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Pylkkänen R, Maaheimo H, Liljeström V, Mohammadi P, Penttilä M. Glycoside Phosphorylase Catalyzed Cellulose and β-1,3-Glucan Synthesis Using Chromophoric Glycosyl Acceptors. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:5048-5057. [PMID: 39025475 PMCID: PMC11322998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Glycoside phosphorylases are enzymes that are frequently used for polysaccharide synthesis. Some of these enzymes have broad substrate specificity, enabling the synthesis of reducing-end-functionalized glucan chains. Here, we explore the potential of glycoside phosphorylases in synthesizing chromophore-conjugated polysaccharides using commercially available chromophoric model compounds as glycosyl acceptors. Specifically, we report cellulose and β-1,3-glucan synthesis using 2-nitrophenyl β-d-glucopyranoside, 4-nitrophenyl β-d-glucopyranoside, and 2-methoxy-4-(2-nitrovinyl)phenyl β-d-glucopyranoside with Clostridium thermocellum cellodextrin phosphorylase and Thermosipho africanus β-1,3-glucan phosphorylase as catalysts. We demonstrate activity for both enzymes with all assayed chromophoric acceptors and report the crystallization-driven precipitation and detailed structural characterization of the synthesized polysaccharides, i.e., their molar mass distributions and various structural parameters, such as morphology, fibril diameter, lamellar thickness, and crystal form. Our results provide insights for the studies of chromophore-conjugated low molecular weight polysaccharides, glycoside phosphorylases, and the hierarchical assembly of crystalline cellulose and β-1,3-glucan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pylkkänen
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., FI-02044 VTT, Finland
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - Hannu Maaheimo
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Ville Liljeström
- Nanomicroscopy
Center, OtaNano, Aalto University, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - Pezhman Mohammadi
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Merja Penttilä
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., FI-02044 VTT, Finland
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
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2
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Zhong C, Nidetzky B. Precision synthesis of reducing-end thiol-modified cellulose enabled by enzyme selection. Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-021-00599-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEnzyme-catalyzed iterative β-1,4-glycosylation of β-glycosides is promising for bottom-up polymerization of reducing-end-modified cello-oligosaccharide chains. Self-assembly of the chains from solution yields crystalline nanocellulose materials with properties that are tunable by the glycoside group used. Cellulose chains with a reducing-end thiol group are of interest to install a controllable pattern of site-selective modifications into the nanocellulose material. Selection of the polymerizing enzyme (cellodextrin phosphorylase; CdP) was pursued here to enhance the synthetic precision of β-1-thio-glucose conversion to generate pure “1-thio-cellulose” (≥95%) unencumbered by plain (unlabeled) cellulose resulting from enzymatic side reactions. The CdP from Clostridium stercorarium (CsCdP) was 21 times more active on β-1-thio-glucose (0.17 U/mg; 45 °C) than the CdP from Clostridium cellulosi (CcCdP), and it lacked hydrolase activity, which is substantial in CcCdP, against the α-d-glucose 1-phosphate donor substrate. The combination of these enzyme properties indicated that CsCdP is a practical catalyst for 1-thio-cellulose synthesis directly from β-1-thio-glucose (8 h; 25 mol% yield) that does not require a second enzyme (cellobiose phosphorylase), which was essential when using the less selective CcCdP. The 1-thio-cellulose chains had an average degree of polymerization of ∼10 and were assembled into highly crystalline cellulose II crystallinity material.
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3
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De Doncker M, De Graeve C, Franceus J, Beerens K, Křen V, Pelantová H, Vercauteren R, Desmet T. Exploration of GH94 Sequence Space for Enzyme Discovery Reveals a Novel Glucosylgalactose Phosphorylase Specificity. Chembiochem 2021; 22:3319-3325. [PMID: 34541742 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The substantial increase in DNA sequencing efforts has led to a rapid expansion of available sequences in glycoside hydrolase families. The ever-increasing sequence space presents considerable opportunities for the search for enzymes with novel functionalities. In this work, the sequence-function space of glycoside hydrolase family 94 (GH94) was explored in detail, using a combined approach of phylogenetic analysis and sequence similarity networks. The identification and experimental screening of unknown clusters led to the discovery of an enzyme from the soil bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa that acts as a 4-O-β-d-glucosyl-d-galactose phosphorylase (GGalP), a specificity that has not been reported to date. Detailed characterization of GGalP revealed that its kinetic parameters were consistent with those of other known phosphorylases. Furthermore, the enzyme could be used for production of the rare disaccharides 4-O-β-d-glucosyl-d-galactose and 4-O-β-d-glucosyl-l-arabinose. Our current work highlights the power of rational sequence space exploration in the search for novel enzyme specificities, as well as the potential of phosphorylases for rare disaccharide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc De Doncker
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links Ghent, 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Chloé De Graeve
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links Ghent, 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jorick Franceus
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links Ghent, 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Koen Beerens
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links Ghent, 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Pelantová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ronny Vercauteren
- Cargill R&D Centre Europe BVBA, Havenstraat 84, 1800, Vilvoorde, Belgium
| | - Tom Desmet
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links Ghent, 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
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4
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Gabrielli V, Muñoz-García JC, Pergolizzi G, de Andrade P, Khimyak YZ, Field RA, Angulo J. Molecular Recognition of Natural and Non-Natural Substrates by Cellodextrin Phosphorylase from Ruminiclostridium Thermocellum Investigated by NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2021; 27:15688-15698. [PMID: 34436794 PMCID: PMC9293210 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
β‐1→4‐Glucan polysaccharides like cellulose, derivatives and analogues, are attracting attention due to their unique physicochemical properties, as ideal candidates for many different applications in biotechnology. Access to these polysaccharides with a high level of purity at scale is still challenging, and eco‐friendly alternatives by using enzymes in vitro are highly desirable. One prominent candidate enzyme is cellodextrin phosphorylase (CDP) from Ruminiclostridium thermocellum, which is able to yield cellulose oligomers from short cellodextrins and α‐d‐glucose 1‐phosphate (Glc‐1‐P) as substrates. Remarkably, its broad specificity towards donors and acceptors allows the generation of highly diverse cellulose‐based structures to produce novel materials. However, to fully exploit this CDP broad specificity, a detailed understanding of the molecular recognition of substrates by this enzyme in solution is needed. Herein, we provide a detailed investigation of the molecular recognition of ligands by CDP in solution by saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR spectroscopy, tr‐NOESY and protein‐ligand docking. Our results, discussed in the context of previous reaction kinetics data in the literature, allow a better understanding of the structural basis of the broad binding specificity of this biotechnologically relevant enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Gabrielli
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Juan C Muñoz-García
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Giulia Pergolizzi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TH, UK
| | - Peterson de Andrade
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TH, UK.,Present address, Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Yaroslav Z Khimyak
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TH, UK.,Present address, Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Jesús Angulo
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, 41012, Seville, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (CSIC-US), Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
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5
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β-Glucan phosphorylases in carbohydrate synthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4073-4087. [PMID: 33970317 PMCID: PMC8140972 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11320-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract β-Glucan phosphorylases are carbohydrate-active enzymes that catalyze the reversible degradation of β-linked glucose polymers, with outstanding potential for the biocatalytic bottom-up synthesis of β-glucans as major bioactive compounds. Their preference for sugar phosphates (rather than nucleotide sugars) as donor substrates further underlines their significance for the carbohydrate industry. Presently, they are classified in the glycoside hydrolase families 94, 149, and 161 (www.cazy.org). Since the discovery of β-1,3-oligoglucan phosphorylase in 1963, several other specificities have been reported that differ in linkage type and/or degree of polymerization. Here, we present an overview of the progress that has been made in our understanding of β-glucan and associated β-glucobiose phosphorylases, with a special focus on their application in the synthesis of carbohydrates and related molecules. Key points • Discovery, characteristics, and applications of β-glucan phosphorylases. • β-Glucan phosphorylases in the production of functional carbohydrates.
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6
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Nidetzky B, Zhong C. Phosphorylase-catalyzed bottom-up synthesis of short-chain soluble cello-oligosaccharides and property-tunable cellulosic materials. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 51:107633. [PMID: 32966861 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose-based materials are produced industrially in countless varieties via top-down processing of natural lignocellulose substrates. By contrast, cellulosic materials are only rarely prepared via bottom up synthesis and oligomerization-induced self-assembly of cellulose chains. Building up a cellulose chain via precision polymerization is promising, however, for it offers tunability and control of the final chemical structure. Synthetic cellulose derivatives with programmable material properties might thus be obtained. Cellodextrin phosphorylase (CdP; EC 2.4.1.49) catalyzes iterative β-1,4-glycosylation from α-d-glucose 1-phosphate, with the ability to elongate a diversity of acceptor substrates, including cellobiose, d-glucose and a range of synthetic glycosides having non-sugar aglycons. Depending on the reaction conditions leading to different degrees of polymerization (DP), short-chain soluble cello-oligosaccharides (COS) or insoluble cellulosic materials are formed. Here, we review the characteristics of CdP as bio-catalyst for synthetic applications and show advances in the enzymatic production of COS and reducing end-modified, tailored cellulose materials. Recent studies reveal COS as interesting dietary fibers that could provide a selective prebiotic effect. The bottom-up synthesized celluloses involve chains of DP ≥ 9, as precipitated in solution, and they form ~5 nm thick sheet-like crystalline structures of cellulose allomorph II. Solvent conditions and aglycon structures can direct the cellulose chain self-assembly towards a range of material architectures, including hierarchically organized networks of nanoribbons, or nanorods as well as distorted nanosheets. Composite materials are also formed. The resulting materials can be useful as property-tunable hydrogels and feature site-specific introduction of functional and chemically reactive groups. Therefore, COS and cellulose obtained via bottom-up synthesis can expand cellulose applications towards product classes that are difficult to access via top-down processing of natural materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, Graz 8010, Austria; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Krenngasse 37, Graz 8010, Austria.
| | - Chao Zhong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, Graz 8010, Austria
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7
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Ubiparip Z, Moreno DS, Beerens K, Desmet T. Engineering of cellobiose phosphorylase for the defined synthesis of cellotriose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:8327-8337. [PMID: 32803296 PMCID: PMC7471185 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10820-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellodextrins are non-digestible oligosaccharides that have attracted interest from the food industry as potential prebiotics. They are typically produced through the partial hydrolysis of cellulose, resulting in a complex mixture of oligosaccharides with a varying degree of polymerisation (DP). Here, we explore the defined synthesis of cellotriose as product since this oligosaccharide is believed to be the most potent prebiotic in the mixture. To that end, the cellobiose phosphorylase (CBP) from Cellulomonas uda and the cellodextrin phosphorylase (CDP) from Clostridium cellulosi were evaluated as biocatalysts, starting from cellobiose and α-d-glucose 1-phosphate as acceptor and donor substrate, respectively. The CDP enzyme was shown to rapidly elongate the chains towards higher DPs, even after extensive mutagenesis. In contrast, an optimised variant of CBP was found to convert cellobiose to cellotriose with a molar yield of 73%. The share of cellotriose within the final soluble cellodextrin mixture (DP2-5) was 82%, resulting in a cellotriose product with the highest purity reported to date. Interestingly, the reaction could even be initiated from glucose as acceptor substrate, which should further decrease the production costs. Key points • Cellobiose phosphorylase is engineered for the production of cellotriose. • Cellotriose is synthesised with the highest purity and yield to date. • Both cellobiose and glucose can be used as acceptor for cellotriose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Ubiparip
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - David Sáez Moreno
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Beerens
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Desmet
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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8
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Zhong C, Luley‐Goedl C, Nidetzky B. Product solubility control in cellooligosaccharide production by coupled cellobiose and cellodextrin phosphorylase. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2146-2155. [PMID: 31062868 PMCID: PMC6767486 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Soluble cellodextrins (linear β-1,4-d-gluco-oligosaccharides) have interesting applications as ingredients for human and animal nutrition. Their bottom-up synthesis from glucose is promising for bulk production, but to ensure a completely water-soluble product via degree of polymerization (DP) control (DP ≤ 6) is challenging. Here, we show biocatalytic production of cellodextrins with DP centered at 3 to 6 (~96 wt.% of total product) using coupled cellobiose and cellodextrin phosphorylase. The cascade reaction, wherein glucose was elongated sequentially from α-d-glucose 1-phosphate (αGlc1-P), required optimization and control at two main points. First, kinetic and thermodynamic restrictions upon αGlc1-P utilization (200 mM; 45°C, pH 7.0) were effectively overcome (53% → ≥90% conversion after 10 hrs of reaction) by in situ removal of the phosphate released via precipitation with Mg2+ . Second, the product DP was controlled by the molar ratio of glucose/αGlc1-P (∼0.25; 50 mM glucose) used in the reaction. In optimized conversion, soluble cellodextrins in a total product concentration of 36 g/L were obtained through efficient utilization of the substrates used (glucose: 98%; αGlc1-P: ∼80%) after 1 hr of reaction. We also showed that, by keeping the glucose concentration low (i.e., 1-10 mM; 200 mM αGlc1-P), the reaction was shifted completely towards insoluble product formation (DP ∼9-10). In summary, this study provides the basis for an efficient and product DP-controlled biocatalytic synthesis of cellodextrins from expedient substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical EngineeringGraz University of Technology, NAWI GrazGrazAustria
| | | | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical EngineeringGraz University of Technology, NAWI GrazGrazAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB)GrazAustria
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9
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Environmentally friendly pathways towards the synthesis of vinyl-based oligocelluloses. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 193:196-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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De Winter K, Dewitte G, Dirks-Hofmeister ME, De Laet S, Pelantová H, Křen V, Desmet T. Enzymatic Glycosylation of Phenolic Antioxidants: Phosphorylase-Mediated Synthesis and Characterization. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:10131-9. [PMID: 26540621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Although numerous biologically active molecules exist as glycosides in nature, information on the activity, stability, and solubility of glycosylated antioxidants is rather limited to date. In this work, a wide variety of antioxidants were glycosylated using different phosphorylase enzymes. The resulting antioxidant library, containing α/β-glucosides, different regioisomers, cellobiosides, and cellotriosides, was then characterized. Glycosylation was found to significantly increase the solubility and stability of all evaluated compounds. Despite decreased radical-scavenging abilities, most glycosides were identified to be potent antioxidants, outperforming the commonly used 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methylphenol (BHT). Moreover, the point of attachment, the anomeric configuration, and the glycosidic chain length were found to influence the properties of these phenolic glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel De Winter
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Faculty of Biosciences Engineering, Ghent University , Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Griet Dewitte
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Faculty of Biosciences Engineering, Ghent University , Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mareike E Dirks-Hofmeister
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Faculty of Biosciences Engineering, Ghent University , Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sylvie De Laet
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Faculty of Biosciences Engineering, Ghent University , Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Tom Desmet
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Faculty of Biosciences Engineering, Ghent University , Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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11
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Petrović DM, Kok I, Woortman AJJ, Ćirić J, Loos K. Characterization of oligocellulose synthesized by reverse phosphorolysis using different cellodextrin phosphorylases. Anal Chem 2015; 87:9639-46. [PMID: 26291473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Much progress was made in the straightforward and eco-friendly enzymatic synthesis of shorter cellulose chains (oligocellulose). Here, we report the determination of a molar mass distribution of the oligocellulose synthesized from cellobiose (CB) and α-glucose 1-phosphate by reverse phosphorolysis, using enzymes cellodextrin phosphorylase from Clostridium stercorarium or Clostridium thermocellum as catalyst. The oligocellulose molar mass distribution was analyzed using three different methods: (1)H NMR spectroscopy, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The molar mass distribution of the synthesized oligocellulose was only dependent on the concentration of cellobiose used in the reaction. Data obtained from MALDI-ToF MS and SEC were almost identical and showed that oligocellulose synthesized using 10 mM CB has an average degree of polymerization (DPn) of ∼7, while a DPn of ∼14 was achieved when 0.2 mM CB was used in the reaction. Because of solvent limitation in SEC analysis, MALDI-ToF MS was shown to be the technique of choice for accurate, easy and fast oligocellulose molar mass distribution determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan M Petrović
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Kok
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J J Woortman
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jelena Ćirić
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Loos
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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O'Neill EC, Field RA. Enzymatic synthesis using glycoside phosphorylases. Carbohydr Res 2015; 403:23-37. [PMID: 25060838 PMCID: PMC4336185 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate phosphorylases are readily accessible but under-explored catalysts for glycoside synthesis. Their use of accessible and relatively stable sugar phosphates as donor substrates underlies their potential. A wide range of these enzymes has been reported of late, displaying a range of preferences for sugar donors, acceptors and glycosidic linkages. This has allowed this class of enzymes to be used in the synthesis of diverse carbohydrate structures, including at the industrial scale. As more phosphorylase enzymes are discovered, access to further difficult to synthesise glycosides will be enabled. Herein we review reported phosphorylase enzymes and the glycoside products that they have been used to synthesise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis C O'Neill
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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13
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Yataka Y, Sawada T, Serizawa T. Enzymatic synthesis and post-functionalization of two-dimensional crystalline cellulose oligomers with surface-reactive groups. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:12525-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc04378f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional crystalline cellulose oligomers with surface-reactive azide groups were synthesized by enzymatic reactions and covalently post-functionalized with alkyne-containing dye molecules through click reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yataka
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Meguro-ku
- Japan
| | - Toshiki Sawada
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Meguro-ku
- Japan
| | - Takeshi Serizawa
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Meguro-ku
- Japan
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14
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Tran HG, Desmet T, Saerens K, Waegeman H, Vandekerckhove S, D'hooghe M, Van Bogaert I, Soetaert W. Biocatalytic production of novel glycolipids with cellodextrin phosphorylase. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 115:84-87. [PMID: 22000964 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Glycolipids have gained increasing attention as natural surfactants with a beneficial environmental profile. They are typically produced by fermentation, which only gives access to a limited number of structures. Here we describe the biocatalytic production of novel glycolipids with the cellodextrin phosphorylase from Clostridium stercorarium. This enzyme was found to display a broad donor and acceptor specificity, allowing the synthesis of five different products. Indeed, using either α-glucose 1-phosphate or α-galactose 1-phosphate as glycosyl donor, sophorolipid as well as glucolipid could be efficiently glycosylated. The transfer of a glucosyl moiety afforded a mixture of products that precipitated from the solution, resulting in near quantitative yields. The transfer of a galactosyl moiety, in contrast, generated a single product that remained in solution at thermodynamic equilibrium. These glycolipids not only serve as a new class of biosurfactants, but could also have applications in the pharmaceutical and nanomaterials industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Giang Tran
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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