significant number of studies has been performed to find alternatives or treatments for diseases of the nervous forum by identifying structures with activity at the central nervous system (CNS). However most of the screenings are usually conducted on an ad hoc basis and not systematically. The initial purpose of this review was to screen plants with neurological bioactivity, in particular those that have not been fully studied and that have molecular mechanisms whose active constituents responsible for the activity remain to be identified. The second purpose was to identify potential target plants for future studies of new and alternative therapies for the treatment of neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. All plants considered in this review were selected for three qualities: possible molecular requirements to act at the CNS; representative of the main classes of compounds with the referred bioactivity and the major families containing species with those compounds; and diffuse world distribution. We identified several examples of plants that have potential for further study. We have included the main families of these plants, their known molecular mechanisms involved in neurological bioactivity, and the active constituents responsible for such activity. Also included is a brief discussion about the requirements of the different compounds to reach the CNS. These requirements may be less limited than what researchers have previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson G M Gomes
- Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Abstract
A broad range of nanomedicines is being developed to improve drug delivery for CNS disorders. The structure of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the presence of efflux pumps and the expression of metabolic enzymes pose hurdles for drug-brain entry. Nanoformulations can circumvent the BBB to improve CNS-directed drug delivery by affecting such pumps and enzymes. Alternatively, they can be optimized to affect their size, shape, and protein and lipid coatings to facilitate drug uptake, release and ingress across the barrier. This is important as the brain is a sanctuary for a broad range of pathogens including HIV-1. Improved drug delivery to the CNS would affect pharmacokinetic and drug biodistribution properties. This article focuses on how nanotechnology can serve to improve the delivery of antiretroviral medicines, termed nanoART, across the BBB and affect the biodistribution and clinical benefit for HIV-1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Nowacek
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology & Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
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Mandelzweig L, Novikov I, Sadetzki S. Smoking and risk of glioma: a meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20:1927-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-009-9386-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Xiong ZM, Kitagawa K, Nishiuchi Y, Kimura T, Nakamura T, Inagaki C. Acetyl-Ile-Gly-Leu protects neurons from Aβ1–42 induced toxicity in vitro and in V337M human tau-expressing mice. Life Sci 2009; 84:132-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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