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Zhou R, Geng J, Jiang J, Shao B, Wang B, Wang Y, Li M. Emerging organophosphite and organophosphate esters in takeaway food and the implications for human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:32588-32598. [PMID: 38656716 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33413-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Takeaway food has become a prominent component of the diet in urban areas of China, especially for young people. Although dietary intake is a major pathway to contaminants for human exposure, studies on emerging organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) in food are scarce. Here, we investigated four OPAs and 19 OPEs in takeaway foods (n = 99) and paired takeaway food packaging (n = 50) in China. AO168=O (mean: 14.9 ng/g ww), TPPO (mean: 1.05 ng/g ww), and TCIPP (mean: 0.579 ng/g ww) were dominant in the takeaway food. Some OPEs had significant correlations in takeaway food. Emerging OPAs and OPEs in takeaway food varied significantly depending on the packaging materials and food types. AO168 and AO168=O were widespread in the paired takeaway food packaging. The migration efficiencies of emerging OPAs and OPEs were low in takeaway food packaged in aluminum foil. Although the actual contamination of emerging OPAs and OPEs in takeaway food significantly differed from those of in food simulants migrated from paired takeaway food packaging, the results imply that food itself and takeaway food packaging are potential contamination sources of emerging OPAs and OPEs in takeaway food. The average estimated dietary intakes of emerging OPAs and OPEs were 465 ng/kg body weight (bw)/day and 91.9 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. The exposure risk of emerging OPAs and OPEs through takeaway food intake is low in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruize Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
- Laboratory of Key Technologies of Major Comprehensive Guarantee of Food Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing Institute of Food Inspection and Research (Beijing Municipal Center for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jianqiang Geng
- Laboratory of Key Technologies of Major Comprehensive Guarantee of Food Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing Institute of Food Inspection and Research (Beijing Municipal Center for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Laboratory of Key Technologies of Major Comprehensive Guarantee of Food Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing Institute of Food Inspection and Research (Beijing Municipal Center for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Bing Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100013, China.
| | - Baolong Wang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Laboratory of Key Technologies of Major Comprehensive Guarantee of Food Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing Institute of Food Inspection and Research (Beijing Municipal Center for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Minggang Li
- Laboratory of Key Technologies of Major Comprehensive Guarantee of Food Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing Institute of Food Inspection and Research (Beijing Municipal Center for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100094, China
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2
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Ji X, Liu J, Liang J, Feng X, Liu X, Wang Y, Chen X, Qu G, Yan B, Liu R. The hidden diet: Synthetic antioxidants in packaged food and their impact on human exposure and health. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 186:108613. [PMID: 38555663 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic antioxidants (AOs) are commonly used in everyday items and industrial products to inhibit oxidative deterioration. However, the presence of AOs in food packaging and packaged foods has not been thoroughly documented. Moreover, studies on human exposure to AOs through skin contact with packaging or ingesting packaged foods are limited. In this study, we analyzed twenty-three AOs-including synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) and organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs)-along with six transformation products in various food samples and their packaging materials. We found AOs in food products at concentrations ranging from 1.30 × 103 to 1.77 × 105 ng/g, which exceeded the levels in both outer packaging (6.05 × 102-3.07 × 104 ng/g) and inner packaging (2.27 × 102-1.09 × 105 ng/g). The most common AOs detected in foodstuffs were tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (AO168O), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate (AO1076), together constituting 95.7 % of the total AOs found. Our preliminary exposure assessment revealed that dietary exposure-estimated at a median of 2.55 × 104 ng/kg body weight/day for children and 1.24 × 104 ng/kg body weight/day for adults-is a more significant exposure route than dermal contact with packaging. Notably, four AOs were identified in food for the first time, with BHT making up 76.8 % and 67.6 % of the total BHT intake for children and adults, respectively. These findings suggest that food consumption is a significant source of BHT exposure. The estimated daily intakes of AOs via consumption of foodstuffs were compared with the recommended acceptable daily intake to assess the risks. This systematic investigation into AOs contributes to understanding potential exposure and health risks associated with AOs in packaged foods. It emphasizes the need for further evaluation of human exposure to these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Ji
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiale Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiefeng Liang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaoxia Feng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yingjun Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Runzeng Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Huang YQ, Zeng Y, Mai JL, Huang ZS, Guan YF, Chen SJ. Disposable Plastic Waste and Associated Antioxidants and Plasticizers Generated by Online Food Delivery Services in China: National Mass Inventories and Environmental Release. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38316131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
China's online food delivery (OFD) services consume enormous amounts of disposable plastics. Here, we investigated and modeled the national mass inventories and environmental release of plastics and chemical additives in the plastic. The extra-tree regression identified six key descriptors in determining OFD sales in Chinese cities. Approximately 847 kt of OFD plastic waste was generated in 2021 (per capita 1.10 kg/yr in the megacities and 0.39 kg/yr in other cities). Various additives were extensively detected, with geomean concentrations of 140.96, 4.76, and 0.25 μg/g for ∑8antioxidants, ∑21phthalates, and bisphenol A (BPA), respectively. The estimated mass inventory of these additives in the OFD plastics was 164.7 t, of which 51.1 t was released into the atmosphere via incineration plants and 51.0 t was landfilled. The incineration also released 8.07 t of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 39.1 kt of particulate matter into the atmosphere. Takeout food may increase the dietary intake of phthalates and BPA by 30% to 50% and raise concerns about considerable exposure to antioxidant transformation products. This study provides profound environmental implications for plastic waste in the Chinese OFD industry. We call for a sustainable circular economy action plan for waste disposal, but mitigating the hazardous substance content and their emissions is urgent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qi Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuan Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jin-Long Mai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhen-Shan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu-Feng Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - She-Jun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Maschke RW, Seidel S, Rossi L, Eibl D, Eibl R. Disposable Bioreactors Used in Process Development and Production Processes with Plant Cell and Tissue Cultures. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 188:119-144. [PMID: 38538838 DOI: 10.1007/10_2024_249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The bioreactor is the centerpiece of the upstream processing in any biotechnological production process. Its design, the cultivation parameters, the production cell line, and the culture medium all have a major influence on the efficiency of the process and the result of the cultivation. Disposable bioreactors have been used for the past 20 years, playing a major role in process development and commercial production of high-value substances at medium scales.Our review deals with scalable, disposable bioreactors that have proven to be useful for the cultivation of plant cell and tissue cultures. Based on the definitions of terms and a categorization approach, the most commonly used, commercially available, disposable bioreactor types are presented below. The focus is on wave-mixed, stirred, and orbitally shaken bioreactors. In addition to their instrumentation and bioengineering characteristics, cultivation results are discussed, and emerging trends for the development of disposable bioreactors for plant cell and tissue cultures are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger W Maschke
- ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Facility Management, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Seidel
- ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Facility Management, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Wädenswil, Switzerland.
| | - Lia Rossi
- ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Facility Management, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Eibl
- ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Facility Management, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Regine Eibl
- ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Facility Management, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Wädenswil, Switzerland
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5
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Bossong M, Budde D, Hauk A, Pahl I, Menzel R, Langguth P. Biosorption of process-equipment-related leachables (PERLs) in biomanufacturing: A quantitative approach to study partitioning of PERLs in a cell culture system. Int J Pharm 2023; 635:122742. [PMID: 36804518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The assessment and potential risk of process equipment-related leachables (PERLs) in the production of biopharmaceuticals and cell therapeutics using single-use (SU) equipment has been discussed previously. However, potential interactions of cells with PERLs have not yet been considered. Here, we present a quantitative adsorption study of neutral, organic small-molecule leachable compounds - known for extractables & leachables (E&L) analysis of SU equipment - in aqueous suspensions of CHO and T cells. The solid-water partition coefficient Kd was obtained for all compounds that showed adsorption. The findings implied that hydrophobic interactions are dominant; however, there was no unambiguous correlation between the derived adsorption coefficient Kd and the octanol-water partition coefficient Kow. Interestingly, a maximum affinity of both cell types to the leachable bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate, which is known to be detrimental to cell development, was observed. A comparison of both cell types revealed that they generally interact with the same compounds in most cases but to different extents. Using partition coefficients enables estimation of the concentrations of leachable compounds associated with the biomass phase and in the aqueous suspensions and could be used for risk assessment of SU systems in biopharmaceutical and cell therapy (CT) manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bossong
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August-Spindler-Straße 11, 37079 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - D Budde
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August-Spindler-Straße 11, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - A Hauk
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August-Spindler-Straße 11, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - I Pahl
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August-Spindler-Straße 11, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - R Menzel
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August-Spindler-Straße 11, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - P Langguth
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Zhang Q, Wang Y, Gao M, Li Y, Zhao L, Yao Y, Chen H, Wang L, Sun H. Organophosphite Antioxidants and Novel Organophosphate Esters in Dust from China: Large-Scale Distribution and Heterogeneous Phototransformation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4187-4198. [PMID: 36848063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A large-scale survey was conducted by measuring five organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs) and three novel organophosphate esters (NOPEs) in 139 dust samples across China. The median summed concentrations of OPAs and NOPEs in outdoor dust were 33.8 ng/g (range: 0.12-53,400 ng/g) and 7990 ng/g (2390-27,600 ng/g), respectively. The dust concentrations of OPAs associated with the increasing economic development and population density from western to eastern China, whereas the NOPE concentration in Northeast China (median, 11,900 ng/g; range, 4360-16,400 ng/g) was the highest. Geographically, the distribution of NOPEs was significantly associated with annual sunshine duration and precipitation at each sampling site. Results of laboratory experiments further revealed that the simulated sunlight irradiation promoted the heterogeneous phototransformation of OPAs in dust, and this process was accelerated with the existence of reactive oxygen species and enhanced relative humidity. Importantly, during this phototransformation, the hydroxylated, hydrolyzed, dealkylated, and methylated products, e.g., bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) methyl phosphate, were identified by nontargeted analysis, part of which were estimated to be more toxic than their parent compounds. The heterogeneous phototransformation pathway of OPAs was suggested accordingly. For the first time, the large-scale distribution of OPAs and NOPEs and the phototransformation of these "new chemicals" in dust were revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Meng Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yongcheng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Samaras JJ, Micheletti M, Ding W. Transformation of Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing Through Single-Use Technologies: Current State, Remaining Challenges, and Future Development. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2022; 13:73-97. [PMID: 35700527 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092220-030223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Single-use technologies have transformed conventional biopharmaceutical manufacturing, and their adoption is increasing rapidly for emerging applications like antibody-drug conjugates and cell and gene therapy products. These disruptive technologies have also had a significant impact during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, helping to advance process development to enable the manufacturing of new monoclonal antibody therapies and vaccines. Single-use systems provide closed plug-and-play solutions and enable process intensification and continuous processing. Several challenges remain, providing opportunities to advance single-use sensors and their integration with single-use systems, to develop novel plastic materials, and to standardize design for interchangeability. Because the industry is changing rapidly, a holistic analysis of the current single-use technologies is required, with a summary of the latest advancements in materials science and the implementation of these technologies in end-to-end bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin J Samaras
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Micheletti
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Weibing Ding
- Manufacturing Science & Technology, GSK, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA;
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Gallegos A, Liu J, Ronk M, Qi L, Li K, Semin D, Nashed-Samuel Y. Recommendation of Single Time Point Leachables Testing for Lyophilized Biotechnology Products Stored in Rubber Stoppered Glass Vial Systems. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:1599-1604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Zhang Q, Li X, Wang Y, Zhang C, Cheng Z, Zhao L, Li X, Sun Z, Zhang J, Yao Y, Wang L, Li W, Sun H. Occurrence of novel organophosphate esters derived from organophosphite antioxidants in an e-waste dismantling area: Associations between hand wipes and dust. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106860. [PMID: 34500363 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) is a well-known source of plastic additives in the environment. However, the e-waste-related occupational exposure to organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs) and the relevant oxidation products-novel organophosphate esters (NOPEs)-via different pathways is still unknown. In this study, six OPAs and three NOPEs were measured in 116 dust and 43 hand-wipe samples from an e-waste dismantling area in Central China. The median concentrations of ΣOPAs and ΣNOPEs were 188 and 13,900 ng·g-1 in workshop dust and 5,250 ng·m-2 and 53,600 ng·m-2 on workers' hands, respectively. The increasing concentrations of dust in the form of triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) (p < 0.01) and tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (AO168 = O) (p < 0.05) were strongly associated with the corresponding concentration on workers' hands. Furthermore, men had significantly lower levels of NOPEs on their hands than did women (p < 0.01). Moreover, the hand wipe levels of AO168 = O (41,600 ng·m-2) was significantly higher than that of the typical OPE (TPHP, 7370 ng·m-2), and the hand-to-mouth contact (ΣOPAs, 9.48 ng·kg bw-1·day-1; ΣNOPEs, 109 ng·kg bw-1·day-1) was a more significant and integrated pathway than dust ingestion (ΣOPAs, 0.10 ng·kg bw-1·day-1; ΣNOPEs, 5.01 ng·kg bw-1·day-1) of e-waste related occupational exposure to these "new" chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xuejiao Li
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Chong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhaoyang Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jingran Zhang
- SCIEX, Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Ltd, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Budde D, Jurkiewicz E. Risk analysis of leachables in cell and gene therapy using a CAR-T model process. Int J Pharm 2021; 607:121015. [PMID: 34411651 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With the rapidly emerging field of autologous therapies, Single-Use (SU) technologies are increasingly used in personalized medicine due to their manifold advantages. Although qualification of the starting material of autologous therapies such as the CAR-T process has been highlighted, little attention has been paid to the effect of leachables on cell-based therapies, even if recent studies indicate interactions of leachables with cells. To close this gap, this study presents a risk-analysis of SU-material on a CAR-T process and identifies hazards imposed by tubing materials and leachables thereof. In order to represent a CAR-T process in its entirety, two test systems, namely a lentivirus production process and primary T-cells, were used. While the effects on lentivirus production are comparable to those reported for antibody production processes in CHO cells, we found that PVC material and corresponding leachables, i.e. plasticizer, inhibit cell growth of primary T-cells to a great extent. Additionally, our results indicate that critical quality attributes are affected by the PVC material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Budde
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August Spindler-Str. 11, 37079 Goettingen, Germany; Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Elke Jurkiewicz
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August Spindler-Str. 11, 37079 Goettingen, Germany
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Menzel R, Dorey S, Maier T, Pahl I, Hauk A. X-ray sterilization of biopharmaceutical manufacturing equipment-Extractables profile of a film material and copolyester Tritan™ compared to gamma irradiation. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 38:e3214. [PMID: 34541835 PMCID: PMC9286515 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The biopharmaceutical industry gains enormous flexibility in production processes by using sterilized preassembled single‐use devices. Gamma irradiation is an established sterilization technology that may be restricted in the future by the availability of 60Co as irradiation source and irradiation capacities. X‐ray technology is considered an alternative type of radiation for sterilizing SU equipment. In the context of extractables and leachables—one concern connected with the use of single‐use process equipment—the effect of X‐ray irradiation on the extractables profile of the materials needs to be compared to established gamma irradiation to qualify this alternative technology. An approach is presented to obtain robust and comprehensive extractables data for materials used in SU devices after sterilization either using X‐ray or gamma irradiation. A careful selection of the test items and the test design allows a one‐to‐one comparison of data obtained from a combination of orthogonal analytical techniques. The extractables of a modern SU film material and the copolyester Tritan™ are evaluated. The data presented allow a risk evaluation on the safety of this new sterilization modality for biopharmaceutical applications. It is demonstrated that the extractables profile of a polymer is not affected by the type of irradiation used for sterilization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Dorey
- Sartorius Stedim FMT S.A.S, Aubagne Cedex, France
| | - Tanja Maier
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ina Pahl
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Armin Hauk
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Goettingen, Germany
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12
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Observation and Mitigation of Leachables from Non-Product Contact Materials in Electromechanical Delivery Devices for Biotechnology Products. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3794-3802. [PMID: 34390741 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Battery-powered drug delivery devices are widely used as primary containers for storing and delivering therapeutic protein products to improve patient compliance and quality of life. Compared to conventional delivery approaches such as pre-filled syringes, battery-powered devices are more complex in design requiring new materials/components for proper functionality, which could cause potential product safety and quality concerns from the extractable and leachables (E&L) of the new materials/components. In this study, E&L assessments were performed on a battery-powered delivery device during the development and qualification of the device, where novel compound 2‑hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone (HMPP) and related compounds were observed in both E&L. The source of the HMPP and related compounds was identified to be the nonproduct contact device batteries, in which HMPP photo-initiator was used as a curing agent in the battery sealant to prevent leakage of the battery electrolytes. Toxicology assessment was performed, which showed the levels of HMPP observed in the device lots were acceptable relative to the permitted daily exposure. A drug product HMPP spike study was also performed, where no product impact was observed. Based on these assessments, an action threshold and specification limits could be established as a control strategy, if needed, to mitigate the potential risks associate with the observed leachables. As a full resolution, seven battery candidates from different suppliers were screened and one new battery was successfully qualified for the delivery devices. Overall, the holistic E&L approach was fully successful in the development and qualification of the battery-powered devices for biotherapeutic products delivery ensuring product quality and patient safety. Non-product contact materials are commonly rated as low or no risk and typically considered as out of scope of E&L activities for delivery systems following industry benchmark and regulatory agency guidance. This case study is novel as it brings into attention the materials that might not normally be in consideration during the development process. It is highly recommended to understand materials in the context of intended use on a case-by-case basis and not to generalize to ensure successful development and qualification.
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13
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Qi L, Liu J, Ronk M, Gallegos A, Fujimori K, Luo Y, Li K, Lee H, Nashed-Samuel Y. A Holistic Approach of Extractables and Leachables Assessment of Rubber Stoppered Glass Vial Systems for Biotechnology Products. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3580-3593. [PMID: 34324943 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rubber stoppered glass vial systems are widely used as primary containers for storing and delivering therapeutic protein products to patients. Addressing concerns and regulatory expectations related to the risk to biologic drug product quality and patient safety from rubber stoppered glass vial systems requires implementation of an extractable and leachable evaluation program based on material understanding, risk assessment, literature review, and a comprehensive scientifically sound analytical testing methodology. The extractable and leachable study design consisted of twelve drug products filled in twelve different size glass vials capped with laminated and nonlaminated rubber stoppers made from three different rubber formulations. Design of the model solvents was successful as they had little to no analytical interference and mimicked the formulation conditions and generated representative extractables capable of predicting leachables. The extraction conditions of time and temperature were appropriate as not to degrade the test materials or the extractable compounds, and yet generated significant quantities for identification of the extractable compounds with confidence. The extractables testing results were capable of predicting the leachable profiles of the twelve drug products. In each case, the leachable profile was a subset of the extractable profile. The organic and elemental impurities of the leachable profiles of drug products were the end-to-end verification of the quality of the glass vials, rubber stoppers and drug product lifecycles. Overall, the holistic approach was fully successful in the qualification of different vial systems as primary containers and delivery systems for different biotherapeutic products to ensure product quality and patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qi
- Attribute Sciences, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320.
| | - Jian Liu
- Attribute Sciences, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
| | - Michael Ronk
- Attribute Sciences, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
| | - Alejandra Gallegos
- Attribute Sciences, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
| | - Kiyoshi Fujimori
- Attribute Sciences, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
| | - Yanxin Luo
- Attribute Sciences, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
| | - Kim Li
- Environment, Health, Safety and Sustainability, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
| | - Hans Lee
- Los Angeles Trade-Technical College, 400 West Washington Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90015
| | - Yasser Nashed-Samuel
- Attribute Sciences, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320.
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14
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Gong X, Zhang W, Zhang S, Wang Y, Zhang X, Lu Y, Sun H, Wang L. Organophosphite Antioxidants in Mulch Films Are Important Sources of Organophosphate Pollutants in Farmlands. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7398-7406. [PMID: 33754709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs) are important auxiliary antioxidants used in plastic polymers and can be oxidized to organophosphate esters (OPEs) during production and processing. In this work, the occurrence of OPAs and OPEs in farmlands with or without mulch film applications was investigated. Six OPAs and five OPEs were detected, with the median concentrations of 2.66 ng/g (∑6OPAs) and 100 ng/g (∑5OPEs) in the film-mulching soil and 1.16 ng/g (∑6OPAs) and 47.9 ng/g (∑5OPEs) in the nonfilm-mulching soil, respectively. The oxidative derivative of AO168 (tris (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite), a typical OPA, AO168═O (tris (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate) was frequently detected in farmlands at the concentrations of 0-731 ng/g, which is much higher than that of the commercial OPEs (0-12.1 ng/g). This suggests that the oxidation derivatives of OPAs (OPAs═O) might be important OPE contaminants in soils. Mulch films could be their important source. According to the simulation migration experiment, the emission risk ranges of AO168 and AO168═O from mulch films to soils in China were estimated to be 3.96-87.6 and 10.5-95.3 tons/year, respectively, which were much higher than those of OPEs from sewage sludge applications. Simulation experiments also demonstrated that oxidation was the major pathway for OPAs in soils. OPAs with small substituent groups could be potential sources for organophosphate diesters. For the first time, the serious pollution of OPAs and OPAs═O in soils has been reported, and mulch films have been identified as their potential source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Gong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shuyi Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuan Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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15
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Nogueira DE, Cabral JM, Rodrigues CA. Single-Use Bioreactors for Human Pluripotent and Adult Stem Cells: Towards Regenerative Medicine Applications. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:68. [PMID: 34067549 PMCID: PMC8156863 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8050068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on human stem cells, such as pluripotent stem cells and mesenchymal stromal cells, has shown much promise in their use for regenerative medicine approaches. However, their use in patients requires large-scale expansion systems while maintaining the quality of the cells. Due to their characteristics, bioreactors have been regarded as ideal platforms to harbour stem cell biomanufacturing at a large scale. Specifically, single-use bioreactors have been recommended by regulatory agencies due to reducing the risk of product contamination, and many different systems have already been developed. This review describes single-use bioreactor platforms which have been used for human stem cell expansion and differentiation, along with their comparison with reusable systems in the development of a stem cell bioprocess for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo E.S. Nogueira
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (D.E.S.N.); (J.M.S.C.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M.S. Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (D.E.S.N.); (J.M.S.C.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos A.V. Rodrigues
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (D.E.S.N.); (J.M.S.C.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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16
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Budde D, Albano GL, Noll T, Jurkiewicz E. Interaction of leachable model compounds and their impact on Chinese hamster ovary cell cultivation. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3150. [PMID: 33773066 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The presence of leachables in biopharmaceutical processes using single-use technologies (SUT) is well known. For the detection and quantification of the latter, extractable studies of SUT are very common nowadays. Although a mixture of compounds is regularly found in extractable studies, research has only been carried out regarding the effect of individual compounds on cell culture and the cumulative effect of a mix of leachables has not been investigated yet. In this study, a set of leachable model compounds (LMCs) was chosen and the effect of the LMCs on a Chinese hamster ovary DG44 cell line producing an IgG antibody was investigated concerning cell growth, cell cycle distribution and productivity. It was shown that even if worst-case concentrations were used, the LMCs solely impact cell growth. Additionally, interaction studies revealed that the inhibiting effect of the mix is lower than the expected cumulative effect. A strong antagonism between the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene and the plasticizer Tris(2-ethylhexyl)trimellitate was found using an isobologram analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Budde
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Goettingen, Germany.,Universität Bielefeld, Technische Fakultät, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Noll
- Universität Bielefeld, Technische Fakultät, Bielefeld, Germany
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17
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Harper E, Xie Y, Connolly L. Investigating the pre-lethal cytotoxic effects of bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate on Chinese hamster ovary cells using high content analysis. J Biotechnol 2021; 328:59-71. [PMID: 33453293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)Phosphate (bDtBPP) leaches out of polyethylene films used by the biopharmaceutical industry in single-use systems (SUS) for the culturing of drug producing cell lines. Previous studies found bDtBPP (0.025 - 0.110 mg/L) negatively affects Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell growth and productivity. Less information is known about the potential early stages of subtle pre-lethal cytotoxic effects of bDtBPP. This study aimed to investigate the pre-lethal cytotoxic effects in CHO-K1 cells of bDtBPP (0.005 - 0.25 μg/ml) at process relevant concentrations following 2, 24 and 48 h exposure, using high content analysis to investigate multiple pre-lethal cytotoxicity markers. After 48 h exposure, bDtBPP (0.005 - 0.25 μg/ml; P ≤ 0.001) increased nuclear intensity. A dose- and time-dependent reduction in mitochondrial mass was seen after exposure to bDtBPP. Reactive oxygen species increased after 2 h exposure to 0.25 μg/ml bDtBPP, 24 and 48 h exposure to 0.05 - 0.25 μg/ml bDtBPP (P ≤ 0.01 and P ≤ 0.001). BDtBPP induced subtle pre-lethal cytotoxic effects on CHO-K1 cellular health. This study highlights the cellular health benefits of the biopharmaceutical industry switching to alternative SUS plastics which do not leach bDtBPP, which may enhance CHO-K1 cell productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Harper
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, 19 Chlorine Gardens, BT9 5DL, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Yuling Xie
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, 19 Chlorine Gardens, BT9 5DL, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Lisa Connolly
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, 19 Chlorine Gardens, BT9 5DL, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
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18
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Liu X, Chen D, Yu Y, Zeng X, Li L, Xie Q, Yang M, Wu Q, Dong G. Novel Organophosphate Esters in Airborne Particulate Matters: Occurrences, Precursors, and Selected Transformation Products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:13771-13777. [PMID: 33086790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) represent an important group of industrial additives with broad applications. However, their occurrences and fate in the atmospheric environment have not been sufficiently investigated. Our study focused on four novel OPEs, including tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (AO168 = O), bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) pentaerythritol diphosphate, triisodecyl phosphate, and trisnonylphenol phosphate, and characterized their organophosphite antioxidant (OPA) precursors and selected transformation products, in airborne fine particles from South China. House dust from South China was also studied for comparison. Among these four OPEs, exceedingly high concentrations were determined for AO168 = O (i.e., median: 25 500 ng/g in PM2.5, 52 900 ng/g in PM1.0, and 10 700 ng/g in indoor dust), reaching 1 order of magnitude greater than those of traditional OPEs. Their OPA precursors were not detectable in airborne particles but hypothesized as one of the sources for airborne OPEs. In addition, potential transformation products of AO168 = O, including bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (B2,4DtBPP) and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4DtBP), also exhibited broad distributions. The levels of 2,4DtBP even surpassed those of AO168 = O in particles. The links between OPAs, OPEs, and other transformation products indicate the complexity of OPE-related chemicals in atmospheric environments. These links should be taken into consideration for a better characterization of OPEs' environmental and health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotu Liu
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yunjiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Minister of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xiaowen Zeng
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangzhong Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Minister of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Qitong Xie
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mo Yang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | - Qizhen Wu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Dong
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, China
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19
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Sensitivity of a
PER
.
C6
® cell line to
bis
(2,4‐di‐
tert
‐butylphenyl)phosphate and evaluation of a new, biocompatible
single‐use
film. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e3060. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Shi J, Xu C, Xiang L, Chen J, Cai Z. Tris(2,4-di- tert-butylphenyl)phosphate: An Unexpected Abundant Toxic Pollutant Found in PM 2.5. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10570-10576. [PMID: 32786564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel pollutant, tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate (I168O), was identified in urban fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples in a nontargeted screening based on mass spectrometry for the first time. I168O was detected in all samples collected from two typical cities far away from each other in China. The concentrations of I168O reached up to 851 (median: 153) ng/m3, indicating that it was a widespread and abundant pollutant in the air. The antioxidant Irgafos 168 [I168, tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite] popularly added in plastics was the most suspected source for the detected I168O. Simulation studies indicated that heating, UV radiation, and water contact might significantly (p < 0.05) transform I168 to I168O. In particular, I168O might be magnificently evaporated into the air at high temperatures. The outdoor inhalation exposure of I168O may exert substantial health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Caihong Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Fudan Tyndall Centre, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Li Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Fudan Tyndall Centre, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
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21
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Budde D, Maier TV, Jurkiewicz E, Pahl I, Hauk A, Täuscher E, Görls H, Noll T, Menzel R. Identification and evaluation of cell- growth-inhibiting bDtBPP-analogue degradation products from phosphite antioxidants used in polyolefin bioprocessing materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4505-4518. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02736-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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22
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Dorey S, Gaston F, Girard‐Perier N, Dupuy N, Marque SR, Barbaroux M, Audran G. Identification of chemical species created during γ‐irradiation of antioxidant used in polyethylene and polyethylene‐
co
‐vinyl acetate multilayer film. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Dorey
- Sartorius Stedim FMT S.A.S, Z.I. Les Paluds Aubagne Cedex France
| | - Fanny Gaston
- Sartorius Stedim FMT S.A.S, Z.I. Les Paluds Aubagne Cedex France
| | - Nina Girard‐Perier
- Sartorius Stedim FMT S.A.S, Z.I. Les Paluds Aubagne Cedex France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRDAvignon Université Marseille France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, case 551 Marseille cedex France
| | - Nathalie Dupuy
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRDAvignon Université Marseille France
| | | | - Magali Barbaroux
- Sartorius Stedim FMT S.A.S, Z.I. Les Paluds Aubagne Cedex France
| | - Gérard Audran
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, case 551 Marseille cedex France
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23
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Sica VP, Krivos KL, Kiehl DE, Pulliam CJ, Henry ID, Baker TR. The role of mass spectrometry and related techniques in the analysis of extractable and leachable chemicals. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:212-226. [PMID: 30921495 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In addition to degradation products, impurities, and exogenous contaminants, industries such as pharmaceutical, food, and others must concern themselves with leachables. These chemicals can derive from containers and closures or migrate from labels or secondary containers and packaging to make their way into products. Identification and quantification of extractables (potential leachables) and leachables, typically trace level analytes, is a regulatory expectation intended to ensure consumer safety and product fidelity. Mass spectrometry and related techniques have played a significant role in the analysis of extractables and leachables (E&L). This review provides an overview of how mass spectrometry is used for E&L studies, primarily in the context of the pharmaceutical industry. This review includes work flows, examples of how identification and quantification is done, and the importance of orthogonal data from several different detectors. E&L analyses are driven by the need for consumer safety. These studies are expected to expand in existing areas (e.g., food, textiles, toys, etc.) and into new, currently unregulated product areas. Thus, this topic is of interest to audiences beyond just the pharmaceutical and health care industries. Finally, the potential of universal detector approaches used in other areas is suggested as an opportunity to drive E&L research progress in this arguably understudied, under-published realm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ian D Henry
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, 45040, Ohio
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24
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Bai Y, Moo-Young M, Anderson WA. Characterization of power input and its impact on mass transfer in a rocking disposable bioreactor. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.115183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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25
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Kelley B, Kiss R, Laird M. A Different Perspective: How Much Innovation Is Really Needed for Monoclonal Antibody Production Using Mammalian Cell Technology? ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 165:443-462. [PMID: 29721583 DOI: 10.1007/10_2018_59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As biopharmaceutical companies have optimized cell line and production culture process development, titers of recombinant antibodies have risen steadily to 3-8 g/L for fed-batch mammalian cultures at production scales of 10 kL or larger. Most new antibody products are produced from Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell lines, and there are relatively few alternative production hosts under active evaluation. Many companies have adopted a strategy of using the same production cell line for early clinical phases as well as commercial production, which reduces the risk of product comparability issues during the development lifecycle. Product quality and consistency expectations rest on the platform knowledge of the CHO host cell line and processes used for the production of many licensed antibodies. The lack of impact of low-level product variants common to this platform on product safety and efficacy also builds on the established commercial history of recombinant antibodies, which dates back to 1997.Efforts to increase titers further will likely yield diminishing returns. Very few products would benefit significantly from a titer greater than 8 g/L; in many cases, a downstream processing bottleneck would preclude full recovery from production-scale bioreactors for high titer processes. The benefits of a process platform based on standard fed-batch production culture include predictable scale-up, process transfer, and production within a company's manufacturing network or at a contract manufacturing organization. Furthermore, the confidence in an established platform provides key support towards regulatory flexibility (e.g., design space) for license applications following a quality-by-design strategy.These factors suggest that novel technologies for antibody production may not provide a substantial return on investment. What, then, should be the focus of future process development efforts for companies that choose to launch antibody products using their current platform? This review proposes key focus areas in an effort to continually improve process consistency, assure acceptable product quality, and establish appropriate process parameter limits to enable flexible manufacturing options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Kelley
- Vir Biotechnology, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Robert Kiss
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael Laird
- Genentech (A Member of the Roche Group), San Francisco, CA, USA
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Kelly PS, Dorival‐García N, Paré S, Carillo S, Ta C, Alarcon Miguez A, Coleman O, Harper E, Shannon M, Henry M, Connolly L, Clynes M, Meleady P, Bones J, Barron N. Improvements in single‐use bioreactor film material composition leads to robust and reliable Chinese hamster ovary cell performance. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2824. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul S. Kelly
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical CentreUniversity of Limerick Limerick Ireland
| | - Noemi Dorival‐García
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical CentreUniversity of Limerick Limerick Ireland
| | - Samantha Paré
- National Institute for Cellular BiotechnologyDublin City University Dublin Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical CentreUniversity of Limerick Limerick Ireland
| | - Sara Carillo
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical CentreUniversity of Limerick Limerick Ireland
| | - Christine Ta
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical CentreUniversity of Limerick Limerick Ireland
| | | | - Orla Coleman
- National Institute for Cellular BiotechnologyDublin City University Dublin Ireland
| | - Emma Harper
- Institute for Global Food SecuritySchool of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast Northern Ireland UK
| | - Maeve Shannon
- Institute for Global Food SecuritySchool of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast Northern Ireland UK
| | - Michael Henry
- National Institute for Cellular BiotechnologyDublin City University Dublin Ireland
| | - Lisa Connolly
- Institute for Global Food SecuritySchool of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast Northern Ireland UK
| | - Martin Clynes
- National Institute for Cellular BiotechnologyDublin City University Dublin Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical CentreUniversity of Limerick Limerick Ireland
| | - Paula Meleady
- National Institute for Cellular BiotechnologyDublin City University Dublin Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical CentreUniversity of Limerick Limerick Ireland
| | - Jonathan Bones
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical CentreUniversity of Limerick Limerick Ireland
| | - Niall Barron
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin Ireland
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess EngineeringUniversity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical CentreUniversity of Limerick Limerick Ireland
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Kuki Á, Zelei G, Nagy L, Nagy T, Zsuga M, Kéki S. Rapid mapping of various chemicals in personal care and healthcare products by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. Talanta 2019; 192:241-247. [PMID: 30348385 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Residual chemicals on personal care and healthcare products, such as sanitary articles, sterile gauze bandages, nappies, plasters, were studied by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS). We have identified around 40 compounds in seventeen different commercially available items. The tentative identification was further supported for about half of the chemicals by tandem mass spectrometric experiments (DART MS/MS). The most notable hazardous substances were tributyl phosphate, tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite, phthalic acid esters, erucamide, and nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs). In addition, we developed an efficient DART-MS analysis to determine the concentration of NPE in a swab sample. The quantitative result obtained by DART-MS was confirmed by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (LC-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ákos Kuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Georgina Zelei
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lajos Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Miklós Zsuga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kéki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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Williamson J, Miller J, McLaughlin J, Combs R, Chu C. Scale‐dependent manganese leaching from stainless steel impacts terminal galactosylation in monoclonal antibodies. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1290-1297. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Williamson
- BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioprocess Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway WestChesterfield MO 63017
| | - Jennifer Miller
- BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioprocess Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway WestChesterfield MO 63017
| | - Joseph McLaughlin
- BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioprocess Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway WestChesterfield MO 63017
| | - Rodney Combs
- BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioprocess Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway WestChesterfield MO 63017
| | - Chia Chu
- BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioprocess Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway WestChesterfield MO 63017
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Dorival-García N, Carillo S, Ta C, Roberts D, Comstock K, Lofthouse S, Ciceri E, D'Silva K, Kierans G, Kaisermayer C, Lindeberg A, Bones J. Large-Scale Assessment of Extractables and Leachables in Single-Use Bags for Biomanufacturing. Anal Chem 2018; 90:9006-9015. [PMID: 29943976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Single-use technologies (SUTs) are widely used during biopharmaceutical manufacture as disposable bioreactors or media and buffer storage bags. Despite their advantages, the risk of release of extractable and leachable (E&Ls) substances is considered an important drawback in adopting disposables in the biomanufacturing process. E&Ls may detrimentally affect cell viability or productivity or may persist during purification and present a risk to the patient if remaining in the final drug product. In this study, 34 plastic films from single-use bags (SUBs) for cell cultivation were extracted with selected solvents that represent reasonable worst-case conditions for most typical biomanufacturing applications. SUBs were incubated at small-scale under accelerated-aging conditions that represented standard operational conditions of use. Leachables analysis was performed following dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) for analyte preconcentration and removal of matrix interference. Resulting extracts were characterized by GC-headspace for volatiles, high resolution GC-Orbitrap-MS/MS for semivolatiles, high resolution LC-Orbitrap-MS/MS for nonvolatiles, and ICP-MS for trace elemental analysis. Multivariate statistical analysis of the analytical data revealed significant correlations between the type and concentration of compounds and bags features including brand, manufacturing date and polymer type. The analytical data demonstrates that, over recent years, the nature of E&Ls has been altered due to the implementation of manufacturing changes and new types of polymers and may change further with the future advent of regulations that will limit or ban the use of certain raw materials and additives. The broad E&L database generated herein facilitates toxicological assessments from a biomanufacturing standpoint and provides practical guidelines for confident determination of E&Ls to enable screening and elimination of nonsatisfactory films for single use bioprocessing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Dorival-García
- Characterization and Comparability Laboratory , NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training , Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Sara Carillo
- Characterization and Comparability Laboratory , NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training , Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Christine Ta
- Characterization and Comparability Laboratory , NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training , Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Dominic Roberts
- Thermo Fisher Scientific , Manor Park, Tudor Rd , Cheshire , Runcorn WA7 1TA , United Kingdom
| | - Kate Comstock
- Thermo Fisher Scientific , 355 River Oaks Pkwy , San Jose , California 95134 , United States
| | - Simon Lofthouse
- Thermo Fisher Scientific , Stafford House, Boundary Park , Hemel Hempstead HP2 7GE , United Kingdom
| | - Elena Ciceri
- Thermo Fisher Scientific , Via Milano, 4 , 20090 Rodano , MI , Italy
| | - Kyle D'Silva
- Thermo Fisher Scientific , Stafford House, Boundary Park , Hemel Hempstead HP2 7GE , United Kingdom
| | - Gerald Kierans
- Pfizer Ireland Pharmaceuticals , Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road , Clondalkin , Dublin 22 D22 V8F8 , Ireland
| | - Christian Kaisermayer
- BioMarin International Limited , Shanbally, Ringaskiddy , Co. Cork P43 R298 , Ireland
| | - Anna Lindeberg
- BioMarin International Limited , Shanbally, Ringaskiddy , Co. Cork P43 R298 , Ireland
| | - Jonathan Bones
- Characterization and Comparability Laboratory , NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training , Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. , Dublin , Ireland.,School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4 , Ireland
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Hauk A, Jurkiewicz E, Pahl I, Loewe T, Menzel R. Filtration membranes - Scavengers for leachables? Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 120:191-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dorival-García N, Bones J. Monitoring leachables from single-use bioreactor bags for mammalian cell culture by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1512:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Dorival-García N, Bones J. Evaluation of solvent systems for optimized extractables studies of single use bioprocessing solutions. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1513:69-77. [PMID: 28739275 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite their advantages, there is concern that single-use systems used in biopharmaceutical manufacture might release potentially toxic substances during standard unit operations that negatively impact cell growth. Characterization of the extractables profile for single-use systems is necessary to know which compounds potentially become leachables under operational cell culture conditions. A key issue in the design of extractables studies is the composition of the model solvent, in particular its pH and polarity. In this study, a new approach, based on design of experiments (DoE), has been applied to determine the composition of the model solvent for extractable profiling of single-use bags (SUBs). Particular focus was placed on the determination of the degradation products of the antioxidant Irgafos 168®, due to evidence that some of these degradation products have cytotoxic effects on CHO cells. Results indicated that 2-propanol:water is the most appropriate solvent for the extraction of highly hydrophobic compounds with polar groups and/or acid-base properties from SUBs. The described DoE approach simplifies the number of experiments, evaluates all possible solvent water mixtures to select the best extraction solvent based on polarity, establishes the influence of each variable and provides information about variable interaction, which represents an important improvement over current best practice. The developed approach was applied to seven SUBs from different vendors and production dates facilitating the identification of potentially non-satisfactory films for cultivation of CHO cell lines under process conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Dorival-García
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co., Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jonathan Bones
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co., Dublin, Ireland; School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Varma S, Fendyur A, Box A, Voldman J. Multiplexed Cell-Based Sensors for Assessing the Impact of Engineered Systems and Methods on Cell Health. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4663-4670. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew Box
- Cytometry
Shared Resource Laboratory, Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas
City, Missouri 64110, United States
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Ta C, Bones J. Development and validation of an ultra-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of bis(2,4-di- tert -butylphenyl)phosphate and related extractable compounds from single-use plastic films. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1492:49-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Kelly PS, McSweeney S, Coleman O, Carillo S, Henry M, Chandran D, Kellett A, Bones J, Clynes M, Meleady P, Barron N. Process-relevant concentrations of the leachable bDtBPP impact negatively on CHO cell production characteristics. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1547-1558. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul S. Kelly
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University; Glasnevin Dublin 9 Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Cluster; University of Limerick; Ireland
| | - Shane McSweeney
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University; Glasnevin Dublin 9 Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Cluster; University of Limerick; Ireland
| | - Orla Coleman
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University; Glasnevin Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - Sara Carillo
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Cluster; University of Limerick; Ireland
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training; Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock Co Dublin Ireland
| | - Michael Henry
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University; Glasnevin Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - Deepak Chandran
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University; Glasnevin Dublin 9 Ireland
- School of Chemical Sciences; Dublin City University; Glasnevin Dublin Ireland
| | - Andrew Kellett
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University; Glasnevin Dublin 9 Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Cluster; University of Limerick; Ireland
- School of Chemical Sciences; Dublin City University; Glasnevin Dublin Ireland
| | - Jonathan Bones
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Cluster; University of Limerick; Ireland
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training; Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock Co Dublin Ireland
| | - Martin Clynes
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University; Glasnevin Dublin 9 Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Cluster; University of Limerick; Ireland
| | - Paula Meleady
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University; Glasnevin Dublin 9 Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Cluster; University of Limerick; Ireland
| | - Niall Barron
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University; Glasnevin Dublin 9 Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Cluster; University of Limerick; Ireland
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Shah RR, Linville TW, Whynot AD, Brazel CS. Evaluating the toxicity of bDtBPP on CHO-K1 cells for testing of single-use bioprocessing systems considering media selection, cell culture volume, mixing, and exposure duration. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1318-1323. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rhythm R. Shah
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering; The University of Alabama; Tuscaloosa AL
| | - Taylor W. Linville
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering; The University of Alabama; Tuscaloosa AL
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Jacquemart R, Vandersluis M, Zhao M, Sukhija K, Sidhu N, Stout J. A Single-use Strategy to Enable Manufacturing of Affordable Biologics. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2016; 14:309-18. [PMID: 27570613 PMCID: PMC4990569 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The current processing paradigm of large manufacturing facilities dedicated to single product production is no longer an effective approach for best manufacturing practices. Increasing competition for new indications and the launch of biosimilars for the monoclonal antibody market have put pressure on manufacturers to produce at lower cost. Single-use technologies and continuous upstream processes have proven to be cost-efficient options to increase biomass production but as of today the adoption has been only minimal for the purification operations, partly due to concerns related to cost and scale-up. This review summarizes how a single-use holistic process and facility strategy can overcome scale limitations and enable cost-efficient manufacturing to support the growing demand for affordable biologics. Technologies enabling high productivity, right-sized, small footprint, continuous, and automated upstream and downstream operations are evaluated in order to propose a concept for the flexible facility of the future.
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Key Words
- Affinity membrane chromatography
- Antibody manufacturing paradigms
- B&E, bind and elute
- CapEx, capital expense
- CoG, cost of goods
- Continuous bioprocessing
- DSP, downstream process
- EBA, expanded bed adsorption
- EMA, European Medicines Agency
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- FT, flow through
- Flexible, single-use facilities
- HCP, host cell protein
- MV, membrane volume
- OpEx, operating expense
- PAT, process analytical technology
- Process economics
- SMB, simulated moving bed
- USP, upstream process
- cGMP, current good manufacturing practice
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Jacquemart
- Natrix Separations Inc., 5295 John Lucas Drive, Burlington, Ontario L7L 6A8, Canada
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Magarian N, Lee K, Nagpal K, Skidmore K, Mahajan E. Clearance of extractables and leachables from single-use technologies via ultrafiltration/diafiltration operations. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:718-24. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate Lee
- Genentech, Inc; South San Francisco CA 94080
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Demuth C, Varonier J, Jossen V, Eibl R, Eibl D. Novel probes for pH and dissolved oxygen measurements in cultivations from millilitre to benchtop scale. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:3853-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7412-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ishii-Watabe A, Hirose A, Katori N, Hashii N, Arai S, Awatsu H, Eiza A, Hara Y, Hattori H, Inoue T, Isono T, Iwakura M, Kajihara D, Kasahara N, Matsuda H, Murakami S, Nakagawa T, Okumura T, Omasa T, Takuma S, Terashima I, Tsukahara M, Tsutsui M, Yano T, Kawasaki N. Approaches to Quality Risk Management When Using Single-Use Systems in the Manufacture of Biologics. AAPS PharmSciTech 2015; 16:993-1001. [PMID: 26288941 PMCID: PMC4674654 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0368-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologics manufacturing technology has made great progress in the last decade. One of the most promising new technologies is the single-use system, which has improved the efficiency of biologics manufacturing processes. To ensure safety of biologics when employing such single-use systems in the manufacturing process, various issues need to be considered including possible extractables/leachables and particles arising from the components used in single-use systems. Japanese pharmaceutical manufacturers, together with single-use suppliers, members of the academia and regulatory authorities have discussed the risks of using single-use systems and established control strategies for the quality assurance of biologics. In this study, we describe approaches for quality risk management when employing single-use systems in the manufacturing of biologics. We consider the potential impact of impurities related to single-use components on drug safety and the potential impact of the single-use system on other critical quality attributes as well as the stable supply of biologics. We also suggest a risk-mitigating strategy combining multiple control methods which includes the selection of appropriate single-use components, their inspections upon receipt and before releasing for use and qualification of single-use systems. Communication between suppliers of single-use systems and the users, as well as change controls in the facilities both of suppliers and users, are also important in risk-mitigating strategies. Implementing these control strategies can mitigate the risks attributed to the use of single-use systems. This study will be useful in promoting the development of biologics as well as in ensuring their safety, quality and stable supply.
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Liu J, Kennedy JH, Ronk M, Marghitoiu L, Lee H, Nashed-Samuel Y. Ambient analysis of leachable compounds from single-use bioreactors with desorption electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:2285-2291. [PMID: 25279741 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Trace levels of bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate (BdtbPP) leaching from single-use bioreactors (SUBs) were recently found to be highly detrimental to mammalian cell growth. The traditional approach to detect the leachable requires time-consuming solvent extraction of SUBs. To assist the qualification of SUBs and/or their manufacturing raw materials in biopharmaceutical development and manufacturing, it is essential to develop a rapid and sensitive analytical approach for detecting this leachable and related compounds, which is described in this study. METHODS Native films from several commercially available SUBs were directly examined by desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) without sample preparation. As a comparison, the same SUBs were also analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/ultraviolet (UV) following the solvent extraction. RESULTS With a suitable spray solvent selected in this study, DESI-TOFMS enabled rapid and sensitive detection of leachable compounds directly from SUBs. Accurate mass measurement from TOFMS allowed ready identification of BdtbPP, its parent analog compound, and other polymer components in the SUBs from their protonated surrogates. The relative abundances of BdtbPP in different SUBs measured by DESI-TOFMS exhibited good correlation with those from the traditional extraction-based approach with HPLC/UV. CONCLUSIONS A rapid and sensitive approach was developed for direct detection of BdtbPP and other leachables from SUBs using DESI-TOFMS. The results are in high accordance with those from conventional approaches, which indicates the usefulness of the proposed method as a qualification tool for SUBs in biopharmaceutical development and also its great potential in the analysis of extractables/leachables in a wide variety of materials, process components, devices and containers used in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Drug Product Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
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Meier K, Djeljadini S, Regestein L, Büchs J, Carstensen F, Wessling M, Holland T, Raven N. In situ cell retention of a CHO culture by a reverse-flow diafiltration membrane bioreactor. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:1348-55. [PMID: 25202924 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneities occur in various bioreactor designs including cell retention devices. Whereas in external devices changing environmental conditions cannot be prevented, cells are retained in their optimal environment in internal devices. Conventional reverse-flow diafiltration utilizes an internal membrane device, but pulsed feeding causes temporal heterogeneities. In this study, the influence of conventional reverse-flow diafiltration on the yeast Hansenula polymorpha is investigated. Alternating 180 s of feeding with 360 s of non-feeding at a dilution rate of 0.2 h(-1) results in an oscillating DOT signal with an amplitude of 60%. Thereby, induced short-term oxygen limitations result in the formation of ethanol and a reduced product concentration of 25%. This effect is enforced at increased dilution rate. To overcome this cyclic problem, sequential operation of three membranes is introduced. Thus, quasi-continuous feeding is achieved reducing the oscillation of the DOT signal to an amplitude of 20% and 40% for a dilution rate of 0.2 h(-1) and 0.5 h(-1) , respectively. Fermentation conditions characterized by complete absence of oxygen limitation and without formation of overflow metabolites could be obtained for dilution rates from 0.1 h(-1) - 0.5 h(-1) . Thus, sequential operation of three membranes minimizes oscillations in the DOT signal providing a nearly homogenous culture over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Meier
- RWTH Aachen, AVT-Biochemical Engineering, Worringer Weg 1, Aachen, 52074, Germany
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Peng H, Hall KM, Clayton B, Wiltberger K, Hu W, Hughes E, Kane J, Ney R, Ryll T. Development of small scale cell culture models for screening poloxamer 188 lot-to-lot variation. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:1411-8. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haofan Peng
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen Idec; Research Triangle Park; 5000 Davis Drive NC 27709
| | - Kaitlyn M. Hall
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen Idec; Research Triangle Park; 5000 Davis Drive NC 27709
| | - Blake Clayton
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen Idec; Research Triangle Park; 5000 Davis Drive NC 27709
| | - Kelly Wiltberger
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen Idec; Research Triangle Park; 5000 Davis Drive NC 27709
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen Idec; Research Triangle Park; 5000 Davis Drive NC 27709
| | - Erik Hughes
- Manufacturing Sciences, Biogen Idec; Research Triangle Park; NC 27709
| | - John Kane
- Manufacturing Sciences, Biogen Idec; Research Triangle Park; NC 27709
| | - Rachel Ney
- Manufacturing Sciences, Biogen Idec; Research Triangle Park; NC 27709
| | - Thomas Ryll
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen Idec; Cambridge MA 02142
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Jurkiewicz E, Husemann U, Greller G, Barbaroux M, Fenge C. Verification of a new biocompatible single-use film formulation with optimized additive content for multiple bioprocess applications. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:1171-6. [PMID: 24850537 PMCID: PMC4415535 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Single-use bioprocessing bags and bioreactors gained significant importance in the industry as they offer a number of advantages over traditional stainless steel solutions. However, there is continued concern that the plastic materials might release potentially toxic substances negatively impacting cell growth and product titers, or even compromise drug safety when using single-use bags for intermediate or drug substance storage. In this study, we have focused on the in vitro detection of potentially cytotoxic leachables originating from the recently developed new polyethylene (PE) multilayer film called S80. This new film was developed to guarantee biocompatibility for multiple bioprocess applications, for example, storage of process fluids, mixing, and cell culture bioreactors. For this purpose, we examined a protein-free cell culture medium that had been used to extract leachables from freshly gamma-irradiated sample bags in a standardized cell culture assay. We investigated sample bags from films generated to establish the operating ranges of the film extrusion process. Further, we studied sample bags of different age after gamma-irradiation and finally, we performed extended media extraction trials at cold room conditions using sample bags. In contrast to a nonoptimized film formulation, our data demonstrate no cytotoxic effect of the S80 polymer film formulation under any of the investigated conditions. The S80 film formulation is based on an optimized PE polymer composition and additive package. Full traceability alongside specifications and controls of all critical raw materials, and process controls of the manufacturing process, that is, film extrusion and gamma-irradiation, have been established to ensure lot-to-lot consistency. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 30:1171–1176, 2014
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Jurkiewicz
- Dept. of Upstream Technology, Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, 37037, Göttingen, Germany
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