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Liu H, Jing N, Li F, Wang K, Tang J, Zhao Q, Zhang Y, Noushahi HA, Xu R, Wang X, Zhu W, Feng S, Shu S, Mei Z. An omics-based characterization of Wolfiporia cocos reveals three CYP450 members involved in the biosynthetic pathway of pachymic acid. Commun Biol 2024; 7:666. [PMID: 38816492 PMCID: PMC11139888 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Wolfiporia cocos is a medicinal mushroom used in China. It biosynthesizes pachymic acid (PA), a main therapeutic triterpene associated with therapies. Nowadays, the unknown PA biosynthesis leads to difficulties in increasing its content in W. cocos. Herein, we report sequencing, assembling, and characterization of the genome and several transcriptomes of W. cocos. Sequence mining determined candidate genes that encode lanosterol synthase, sterol O-acyltransferase, and sterol C-24 methyltransferase likely involved in the steps from lanosterol to PA. Gene cluster analysis identified four CYP450 cDNAs likely involved in the biosynthesis of PA, namely WcCYP64-1, WcCYP64-2, WcCYP52, and WcCYP_FUM15, which were subjected to both overexpression and silencing in mycelia. The overexpression of each of WcCYP64-1, WcCYP52 and WcCYP_FUM15 increased the content of PA, 16α-hydroxytrametenolic acid, eburicoic acid, and tumulosic acid, while the silencing of each gene either significantly or slightly decreased the contents of these four compounds, indicating their involvement in the PA biosynthesis. In addition, different temperatures affected the expression of these genes and the formation of PA. By contrast, the overexpression and silencing of WcCYP64-2 did not alter the formation of these compounds. Taken together, these findings determine more potential steps in the biosynthetic pathway of PA for metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Liu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Naliang Jing
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fengfeng Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Keyue Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jing Tang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yipeng Zhang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hamza Armghan Noushahi
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ran Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | | | - Wenjun Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Shengqiu Feng
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Shaohua Shu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Zhinan Mei
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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Luo P, Huang JH, Lv JM, Wang GQ, Hu D, Gao H. Biosynthesis of fungal terpenoids. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:748-783. [PMID: 38265076 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00052d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Covering: up to August 2023Terpenoids, which are widely distributed in animals, plants, and microorganisms, are a large group of natural products with diverse structures and various biological activities. They have made great contributions to human health as therapeutic agents, such as the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel and anti-malarial agent artemisinin. Accordingly, the biosynthesis of this important class of natural products has been extensively studied, which generally involves two major steps: hydrocarbon skeleton construction by terpenoid cyclases and skeleton modification by tailoring enzymes. Additionally, fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) serve as an important source for the discovery of terpenoids. With the rapid development of sequencing technology and bioinformatics approaches, genome mining has emerged as one of the most effective strategies to discover novel terpenoids from fungi. To date, numerous terpenoid cyclases, including typical class I and class II terpenoid cyclases as well as emerging UbiA-type terpenoid cyclases, have been identified, together with a variety of tailoring enzymes, including cytochrome P450 enzymes, flavin-dependent monooxygenases, and acyltransferases. In this review, our aim is to comprehensively present all fungal terpenoid cyclases identified up to August 2023, with a focus on newly discovered terpenoid cyclases, especially the emerging UbiA-type terpenoid cyclases, and their related tailoring enzymes from 2015 to August 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Luo
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Jia-Hua Huang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Jian-Ming Lv
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Gao-Qian Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Dan Hu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Hao Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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3
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Li W, Zou G, Bao D, Wu Y. Current Advances in the Functional Genes of Edible and Medicinal Fungi: Research Techniques, Functional Analysis, and Prospects. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:311. [PMID: 38786666 PMCID: PMC11121823 DOI: 10.3390/jof10050311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional genes encode various biological functions required for the life activities of organisms. By analyzing the functional genes of edible and medicinal fungi, varieties of edible and medicinal fungi can be improved to enhance their agronomic traits, growth rates, and ability to withstand adversity, thereby increasing yield and quality and promoting industrial development. With the rapid development of functional gene research technology and the publication of many whole-genome sequences of edible and medicinal fungi, genes related to important biological traits have been mined, located, and functionally analyzed. This paper summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of different functional gene research techniques and application examples for edible and medicinal fungi; systematically reviews the research progress of functional genes of edible and medicinal fungi in biological processes such as mating type, mycelium and fruit growth and development, substrate utilization and nutrient transport, environmental response, and the synthesis and regulation of important active substances; and proposes future research directions for functional gene research for edible and medicinal fungi. The overall aim of this study was to provide a valuable reference for further promoting the molecular breeding of edible and medicinal fungi with high yield and quality and to promote the wide application of edible and medicinal fungi products in food, medicine, and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyun Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (W.L.); (G.Z.)
- College of Food Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Gen Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (W.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - Dapeng Bao
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (W.L.); (G.Z.)
- College of Food Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (W.L.); (G.Z.)
- College of Food Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
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4
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Du Y, Tian L, Wang Y, Li Z, Xu Z. Chemodiversity, pharmacological activity, and biosynthesis of specialized metabolites from medicinal model fungi Ganoderma lucidum. Chin Med 2024; 19:51. [PMID: 38519991 PMCID: PMC10958966 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00922-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a precious fungus, particularly valued for its dual use as both medicine and food. Ganoderic acids (GAs), the distinctive triterpenoids found in the Ganoderma genus, exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities. However, the limited resources of GAs restrict their clinic usage and drug discovery. In this review, we presented a comprehensive summary focusing on the diverse structures and pharmacological activity of GAs in G. lucidum. Additionally, we discussed the latest advancements in the elucidation of GA biosynthesis, as well as the progress in heterosynthesis and liquid fermentation methods aimed at further increasing GA production. Furthermore, we summarized the omics data, genetic transformation system, and cultivation techniques of G. lucidum, described as medicinal model fungi. The understanding of Ganoderic acids chemodiversity and biosynthesis in medicinal model fungi Ganoderma lucidum will provide important insights into the exploration and utilization of natural products in medicinal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Du
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Lixia Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Zhenhao Li
- ShouXianGu Botanical Drug Institute, Hangzhou, 311100, China.
| | - Zhichao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China.
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
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5
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Li T, Liu X, Xiang H, Zhu H, Lu X, Feng B. Two-Phase Fermentation Systems for Microbial Production of Plant-Derived Terpenes. Molecules 2024; 29:1127. [PMID: 38474639 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial cell factories, renowned for their economic and environmental benefits, have emerged as a key trend in academic and industrial areas, particularly in the fermentation of natural compounds. Among these, plant-derived terpenes stand out as a significant class of bioactive natural products. The large-scale production of such terpenes, exemplified by artemisinic acid-a crucial precursor to artemisinin-is now feasible through microbial cell factories. In the fermentation of terpenes, two-phase fermentation technology has been widely applied due to its unique advantages. It facilitates in situ product extraction or adsorption, effectively mitigating the detrimental impact of product accumulation on microbial cells, thereby significantly bolstering the efficiency of microbial production of plant-derived terpenes. This paper reviews the latest developments in two-phase fermentation system applications, focusing on microbial fermentation of plant-derived terpenes. It also discusses the mechanisms influencing microbial biosynthesis of terpenes. Moreover, we introduce some new two-phase fermentation techniques, currently unexplored in terpene fermentation, with the aim of providing more thoughts and explorations on the future applications of two-phase fermentation technology. Lastly, we discuss several challenges in the industrial application of two-phase fermentation systems, especially in downstream processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Li
- College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Ximeng Liu
- College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Haoyu Xiang
- College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Hehua Zhu
- College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Xuan Lu
- College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Baomin Feng
- College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
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6
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Liu C, Chen F, Fan X, Liu B, Chai X, He S, Huang T, Wang X, Liu L, Liu H, Zeng D, Jiang B, Zhang X, Liu M. Combined NMR and MS-based metabonomics and real-time PCR analyses reveal dynamic metabolic changes of Ganoderma lucidum during fruiting body growing. Food Res Int 2024; 180:114056. [PMID: 38395571 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) is a rare medicinal fungus with various beneficial properties. One of its main components, ganoderic acids (GAs), are important triterpenoids known for their sedative and analgesic, hepatoprotective, and anti-tumor activities. Understanding the growth and development of the G. lucidum fruiting body is crucial for determining the optimal time to harvest them. In this study, we used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to systematically characterize the metabolites of G. lucidum at seven distinct developmental stages. We also measured the contents of seven kinds of GAs using LC-MS/MS. A total of 49 metabolites were detected in G. lucidum, including amino acids, sugars, organic acids and GAs. During the transition from the bud development period (I) to the budding period (II), we observed a rapid accumulation of glucose, tyrosine, nicotinamide ribotide, inosine and GAs. After the budding period, the contents of most metabolites decreased until the mature period (VII). In addition, the contents of GAs showed an initial raising, followed by a decline during the elongation period, except for GAF, which exhibited a rapid raise during the mature stage. We also detected the expression of several genes involved in GA synthesis, finding that most genes including 16 cytochrome P450 monooxygenase were all down-regulated during periods IV and VII compared to period I. These findings provide valuable insights into the dynamic metabolic profiles of G. lucidum throughout its growth stage, and it is recommended to harvest G. lucidum at period IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Songjiang Yunjian High School affiliated to Shanghai Foreign Language School, Shanghai 201600, China; Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xinyu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Biao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Xin Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Sipei He
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Tao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Laixing Liu
- School of Management Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
| | - Huili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Danyun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Bin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Maili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan 430074, China.
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7
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Long Y, Han X, Meng X, Xu P, Tao F. A robust yeast chassis: comprehensive characterization of a fast-growing Saccharomyces cerevisiae. mBio 2024; 15:e0319623. [PMID: 38214535 PMCID: PMC10865977 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03196-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Robust chassis are critical to facilitate advances in synthetic biology. This study describes a comprehensive characterization of a new yeast isolate Saccharomyces cerevisiae XP that grows faster than commonly used research and industrial S. cerevisiae strains. The genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses suggest that the fast growth rate is, in part, due to the efficient electron transport chain and key growth factor synthesis. A toolbox for genetic manipulation of the yeast was developed; we used it to construct l-lactic acid producers for high lactate production. The development of genetically malleable yeast strains that grow faster than currently used strains may significantly enhance the uses of S. cerevisiae in biotechnology.IMPORTANCEYeast is known as an outstanding starting strain for constructing microbial cell factories. However, its growth rate restricts its application. A yeast strain XP, which grows fast in high concentrations of sugar and acidic environments, is revealed to demonstrate the potential in industrial applications. A toolbox was also built for its genetic manipulation including gene insertion, deletion, and ploidy transformation. The knowledge of its metabolism, which could guide the designing of genetic experiments, was generated with multi-omics analyses. This novel strain along with its toolbox was then tested by constructing an l-lactic acid efficient producer, which is conducive to the development of degradable plastics. This study highlights the remarkable competence of nonconventional yeast for applications in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangdanyu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuanlin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Sun X, Wang J, Cheng M, Qi Y, Han C. Strategies to Increase the Production of Triterpene Acids in Ligzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum, Agaricomycetes): A Review. Int J Med Mushrooms 2024; 26:25-41. [PMID: 38780421 DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Ganoderic acids (GAs) are the main active ingredient of Ganoderma lucidum, which has been widely accepted as a medicinal mushroom. Due to the low yield of GAs produced by liquid cultured Ganoderma mycelium and solid cultured fruiting bodies, the commercial production and clinical application of GAs are limited. Therefore, it is important to increase the yield of GA in G. lucidum. A comprehensive literature search was performed with no set data range using the following keywords such as "triterpene," "ganoderic acids," "Ganoderma lucidum," and "Lingzhi" within the main databases including Web of Science, PubMed, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). The data were screened using titles and abstracts and those relevant to the topic were included in the paper and was not limited to studies published in English. Present review focuses on the four aspects: fermentation conditions and substrate, extrinsic elicitor, genetic engineering, and mutagenesis, which play significant roles in increasing triterpene acids production, thus providing an available reference for further research on G. lucidum fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Sun
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Jing Wang
- Research and Development Center, Shandong Phoenix Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Taian, Shandong, 271000, P.R. China
| | - Mengtao Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Yitong Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Chunchao Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Control and Construction of the Whole Industrial Chain of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, People's Republic of China
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9
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Teng L, Wang C, Cui B, Zhang J, Zhou S, Pan X, Pan F, Dai Y, Feng N. Lanostane triterpenoids from mycelia-associated Ganoderma sinense and their anti-inflammatory activity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 215:113870. [PMID: 37734511 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Seven previously undescribed lanostane triterpenoids, ganoderic acid M1 (1), M2 (2), M3 (3), M4 (4), M5 (5), M6 (6), and M7 (7), together with eight known compounds, were isolated from mycelia of the basidiomycete Ganoderma sinense (Ganodermataceae). The structures of all compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. The possible biosynthetic pathway of these fifteen triterpenoids was proposed. Some of the compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity by measuring the production of nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α, and IL-6 in RAW264.7 macrophage cells induced by lipopolysaccharide. Lanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-3β,15α,22β-triacetoxy-26-oic acid (14) exhibited the strongest inhibition of NO production with an IC50 of 0.6 ± 0.1 μM and completely inhibited the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 at 10 μM. The structure-activity relationship of the anti-inflammatory activity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Teng
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Chan Wang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China; School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Baokai Cui
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingsong Zhang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Pan
- Jiangxi Xiankelai Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Jiujiang, 332000, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Pan
- Jiangxi Xiankelai Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Jiujiang, 332000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yucheng Dai
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Na Feng
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China.
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Wang X, Wu H, Wong KH, Wang Y, Chen B, Feng K. Biotransformation of triterpenoid ganoderic acids from exogenous diterpene dihydrotanshinone I in the cultures of Ganoderma sessile. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:139. [PMID: 37507727 PMCID: PMC10375632 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triterpenoids have shown a wide range of biological activities including antitumor and antiviral effects. Typically, triterpenes are synthesized through the mevalonate pathway and are extracted from natural plants and fungi. In this work, triterpenoids, ganoderic acids (GAs) were discovered to be produced via biotransformation of a diterpene, 15,16-dihydrotanshinone I (DHT) in the liquid cultured Ganoderma sessile mycelium. RESULTS Firstly, the biotransformation products, two rare GAs were isolated and purified by column chromatography, and characterized using HR-ESI-MS spectrometry and NMR spectrometry. The two compounds were Lanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-15α,22,β-diacetoxy-3β-hydroxy-26-oic acid (LTHA) and Lanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-15α,22,β-diacetoxy-3β-carbonyl-26-oic acid (LTCA). Then, transcriptome and proteome technologies were employed to measure the expression of mRNA and protein, which further confirmed that triterpenoid GAs could be transformed from exogenous diterpenoid DHT. At the molecular level, we proposed a hypothesis of the mechanism by which DHT converted to GAs in G. sessile mycelium, and the possible genes involved in biotransformation were verified by RT-qPCR. CONCLUSIONS Two rare GAs were obtained and characterized. A biosynthetic pathway of GAs from DHT was proposed. Although the synthetic route was not confirmed, this study provided important insights into omics resources and candidate genes for studying the biotransformation of diterpenes into triterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Jinwan Road No. 368, Zhuhai, 519090, Guangdong, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Jinwan Road No. 368, Zhuhai, 519090, Guangdong, China
| | - Ka Hong Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Jinwan Road No. 368, Zhuhai, 519090, Guangdong, China
| | - Baixiong Chen
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Jinwan Road No. 368, Zhuhai, 519090, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun Feng
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Jinwan Road No. 368, Zhuhai, 519090, Guangdong, China.
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11
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Bondzie-Quaye P, Swallah MS, Acheampong A, Elsherbiny SM, Acheampong EO, Huang Q. Advances in the biosynthesis, diversification, and hyperproduction of ganoderic acids in Ganoderma lucidum. Mycol Prog 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-023-01881-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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12
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Hu B, Zhao X, Wang E, Zhou J, Li J, Chen J, Du G. Efficient heterologous expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes in microorganisms for the biosynthesis of natural products. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023; 43:227-241. [PMID: 35129020 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2029344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural products, a chemically and structurally diverse class of molecules, possess a wide spectrum of biological activities, have been used therapeutically for millennia, and have provided many lead compounds for the development of synthetic drugs. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s, CYP) are widespread in nature and are involved in the biosynthesis of many natural products. P450s are heme-containing enzymes that use molecular oxygen and the hydride donor NAD(P)H (coupled via enzymic redox partners) to catalyze the insertion of oxygen into C-H bonds in a regio- and stereo-selective manner, effecting hydroxylation and several other reactions. With the rapid development of systems biology, numerous novel P450s have been identified for the biosynthesis of natural products, but there are still several challenges to the efficient heterologous expression of active P450s. This review covers recent developments in P450 research and development, including the properties and functions of P450s, discovery and mining of novel P450s, modification and screening of P450 mutants, improved heterologous expression of P450s in microbial hosts, efficient whole-cell transformation with P450s, and current applications of P450s for the biosynthesis of natural products. This resource provides a solid foundation for the application of highly active and stable P450s in microbial cell factories to biosynthesize natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baodong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinrui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Endao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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13
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Liu YN, Wu FY, Tian RY, Shi YX, Xu ZQ, Liu JY, Huang J, Xue FF, Liu BY, Liu GQ. The bHLH-zip transcription factor SREBP regulates triterpenoid and lipid metabolisms in the medicinal fungus Ganoderma lingzhi. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1. [PMID: 36596887 PMCID: PMC9810662 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderic acids (GAs) are well recognized as important pharmacological components of the medicinal species belonging to the basidiomycete genus Ganoderma. However, transcription factors directly regulating the expression of GA biosynthesis genes remain poorly understood. Here, the genome of Ganoderma lingzhi is de novo sequenced. Using DNA affinity purification sequencing, we identify putative targets of the transcription factor sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP), including the genes of triterpenoid synthesis and lipid metabolism. Interactions between SREBP and the targets are verified by electrophoretic mobility gel shift assay. RNA-seq shows that SREBP targets, mevalonate kinase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthetase in mevalonate pathway, sterol isomerase and lanosterol 14-demethylase in ergosterol biosynthesis, are significantly upregulated in the SREBP overexpression (OE::SREBP) strain. In addition, 3 targets involved in glycerophospholipid/glycerolipid metabolism are upregulated. Then, the contents of mevalonic acid, lanosterol, ergosterol and 13 different GAs as well as a variety of lipids are significantly increased in this strain. Furthermore, the effects of SREBP overexpression on triterpenoid and lipid metabolisms are recovered when OE::SREBP strain are treated with exogenous fatostatin, a specific inhibitor of SREBP. Taken together, our genome-wide study clarify the role of SREBP in triterpenoid and lipid metabolisms of G. lingzhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Nan Liu
- grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,Microbial Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory of Seed Industry, Changsha, 410004 China
| | - Feng-Yuan Wu
- grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,Microbial Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory of Seed Industry, Changsha, 410004 China
| | - Ren-Yuan Tian
- grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,Microbial Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory of Seed Industry, Changsha, 410004 China
| | - Yi-Xin Shi
- grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,Microbial Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory of Seed Industry, Changsha, 410004 China
| | - Zi-Qi Xu
- grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,Microbial Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory of Seed Industry, Changsha, 410004 China
| | - Ji-Ye Liu
- grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,Microbial Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory of Seed Industry, Changsha, 410004 China
| | - Jia Huang
- grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,Microbial Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory of Seed Industry, Changsha, 410004 China
| | - Fei-Fei Xue
- grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,Microbial Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory of Seed Industry, Changsha, 410004 China
| | - Bi-Yang Liu
- grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,Microbial Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory of Seed Industry, Changsha, 410004 China
| | - Gao-Qiang Liu
- grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,Microbial Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory of Seed Industry, Changsha, 410004 China
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14
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Chang S, Buswell J. Medicinal Mushrooms: Past, Present and Future. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 184:1-27. [PMID: 35220455 DOI: 10.1007/10_2021_197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The survival of Homo sapiens is continually under threat from agencies capable of inflicting calamitous damage to the overall health and well-being of humankind. One strategy aimed at combatting this threat is focused on medicinal mushrooms and derivatives thereof. Mushrooms themselves have been consumed as part of the human diet for centuries, whereas 'mushroom nutriceuticals' is a more recently adopted term describing mushroom-derived products taken as dietary supplements to enhance general health and fitness. Among the most extensively studied pharmacologically active components of mushrooms are polysaccharides and polysaccharide-protein complexes, triterpenes, lectins, and fungal immunomodulatory proteins. Medicinal mushrooms have been credited with a wide range of therapeutic properties including antitumour/anti-cancer, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, antimicrobial, cholesterol-lowering and genoprotective activities as well as protection against atherosclerosis, cardiovascular, chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative conditions. This review examines the past, present and future of medicinal mushroom development including the two legs concept for the mushroom industry and the pyramid model summarizing the various human applications of mushrooms. It considers numerous issues the industry needs to address to exploit fully the opportunities presented by the continued increasing demand for medicinal mushrooms, and by the future overall expansion of the medicinal mushroom movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Chang
- Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, China
| | - John Buswell
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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15
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Yuan W, Jiang C, Wang Q, Fang Y, Wang J, Wang M, Xiao H. Biosynthesis of mushroom-derived type II ganoderic acids by engineered yeast. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7740. [PMID: 36517496 PMCID: PMC9748899 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35500-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II ganoderic acids (GAs) produced by the traditional medicinal mushroom Ganoderma are a group of triterpenoids with superior biological activities. However, challenges in the genetic manipulation of the native producer, low level of accumulation in the farmed mushroom, the vulnerabilities of the farming-based supply chain, and the elusive biosynthetic pathway have hindered the efficient production of type II GAs. Here, we assemble the genome of type II GAs accumulating G. lucidum accession, screen cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) identified from G. lucidum in baker's yeast, identify key missing CYPs involved in type II GAs biosynthesis, and investigate the catalytic reaction sequence of a promiscuous CYP. Then, we engineer baker's yeast for bioproduciton of GA-Y (3) and GA-Jb (4) and achieve their production at higher level than those from the farmed mushroom. Our findings facilitate the further deconvolution of the complex GA biosynthetic network and the development of microbial cell factories for producing GAs at commercial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Chenjian Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yubo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jin Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.
| | - Han Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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16
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Dong WG, Wang ZX, Feng XL, Zhang RQ, Shen DY, Du S, Gao JM, Qi J. Chromosome-Level Genome Sequences, Comparative Genomic Analyses, and Secondary-Metabolite Biosynthesis Evaluation of the Medicinal Edible Mushroom Laetiporus sulphureus. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0243922. [PMID: 36200896 PMCID: PMC9602373 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02439-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Laetiporus sulphureus mushroom is a complementary and alternative medicine that has anticancer, antioxidation, and analgesic effects and immunomodulatory activity; it is used as a treatment for cough and rheumatism and is a functional food that can improve physical fitness. Even though L. sulphureus has garnered considerable biotechnological and pharmacological interest due to its excellent cellulose-degrading ability and diverse biological activities, its biosynthetic potential regarding polysaccharides and secondary metabolites has not been thoroughly examined. In this study, we sequenced and assembled the whole genome of a wild L. sulphureus isolate, NWAFU-1, from the Qinling Mountains in China. Comparative genomes analysis revealed genomic differences between subspecies, and phylogenomic analysis revealed evolutionary divergence as well as genome expansion and contraction of individual Polyporaceae family species. Bioinformatics investigation identified candidate genes associated with mating type, polysaccharide synthesis, carbohydrate-active enzymes, and secondary-metabolite biosynthesis, which included multiple terpenoids, nonribosomal peptides, and polyketides. The locations of biosynthetic core genes were mapped and displayed on chromosomes and contigs. Totals of 143 proteins from 126 coding genes were identified and divided into 14 cytochrome P450 families. Furthermore, the biosynthetic network of tetracyclic triterpenoid active components was postulated by genome mining of related genes combined with the molecular network of metabolites. The genome analysis of L. sulphureus in this study improves the understanding of the biosynthesis of active compounds, which will lay a theoretical foundation for subsequent research on active-compound biosynthesis and promote the application of Laetiporus in the field of drug research and functional-food creation. IMPORTANCE L. sulphureus is a parasitic basidiomycete fungus that causes brown rot. The fruiting bodies of L. sulphureus are used as ancient medicines in China and Europe to cure cancer, analgesia, cough, and rheumatism and are considered a functional food that regulates the body and improves health. L. sulphureus was inferred to be a tetrapolar system based on a high-quality genome, which will aid molecular breeding and artificial farming. Screening polysaccharide synthesis candidate genes and comparing carbohydrate-associated genes in brown-rot basidiomycetes help understand their growth. Identifying core genes for secondary-metabolite biosynthesis, gene cluster family analysis, and comparative cluster analysis will guide heterologous-biosynthesis investigations of these genes and help elucidate the biosynthetic pathways for L. sulphureus bioactive natural components. The biosynthesis network of tetracyclic triterpenes was mapped using metabolite profiling and genome scanning. This work explores the biosynthetic capacity of L. sulphureus-derived natural products and lays the foundation for biosynthetic studies of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-ge Dong
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhen-xin Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xi-long Feng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui-qi Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dao-yin Shen
- Yangling Zhijun Fungi Biotechnology Engineering Co., Ltd., Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuangtian Du
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin-ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianzhao Qi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Wang PA, Zhang JM, Zhong JJ. CRISPR-Cas9 assisted in-situ complementation of functional genes in the basidiomycete Ganoderma lucidum. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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18
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Fang Y, Xiao H. The Aspartic Protease Yps3p and Cell Wall Glucanase Scw10p Are Novel Determinants That Enhance the Secretion of the Antitumor Triterpenoid GA-HLDOA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:2917-2926. [PMID: 35969118 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Efficient bioproduction of triterpenoids is gaining increasing interest because of their significant biological applications; however, the secretion and bioproduction of triterpenoids are hindered by untapped genetic determinants. In our previous study, we observed that different engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains exhibit different abilities for secreting the antitumor triterpenoid ganoderic acid 3-hydroxy-lanosta-8,24-dien-26-oic acid (GA-HLDOA). In the present study, we performed comparative proteomics analyses of the engineered strains and identified two genes, encoding an aspartic protease, YPS3, and a cell wall glucanase, SCW10, as the most effective determinants that enhance the secretion of GA-HLDOA. Compared with this control strain, strain BJ5464-r demonstrated an overexpression of YPS3 and SCW10 resulting in 3.9-fold and 4.7-fold higher secretion of GA-HLDOA, respectively, and these increases were accompanied by an increase in cell permeability. Moreover, compared with the YPS3-overexpressing strain, the SCW10-overexpressing strain had a thinner outer mannan layer. Our findings offer valuable insights into designing microbial cell factories for the efficient secretion of triterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Han Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Huang Y, An W, Yang Z, Xie C, Liu S, Zhan T, Pan H, Zheng X. Metabolic stimulation-elicited transcriptional responses and biosynthesis of acylated triterpenoids precursors in the medicinal plant Helicteres angustifolia. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:86. [PMID: 35216551 PMCID: PMC8876399 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03429-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicteres angustifolia has long been used in Chinese traditional medicine. It has multiple pharmacological benefits, including anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and anti-tumor effects. Its main active chemicals include betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, helicteric acid, helicterilic acid, and other triterpenoid saponins. It is worth noting that some acylated triterpenoids, such as helicteric acid and helicterilic acid, are characteristic components of Helicteres and are relatively rare among other plants. However, reliance on natural plants as the only sources of these is not enough to meet the market requirement. Therefore, the engineering of its metabolic pathway is of high research value for enhancing the production of secondary metabolites. Unfortunately, there are few studies on the biosynthetic pathways of triterpenoids in H. angustifolia, hindering its further investigation. RESULTS Here, the RNAs of different groups treated by metabolic stimulation were sequenced with an Illumina high-throughput sequencing platform, resulting in 121 gigabases of data. A total of 424,824 unigenes were obtained after the trimming and assembly of the raw data, and 22,430 unigenes were determined to be differentially expressed. In addition, three oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) and four Cytochrome P450 (CYP450s) were screened, of which one OSC (HaOSC1) and one CYP450 (HaCYPi3) achieved functional verification, suggesting that they could catalyze the production of lupeol and oleanolic acid, respectively. CONCLUSION In general, the transcriptomic data of H. angustifolia was first reported and analyzed to study functional genes. Three OSCs, four CYP450s and three acyltransferases were screened out as candidate genes to perform further functional verification, which demonstrated that HaOSC1 and HaCYPi3 encode for lupeol synthase and β-amyrin oxidase, which produce corresponding products of lupeol and oleanolic acid, respectively. Their successful identification revealed pivotal steps in the biosynthesis of acylated triterpenoids precursors, which laid a foundation for further study on acylated triterpenoids. Overall, these results shed light on the regulation of acylated triterpenoids biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Huang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Waihuandong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510405 China
| | - Wenli An
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Waihuandong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510405 China
| | - Zerui Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Waihuandong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510405 China
| | - Chunzhu Xie
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Waihuandong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510405 China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Waihuandong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510405 China
| | - Ting Zhan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Waihuandong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510405 China
| | - Huaigeng Pan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Waihuandong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510405 China
| | - Xiasheng Zheng
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Waihuandong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510405 China
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Functional Analysis of Sterol O-Acyltransferase Involved in the Biosynthetic Pathway of Pachymic Acid in Wolfiporia cocos. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 27:molecules27010143. [PMID: 35011377 PMCID: PMC8746942 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pachymic acid from Wolfiporia cocos possesses important medicinal values including anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, invigorating, anti-rejection, anti-tumor, and antioxidant activities. However, little is known about the biosynthetic pathway from lanostane to pachymic acid. In particular, the associated genes in the biosynthetic pathway have not been characterized, which limits the high-efficiency obtaining and application of pachymic acid. To characterize the synthetic pathway and genes involved in pachymic acid synthesis, in this study, we identified 11 triterpenoids in W. cocos using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and inferred the putative biosynthetic pathway from lanostane to pachymic acid based on analyzing the chemical structure of triterpenoids and the transcriptome data. In addition, we identified a key gene in the biosynthetic pathway encoding W. cocos sterol O-acyltransferase (WcSOAT), which catalyzes tumolusic acid to pachymic acid. The results show that silence of WcSOAT gene in W. cocos strain led to reduction of pachymic acid production, whereas overexpression of this gene increased pachymic acid production, indicating that WcSOAT is involved in pachymic acid synthesis in W. cocos and the biosynthesis of W. cocos pachymic acid is closely dependent on the expression of WcSOAT gene. In summary, the biosynthetic pathway of pachymic acid and the associated genes complement our knowledge on the biosynthesis of W. cocos pachymic acid and other triterpenoids, and also provides a reference for target genes modification for exploring high-efficiency obtaining of active components.
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21
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Whole Genome Sequencing and Annotation of Naematelia aurantialba (Basidiomycota, Edible-Medicinal Fungi). J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 8:jof8010006. [PMID: 35049946 PMCID: PMC8777972 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Naematelia aurantialba is a rare edible fungus with both nutritional and medicinal values and especially rich in bioactive polysaccharides. However, due to the lack of genomic information, researches on the mining of active compounds, artificial breeding and cultivation, genetics, and molecular biology are limited. To facilitate the medicinal and food applications of N. aurantialba, we sequenced and analyzed the whole genome of N. aurantialba for the first time. The 21-Mb genome contained 15 contigs, and a total of 5860 protein-coding genes were predicted. The genome sequence shows that 296 genes are related to polysaccharide synthesis, including 15 genes related to nucleoside-activated sugar synthesis and 11 genes related to glucan synthesis. The genome also contains genes and gene clusters for the synthesis of other active substances, including terpenoids, unsaturated fatty acids, and bioactive proteins. In addition, it was also found that N. aurantialba was more closely related to Naematelia encephala than to Tremella fuciformis. In short, this study provides a reference for molecular cognition of N. aurantialba and related researches.
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Biosynthesis of a novel ganoderic acid by expressing CYP genes from Ganoderma lucidum in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 106:523-534. [PMID: 34921329 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11717-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderic acids (GAs), a group of highly oxygenated lanostane-type triterpenoids from the traditional Chinese medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum, possessed significant pharmacological activities. Due to the difficulty in its genetic manipulation, low yield, and slow growth of G. lucidum, biosynthesis of GAs in a heterologous host is a promising alternative for their efficient production. Heterologous production of a GA, 3-hydroxy-lanosta-8,24-dien-26-oic acid (HLDOA), was recently achieved by expressing CYP5150L8 from Ganoderma lucidum in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but post-modification of HLDOA to biosynthesize other GAs remains unclear. In this study, another P450 from G. lucidum, CYP5139G1, was identified to be responsible for C-28 oxidation of HLDOA, resulting in the formation of a new GA 3,28-dihydroxy-lanosta-8,24-dien-26-oic acid (DHLDOA) by the engineered yeast, whose chemical structure was confirmed by UPLC-APCI-HRMS and NMR. In vitro enzymatic experiments confirmed the oxidation of HLDOA to DHLDOA by CYP5139G1. As the DHLDOA production was low (0.27 mg/L), to improve it, the strategy of adjusting the dosage of hygromycin and geneticin G418 to respectively manipulate the copy number of plasmids pRS425-Hyg-CYP5150L8-iGLCPR (harboring CYP5150L8, iGLCPR, and hygromycin-resistant gene hygR) and pRS426-KanMx-CYP5139G1 (harboring CYP5139G1 and G418-resistant gene KanMx) was adopted. Finally, 2.2 mg/L of DHLDOA was obtained, which was 8.2 fold of the control (without antibiotics addition). The work enriches the GA biosynthetic enzyme library, and is helpful to construct heterologous cell factories for other GA production as well as to elucidate the authentic GA biosynthetic pathway in G. lucidum. KEY POINTS: • Another P450 gene responsible for GA's post-modification was discovered and identified. • One new GA, DHLDOA, was identified and produced via engineered yeast. • With the balance of the two CYP genes expression, DHLDOA production was significantly improved.
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23
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Sun L, Liu LP, Wang YZ, Yang L, Zhang C, Yue MX, Dabbour M, Mintah BK, Wang L. Effect of ultrasonication on the metabolome and transcriptome profile changes in the fermentation of Ganoderma lucidum. Microbiol Res 2021; 254:126916. [PMID: 34798539 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Development of an efficient liquid fermentation method is helpful for food and pharmaceutical applications. This study investigated the effect of ultrasonication on the liquid fermentation of Ganoderma lucidum, a popular edible and medical fungi. Significant changes at both metabolic and transcriptional levels in mycelia were induced by ultrasound treatment. Compared with the control, 857 differential metabolites were identified (578 up- and 279 down-regulated metabolites), with more metabolites biosynthesis after sonication; 569 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (267 up- and 302 down-) and 932 DEGs (378 up- and 554 down-) were identified in ultrasound-treated samples with recovery time of 0.5 and 3 h, respectively. Furthermore, 334 DEGs were continuously induced within the recovery time of 3 h, indicating the lasting influence of sonication on mycelia. The DEGs and differential metabolites were mainly involved in pathways of carbohydrate, energy metabolism, amino acids, terpenoids biosynthesis and metabolism and membrane transport, suggesting that ultrasound induced multifaceted effects on primary and secondary metabolism. Ultrasonication enhanced the triterpenoids production of G. lucidum (34.96 %) by up-regulating the expression of terpenoids synthase genes. This study shows that the application of ultrasound in liquid fermentation of G. lucidum is an efficient approach to produce more metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-Ping Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya-Zhen Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cunsheng Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mei-Xiang Yue
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mokhtar Dabbour
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Benjamin Kumah Mintah
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
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24
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Biosynthesis and regulation of terpenoids from basidiomycetes: exploration of new research. AMB Express 2021; 11:150. [PMID: 34779947 PMCID: PMC8594250 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Basidiomycetes, also known as club fungi, consist of a specific group of fungi. Basidiomycetes produce a large number of secondary metabolites, of which sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids and triterpenoids are the primary components. However, these terpenoids tend to be present in low amounts, which makes it difficult to meet application requirements. Terpenoid biosynthesis improves the quantity of these secondary metabolites. However, current understanding of the biosynthetic mechanism of terpenoids in basidiomycetes is insufficient. Therefore, this article reviews the latest research on the biosynthesis of terpenoids in basidiomycetes and summarizes the CYP450 involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoids in basidiomycetes. We also propose opportunities and challenges for chassis microbial heterologous production of terpenoids in basidiomycetes and provide a reference basis for the better development of basidiomycete engineering.
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25
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Ma K, Zhang Y, Guo C, Yang Y, Han J, Yu B, Yin W, Liu H. Reconstitution of biosynthetic pathway for mushroom-derived cyathane diterpenes in yeast and generation of new "non-natural" analogues. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2945-2956. [PMID: 34589407 PMCID: PMC8463280 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushroom-derived cyathane-type diterpenes possess unusual chemical skeleton and diverse bioactivities. To efficiently supply bioactive cyathanes for deep studies and explore their structural diversity, de novo synthesis of cyathane diterpenes in a geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae is investigated. Aided by homologous analyses, one new unclustered FAD-dependent oxidase EriM accounting for the formation of allyl aldehyde and three new NADP(H)-dependent reductases in the biosynthesis of cyathanes are identified and elucidated. By combinatorial biosynthetic strategy, S. cerevisiae strains generating twenty-two cyathane-type diterpenes, including seven "unnatural" cyathane xylosides (12, 13, 14a, 14b, 19, 20, and 22) are established. Compounds 12-14, 19, and 20 show significant neurotrophic effects on PC12 cells in the dose of 6.3-25.0 μmol/L. These studies provide new insights into the divergent biosynthesis of mushroom-originated cyathanes and a straightforward approach to produce bioactive cyathane-type diterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanlong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Junjie Han
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenbing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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26
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Fessner ND, Nelson DR, Glieder A. Evolution and enrichment of CYP5035 in Polyporales: functionality of an understudied P450 family. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6779-6792. [PMID: 34459954 PMCID: PMC8426240 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Bioprospecting for innovative basidiomycete cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) is highly desirable due to the fungi’s enormous enzymatic repertoire and outstanding ability to degrade lignin and detoxify various xenobiotics. While fungal metagenomics is progressing rapidly, the biocatalytic potential of the majority of these annotated P450 sequences usually remains concealed, although functional profiling identified several P450 families with versatile substrate scopes towards various natural products. Functional knowledge about the CYP5035 family, for example, is largely insufficient. In this study, the families of the putative P450 sequences of the four white-rot fungi Polyporus arcularius, Polyporus brumalis, Polyporus squamosus and Lentinus tigrinus were assigned, and the CYPomes revealed an unusual enrichment of CYP5035, CYP5136 and CYP5150. By computational analysis of the phylogeny of the former two P450 families, the evolution of their enrichment could be traced back to the Ganoderma macrofungus, indicating their evolutionary benefit. In order to address the knowledge gap on CYP5035 functionality, a representative subgroup of this P450 family of P. arcularius was expressed and screened against a test set of substrates. Thereby, the multifunctional enzyme CYP5035S7 converting several plant natural product classes was discovered. Aligning CYP5035S7 to 102,000 putative P450 sequences of 36 fungal species from Joint Genome Institute-provided genomes located hundreds of further CYP5035 family members, which subfamilies were classified if possible. Exemplified by these specific enzyme analyses, this study gives valuable hints for future bioprospecting of such xenobiotic-detoxifying P450s and for the identification of their biocatalytic potential. Graphical abstract ![]()
Key points • The P450 families CYP5035 and CYP5136 are unusually enriched in P. arcularius. • Functional screening shows CYP5035 assisting in the fungal detoxification mechanism. • Some Polyporales encompass an unusually large repertoire of detoxification P450s. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-021-11444-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico D Fessner
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Anton Glieder
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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27
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Liu TT, Zhong JJ. Impact of oxygen supply on production of a novel ganoderic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Zhang X, Guo J, Cheng F, Li S. Cytochrome P450 enzymes in fungal natural product biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1072-1099. [PMID: 33710221 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00004g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2015 to the end of 2020 Fungal-derived polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, terpenoids and their hybrids contribute significantly to the chemical space of total natural products. Cytochrome P450 enzymes play essential roles in fungal natural product biosynthesis with their broad substrate scope, great catalytic versatility and high frequency of involvement. Due to the membrane-bound nature, the functional and mechanistic understandings for fungal P450s have been limited for quite a long time. However, recent technical advances, such as the efficient and precise genome editing techniques and the development of several filamentous fungal strains as heterologous P450 expression hosts, have led to remarkable achievements in fungal P450 studies. Here, we provide a comprehensive review to cover the most recent progresses from 2015 to 2020 on catalytic functions and mechanisms, research methodologies and remaining challenges in the fast-growing field of fungal natural product biosynthetic P450s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China. and Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Jiawei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Fangyuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Shengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China. and Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
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29
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Jiang L, Huang L, Cai J, Xu Z, Lian J. Functional expression of eukaryotic cytochrome P450s in yeast. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:1050-1065. [PMID: 33205834 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) are a superfamily of heme-thiolate proteins widely existing in various organisms. Due to their key roles in secondary metabolism, degradation of xenobiotics, and carcinogenesis, there is a great demand to heterologously express and obtain a sufficient amount of active eukaryotic P450s. However, most eukaryotic P450s are endoplasmic reticulum-localized membrane proteins, which is the biggest challenge for functional expression to high levels. Furthermore, the functions of P450s require the cooperation of cytochrome P450 reductases for electron transfer. Great efforts have been devoted to the heterologous expression of eukaryotic P450s, and yeasts, particularly Saccharomyces cerevisiae are frequently considered as the first expression systems to be tested for this challenging purpose. This review discusses the strategies for improving the expression and activity of eukaryotic P450s in yeasts, followed by examples of P450s involved in biosynthetic pathway engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Center for Synthetic Biology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhinan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiazhang Lian
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Center for Synthetic Biology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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30
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Wang Q, Xu M, Zhao L, Wang F, Li Y, Shi G, Ding Z. Transcriptome dynamics and metabolite analysis revealed the candidate genes and regulatory mechanism of ganoderic acid biosynthesis during liquid superficial-static culture of Ganoderma lucidum. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 14:600-613. [PMID: 32975886 PMCID: PMC7936306 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderic acid (GA), an important secondary metabolite of Ganoderma lucidum, exhibited many significant pharmacological activities. In this study, the biosynthetic mechanism of GAs was investigated by comparing metabolites and transcriptome dynamics during liquid superficial‐static culture (LSSC) and submerged culture (SC). LSSC was a better method to produce GA because thirteen GAs were identified from mycelia by UPLC‐QTOF‐MS, and the content of all GAs was higher in LSSC than in SC. Ergosterol was accumulated during the SC process in G. lucidum. Transcriptome dynamics analysis revealed CYP5150L8 was the key gene regulating lanosterol flux into GA biosynthesis. Other sixteen CYP450 genes were significantly higher expressed during the culture time in LSSC and could be potential candidate genes associated with the biosynthesis of different GAs. In addition, six of the ten expressed genes in ergosterol biosynthetic pathway shown upregulated at some time points in SC. These results not only provide a fundamental information of the key genes in ergosterol and GA biosynthetic pathway, but also provide directions for future elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of GAs in G. lucidum and enabling us to promote the development and utilization of LSSC at the industrial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Liting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Feng Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Youran Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Guiyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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31
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Guo H, Wang H, Huo YX. Engineering Critical Enzymes and Pathways for Improved Triterpenoid Biosynthesis in Yeast. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:2214-2227. [PMID: 32786348 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoids represent a diverse group of phytochemicals that are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and have many biological activities. The heterologous production of triterpenoids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been successfully implemented by introducing various triterpenoid biosynthetic pathways. By engineering related enzymes as well as through yeast metabolism, the yield of various triterpenoids is significantly improved from the milligram per liter scale to the gram per liter scale. This achievement demonstrates that engineering critical enzymes is considered a potential strategy to overcome the main hurdles of the industrial application of these potent natural products. Here, we review strategies for designing enzymes to improve the yield of triterpenoids in S. cerevisiae in terms of three main aspects: 1, elevating the supply of the precursor 2,3-oxidosqualene; 2, optimizing triterpenoid-involved reactions; and 3, lowering the competition of the native sterol pathway. Then, we provide challenges and prospects for further enhancing triterpenoid production in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Huiyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Xin Huo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- SIP-UCLA Institute for Technology Advancement, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
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32
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Bioconversion of a ganoderic acid 3-hydroxy-lanosta-8,24-dien-26-oic acid by a crude enzyme from Ganoderma lucidum. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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33
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Liu X, Zhu X, Wang H, Liu T, Cheng J, Jiang H. Discovery and modification of cytochrome P450 for plant natural products biosynthesis. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2020; 5:187-199. [PMID: 32637672 PMCID: PMC7332504 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s are widespread in nature and play key roles in the diversification and functional modification of plant natural products. Over the last few years, there has been remarkable progress in plant P450s identification with the rapid development of sequencing technology, "omics" analysis and synthetic biology. However, challenges still persist in respect of crystal structure, heterologous expression and enzyme engineering. Here, we reviewed several research hotspots of P450 enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of plant natural products, including P450 databases, gene mining, heterologous expression and protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Tian Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Huifeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
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Fang Y, Luo M, Song X, Shen Y, Xiao H. Improving the production of squalene-type triterpenoid 2,3;22,23-squalene dioxide by optimizing the expression of CYP505D13 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 130:265-271. [PMID: 32423728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The efficient bioproduction of squalene-type triterpenoids (STs) has attracted considerable attention due to their significant biological activities. In a previous study, we constructed a recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae capable of producing three STs; 4,8-dihydroxy-22,23-oxidosqualene (ST-1), 8-hydroxy-2,3;22,23-squalene dioxide (ST-2), and 2,3;22,23-squalene dioxide (ST-3). Here, we first evaluated the effects of these STs on the growth of human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, and found that ST-3 exhibited the greatest potency compared to the other two STs. To further enhance the bioproduction of ST-3, we adopted a tunable system to balance the expression of the Ganoderma lucidum cytochrome P450 gene CYP505D13 in S. cerevisiae, which significantly improved the ST-3 production titer. The most effective strain produced 78.61 mg/L of ST-3 after 62 h fermentation, which was 6.43 times higher than that of our previous study. The present study demonstrated that ST-3 effectively inhibits the proliferation of NSCLC cells, and provides insight into its efficient bioproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mingyu Luo
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Han Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Lan X, Xiao H. Cyclodextrins facilitate the efficient secretion of an anti-tumor triterpenoid ganoderic acid HLDOA by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 130:142-148. [PMID: 32327386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
As a large group of natural product with significant biological activities, triterpenoid secretion is of particular importance towards its bioproduction. Due to the lack of specific transporters, most triterpenoids are naturally accumulated inside the cells. In this study, by taking an antitumor triterpenoid ganoderic acid 3-hydroxy-lanosta-8,24-dien-26 oic acid (GA-HLDOA) as example, we discovered that addition of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) or 2,6-dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin (DM-β-CD) enable the fast and sufficient secretion of GA-HLDOA by the recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain as constructed in our previous study. In addition, these cyclodextrins (CDs) could not enter into cells, while no significant change of the cell membrane fluidity was observed after CDs treatment. This discovery provides a potential generally applicable method for triterpenoid secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Han Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Whole-cell biocatalysis using cytochrome P450 monooxygenases for biotransformation of sustainable bioresources (fatty acids, fatty alkanes, and aromatic amino acids). Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107504. [PMID: 31926255 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are heme-thiolated enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of CH bonds in a regio and stereoselective manner. Activation of the non-activated carbon atom can be further enhanced by multistep chemo-enzymatic reactions; moreover, several useful chemicals can be synthesized to provide alternative organic synthesis routes. Given their versatile functionality, CYPs show promise in a number of biotechnological fields. Recently, various CYPs, along with their sequences and functionalities, have been identified owing to rapid developments in sequencing technology and molecular biotechnology. In addition to these discoveries, attempts have been made to utilize CYPs to industrially produce biochemicals from available and sustainable bioresources such as oil, amino acids, carbohydrates, and lignin. Here, these accomplishments, particularly those involving the use of CYP enzymes as whole-cell biocatalysts for bioresource biotransformation, will be reviewed. Further, recently developed biotransformation pathways that result in gram-scale yields of fatty acids and fatty alkanes as well as aromatic amino acids, which depend on the hosts used for CYP expression, and the nature of the multistep reactions will be discussed. These pathways are similar regardless of whether the hosts are CYP-producing or non-CYP-producing; the limitations of these methods and the ways to overcome them are reviewed here.
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Wang PA, Xiao H, Zhong JJ. CRISPR-Cas9 assisted functional gene editing in the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:1661-1671. [PMID: 31865439 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10298-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The genetic manipulation of basidiomycete mushrooms is notoriously difficult and immature, and there is a lack of research reports on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) based gene editing of functional genes in mushrooms. In this work, Ganoderma lucidum, a famous traditional medicinal basidiomycete mushroom, which produces a type of unique triterpenoid-anti-tumor ganoderic acids (GAs), was used, and a CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein-9 nuclease (Cas9) editing system for functional genes of GA biosynthesis was constructed in the mushroom. As proof of concept, the effect of different gRNA constructs with endogenous u6 promoter and self-cleaving ribozyme HDV on ura3 disruption efficiency was investigated at first. The established system was applied to edit a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP450) gene cyp5150l8, which is responsible for a three-step biotransformation of lanosterol at C-26 to ganoderic acid 3-hydroxy-lanosta-8, 24-dien-26 oic acid. As a result, precisely edited cyp5150l8 disruptants were obtained after sequencing confirmation. The fermentation products of the wild type (WT) and cyp5150l8 disruptant were analyzed, and a significant decrease in the titer of four identified GAs was found in the mutant compared to WT. Another CYP gene involved in the biosynthesis of squalene-type triterpenoid 2, 3; 22, 23-squalene dioxide, cyp505d13, was also disrupted using the established CRISPR-Cas9 based gene editing platform of G. lucidum. The work will be helpful to strain molecular breeding and biotechnological applications of G. lucidum and other basidiomycete mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-An Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering and Advanced Fermentation Technology, Department of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Han Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering and Advanced Fermentation Technology, Department of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Jian-Jiang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering and Advanced Fermentation Technology, Department of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Integrated Proteomics and Metabolomics Analysis Provides Insights into Ganoderic Acid Biosynthesis in Response to Methyl Jasmonate in Ganoderma Lucidum. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246116. [PMID: 31817230 PMCID: PMC6941157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is widely recognized as a medicinal basidiomycete. It was previously reported that the plant hormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA) could induce the biosynthesis of ganoderic acids (GAs), which are the main active ingredients of G. lucidum. However, the regulatory mechanism is still unclear. In this study, integrated proteomics and metabolomics were employed on G. lucidum to globally identify differences in proteins and metabolites under MeJA treatment for 15 min (M15) and 24 h (M24). Our study successfully identified 209 differential abundance proteins (DAPs) in M15 and 202 DAPs in M24. We also identified 154 metabolites by GC-MS and 70 metabolites by LC-MS in M24 that are involved in several metabolic pathways. With an in-depth analysis, we found some DAPs and metabolites that are involved in the oxidoreduction process, secondary metabolism, energy metabolism, transcriptional and translational regulation, and protein synthesis. In particular, our results reveal that MeJA treatment leads to metabolic rearrangement that inhibited the normal glucose metabolism, energy supply, and protein synthesis of cells but promoted secondary metabolites, including GAs. In conclusion, our proteomics and metabolomics data further confirm the promoting effect of MeJA on the biosynthesis of GAs in G. lucidum and will provide a valuable resource for further investigation of the molecular mechanisms of MeJA signal response and GA biosynthesis in G. lucidum and other related species.
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Xu J, Yue T, Yu X, Zhao P, Li T, Li N. Enhanced production of individual ganoderic acids by integrating Vitreoscilla haemoglobin expression and calcium ion induction in liquid static cultures of Ganoderma lingzhi. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 12:1180-1187. [PMID: 30821132 PMCID: PMC6801144 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderic acids produced by Ganoderma exhibit anticancer and antimetastatic activities. A novel approach by combining Vitreoscilla haemoglobin (VHb) expression and calcium ion induction was developed to enhance ganoderic acid (GA) production in liquid static cultures of G. lingzhi. The maximum contents of GA-O, GA-S and GA-Me were 1451.33 ± 67.50, 1431.23 ± 79.74 and 1283.81 ± 85.13 μg per 100 mg cell weight, respectively under the integrated approach, which are the highest contents as ever reported in Ganoderma. The contents of squalene and lanosterol were increased by 2.0- and 3.0-fold in this case compared with those in the control. The transcription levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, farnesyl-diphosphate synthase, squalene synthase and cytochrome P450 CYP5150L8 were upregulated by 2.56-, 3.31-, 2.59- and 6.12-fold respectively. Additionally, the expression of VHb improved the ratio of type I to type II GA in liquid static cultivation of G. lingzhi. The transcription levels of cyp512a2, cyp512v2 and cyp512a13, candidate cytochrome P450 genes involved in oxidative modification of the lanostane skeleton in GA biosynthesis, were also increased by 2.28-, 2.65- and 3.54-fold in the VHb-expressing strain respectively. Our results illustrated that the approach described here efficiently improved GA production in G. lingzhi fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun‐Wei Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500China
| | - Tong‐Hui Yue
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500China
| | - Xuya Yu
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500China
| | - Tao Li
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500China
| | - Na Li
- Faculty of ScienceKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500China
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40
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Lan X, Yuan W, Wang M, Xiao H. Efficient biosynthesis of antitumor ganoderic acid HLDOA using a dual tunable system for optimizing the expression of CYP5150L8 and aGanodermaP450 reductase. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:3301-3311. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Wei Yuan
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin China
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin China
| | - Han Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
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41
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Fei Y, Li N, Zhang DH, Xu JW. Increased production of ganoderic acids by overexpression of homologous farnesyl diphosphate synthase and kinetic modeling of ganoderic acid production in Ganoderma lucidum. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:115. [PMID: 31253150 PMCID: PMC6599323 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ganoderic acids (GAs), derived from the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum, possess anticancer and other important pharmacological activities. To improve production of GAs, a homologous farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) gene was overexpressed in G. lucidum. Moreover, the influence of FPS gene overexpression on GA production was investigated by developing the corresponding mathematical models. Results The maximum levels of total GAs and individual GAs (GA-T, GA-S, and GA-Me) in the transgenic strain were 2.76 mg/100 mg dry weight (DW), 41 ± 2, 21 ± 5, and 28 ± 1 μg/100 mg DW, respectively, which were increased by 2.28-, 2.27-, 2.62-, and 2.80-folds compared with those in the control. Transcription levels of squalene synthase (SQS) and lanosterol synthase (LS) genes during GA biosynthesis were upregulated by 2.28- and 1.73-folds, respectively, in the transgenic G. lucidum. In addition, the developed unstructured models had a satisfactory fit for the process of GA production in submerged cultures of G. lucidum. Analysis of the kinetic process showed that FPS gene overexpression had a stronger positive impact on GA production compared with its influence on cell growth. Also, FPS gene overexpression led to a higher non-growth-associated-constant β (1.151) over the growth-associated-constant α (0.026) in the developed models. Conclusions FPS gene overexpression is an effective strategy to improve the production of GAs in G. lucidum. The developed mathematical models are useful for developing a better GA production process in future large-scale bioreactors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-019-1164-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fei
- School of Statistics and Mathematics, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, 650221, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Statistics and Mathematics, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, 650221, China.,Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - De-Huai Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- School of Statistics and Mathematics, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, 650221, China. .,Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
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Enhanced Ganoderic Acids Accumulation and Transcriptional Responses of Biosynthetic Genes in Ganoderma lucidum Fruiting Bodies by Elicitation Supplementation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112830. [PMID: 31185659 PMCID: PMC6600565 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderic acids (GAs) are a type of highly oxygenated lanostane-type triterpenoids that are responsible for the pharmacological activities of Ganoderma lucidum. They have been investigated for their biological activities, including antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, anti-HIV-1, antioxidation, and cholesterol reduction functions. Inducer supplementation is viewed as a promising technology for the production of GAs. This study found that supplementation with sodium acetate (4 mM) significantly increased the GAs content of fruiting bodies by 28.63% compared to the control. In order to explore the mechanism of ganoderic acid accumulation, the transcriptional responses of key GAs biosynthetic genes, including the acetyl coenzyme A synthase gene, and the expression levels of genes involved in calcineurin signaling and acetyl-CoA content have been analyzed. The results showed that the expression of three key GAs biosynthetic genes (hmgs, fps, and sqs) were significantly up-regulated. Analysis indicated that the acetate ion increased the expression of genes related to acetic acid assimilation and increased GAs biosynthesis, thereby resulting in the accumulation of GAs. Further investigation of the expression levels of genes involved in calcineurin signaling revealed that Na+ supplementation and the consequent exchange of Na+/Ca2+ induced GAs biosynthesis. Overall, this study indicates a feasible new approach of utilizing sodium acetate elicitation for the enhanced production of valuable GAs content in G. lucidum, and also provided the primary mechanism of GAs accumulation.
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Song X, Xiao H, Luo S, Wang X, Wang W, Lin S. Biosynthesis of squalene-type triterpenoids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by expression of CYP505D13 from Ganoderma lucidum. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-019-0256-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Cao Z, Li S, Lv J, Gao H, Chen G, Awakawa T, Abe I, Yao X, Hu D. Biosynthesis of clinically used antibiotic fusidic acid and identification of two short-chain dehydrogenase/reductases with converse stereoselectivity. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:433-442. [PMID: 30972287 PMCID: PMC6437595 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusidic acid is the only fusidane-type antibiotic that has been clinically used. However, biosynthesis of this important molecule in fungi is poorly understood. We have recently elucidated the biosynthesis of fusidane-type antibiotic helvolic acid, which provides us with clues to identify a possible gene cluster for fusidic acid (fus cluster). This gene cluster consists of eight genes, among which six are conserved in the helvolic acid gene cluster except fusC1 and fusB1. Introduction of the two genes into the Aspergillus oryzae NSAR1 expressing the conserved six genes led to the production of fusidic acid. A stepwise introduction of fusC1 and fusB1 revealed that the two genes worked independently without a strict reaction order. Notably, we identified two short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase genes fusC1 and fusC2 in the fus cluster, which showed converse stereoselectivity in 3-ketoreduction. This is the first report on the biosynthesis and heterologous expression of fusidic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqin Cao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shaoyang Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jianming Lv
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hao Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guodong Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Takayoshi Awakawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Dan Hu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Corresponding authors.
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Improving lupeol production in yeast by recruiting pathway genes from different organisms. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2992. [PMID: 30816209 PMCID: PMC6395594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lupeol is a pentacyclic triterpene that shows a variety of pharmacological properties. Compared to engineering the production of sesquiterpenes and diterpenes, it is much more challenging to engineer the biosynthesis of triterpenes in microbial platforms. This study showed our efforts on engineering the triterpene pathway in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells by recruiting the codon-optimized three lupeol pathway genes from different organisms. By comparing their activities with their respective counterparts, the squalene synthase from Thermosynechococcus elongates (tSQS), the squalene epoxidase from Rattus norvegicus (rSE) and the lupeol synthase from Olea europaea (OeLUP) were introduced into E. coli BL21(DE3), a break-through from zero was observed for lupeol biosynthesis in a prokaryotic host. We also assessed the lupeol pathway under two different yeast backgrounds-WAT11 and EPY300, and have found that the engineered strains based on EPY300, named ECHHOe, processed the best lupeol-producing ability with the maximum lupeol titer being 200.1 mg l−1 at 30 °C in a 72 h-flask culture, which so far was the highest amount of lupeol obtained by a microbial system and provides a basis for further industrial application of lupeol in the future.
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Biological and chemical diversity go hand in hand: Basidiomycota as source of new pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107344. [PMID: 30738916 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Basidiomycota constitutes the second largest higher taxonomic group of the Fungi after the Ascomycota and comprises over 30.000 species. Mycelial cultures of Basidiomycota have already been studied since the 1950s for production of antibiotics and other beneficial secondary metabolites. Despite the fact that unique and selective compounds like pleuromutilin were obtained early on, it took several decades more until they were subjected to a systematic screening for antimicrobial and anticancer activities. These efforts led to the discovery of the strobilurins and several hundreds of further compounds that mainly constitute terpenoids. In parallel the traditional medicinal mushrooms of Asia were also studied intensively for metabolite production, aimed at finding new therapeutic agents for treatment of various diseases including metabolic disorders and the central nervous system. While the evaluation of this organism group has in general been more tedious as compared to the Ascomycota, the chances to discover new metabolites and to develop them further to candidates for drugs, agrochemicals and other products for the Life Science industry have substantially increased over the past decade. This is owing to the revolutionary developments in -OMICS techniques, bioinformatics, analytical chemistry and biotechnological process technology, which are steadily being developed further. On the other hand, the new developments in polythetic fungal taxonomy now also allow a more concise selection of previously untapped organisms. The current review is dedicated to summarize the state of the art and to give an outlook to further developments.
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Lin HC, Hewage RT, Lu YC, Chooi YH. Biosynthesis of bioactive natural products from Basidiomycota. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:1027-1036. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02774a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The club fungi, Basidioycota, produce a wide range of bioactive compounds. Here, we describe recent studies on the biosynthetic pathways and enzymes of bioactive natural products from these fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Ching Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 115
- Republic of China
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program
| | - Ranuka T. Hewage
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program
- Taiwan International Graduate Program
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 115
- Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Chun Lu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 115
- Republic of China
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences
| | - Yit-Heng Chooi
- School of Molecular Sciences
- The University of Western Australia
- Perth
- Australia
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48
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Xiao H, Zhang Y, Wang M. Discovery and Engineering of Cytochrome P450s for Terpenoid Biosynthesis. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 37:618-631. [PMID: 30528904 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids represent 60% of known natural products, including many drugs and drug candidates, and their biosynthesis is attracting great interest. However, the unknown cytochrome P450s (CYPs) in terpenoid biosynthetic pathways make the heterologous production of related terpenoids impossible, while the slow kinetics of some known CYPs greatly limit the efficiency of terpenoid biosynthesis. Thus, there is a compelling need to discover and engineer CYPs for terpenoid biosynthesis to fully realize their great potential for industrial application. This review article summarizes the current state of CYP discovery and engineering in terpenoid biosynthesis, focusing on recent synthetic biology approaches toward prototyping CYPs in heterologous hosts. We also propose several strategies for further accelerating CYP discovery and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China; Co-first author with equal contribution.
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Co-first author with equal contribution
| | - Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China.
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Xing Z, Zhang C, Zhao C, Ahmad Z, Li JS, Chang MW. Targeting oxidative stress using tri-needle electrospray engineered Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide-loaded porous yolk-shell particles. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 125:64-73. [PMID: 30248388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lung diseases (e.g. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma) are associated with oxidative stress and common treatments include various types of inhalation therapies. In this work Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP), a naturally occurring antioxidant is loaded into porous Poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) particles using a single step tri-needle coaxial electrospray process (Tri-needle CES); with a view to develop therapies to combat oxidative stress. Based on the core-shell structure of porous yolk shell particles (YSPs), GLP-loaded YSPs displayed a bi-phasic release pattern. In vitro cell studies indicate GLP-loaded porous YSPs display good biocompatibility and positive attributes towards H2O2-induced oxidative stress in MRC-5 cells and dramatically attenuate intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels as well as significantly increase cell viability. In vivo inhalation studies indicate that GLP-loaded porous YSPs can be delivered to deep lung tissue and remain deposited for over 48 h and are subsequently removed by natural clearance mechanisms. Based on current findings GLP-loaded porous YSPs are suitable for pulmonary delivery and display good inhalation therapy potential to treat chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xing
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education, Ministry of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110000, PR China
| | - Chunchen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education, Ministry of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad
- The Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Jing-Song Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education, Ministry of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Ming-Wei Chang
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education, Ministry of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China.
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