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Schubert K, Schwob L, Dörner S, Girod M, MacAleese L, Pieterse CL, Schlathölter T, Techert S, Bari S. Ionization and Photofragmentation of Isolated Metalloporphyrin Cations Investigated by VUV Action Spectroscopy*. Chemistry 2021; 27:12371-12379. [PMID: 34137472 PMCID: PMC8457234 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the photoionization and fragmentation of isolated metal protoporphyrin IX cations (MPPIX+ with M=Fe, Co, Zn) by means of vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) action spectroscopy in the energy range of 8.5-35 eV. Experiments were carried out in the gas phase by interfacing an electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometer with a synchrotron beamline. The mass spectra and partial ion yields show that photoexcitation of the precursor ions predominantly leads to . CH2 COOH radical side-chain losses of the macrocycle with additional methyl radical (. CH3 ) side-chain losses. Ionization, in contrast, leads to the formation of the intact ionized precursor and various doubly charged fragments which are mostly due to side-chain cleavages. Although statistical fragmentation dominates, we found evidence for non-statistical processes such as new fragments involving for example single and double H2 O losses, indicating that different relaxation mechanisms are at play upon photoionization compared to photoexcitation. The measured ionization energies were 9.6±0.2 eV, 9.4±0.2 eV and 9.6±0.2 eV for FePPIX+ , CoPPIX+ and ZnPPIX+ , respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Schubert
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYNotkestr. 8522607HamburgGermany
| | - Lucas Schwob
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYNotkestr. 8522607HamburgGermany
| | - Simon Dörner
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYNotkestr. 8522607HamburgGermany
| | - Marion Girod
- Univ LyonUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1CNRS UMR 5280Institut des Sciences Analytiques5 rue de la Doua69100VilleurbanneFrance
| | - Luke MacAleese
- Univ LyonUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1CNRS UMR 5306Institut Lumière Matière69622LyonFrance
| | | | - Thomas Schlathölter
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Simone Techert
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYNotkestr. 8522607HamburgGermany
- Institut für RöntgenphysikGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenFriedrich-Hund-Platz 137077GöttingenGermany
| | - Sadia Bari
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYNotkestr. 8522607HamburgGermany
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Schubert K, Guo M, Atak K, Dörner S, Bülow C, von Issendorff B, Klumpp S, Lau JT, Miedema PS, Schlathölter T, Techert S, Timm M, Wang X, Zamudio-Bayer V, Schwob L, Bari S. The electronic structure and deexcitation pathways of an isolated metalloporphyrin ion resolved by metal L-edge spectroscopy. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3966-3976. [PMID: 34163667 PMCID: PMC8179464 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06591a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The local electronic structure of the metal-active site and the deexcitation pathways of metalloporphyrins are crucial for numerous applications but difficult to access by commonly employed techniques. Here, we applied near-edge X-ray absorption mass spectrometry and quantum-mechanical restricted active space calculations to investigate the electronic structure of the metal-active site of the isolated cobalt(iii) protoporphyrin IX cation (CoPPIX+) and its deexcitation pathways upon resonant absorption at the cobalt L-edge. The experiments were carried out in the gas phase, thus allowing for control over the chemical state and molecular environment of the metalloporphyrin. The obtained mass spectra reveal that resonant excitations of CoPPIX+ at the cobalt L3-edge lead predominantly to the formation of the intact radical dication and doubly charged fragments through losses of charged and neutral side chains from the macrocycle. The comparison between experiment and theory shows that CoPPIX+ is in a 3A2g triplet ground state and that competing excitations to metal-centred non-bonding and antibonding σ* molecular orbitals lead to distinct deexcitation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Schubert
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Meiyuan Guo
- Division of Chemical Physics, Chemical Center, Lund University SE-221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Kaan Atak
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Simon Dörner
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Christine Bülow
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Bernd von Issendorff
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Stephan Klumpp
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - J Tobias Lau
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie 12489 Berlin Germany
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | | | - Thomas Schlathölter
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Simone Techert
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY 22607 Hamburg Germany
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Martin Timm
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Xin Wang
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Vicente Zamudio-Bayer
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Lucas Schwob
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Sadia Bari
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY 22607 Hamburg Germany
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Saad MM, Michalet S, Fossou R, Putnik-Delić M, Crèvecoeur M, Meyer J, de Malézieux C, Hopfgartner G, Maksimović I, Perret X. Loss of NifQ Leads to Accumulation of Porphyrins and Altered Metal-Homeostasis in Nitrogen-Fixing Symbioses. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:208-216. [PMID: 30070615 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-18-0188-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation between legumes and rhizobia involves a coordinated expression of many plant and bacterial genes as well as finely tuned metabolic activities of micro- and macrosymbionts. In spite of such complex interactions, symbiotic proficiency remains a resilient process, with host plants apparently capable of compensating for some deficiencies in rhizobia. What controls nodule homeostasis is still poorly understood and probably varies between plant species. In this respect, the promiscuous Sinorhizobium (Ensifer) fredii strain NGR234 has become a model to assess the relative contribution of single gene products to many symbioses. Here, we describe how a deletion in nifQ of NGR234 (strain NGRΔnifQ) makes nodules of Vigna unguiculata, V. radiata, and Macroptilium atropurpureum but not of the mimisoid tree Leucaena leucocephala, purple-red. This peculiar dark-nodule phenotype did not necessarily correlate with a decreased proficiency of NGRΔnifQ but coincided with a 20-fold or more accumulation of coproporphyrin III and uroporphyrin III in V. unguiculata nodules. Porphyrin accumulation was not restricted to plant cells infected with bacteroids but also extended to the nodule cortex. Nodule metal-homeostasis was altered but not sufficiently to prevent assembly and functioning of nitrogenase. Although the role of NifQ in donating molybdenum during assembly of nitrogenase cofactor FeMo-co makes it essential in free-living diazotrophs, our results highlight the dispensability of NifQ in many legume species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged M Saad
- 1 University of Geneva, Sciences III, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Microbiology Unit, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- 2 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal 6900-2355, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sophie Michalet
- 3 University of Geneva, Mass Spectrometry Core Facility (MZ 2.0), Faculty of Sciences, Bd d'Yvoy 11, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Romain Fossou
- 1 University of Geneva, Sciences III, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Microbiology Unit, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | | | - Michèle Crèvecoeur
- 1 University of Geneva, Sciences III, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Microbiology Unit, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Julien Meyer
- 3 University of Geneva, Mass Spectrometry Core Facility (MZ 2.0), Faculty of Sciences, Bd d'Yvoy 11, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Chloé de Malézieux
- 1 University of Geneva, Sciences III, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Microbiology Unit, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Hopfgartner
- 5 University of Geneva, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, 26 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Ivana Maksimović
- 4 University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Novi Sad, Serbia; and
| | - Xavier Perret
- 1 University of Geneva, Sciences III, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Microbiology Unit, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Njumbe Ediage E, Dillen L, Vroman A, Diels L, Kunze A, Snoeys J, Verhaeghe T. Development of an LC–MS method to quantify coproporphyrin I and III as endogenous biomarkers for drug transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1073:80-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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5
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Boss L, Oehme R, Billig S, Birkemeyer C, Layer G. The Radical SAM enzyme NirJ catalyzes the removal of two propionate side chains during hemed1biosynthesis. FEBS J 2017; 284:4314-4327. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Boss
- Institute of Biochemistry; Leipzig University; Germany
| | - Ramona Oehme
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Leipzig University; Germany
| | - Susan Billig
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Leipzig University; Germany
| | | | - Gunhild Layer
- Institute of Biochemistry; Leipzig University; Germany
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Dogan O, Serdar MA, Murat K, Sonmez C, İspir E, Serteser M, Unsal I. A Simple Method for Quantification of Five Urinary Porphyrins, Porphobilinogen and 5-Aminolevulinic Acid, Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Indian J Clin Biochem 2017; 34:82-88. [PMID: 30728677 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-017-0716-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of porphyrins and 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), porphobilinogen (PBG) in physiological liquids is required for diagnosis and follow-up of porphyrias. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods with higher specificity and sensitivity have been developed. The major disadvantage of those methods is that they require longer extraction times due to their matrix effects. The present study suggests a simple, fast, sensitive, and specific assay for determination of Coproporphyrin, 5-carboxylporphyrin, 6-carboxylporphyrin, 7-carboxylporphyrin, Uroporphyrin I and ALA, PBG in urine sample by direct injection without sample pre-treatment using LC-MS. For the purposes of the present study LC-MS device was set to multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and positive ion mode. Porphyrins and ALA, porphobilinogen were characterized by their MS/MS product ion, spectra. ALA, PBG and 5 porphyrins were detected simultaneously. Limit of detection for Coproporphyrin, 5-carboxylporphyrin, 6-carboxylporphyrin, 7-carboxylporphyrin, Uroporphyrin I were 2 nmol/L, where it was 5 μmol/L for ALA and 2 μmol/L for porphobilinogen. The present study suggests that the present method is very effective compared to many other available methods for it does not require pre-treatment, provides simultaneous results of ALA, PBG and 5 porphyrins quantitatively in a shorter span of time, and has suitable sensitivity and selectivity. LC-MS technique was used clinically for the determination of urine porphyrin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Dogan
- 1Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muhittin A Serdar
- 2Department of Medical Biochemistry, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Koza Murat
- Ataturk Chest Disease and Thoracic Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Sonmez
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr Abdurrahman Yurtarslan Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre İspir
- Department of Biochemistry, Gulhane Military Medical Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Serteser
- 2Department of Medical Biochemistry, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Unsal
- 2Department of Medical Biochemistry, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Martinez AFC, de Almeida LG, Moraes LAB, Cônsoli FL. Tapping the biotechnological potential of insect microbial symbionts: new insecticidal porphyrins. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:143. [PMID: 28655338 PMCID: PMC5488367 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1054-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The demand for sustainable agricultural practices and the limited progress toward newer and safer chemicals for use in pest control maintain the impetus for research and identification of new natural molecules. Natural molecules are preferable to synthetic organic molecules because they are biodegradable, have low toxicity, are often selective and can be applied at low concentrations. Microbes are one source of natural insecticides, and microbial insect symbionts have attracted attention as a source of new bioactive molecules because these microbes are exposed to various selection pressures in their association with insects. Analytical techniques must be used to isolate and characterize new compounds, and sensitive analytical tools such as mass spectrometry and high-resolution chromatography are required to identify the least-abundant molecules. RESULTS We used classical fermentation techniques combined with tandem mass spectrometry to prospect for insecticidal substances produced by the ant symbiont Streptomyces caniferus. Crude extracts from this bacterium showed low biological activity (less than 10% mortality) against the larval stage of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda. Because of the complexity of the crude extract, we used fractionation-guided bioassays to investigate if the low toxicity was related to the relative abundance of the active molecule, leading to the isolation of porphyrins as active molecules. Porphyrins are a class of photoactive molecules with a broad range of bioactivity, including insecticidal. The active fraction, containing a mixture of porphyrins, induced up to 100% larval mortality (LD50 = 37.7 μg.cm-2). Tandem mass-spectrometry analyses provided structural information for two new porphyrin structures. Data on the availability of porphyrins in 67 other crude extracts of ant ectosymbionts were also obtained with ion-monitoring experiments. CONCLUSIONS Insect-associated bacterial symbionts are a rich source of bioactive compounds. Exploring microbial diversity through mass-spectrometry analyses is a useful approach for isolating and identifying new compounds. Our results showed high insecticidal activity of porphyrin compounds. Applications of different experiments in mass spectrometry allowed the characterization of two new porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Flávia Canovas Martinez
- Laboratório de Interações em Insetos, Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Av Pádua Dias 11, 13418–900, Piracicaba, SP Brazil
| | - Luís Gustavo de Almeida
- Laboratório de Interações em Insetos, Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Av Pádua Dias 11, 13418–900, Piracicaba, SP Brazil
| | - Luiz Alberto Beraldo Moraes
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massas Aplicada a Produtos Naturais, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av Bandeirantes 3900, 14040–901, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Fernando Luís Cônsoli
- Laboratório de Interações em Insetos, Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Av Pádua Dias 11, 13418–900, Piracicaba, SP Brazil
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Khaled EM, Meguid NA, Bjørklund G, Gouda A, Bahary MH, Hashish A, Sallam NM, Chirumbolo S, El-Bana MA. Altered urinary porphyrins and mercury exposure as biomarkers for autism severity in Egyptian children with autism spectrum disorder. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:1419-1426. [PMID: 27406246 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9870-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that affects social, communication, and behavioral development. Recent evidence supported but also questioned the hypothetical role of compounds containing mercury (Hg) as contributors to the development of ASD. Specific alterations in the urinary excretion of porphyrin-containing ring catabolites have been associated with exposure to Hg in ASD patients. In the present study, the level of urinary porphyrins, as biomarkers of Hg toxicity in children with ASD, was evaluated, and its correlation with severity of the autistic behavior further explored. A total of 100 children was enrolled in the present study. They were classified into three groups: children with ASD (40), healthy controls (40), and healthy siblings of the ASD children (20). Children with ASD were diagnosed using DSM-IV-TR, ADI-R, and CARS tests. Urinary porphyrins were evaluated within the three groups using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), after plasma evaluation of mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) in the same groups. Results showed that children with ASD had significantly higher levels of Hg, Pb, and the porphyrins pentacarboxyporphyrin, coproporphyrin, precoproporphyrin, uroporphyrins, and hexacarboxyporphyrin compared to healthy controls and healthy siblings of the ASD children. However, there was no significant statistical difference in the level of heptacarboxyporphyrin among the three groups, while a significant positive correlation between the levels of coproporphyrin and precoproporphyrin and autism severity was observed. Mothers of ASD children showed a higher percentage of dental amalgam restorations compared to the mothers of healthy controls suggesting that high Hg levels in children with ASD may relate to the increased exposure to Hg from maternal dental amalgam during pregnancy and lactation. The results showed that the ASD children in the present study had increased blood Hg and Pb levels compared with healthy control children indicating that disordered porphyrin metabolism might interfere with the pathology associated with the autistic neurologic phenotype. The present study indicates that coproporphyrin and precoproporhyrin may be utilized as possible biomarkers for heavy metal exposure and autism severity in children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M Khaled
- Department of Pediatric, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nagwa A Meguid
- Department of Research on Children with Special Needs, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Toften 24, 8610, Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | - Amr Gouda
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Adel Hashish
- Department of Research on Children with Special Needs, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nermin M Sallam
- Department of Research on Children with Special Needs, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- University Laboratory of Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mona A El-Bana
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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Song Y, Song Q, Li J, Zheng J, Li C, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Jiang Y, Tu P. An integrated platform for directly widely-targeted quantitative analysis of feces part II: An application for steroids, eicosanoids, and porphyrins profiling. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1460:74-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Chen YL, Huang YC, Wang CC. Direct assay of uroporphyrin and coproporphyrin in human urine by reverse-mode field amplified sample injection-sweeping and micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Talanta 2015; 143:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Determination of porphyrins in oral bacteria by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7013-23. [PMID: 26168965 PMCID: PMC4551553 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8864-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms in the oral cavity can be visualized by fluorescence and a common assumption is that the endogenously produced porphyrins in certain bacteria give rise to this fluorescence. Porphyrin content in oral bacteria has been sparingly investigated, and non-selective detection techniques such as utilizing the Soret fluorescence band of porphyrins are often used. In the present study, a quantitative and selective method for the determination of porphyrins in oral bacteria has been developed and validated using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Lysis of bacteria using Tris-EDTA buffer together with ultrasonication showed high microbial killing efficiency ≥99.98 %, and sample clean-up using C18-solid phase extraction resulted in low matrix effects ≤14 % for all analytes. Using this method, the porphyrin content was determined in the two oral pathogens Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, as well as for baker’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Uroporphyrin, 7-carboxylporphyrin, 6-carboxylporphyrin, coproporphyrin, and protoporphyrin IX were identified in the investigated microorganisms, and it was shown that the porphyrin profile differs between the two bacteria, as well as for S. cerevisiae. To our knowledge, this is the first time the porphyrin profile has been determined for the bacterium A. actinomycetemcomitans. Determination of porphyrins in oral bacteria. ![]()
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Sullivan SA, Streit BR, Ferguson EL, Jean PA, McNett DA, Llames LT, DuBois JL. Mass-spectrometric profiling of porphyrins in complex biological samples with fundamental, toxicological, and pharmacological applications. Anal Biochem 2015; 478:82-9. [PMID: 25769421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Rapid, high-throughput, and quantitative evaluations of biological metabolites in complex milieu are increasingly required for biochemical, toxicological, pharmacological, and environmental analyses. They are also essential for the development, testing, and improvement of new commercial chemical products. We demonstrate the application of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (uHPLC-MS), employing an electrospray ionization source and a high accuracy quadrupole time-of-flight mass analyzer, for the identification and quantification of a series of porphyrin derivatives in liver: a matrix of particular relevance in toxicological or pharmacological testing. Exact mass is used to identify and quantify the metabolites. Chromatography enhances sensitivity and alleviates potential saturation issues by fanning out the contents of a complex sample before their injection into the spectrometer, but is not strictly necessary for the analysis. Extraction and sample treatment procedures are evaluated and matrix effects discussed. Using this method, the known mechanism of action of a well-characterized porphyrinogenic agent was verified in liver extracts from treated rats. The method was also validated for use with bacterial cells. This exact-mass method uses workhorse instruments available in many laboratories, providing a highly flexible alternative to existing HPLC- and MS/MS-based approaches for the simultaneous analysis of multiple compounds in biological media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Bennett R Streit
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59713, USA
| | - Ethan L Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Paul A Jean
- Health and Environmental Sciences, Dow Corning Corporation, Auburn, MI 48611, USA
| | - Debra A McNett
- Health and Environmental Sciences, Dow Corning Corporation, Auburn, MI 48611, USA
| | - Louis T Llames
- Health and Environmental Sciences, Dow Corning Corporation, Auburn, MI 48611, USA.
| | - Jennifer L DuBois
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59713, USA.
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Hur Y, Han SB, Kang SW, Lee Y. Quantitative Analysis of Porphyrins in Dried Blood Spots Using Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry with Pre-column Derivatization. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.10.3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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The alternative route to heme in the methanogenic archaeon Methanosarcina barkeri. ARCHAEA-AN INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2014; 2014:327637. [PMID: 24669201 PMCID: PMC3942049 DOI: 10.1155/2014/327637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In living organisms heme is formed from the common precursor uroporphyrinogen III by either one of two substantially different pathways. In contrast to eukaryotes and most bacteria which employ the so-called “classical” heme biosynthesis pathway, the archaea use an alternative route. In this pathway, heme is formed from uroporphyrinogen III via the intermediates precorrin-2, sirohydrochlorin, siroheme, 12,18-didecarboxysiroheme, and iron-coproporphyrin III. In this study the heme biosynthesis proteins AhbAB, AhbC, and AhbD from Methanosarcina barkeri were functionally characterized. Using an in vivo enzyme activity assay it was shown that AhbA and AhbB (Mbar_A1459 and Mbar_A1460) together catalyze the conversion of siroheme into 12,18-didecarboxysiroheme. The two proteins form a heterodimeric complex which might be subject to feedback regulation by the pathway end-product heme. Further, AhbC (Mbar_A1793) was shown to catalyze the formation of iron-coproporphyrin III in vivo. Finally, recombinant AhbD (Mbar_A1458) was produced in E. coli and purified indicating that this protein most likely contains two [4Fe-4S] clusters. Using an in vitro enzyme activity assay it was demonstrated that AhbD catalyzes the conversion of iron-coproporphyrin III into heme.
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Benton CM, Lim CK, Moniz C, Baxter SL, Jones DJL. Separation and fragmentation study of isocoproporphyrin derivatives by UHPLC-ESI-exact mass MS/MS and identification of a new isocoproporphyrin sulfonic acid metabolite. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:80-85. [PMID: 24446266 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Isocoproporphyrin and its derivatives are commonly used as biomarkers of porphyria cutanea tarda, heavy metal toxicity and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) intoxication in humans and animals. However, most are isobaric with other porphyrins and reference materials are unavailable commercially. The structural characterisation of these porphyrins is important but very little data is available. We report here the separation and characterisation of isocoproporphyrin, deethylisocoproporphyrin, hydroxyisocoproporphyrin and ketoisocoproporphyrin, isolated in the faeces of rats fed with a diet containing HCB, by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-exact mass tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Furthermore, we report the identification and characterisation of a previously unreported porphyrin metabolite, isocoproporphyrin sulfonic acid isolated in the rat faeces. The measured mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of the precursor ion was m/z 735.2338, corresponding to a molecular formula of C36H39N4O11S with an error of 0.3 ppm from the calculated m/z 735.2336. The MS/MS data was consistent with an isocoproporphyrin sulfonic acid structure, derived from dehydroisocoproporphyrinogen by sulfonation of the vinyl group. The metabolite was present in a greater abundance than other isocoproporphyrin derivatives and may be a more useful biomarker for HCB intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Benton
- Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK; Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, RKCSB, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
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Benton CM, Lim CK, Moniz C, Jones DJL. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry of porphyrins and porphyrinogens in biological materials: separation and identification of interfering poly(ethylene) glycol by travelling wave ion mobility spectrometry/tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1782-7. [PMID: 23893773 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Biological and clinical samples for porphyrin and porphyrinogen analyses by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) are often contaminated with poly(ethylene)glycol (PEG), which complicates the interpretation of mass spectra and characterisation of new porphyrin metabolites. Two contaminating PEG molecules (m/z 833 and m/z 835) were completely separated from uroporphyrin I (m/z 831) by travelling wave ion mobility spectrometry and characterised by tandem mass spectrometry. One of the PEG species (m/z 835) also co-eluted with uroporphyrinogen I (m/z 837) and was unresolvable by travelling wave ion mobility spectrometry/MS, therefore contaminating the MS/MS mass spectra owing to isotope distribution. These PEG species, with the [M + H](+) ions at m/z at 833 and/or m/z 835, co-eluted with uroporphyrin I and uroporphyrinogen I by LC-MS/MS and could be wrongly identified as uroporphomethenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Benton
- Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK; Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, RKCSB, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
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Larion S, Caballes FR, Hwang SI, Lee JG, Rossman WE, Parsons J, Steuerwald N, Li T, Maddukuri V, Groseclose G, Finkielstein CV, Bonkovsky HL. Circadian rhythms in acute intermittent porphyria--a pilot study. Eur J Clin Invest 2013; 43:727-39. [PMID: 23650938 PMCID: PMC3687345 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is an inherited disorder of haem synthesis wherein a partial deficiency of porphobilinogen (PBG) deaminase (PBGD) with other factors may give rise to biochemical and clinical manifestations of disease. The biochemical hallmarks of active AIP are relative hepatic haem deficiency and uncontrolled up-regulation of hepatic 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthase-1 (ALAS1) with over-production of ALA and PBG. The treatment of choice is intravenous haem, which restores the deficient regulatory haem pool of the liver and represses ALAS1. Recently, haem has been shown to influence circadian rhythms by controlling their negative feedback loops. We evaluated whether subjects with AIP exhibited an altered circadian profile. MATERIALS AND METHODS Over a 21-h period, we measured levels of serum cortisol, melatonin, ALA, PBG and mRNA levels (in peripheral blood mononuclear cells) of selected clock-controlled genes and genes involved in haem synthesis in 10 Caucasian (European-American) women who were either postmenopausal or had been receiving female hormone therapy, six of whom have AIP and four do not and are considered controls. RESULTS Four AIP subjects with biochemical activity exhibited higher levels of PBG and lower levels and dampened oscillation of serum cortisol, and a trend for lower levels of serum melatonin, than controls or AIP subjects without biochemical activity. Levels of clock-controlled gene mRNAs showed significant increases over baseline in all subjects at 5 a.m. and 11 p.m., whereas mRNA levels of ALAS1, ALAS2 and PBGD were increased only at 11 p.m. in subjects with active AIP. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study provides evidence for disturbances of circadian markers in women with active AIP that may trigger or sustain some common clinical features of AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Larion
- The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
| | - F. Ryan Caballes
- The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
- Department of Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
| | - Sun-Il Hwang
- The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
- Department of Research, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
| | - Jin-Gyun Lee
- The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
- Department of Research, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
| | - Whitney Ellefson Rossman
- The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
- Department of Research, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
| | - Judy Parsons
- Department of Research, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
| | - Nury Steuerwald
- The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
- Department of Research, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
| | - Ting Li
- The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
- Department of Research, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
| | - Vinaya Maddukuri
- The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
- Department of Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
| | - Gale Groseclose
- The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
- Department of Research, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
| | - Carla V. Finkielstein
- The Integrated Cellular Responses Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Herbert L. Bonkovsky
- The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
- Department of Research, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
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Benton CM, Lim CK. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry of haem biosynthetic intermediates: a review. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 26:1009-23. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chang Kee Lim
- Clinical Biochemistry; King's College Hospital; Denmark Hill; London; SE5 9RS; UK
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Domingues MRM, Domingues P, Neves MG, Tomé AC, Cavaleiro JA. Recent developments in the structural characterization of substituted meso-tetraarylporphyrins by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424609000620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
meso-tetraarylporphyrins with different substituents linked either to an aryl ring or to a β-pyrrolic position were studied by Electrospray (ESI) Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS). The electrospray mass spectra (ESI-MS) of meso-tetraarylporphyrins show the molecular ions and no significant fragmentation is noted. Structural information can be obtained by inducing fragmentation of the ions generated under ESI conditions. The product ions formed and registered in the tandem mass spectra (ESI-MS/MS) are characteristic of the chemical structure of the groups linked to the porphyrin and depend on their location. Also, the same functional group linked either to the aryl ring or to the β-pyrrolic position yields different product ions that confirm their position. Taking into consideration the Portugal-Spain special issue of the Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines, in this highlight we analyze the work done at the University of Aveiro related to the use of mass spectrometry in the structural characterization of meso-tetraarylporphyrins with carbohydrate, nitro and amino acid groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Rosário M. Domingues
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Augusto C. Tomé
- Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - José A.S. Cavaleiro
- Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Benton CM, Lim CK, Moniz C, Jones DJL. Travelling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry of 5-aminolaevulinic acid, porphobilinogen and porphyrins. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:480-486. [PMID: 22279024 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Human porphyrias, diseases caused by enzyme defects in haem biosynthesis, are characterised by the excessive production, accumulation and excretion of porphyrins and/or 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) and porphobilinogen (PBG). A method for the simultaneous separation, detection and identification of ALA, PBG and porphyrins would greatly facilitate the screening and diagnosis of porphyrias. Such a method would also be invaluable for the biochemical study of the haem, chlorophyll and corrin pathways. METHODS An aqueous mixture containing ALA, PBG and type I isomer porphyrins was diluted with acetonitrile and infused (10 μL/min) into a Waters Synapt G2 high-definition mass spectrometer, equipped with a Z-Spray electrospray ionisation (ESI) source. Mass spectra were acquired in positive ionisation mode and the optimised ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) conditions were as follows: IMS wave height (V), 40; IMS wave velocity (m/s), 648; IMS gas flow (mL/min) 90.40; helium gas flow (mL/min), 182.60. RESULTS The IMS drift-time increased with increasing ion mass in the order of ALA, PBG, mesoporphyrin, coproporphyrin I, penta-, hexa- and heptacarboxylic acid porphyrin I and uroporphyrin I. The ESI-IMS-MS spectra shows that PBG could form two different positively charged ions by protonation [M+H](+) , m/z 227, or deprotonation [M - H](+) , m/z 225. The protonated PBG (m/z 227) easily eliminated ammonia in source and the fragment ion (m/z 210) was monitored instead. Doubly charged ions of porphyrins having different drift times from the protonated singly charged molecules were observed in high abundance, providing further structural characterisation. CONCLUSIONS We have shown, for the first time, an analytical method capable of simultaneously separating haem biosynthetic intermediates and metabolites, for a potential rapid clinical screening method for the porphyrias. IMS-MS allowed the separation of doubly charged porphyrin ions, which will be advantageous for the analysis of natural and synthetic tetrapyrrole compounds, while reducing the misinterpretation of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Benton
- Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK
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21
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A novel rapid method for simultaneous determination of three diagnostically important porphyrins in erythrocytes using hyphenated synchronous fluorescence techniques. Talanta 2012; 88:663-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Taniguchi M, Soares ARM, Chandrashaker V, Lindsey JS. A tandem combinatorial model for the prebiogenesis of diverse tetrapyrrole macrocycles. NEW J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2nj21050a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Benton CM, Lim CK, Moniz C, Jones DJL. Porphyrinogen fragmentation profiles by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:3749-3757. [PMID: 22275316 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry system is described for the separation and characterisation of uroporphyrinogen, heptacarboxylic acid porphyrinogen, hexacarboxylic acid porphyrinogen, pentacarboxylic acid porphyrinogen and coproporphyrinogen. The separation was carried out on a 100 mm × 2.1 mm Thermo-Hypersil BDS column (2.4 µm average particle size) by gradient elution with a mixture of acetonitrile, methanol and 1 mol/L aqueous ammonium acetate buffer, pH 5.16, as eluent. The fragmentation pattern of each compound was established by collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry. The most characteristic fragmentation was ring opening at one of the four methylene bridges of the protonated porphyrinogen molecule followed by further cleavages of methylene bridges linking the four pyrrole rings at various points to give product ions with methylenepyrrolenine, methylene-dipyrrolenine and methylene-tripyrrolenine structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Benton
- Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK
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Derepression of the Bacillus subtilis PerR peroxide stress response leads to iron deficiency. J Bacteriol 2011; 194:1226-35. [PMID: 22194458 DOI: 10.1128/jb.06566-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bacillus subtilis PerR repressor regulates the adaptive response to peroxide stress. The PerR regulon includes the major vegetative catalase (katA), an iron storage protein (mrgA), an alkylhydroperoxide reductase (ahpCF), a zinc uptake system (zosA), heme biosynthesis enzymes (hemAXCDBL), the iron uptake repressor (fur), and perR itself. A perR null strain is resistant to hydrogen peroxide, accumulates a porphyrin-like compound, and grows very slowly. The poor growth of the perR mutant can be largely accounted for by the elevated expression of two proteins: the KatA catalase and Fur. Genetic studies support a model in which poor growth of the perR null mutant is due to elevated repression of iron uptake by Fur, exacerbated by heme sequestration by the abundant catalase protein. Analysis of the altered-function allele perR991 further supports a link between PerR and iron homeostasis. Strains containing perR991 are peroxide resistant but grow nearly as well as the wild type. Unlike a perR null allele, the perR991 allele (F51S) derepresses KatA, but not Fur, which likely accounts for its comparatively rapid growth.
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Benton CM, Lim CK, Moniz C, Jones DJL. Ultra high-performance liquid chromatography of porphyrins in clinical materials: column and mobile phase selection and optimisation. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 26:714-9. [PMID: 22031323 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ultra high-performance liquid chromatographic (UHPLC) systems on columns packed with materials ranging from 1.9 to 2.7 µm average particle size were assessed for the fast and sensitive analysis of porphyrins in clinical materials. The fastest separation was achieved on an Agilent Poroshell C(18) column (2.7 µm particle size, 50 × 4.6 mm i.d.), followed by a Thermo Hypersil Gold C(18) column (1.9 µm particle size, 50 × 2.1 mm i.d.) and the Thermo Hypersil BDS C(18) column (2.4 µm particle size, 100 × 2.1 mm i.d.). All columns required a mobile phase containing 1 m ammonium acetate buffer, pH 5.16, with a mixture of acetonitrile and methanol as the organic modifiers for optimum resolution of the type I and III isomers, particularly for uroporphyrin I and III isomers. All UHPLC columns were suitable and superior to conventional HPLC columns packed with 5 µm average particle size materials for clinical sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Benton
- Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK
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Li J, Cai Z, Xu S, Liao C, Song X, Chen L. ANALYSIS OF URINARY PORPHYRINS BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.575981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Li
- a Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yantai, China
- b Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- b Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shoufang Xu
- a Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yantai, China
- d Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- a Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yantai, China
| | - Xingliang Song
- c Department of Chemistry , Linyi University , Linyi, China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- a Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yantai, China
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Taniguchi M, Du H, Lindsey JS. Virtual Libraries of Tetrapyrrole Macrocycles. Combinatorics, Isomers, Product Distributions, and Data Mining. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:2233-47. [PMID: 21866949 DOI: 10.1021/ci200240e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Hai Du
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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Benton CM, Lim CK, Ritchie HJ, Moniz C, Jones DJL. Ultra high-performance liquid chromatography of porphyrins. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 26:331-7. [PMID: 21732398 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An ultra high-performance liquid chromatographic (UHPLC) system was developed and optimized for the separation of porphyrins of clinical interest. Optimum conditions for the simultaneous separation of uroporphyrin, hepta-, hexa-, penta-carboxylic acid porphyrins and coproporphyrin and their type I and III isomers on a Thermo Hypersil BDS C18 column (2.4 µm particle size, 100 × 2.1 mm i.d.) using a gradient elution with 10% (v/v) acetonitrile in 1.0 m ammonium acetate buffer (pH 5.16) and 10% (v/v) acetonitrile in methanol at a flow-rate of 0.4 mL/min. The effect of mobile phase buffer molarity on the sensitivity of fluorescence detection and resolution of porphyrin isomers was investigated. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of porphyrins extracted from the urine and faeces of patients with various human porphyrias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Benton
- Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK
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Fateen E, Abd-Elfattah A, Gouda A, Ragab L, Nazim W. Porphyrins profile by high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for the diagnosis of porphyria. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Lindsey JS, Ptaszek M, Taniguchi M. Simple formation of an abiotic porphyrinogen in aqueous solution. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2009; 39:495-515. [PMID: 19472071 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-009-9168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins have long been proposed as key ingredients in the emergence of life yet plausible routes for forming their essential pyrrole precursor have heretofore not been identified. Here we show that the anaerobic reaction of δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA, 1-5 mM) with the β-ketoester methyl 4-methoxyacetoacetate (2-40 mM) in water (pH5-7) at 70-100°C for >6 h affords the porphyrinogen, which upon chemical oxidation gives the corresponding porphyrin in overall yield of up to 10%. The key intermediate is the α-methoxymethyl-substituted pyrrole, which undergoes tetramerization and macrocycle formation under kinetic control. The resulting type-I porphyrin bears four propionic acid and four carbomethoxy groups, is distinct from porphyrins (e.g., uroporphyrin or coproporphyrin) derivable from ALA alone via the extant universal biosynthetic path to tetrapyrroles, and is photoactive upon assembly into cationic micelles in aqueous solution. The simple self-organization of eight acyclic molecules into a tetrapyrrole macrocycle, from which a porphyrin is derived that is photoactive in lipid assemblies, augurs well for the spontaneous origin of catalysts and pigments essential for prebiotic metabolism and proto-photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695, USA.
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Mousa NA, Jebrail MJ, Yang H, Abdelgawad M, Metalnikov P, Chen J, Wheeler AR, Casper RF. Droplet-Scale Estrogen Assays in Breast Tissue, Blood, and Serum. Sci Transl Med 2009; 1:1ra2. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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32
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Gorchein A, Lim CK, Cassey P. Extraction and analysis of colourful eggshell pigments using HPLC and HPLC/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:602-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zhou PC, Huang W, Zhang RB, Zou ZX, Luo HD, Falih AA, Li YQ. A simple and rapid fluorimetric method for simultaneous determination of protoporphyrin IX and zinc protoporphyrin IX in whole blood. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 62:1268-1273. [PMID: 19007471 DOI: 10.1366/000370208786401536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Derivative variable-angle synchronous fluorescence (DVASF) spectrometry improves the spectral resolution and selectivity of the fluorescence method. The feasibility of DVASF spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of protoporphyrin IX (PP) and zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP) was investigated. PP and ZnPP were distinguished from each other simultaneously and rapidly by the DVASF method. The spectra were resolved well, and the two components were determined in a single scan, avoiding the spectral compensation factor for PP and chromatographic separation. The linear range of the calibration curve for PP was from 0.190 to 152 nmol/L and for ZnPP was from 0.383 to 230 nmol/L. The detection limits of PP and ZnPP were 0.098 nmol/L and 0.088 nmol/L, respectively. The within-run imprecision (RSD, n = 5) for PP was 4.1%, and for ZnPP was 4.2%. Mean recoveries (SD) of PP and ZnPP added to a blood sample were 86.4 (7.3)% and 72.9 (6.6)%, respectively. This method should be a potential tool in the rapid routine screening of large quantities of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chen Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian Province, China
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Dixon DP, Lapthorn A, Madesis P, Mudd EA, Day A, Edwards R. Binding and glutathione conjugation of porphyrinogens by plant glutathione transferases. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:20268-76. [PMID: 18492666 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802026200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression in Escherichia coli of a tau (U) class glutathione transferase (GST) from maize (Zea mays L.), termed ZmGSTU1, caused a reduction in heme levels and an accumulation of porphyrin precursors. This disruption was highly specific, with the expression of the closely related ZmGSTU2 or other maize GSTs having little effect. Expression in E. coli of a series of chimeric ZmGSTU1/ZmGSTU2 proteins identified domains responsible for disrupting porphyrin metabolism. In addition to known heme precursors, expression of ZmGSTU1 led to the accumulation of a novel glutathione conjugate of harderoporphyrin(ogen) (2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-3-vinylporphyrin-8,13,17-tripropionic acid). Using the related protoporphyrinogen as a substrate, conjugation could be shown to occur on one vinyl group and was actively catalyzed by the ZmGSTU. In plant transgenesis studies, the ZmGSTUs did not perturb porphyrin metabolism when expressed in the cytosol of Arabidopsis or tobacco. However, expression of a ZmGSTU1-ZmGSTU2 chimera in the chloroplasts of tobacco resulted in the accumulation of the harderoporphyrin(ogen)-glutathione conjugate observed in the expression studies in bacteria. Our results show that the well known ability of GSTs to act as ligand binding (ligandin) proteins of porphyrins in vitro results in highly specific interactions with porphyrinogen intermediates, which can be demonstrated in both plants and bacteria in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Dixon
- Centre for Bioactive Chemistry, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
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Silva EMP, Domingues P, Tomé JPC, Faustino MAF, Neves MGPMS, Tomé AC, Dauzonne D, Silva AMS, Cavaleiro JAS, Ferrer-Correia AJ, Domingues MRM. Electrospray tandem mass spectrometry of beta-nitroalkenyl meso-tetraphenylporphyrins. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2008; 14:49-59. [PMID: 18401045 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Beta-nitroalkenyl meso-tetraphenylporphyrins [beta-TPPCHC(NO(2))R)], as free-bases and Zn(II) complexes, were studied by electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Under this ionisation condition the [M + H](+) ions are formed. The fragmentation pattern of the resulting [M + H](+) ions were studied by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). The ESI-MS/MS of beta- nitroalkenylporphyrins, either as free-bases or as Zn(II) complexes, show several interesting features, distinct from the typical behaviour of nitro compounds. For the studied compounds, common main fragmentation patterns are observed, namely characteristic losses of NO(2), HNO(2), 2OH, RNO(2), RCNO, RCNO(2), RCH(2)NO(2), C(6)H(5) plus NO(2) and the formation of the protonated macrocycle, [TPP + H](+) or [ZnTPP + H](+). However, depending on the presence or absence of the metal and the nature of the R substituent, important differences are observed on the relative abundances of the ions formed by the same fragmentation pathway. The presence of bromine in the alkenyl group leads to a peculiar behaviour, since the main fragmentation pattern corresponds to the combined elimination of the bromine atom with the typical nitro group fragments. When R = Br, the loss of the nitro group occurs in low relative abundance (11-16%). However, when R = CH(3), the relative abundance of the ion due to the loss of HNO(2) changes drastically from 100%, observed for the free-base porphyrin, to 29% in the case of the Zn(II) complex. These variations of the relative abundance of the fragment corresponding to the loss of the nitro moiety (typically considered as a diagnostic fragment) can induce to an erroneous interpretation of their MS/MS spectra. Some fragmentations are observed only for the free-base porphyrins, namely the loss of CH(NO(2)R and HNO(2) plus C(2)H(2), while the loss of OH, H(2)O, OH plus H(2)O and RCCH plus H(2)O is observed only for the complexes. Unusual and unexpected fragmentations are also observed, namely the losses of RCNO, RCNO(2) and HNO(2) plus C(2)H(2). This work demonstrates that valuable structural information about the beta-nitroalkenyl substituents linked to meso- tetraarylporphyrins can be achieved using MS/MS. These results can also be useful for the interpretation of the mass spectra of other nitroalkenyl substituted compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda M P Silva
- Organic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Danton M, Lim CK. Porphomethene inhibitor of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase: analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 21:661-3. [PMID: 17516469 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An uroporphomethene inhibitor of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, was reported recently (Phillips et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2007; 104: 5079-5084). Close examination of the tandem mass spectrometric fragmentation pattern of the compound showed that it is not a tetrapyrrole or an uroporphyrinogen or uroporphyrin related molecule. The product ion spectrum showed a fragmentation pattern typical of a poly(ethylene glycol) structure. Characteristic fragmentations of the side-chain acetic acid and propionic acid substituents of a uroporphyrin or uroporphyrinogen derivative were absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Danton
- MRC Bioanalytical Science Group, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:407-418. [PMID: 17326037 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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Danton M, Lim CK. High-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry of hydroxylated uroporphyrin and urochlorin derivatives formed by photochemical oxidation of uroporphyrinogen I. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 21:534-45. [PMID: 17345569 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxylated uroporphyrin I and urochlorin I derivatives formed by photochemical oxidation of uroporphyrinogen I were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography and fully characterized by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The porphyrins and chlorins were identified by analysis of their product ion spectra with each hydroxylated derivative giving a characteristic collision-induced dissociation fragmentation pattern. The porphyrins and chlorins characterized were meso-hydroxyuroporphyrin I, alpha-hydroxypropionic acid uroporphyrin I, beta-hydroxypropionic acid uroporphyrin I, hydroxyacetic acid uroporphyrin I, trans-7-hydroxy-8-spirolactoneurochlorin I, cis-7-hydroxy-8-spirolactoneurochlorin I and trans- and cis-7,8-dihydroxyurochlorins I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Danton
- MRC Bioanalytical Science Group, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
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