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Nagayama T, Fujiwara SI, Tominaga R, Yokoyama D, Noguchi A, Furuki S, Oyama T, Koyama S, Murahashi R, Nakashima H, Ikeda T, Hyodo K, Kawaguchi SI, Toda Y, Umino K, Minakata D, Morita K, Ashizawa M, Yamamoto C, Hatano K, Sato K, Ohmine K, Kanda Y. Association of the pre-transplant CD4/CD8 ratio with the prognosis following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Leuk Lymphoma 2024; 65:1350-1356. [PMID: 38767307 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2024.2352614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment's cells can promote or inhibit tumor formation, and there are no reports on the CD4/CD8 ratio's association with outcomes post allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). We retrospectively evaluated the pre-transplant peripheral blood CD4/CD8 ratio in 168 patients who underwent their first allo-HSCT for hematological malignancies at our institution. When patients were divided into two groups according to the median CD4/CD8 ratio 1.35 (range, 0.09-19.89), the high CD4/CD8 ratio group had a higher incidence of relapse, equivalent non-relapse mortality and worse overall survival (OS) than the low CD4/CD8 ratio group. In a multivariate analysis, the CD4/CD8 ratio was significantly associated with an increased risk of relapse, although there was a marginally significant difference in OS. The pre-transplant peripheral blood CD4/CD8 ratio could be a novel biomarker for predicting the prognosis of allo-HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nagayama
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
- Division of Cell Transplantation and Transfusion, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Fujiwara
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
- Division of Cell Transplantation and Transfusion, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Tominaga
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Daizo Yokoyama
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Atsuto Noguchi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shuka Furuki
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takashi Oyama
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Koyama
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Rui Murahashi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Nakashima
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikeda
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazuki Hyodo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kawaguchi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yumiko Toda
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kento Umino
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Minakata
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kaoru Morita
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ashizawa
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yamamoto
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kaoru Hatano
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazuya Sato
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ken Ohmine
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kanda
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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Zheng L, Lu J, Kong D, Zhan Y. Single-cell sequencing analysis revealed that WDR72 was a novel cancer stem cells related gene in gastric cancer. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35549. [PMID: 39170171 PMCID: PMC11336769 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are pivotal in tumor resistance to chemotherapy and gastric cancer's rapid proliferation and metastasis. We aimed to explore the CSCs-related genes in gastric cancer epithelial cells. Methods The mRNA expression profile and single-cell sequencing data of gastric cancer were downloaded from the public database. Results We identified WDR72 as a CSCs-related gene in gastric cancer epithelial cells. WDR72 was highly expressed in gastric cancer tissues, and high expression of WDR72 was associated with inferior prognosis of patients. WDR72 expression had a significant negative correlation with the infiltration of CD8 + T cells and activated memory CD4 + T cells. PD-L1 expression was significantly reduced in gastric cancer patients with high WDR72 expression. WDR72 was correlated with IC50 of multiple small-molecule drugs. Conclusion We identified a novel CSCs-related gene in gastric cancer epithelial cells, WDR72, which was highly expressed in patients with high stemness scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zheng
- Department of Colorectal Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Jia Lu
- Department of Infection Management, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Dalu Kong
- Department of Colorectal Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yang Zhan
- Department of Colorectal Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
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Chong X, Madeti Y, Cai J, Li W, Cong L, Lu J, Mo L, Liu H, He S, Yu C, Zhou Z, Wang B, Cao Y, Wang Z, Shen L, Wang Y, Zhang X. Recent developments in immunotherapy for gastrointestinal tract cancers. J Hematol Oncol 2024; 17:65. [PMID: 39123202 PMCID: PMC11316403 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-024-01578-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The past few decades have witnessed the rise of immunotherapy for Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers. The role of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), particularly programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) and PD ligand-1 antibodies, has become increasingly pivotal in the treatment of advanced and perioperative GI tract cancers. Currently, anti-PD-1 plus chemotherapy is considered as first-line regimen for unselected advanced gastric/gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (G/GEJC), mismatch repair deficient (dMMR)/microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) colorectal cancer (CRC), and advanced esophageal cancer (EC). In addition, the encouraging performance of claudin18.2-redirected chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy in later-line GI tract cancers brings new hope for cell therapy in solid tumour treatment. Nevertheless, immunotherapy for GI tumour remains yet precise, and researchers are dedicated to further maximising and optimising the efficacy. This review summarises the important research, latest progress, and future directions of immunotherapy for GI tract cancers including EC, G/GEJC, and CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Chong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Yelizhati Madeti
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Jieyuan Cai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Wenfei Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Lin Cong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Jialin Lu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Liyang Mo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Huizhen Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Siyi He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Zhiruo Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Boya Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Yanshuo Cao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Zhenghang Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Lin Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Yakun Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, China.
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Wang Z, Peng H, Wan J, Song A. Identification of histopathological classification and establishment of prognostic indicators of gastric adenocarcinoma based on deep learning algorithm. Med Mol Morphol 2024:10.1007/s00795-024-00399-8. [PMID: 39088070 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-024-00399-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to establish a deep learning (DL) model to predict the pathological type of gastric adenocarcinoma cancer based on whole-slide images(WSIs). We downloaded 356 histopathological images of gastric adenocarcinoma (STAD) patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas database and randomly divided them into the training set, validation set and test set (8:1:1). Additionally, 80 H&E-stained WSIs of STAD were collected for external validation. The CLAM tool was used to cut the WSIs and further construct the model by DL algorithm, achieving an accuracy of over 90% in identifying and predicting histopathological subtypes. External validation results demonstrated the model had a certain generalization ability. Moreover, DL features were extracted from the model to further investigate the differences in immune infiltration and patient prognosis between the two subtypes. The DL model can accurately predict the pathological classification of STAD patients, and provide certain reference value for clinical diagnosis. The nomogram combining DL-signature, gene-signature and clinical features can be used as a prognostic classifier for clinical decision-making and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Wang
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430101, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430101, Hubei, China
| | - Jie Wan
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430101, Hubei, China
| | - Anping Song
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430101, Hubei, China.
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital Sino-French New City Branch, Caidian District, No.288 Xintian Avenue, Wuhan, 430101, Hubei, China.
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Yang Y, Zhang J. Ascites-derived hsa-miR-181a-5p serves as a prognostic marker for gastric cancer-associated malignant ascites. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:628. [PMID: 38914980 PMCID: PMC11194912 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peritoneal carcinomatosis was the main reason leading to gastric cancer (GC)-related death. We aimed to explore the roles of dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) and related immune regulation activities in GC-associated malignant ascites. METHODS GSE126399 were downloaded from GEO database. Differentially expressed miRNAs in GC ascites samples was firstly screened, and critical miRNAs were further investigated by LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) logistic regression and random forest (RF) algorithm. Receiver operating characteristic of critical miRNAs was also constructed. Moreover, functional analysis, immune cell infiltration associated with differentially expressed mRNAs were further analyzed. After selecting key modules by weighted gene co-expression network analysis, mRNAs related with survival performance and transcription factor (TF)-miRNA-mRNA network were constructed. RESULTS Hsa-miR-181b-5p was confirmed as critical differentially expressed miRNAs in GC ascites. Then, the tumor samples were divided into high- and low- expression groups divided by mean expression levels of hsa-miR-181b-5p, and subjects with high hsa-miR-181b-5p levels had better survival outcomes. In total, 197 differentially expressed mRNAs associated with hsa-miR-181b-5p levels were obtained, and these mRNAs were mainly enriched in muscle activity and vascular smooth muscle contraction. Hsa-miR-181b-5 was positively related with activated CD4 T cells and negatively related with eosinophil. 17 mRNAs were selected as mRNAs significantly related with prognosis of GC, such as PDK4 and RAMP1. Finally, 75 TF-miRNA-mRNA relationships were obtained, including 15 TFs, hsa-miR-181b-5p, and five mRNAs. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the differentially expressed hsa-miR-181b-5p in ascites samples of GC patients may be a valuable prognostic marker and a potential target for therapeutic intervention, which should be validated in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Yang
- Department of General Surgery 1, Sunshine Union Hospital, Weifang City, 261072, Shandong Province, China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sunshine Union Hospital, No. 9000, Yingqian Street, High-tech Zone, Weifang City, 261072, Shandong Province, China.
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Tang X, Yu Y, Liu N, Su Y, Zhang K, Zhai Z, Chen C, Sun W, Chen D, Ling R. Identification of ferroptosis-related subtypes, characteristics of TME infiltration and development of prognostic models in gastric cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130:111610. [PMID: 38402832 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ferroptosis is a distinct form of cell death characterized by unique morphology, biochemistry, and genetics, playing a crucial role in the initiation, progression, prognosis, and therapeutic strategies of tumors. However, the impact of ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) on the tumor microenvironment (TME) remains unclear. This study may advance the existing knowledge of FRGs in gastric cancer, and push ahead with more effective prognostic assessment and the development of more effective immunotherapy approaches. METHODS FRGs were acquired from the FerrDb database and a consensus clustering technique was adopted to categorize patients with GC into groups in line with the expression profiles of 44 FRGs in order to further investigate the expression properties of these proteins. Assessment of the immune status, microsatellite instability (MSI) and cancer stem cell (CSC) index between the high- and low- risk groups to assess the proportion of TIICs in the TME, ssGSVA was adopted to detect the abundance of infiltrating immune cells from the low-risk and high-risk groups. Expression levels of eight ferroptosis-related genes of prognostic signature in GC tissues and adjacent normal tissues was detected by RT-PCR. RESULTS In the GC cohort, TP53 has the highest mutation frequency (44 %), and was shown to be highly linked with the expression levels of 11 FRGs. In accordance with the Kaplan-Meier curve, the overall survival time of patients with subtype A (Low FRG-score) discernibly exceeded that of patients with subtype B (High FRG-score).In addition, there is a significant difference in the infiltration of most immune cells between subtype A and subtype B, and some important immune checkpoints (CTLA4, PDCD1, CD274, LAG3, PDCD1LG2, and HAVCR2) have higher expression in cluster A. Finally, low FRG-scores were significantly associated with MSI-H status, while high FRG-scores were significantly associated with microsatellite stable status (MSS). FRG-score is negatively related to the cancer stem cell (CSC). CONCLUSION Low FRG-score, due to its high microsatellite instability (MSI-H), high mutational load and immune activation, indicates the possible advantage of OS. In addition, the FRG-score was closely related to the cancer stem cell (CSC) index and the sensitive degree of chemotherapeutic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Tang
- Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiefang Road 438, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China
| | - Yunpeng Yu
- Institute of Radiotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiefang Road 438, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China
| | - Na Liu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Road 301, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China
| | - Yuting Su
- Institute of Radiotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiefang Road 438, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China
| | - Kaijun Zhang
- Institute of Radiotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiefang Road 438, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China
| | - Zhigang Zhai
- Institute of Radiotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiefang Road 438, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Institute of Radiotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiefang Road 438, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China
| | - Wen Sun
- Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiefang Road 438, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China.
| | - Deyu Chen
- Institute of Radiotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiefang Road 438, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China.
| | - Rui Ling
- Institute of Radiotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiefang Road 438, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China.
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Wang X, Liu X, Dai H, Jia J. Association of lymphocyte subsets with the efficacy and prognosis of PD‑1 inhibitor therapy in advanced gastric cancer: results from a monocentric retrospective study. BMC Gastroenterol 2024; 24:113. [PMID: 38491354 PMCID: PMC10943815 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-024-03168-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This retrospective study aimed to investigate the changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets before and after immunotherapy in patients with advanced gastric cancer and their relationship n with the therapeutic efficacy and clinical prognosis. METHODS Peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets, including CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, CD4+/CD8 + ratio, NK cells, Treg cells, and B cells, were collected from 195 patients with advanced gastric cancer who were admitted to the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University with immunotherapy from January 2020 to October 2021, at the time of diagnosis of advanced gastric cancer, before immunotherapy and after 3 cycles of immunotherapy. T-tests were used to examine the factors influencing the patients' peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and the changes after immunotherapy. To examine the relationship between lymphocyte subsets and treatment outcomes, ROC curves were plotted using a logistic regression. Kaplan-Meier curve was drawn, and the Log Rank test was carried out to compare the differences in PFS between the different groups. Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to analyze the factors affecting PFS after calibration of other variables. RESULTS The proportion of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in patients with advanced gastric cancer was affected by age and PD-L1 level. Compared to the baseline, the treatment effective group had higher proportions of CD4 + T cells, a higher CD4+/CD8 + ratio, NK cells and Treg cells, and lower proportions of CD8 + T cells and B cells in the peripheral blood after three cycles of immunotherapy. In the treatment-naive group, there were no significant differences in the lymphocyte subsets. With cut-off values of 30.60% and 18.00%, baseline CD4 + T cell and NK cell ratios were independent predictors of immunotherapy efficacy and PFS. Treg cell ratio, gender, PD-L1 levels, and MMR status all predicted PFS independently. CONCLUSION The proportion of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets was modified in patients who responded to PD-1 inhibitors. Different lymphocyte subpopulation levels can be used as biomarkers to predict immunotherapy efficacy and clinical prognosis in patients with advanced gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, No.56, Xinjian South Road, Yingze District, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No.85, Jiefang South Road, Yingze District, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Department of Special Medical, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030013, China
| | - Huwei Dai
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Junmei Jia
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No.85, Jiefang South Road, Yingze District, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, People's Republic of China.
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Huan X, Zou K, Zhang P, Ding H, Luo C, Xiang C, Xu S, Zhuang Y, Wu C, Wang Y, Wu X, Chen C, Zhang J, Yao X, Liu F, Liu S, Wu Z. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is linked to an amended anti-tumorigenic microenvironment in gastric cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111352. [PMID: 38091833 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is a frequently intervention for patients with locally advanced gastric cancer (GC). Nevertheless, its impact on the tumor immune microenvironment remains unclear. METHODS We used immunohistochemistry to identify T-cell subpopulations, tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the GC microenvironment (GCME) among paired samples (pre-chemotherapy and post-chemotherapy) from 48 NAC-treated patients. Multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) was performed to assess immune biomarkers, including CK, CD4, CD8, FOXP3, PD1, PD-L1, CD163, CD86, myeloperoxidase and Arginase-1 in paired samples from 6 GC patients whose response to NAC were rigorously defined. RESULTS NAC was intricately linked to enhanced CD8+:CD4+ ratio, reduced CD163+ M2-like macrophages, augmented CD86+ M1: CD163+ M2-like macrophage ratio, and diminished FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (T-regs) and TANs density. Based on mIF, PD1+CD8+T-cells, FOXP3+T-regs, PD-L1+ TANs, and CD163+ M2-like macrophages exhibited marked reduction and greater co-localization with tumor cells following NAC. The pre-NAC FOXP3+ T-regs and CD163+ M2-like macrophages content was substantially elevated in the response cohort, whereas, the post-NAC CD8+:CD4+ and CD86+ M1: CD163+ M2-like macrophage ratios were intricately linked to the tumor pathologic response. We observed greater CD163+ M2-like macrophages and tumor cells co-localization following NAC, which was correlated with tumor pathologic response. Lastly, multivariate analysis revealed that post-NAC CD8+:CD4+ and CD86+ M1: CD163+ M2-like macrophage ratios were stand-alone indicators of positive patient prognosis. CONCLUSIONS NAC converts the GCME to an anti-tumorigenic state that is conducive to enhanced patient outcome. These finding can significantly benefit the future planning of highly efficacious and personalized GC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Huan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Kun Zou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Peichan Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China; No. 1 Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haihua Ding
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China; No. 1 Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chunyang Luo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China; No. 1 Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chunjie Xiang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shuo Xu
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuwen Zhuang
- Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Cunen Wu
- Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yaohui Wang
- Department of Pathology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Che Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xuequan Yao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Fukun Liu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shenlin Liu
- Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zhenfeng Wu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China.
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9
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Zhou Z, Lin Z, Wang M, Wang L, Ji Y, Yang J, Yang Y, Zhu G, Liu T. Identification and verification of PTPN3 as a novel biomarker in predicting cancer prognosis, immunity, and immunotherapeutic efficacy. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:12. [PMID: 38173048 PMCID: PMC10762909 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01587-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 3 (PTPN3) in controlling multifaceted tumor cell behaviors throughout cancer development has received widespread attention. Nevertheless, little is known about the biological roles of PTPN3 in drug sensitivity, immunotherapeutic effectiveness, tumor immune microenvironment, and cancer prognosis. METHODS The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database's RNAseq data were used to examine the expression of PTPN3 in 33 different cancer types. In addition, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to validate the expression of PTPN3 across various cancer types within our clinical cohorts. The features of PTPN3 alterations were demonstrated throughout the cBioPortal database. This study focused on examining the prognostic and clinicopathological importance of PTPN3 through the acquisition of clinical data from the TCGA database. The investigation of PTPN3's probable role in the tumor immune microenvironment was demonstrated by the application of CIBERSORT, ESTIMATE algorithms, and the TISIDB database. Using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, the relationships between PTPN3 expression and tumor mutation burden (TMB) and microsatellite instability (MSI) were evaluated. To further investigate the putative biological activities and downstream pathways of PTPN3 in various cancers in humans, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was carried out. In addition, an examination was conducted to explore the associations between PTPN3 and the effectiveness of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, utilizing data extracted from the GEO database. RESULTS PTPN3 was abnormally expressed in multiple cancer types and was also strictly associated with the prognosis of cancer patients. IHC was used to investigate and confirm the various expression levels of PTPN3 in various malignancies, including breast cancer, lung cancer, sarcoma, and kidney renal clear cell carcinoma in our clinical cohorts. There is a high correlation between the levels of PTPN3 expression in different cancers and infiltrating immune cells, including mast cells, B cells, regulatory T cells, CD8 + T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Infiltrating immune cells, such as regulatory T cells, CD8 + T cells, macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells, and mast cells, are strongly correlated with PTPN3 expression levels in various tumors. The expression of PTPN3 exhibited a substantial correlation with many immune-related biomolecules and the expression of TMB and MSI in multiple types of cancer. In addition, PTPN3 has demonstrated promise in predicting the therapeutic benefits of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and the susceptibility to anti-cancer medications in the treatment of clinical cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the importance of PTPN3 as a prognostic biomarker and predictor of immunotherapy success in various forms of cancer. Furthermore, PTPN3 appears to have an important role in modifying the tumor immune microenvironment, highlighting its potential as a promising biomarker for prognosis prediction, immunotherapeutic efficacy evaluation, and identification of immune-related characteristics in diverse cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziting Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Zhengjun Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Mingrui Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Lifan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yuqiao Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yaocheng Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Guanghui Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Orthopedics, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, China.
- Furong Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Tang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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10
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Ma M, Zheng Z, Zeng Z, Li J, Ye X, Kang W. Perioperative Enteral Immunonutrition Support for the Immune Function and Intestinal Mucosal Barrier in Gastric Cancer Patients Undergoing Gastrectomy: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:4566. [PMID: 37960219 PMCID: PMC10647624 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The impact of perioperative immunonutrition on patients undergoing radical gastrectomy remains undetermined. This study aimed to assess the influence of enteral immunonutrition support on postoperative immune function and intestinal mucosal barrier function following radical gastrectomy, contrasting findings with a control group to furnish evidence for perioperative enteral nutrition support. METHODS In this prospective randomized trial, 65 patients who underwent radical gastrectomy between June 2022 and June 2023 were included. Participants were allocated to either the study group (receiving enteral immunonutrition) or the control group (not receiving enteral immunonutrition). We compared postoperative rehabilitation and complications between the groups, analyzed the intestinal mucosal barrier function markers on the 3rd and 7th postoperative days, and delved deeper into peripheral blood cell immunity, inflammation, and nutritional indicators. RESULTS The cohort consisted of 30 patients in the study group and 35 in the control group, with no significant differences in demographic attributes between the two groups. On the 3rd postoperative day, the diamine oxidase, D-lactic acid, and endotoxin levels in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group (p = 0.029, p = 0.044, and p = 0.010, respectively). By the 7th postoperative day, these levels continued to be significantly diminished in the study group (p = 0.013, p = 0.033, and p = 0.004, respectively). The times to first flatus (p = 0.012) and first bowel movement (p = 0.012) were significantly shorter in the study group. Moreover, postoperative complications in the study group were fewer than in the control group (p = 0.039). On the 7th postoperative day, the study group had lower peripheral white blood cell (WBC) levels (p = 0.020) and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratios (NLR) (p = 0.031), but displayed elevated albumin levels (p = 0.006). One month post-surgery, the CD4+T and CD8+T counts were significantly greater in the study group (p = 0.003 and p = 0.012, respectively). Correlation analyses indicated that NLR and complications were associated with endotoxin levels. CONCLUSION Administering perioperative enteral immunonutrition enhances postoperative immune and intestinal mucosal barrier functions in patients undergoing radical gastrectomy. This effect leads to diminished inflammatory responses, a decreased rate of postoperative complications, and accelerated patient recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Weiming Kang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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11
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Hu X, Jiang C, Gao Y, Xue X. Human dendritic cell subsets in the glioblastoma-associated microenvironment. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 383:578147. [PMID: 37643497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive type of glioma (Grade IV). The presence of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTLs) has been associated with improved outcomes in patients with GBM, and it is believed that the activation of CTLs by dendritic cells may play a critical role in controlling the growth of GBM. DCs are professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) that orchestrate innate and adaptive anti-GBM immunity. DCs can subsequently differentiate into plasmacytoid DCs (pDC), conventional DC1 (cDC1), conventional (cDC2), and monocyte-derived DCs (moDC) depending on environmental exposure. The different subsets of DCs exhibit varying functional capabilities in antigen presentation and T cell activation in producing an antitumor response. In this review, we focus on recent studies describing the phenotypic and functional characteristics of DC subsets in humans and their respective antitumor immunity and immunotolerance roles in the GBM-associated microenvironment. The critical components of crosstalk between DC subsets that contribute significantly to GBM-specific immune responses are also highlighted in this review with reference to the latest literature. Since DCs could be prime targets for therapeutic intervention, it is worth summarizing the relevance of DC subsets with respect to GBM-associated immunologic tolerance and their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Hu
- Medical Research Center, People's Hospital of Longhua, The Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518000, China; Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, Life Sciences Institute & Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Chunmei Jiang
- Medical Research Center, People's Hospital of Longhua, The Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian 271000, China.
| | - Xingkui Xue
- Medical Research Center, People's Hospital of Longhua, The Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518000, China.
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12
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Kotb RR, Afifi AM, El-Houseini ME, Ezz-Elarab M, Basalious EB, Omran MM, Abdellateif MS. The potential immuno-stimulating effect of curcumin, piperine, and taurine combination in hepatocellular carcinoma; a pilot study. Discov Oncol 2023; 14:169. [PMID: 37704828 PMCID: PMC10499730 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00785-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is a phase II clinical trial to investigate the immunotherapeutic effect of Curcumin, Piperine, and Taurine (CPT) combination in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Twenty-six HCC patients aged (50-80 years) were recruited for administration of a daily dose of 5 g of curcumin, 50 mg of piperine, and 500 mg of taurine divided into three doses for successive 3 months. The three components (CPT) were prepared in one capsule. Patients were assessed after each month (cycle) for the plasma levels of CD4, CD8, CD25, Interleukins-2 (IL-2), IL-6, IL-12, Interferon-gamma (IFN- γ), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), FOXP3 mRNA, and miRNA 21. RESULTS There was a significant increase in the plasma levels of CD4 and CD8, while a significant decrease in the CD25 level after the second and third cycles compared to the baseline level [P < 0.001 for both]. Also, there was a significant increase in the plasma levels of IL-2, IL-12, and IFN-γ [ P = 0.001, P = 0.006, and P = 0.029; respectively], while there was a significant decrease in IL-6, VEGF-α, LDH, and Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) after CPT administration compared to the baseline levels [P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.020, and P = 0.004; respectively]. The expression level of miRNA-21 was significantly decreased after CPT administration compared to the baseline level [5.5±0.88, 4.1±0.78, 3±0.75, and 2.5±0.76; respectively, P<0.001]. Though there was a noticeable decrease in the FOXP3 expression after each cycle, however, it didn't reach a significant level [5.3±0.8, 4.2±0.76, 3.2±0.67, and 2.5±0.79; respectively, P=0.184]. CONCLUSION CPT could exhibit a potential immune-stimulating effect in HCC patients. The current trial had been registered at the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (NHTMRI), with a registration number of NHTMRI-IRB 2-21 on 5th January 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghda R Kotb
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Afifi
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Motawa E El-Houseini
- Medical Biochemistry and molecular biology, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ezz-Elarab
- National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Emad B Basalious
- Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Mervat M Omran
- Pharmacology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Biological science division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mona S Abdellateif
- Medical Biochemistry and molecular biology, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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13
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Jiang K, Liu H, Ge J, Yang B, Wang Y, Wang W, Wen Y, Zeng S, Chen Q, Huang J, Xiong X. A study related to the treatment of gastric cancer with Xiang-Sha-Liu-Jun-Zi-Tang based on network analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19546. [PMID: 37809372 PMCID: PMC10558807 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Xiang-Sha-Liu-Jun-Zi-Tang(XSLJZT) is a common formula for the treatment of Gastric Cancer(GC) and is widely used in clinical practice, however, there is a lack of investigation into its mechanism. Methods We collected and organized drug and disease targets, constructed the "XSLJZT-Active Ingredient-Target" visualization network, and performed GO and KEGG functional enrichment analysis of crossover genes, followed by molecular docking of active ingredients and core targets. The best docked monomers were combined with weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA) and macroscopically analyzed by GO and KEGG enrichment techniques. The results of cluster gene difference analysis, ROC evaluation, and CIBERSORT immune infiltration analysis were evaluated and finally supported by cellular experiments. Results The main components of XSLJZT are quercetin, stigmasterol, and naringenin, effectively treat GC by targeting STAT3, TP53 and MAPK3, which are involved in IL-17, TNF and HIF-1 signaling pathways. The results of molecular docking showed that quercetin bound better to the core targets. We performed an in-depth analysis of this monomer and found that quercetin acts on the core targets of TP53, MMP9, TIMP1 and MYC, and is involved in two key signaling pathways, TNF and IL-17, thus effectively treating GC. The experimental results are consistent with our analysis that quercetin inhibits the proliferation of GC cells and promotes apoptosis, and TP53, MYC and TIMP1 are the quercetin targets for the treatment of GC. Conclusion The present study tentatively suggests that quercetin, the main active ingredient in XSLJZT, can exert a therapeutic effect on GC by targeting TIMP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Jiang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
- NATCM Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, PR China
| | - Heli Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
| | - Jie Ge
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
- NATCM Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
- NATCM Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, PR China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
- NATCM Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, PR China
| | - Yuqi Wen
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
- NATCM Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, PR China
| | - Siqing Zeng
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
- NATCM Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, PR China
| | - Quan Chen
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
- NATCM Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, PR China
| | - Jun Huang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
- NATCM Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, PR China
| | - Xingui Xiong
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
- NATCM Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, PR China
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Liu HL, Feng X, Tang MM, Zhou HY, Peng H, Ge J, Liu T. Prognostic significance of preoperative lymphocyte to monocyte ratio in patients with signet ring gastric cancer. World J Gastrointest Surg 2023; 15:1673-1683. [PMID: 37701703 PMCID: PMC10494583 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v15.i8.1673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ratio of lymphocytes to monocytes (LMR) has been shown to be an effective predictor of gastric cancer prognosis. However, its predictive accuracy for signet ring gastric cancer is currently not well understood. AIM To evaluate the prognosis predictive accuracy of preoperative LMR in signet ring gastric cancer. METHODS A total of 212 signet ring gastric cancer patients admitted at the Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, from January 2012 to December 2016 were enrolled in the study. The prognosis predictive accuracy of preoperative LMR was explored based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic. Factors that significantly affect the survival of patients were identified using single factor analysis, and those that were independently associated with signet ring gastric cancer were identified through multivariate analysis. RESULTS The results of the single factor analysis revealed a strong correlation between the survival of signet ring gastric cancer patients and several factors, including tumor invasion (χ2 = 49.726; P < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (χ2 = 30.269; P < 0.001), pTNM stage (χ2 = 49.322; P < 0.001), surgical approach (χ2 = 8.489; P = 0.004), age (t = -2.213; P < 0.028), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (Z = -3.265; P = 0.001), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (Z = -2.196; P = 0.028), LMR (Z = -2.226; P = 0.026), ALB (t = 3.284; P = 0.001), prognostic nutritional index (t = -3.789; P < 0.001) and FIB (Z = -3.065; P = 0.002). Furthermore, the multivariate analysis further demonstrated that age (HR: 0.563, 95%CI: 0.363-0.873), tumor invasion depth (HR: 0.226, 95%CI: 0.098-0.520), pTNM stage (HR: 0.444, 95%CI: 0.255-0.771), preoperative CEA level (HR: 0.597, 95%CI: 0.386-8.790), and preoperative LMR level (HR: 1.776, 95%CI: 1.150-2.741) were independent factors influencing the prognosis of signet ring gastric cancer. CONCLUSION In signet ring gastric cancer patients, a low preoperative LMR level predicts poor prognosis. The death risk ratio of the low LMR group compared to the high LMR group is 1.776.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Li Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
- The Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Tumor, The Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiang Feng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Mi-Mi Tang
- Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hai-Yan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Huan Peng
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jie Ge
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
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Farhana A, Alsrhani A, Khan YS, Rasheed Z. Cancer Bioenergetics and Tumor Microenvironments-Enhancing Chemotherapeutics and Targeting Resistant Niches through Nanosystems. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3836. [PMID: 37568652 PMCID: PMC10416858 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is an impending bottleneck in the advanced scientific workflow to achieve diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic success. Most cancers are refractory to conventional diagnostic and chemotherapeutics due to their limited targetability, specificity, solubility, and side effects. The inherent ability of each cancer to evolve through various genetic and epigenetic transformations and metabolic reprogramming underlies therapeutic limitations. Though tumor microenvironments (TMEs) are quite well understood in some cancers, each microenvironment differs from the other in internal perturbations and metabolic skew thereby impeding the development of appropriate diagnostics, drugs, vaccines, and therapies. Cancer associated bioenergetics modulations regulate TME, angiogenesis, immune evasion, generation of resistant niches and tumor progression, and a thorough understanding is crucial to the development of metabolic therapies. However, this remains a missing element in cancer theranostics, necessitating the development of modalities that can be adapted for targetability, diagnostics and therapeutics. In this challenging scenario, nanomaterials are modular platforms for understanding TME and achieving successful theranostics. Several nanoscale particles have been successfully researched in animal models, quite a few have reached clinical trials, and some have achieved clinical success. Nanoparticles exhibit an intrinsic capability to interact with diverse biomolecules and modulate their functions. Furthermore, nanoparticles can be functionalized with receptors, modulators, and drugs to facilitate specific targeting with reduced toxicity. This review discusses the current understanding of different theranostic nanosystems, their synthesis, functionalization, and targetability for therapeutic modulation of bioenergetics, and metabolic reprogramming of the cancer microenvironment. We highlight the potential of nanosystems for enhanced chemotherapeutic success emphasizing the questions that remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Farhana
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alsrhani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yusuf Saleem Khan
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zafar Rasheed
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6655, Buraidah 51452, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Wang B, Huang L, Ye S, Zheng Z, Liao S. Identification of Novel Prognostic Biomarkers That are Associated with Immune Microenvironment Based on GABA-Related Molecular Subtypes in Gastric Cancer. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2023; 16:665-679. [PMID: 37405024 PMCID: PMC10315139 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s411862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays an important role in tumorigenesis and progression. Despite this, the role of Reactome GABA receptor activation (RGRA) on gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. This study was intended to screen RGRA-related genes in GC and investigate their prognostic value. Methods GSVA algorithm was used to assess the score of RGRA. GC patients were divided into two subtypes based on the median score of RGRA. GSEA, functional enrichment analysis, and immune infiltration analysis were performed between the two subgroups. Then, differentially expressed analysis, and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were used to identify RGRA-related genes. The prognosis and expression of core genes were analyzed and validated in the TCGA database, GEO database, and clinical samples. ssGSEA and ESTIMATE algorithms were used to assess the immune cell infiltration in the low- and high-core genes subgroups. Results High-RGRA subtype had a poor prognosis and activated immune-related pathways, as well as an activated immune microenvironment. ATP1A2 was identified to be the core gene. The expression of ATP1A2 was associated with the overall survival rate and tumor stage, and its expression was down-regulated in GC patients. Furthermore, ATP1A2 expression was positively correlated with the level of immune cells, including B cells, CD8 T cells, cytotoxic cells, DC, eosinophils, macrophages, mast cells, NK cells, and T cells. Conclusion Two RGRA-related molecular subtypes were identified that could predict the outcome in GC patients. ATP1A2 was a core immunoregulatory gene and was associated with prognosis and immune cell infiltration in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linlin Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanliang Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongwen Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanying Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People’s Republic of China
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Jiang Y, Yu J, Zhu T, Bu J, Hu Y, Liu Y, Zhu X, Gu X. Involvement of FAM83 Family Proteins in the Development of Solid Tumors: An Update Review. J Cancer 2023; 14:1888-1903. [PMID: 37476189 PMCID: PMC10355199 DOI: 10.7150/jca.83420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
FAM83 family members are a group of proteins that have been implicated in various solid tumors. In this updated review, we mainly focus on the cellular localization, molecular composition, and biological function of FAM83 family proteins in solid tumors. We discussed the factors that regulate abnormal protein expression and alterations in the functional activities of solid tumor cells (including non-coding microRNAs and protein modifiers) and potential mechanisms of tumorigenesis (including the MAPK, WNT, and TGF-β signaling pathways). Further, we highlighted the application of FAM83 family proteins in the diagnoses and treatment of different cancers, such as breast, lung, liver, and ovarian cancers from two aspects: molecular marker diagnosis and tumor drug resistance. We described the overexpression of FAM83 genes in various human malignant tumor cells and its relationship with tumor proliferation, migration, invasion, transformation, and drug resistance. Moreover, we explored the prospects and challenges of using tumor treatments based on the FAM83 proteins. Overall, we provide a theoretical basis for harnessing FAM83 family proteins as novel targets in cancer treatment. We believe that this review opens up open new directions for solid tumor treatment in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004 Liaoning province, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Yu
- Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Tong Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004 Liaoning province, P.R. China
| | - Jiawen Bu
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004 Liaoning province, P.R. China
| | - Yueting Hu
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004 Liaoning province, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004 Liaoning province, P.R. China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning 110042, P.R. China
| | - Xi Gu
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004 Liaoning province, P.R. China
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18
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Huang H, Li Z, Xia Y, Zhao Z, Wang D, Jin H, Liu F, Yang Y, Shen L, Lu Z. Association between radiomics features of DCE-MRI and CD8 + and CD4 + TILs in advanced gastric cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2023; 29:1611001. [PMID: 37342362 PMCID: PMC10277864 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2023.1611001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this investigation was to explore the correlation between the levels of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ and CD4+ T cells and the quantitative pharmacokinetic parameters of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 103 patients with histopathologically confirmed advanced gastric cancer (AGC). Three pharmacokinetic parameters, Kep, Ktrans, and Ve, and their radiomics characteristics were obtained by Omni Kinetics software. Immunohistochemical staining was used to determine CD4+ and CD8+ TILs. Statistical analysis was subsequently performed to assess the correlation between radiomics characteristics and CD4+ and CD8+ TIL density. Results: All patients included in this study were finally divided into either a CD8+ TILs low-density group (n = 51) (CD8+ TILs < 138) or a high-density group (n = 52) (CD8+ TILs ≥ 138), and a CD4+ TILs low-density group (n = 51) (CD4+ TILs < 87) or a high-density group (n = 52) (CD4+ TILs ≥ 87). ClusterShade and Skewness based on Kep and Skewness based on Ktrans both showed moderate negative correlation with CD8+ TIL levels (r = 0.630-0.349, p < 0.001), with ClusterShade based on Kep having the highest negative correlation (r = -0.630, p < 0.001). Inertia-based Kep showed a moderate positive correlation with the CD4+ TIL level (r = 0.549, p < 0.001), and the Correlation based on Kep showed a moderate negative correlation with the CD4+ TIL level, which also had the highest correlation coefficient (r = -0.616, p < 0.001). The diagnostic efficacy of the above features was assessed by ROC curves. For CD8+ TILs, ClusterShade of Kep had the highest mean area under the curve (AUC) (0.863). For CD4+ TILs, the Correlation of Kep had the highest mean AUC (0.856). Conclusion: The radiomics features of DCE-MRI are associated with the expression of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in AGC, which have the potential to noninvasively evaluate the expression of CD8+ and CD4+ TILs in AGC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Huang
- Shaoxing of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Zhiheng Li
- Department of Radiology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Yue Xia
- Shaoxing of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Hongyan Jin
- Country Department of Pathology, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Country Department of Pathology, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Ye Yang
- Country Department of Pathology, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Liyijing Shen
- Department of Radiology, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Zengxin Lu
- Department of Radiology, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
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Sun H, Wang H, Pan H, Zuo Y, Zhao R, Huang R, Xue Y, Song H. CD19 (+) B Cell Combined with Prognostic Nutritional Index Predicts the Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Gastric Cancer Who Underwent Surgery. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092531. [PMID: 37173997 PMCID: PMC10177131 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The aim of this study was to explore the predictive ability of lymphocyte subsets for the prognosis of gastric cancer patients who underwent surgery and the prognostic value of CD19 (+) B cell combined with the Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI). (2) Methods: This study involved 291 patients with gastric cancer who underwent surgery at our institution between January 2016 and December 2017. All patients had complete clinical data and peripheral lymphocyte subsets. Differences in clinical and pathological characteristics were examined using the Chi-square test or independent sample t-tests. The difference in survival was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and the Log-rank test. Cox's regression analysis was performed to identify independent prognostic indicators, and nomograms were used to predict survival probabilities. (3) Results: Patients were categorized into three groups based on their CD19 (+) B cell and PNI levels, with 56 cases in group one, 190 cases in group two, and 45 cases in group three. Patients in group one had a shorter progression-free survival (PFS) (HR = 0.444, p < 0.001) and overall survival (OS) (HR = 0.435, p < 0.001). CD19 (+) B cell-PNI had the highest area under the curve (AUC) compared with other indicators, and it was also identified as an independent prognostic factor. Moreover, CD3 (+) T cell, CD3 (+) CD8 (+) T cell, and CD3 (+) CD16 (+) CD56 (+) NK T cell were all negatively correlated with the prognosis, while CD19 (+) B cell was positively associated with the prognosis. The C-index and 95% confidence interval (CI) of nomograms for PFS and OS were 0.772 (0.752-0.833) and 0.773 (0.752-0.835), respectively. (4) Conclusions: Lymphocyte subsets including CD3 (+) T cell, CD3 (+) CD8 (+) T cell, CD3 (+) CD16 (+) CD56 (+) NK T cell, and CD19 (+) B cell were related to the clinical outcomes of patients with gastric cancer who underwent surgery. Additionally, PNI combined with CD19 (+) B cell had higher prognostic value and could be used to identify patients with a high risk of metastasis and recurrence after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Huibo Wang
- Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Hongming Pan
- Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yanjiao Zuo
- Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Ruihu Zhao
- Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yingwei Xue
- Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Hongjiang Song
- Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China
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20
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Metformin enhances T lymphocyte anti-tumor immunity by increasing the infiltration via vessel normalization. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 944:175592. [PMID: 36804835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal tumor vasculature blocks the extravasation of T lymphocytes into the tumor, thereby suppressing anti-tumor immunity. Recently, metformin has been shown to affect tumor vasculature and enhance T lymphocyte anti-tumor immunity. However, whether or how metformin affects T lymphocyte anti-tumor immunity via a vascular mechanism remains poorly understood. Herein, we show that a large number of CD8+ lymphocytes gathered in the peri-tumoral region, while very few infiltrated the tumor. Metformin administration increased the expression of anti-tumor immunity-associated genes and the number of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ lymphocytes. Injection of CD8 but not CD4 neutralization antibody into tumor-bearing mice significantly abrogated the anti-tumor effect of metformin. Critically, CD8+ lymphocytes were found to pass through the wall of perfused vessel. Further results of immunofluorescent staining showed that metformin greatly elevated tumor perfusion, which was accompanied by increased vascular maturity in the intratumoral region (ITR) but not peritumoral region (PTR). These findings provide evidence for the vascular mechanism involved in metformin-induced enhancement of T lymphocyte anti-tumor immunity. By remodeling the abnormal tumor vasculature, also called vessel normalization metformin increases vascular maturity and tumor perfusion, thus allowing more CD8+ lymphocytes to infiltrate the tumor.
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21
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Xu BB, Zheng ED, Sun HY, Huang Y, Zheng L, Lan QL, Zhou XL, Geng XG, Wang YN, Wang XY, Yu YC. Comprehensive analysis of circular RNA-associated competing endogenous RNA networks and immune infiltration in gastric cancer. Transpl Immunol 2023; 77:101793. [PMID: 36773765 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2023.101793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circular RNA (circRNA) has been proved to be an important regulator of gastric cancer (GC). However, the role and regulatory mechanism of circrna related competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) in GC have not been established. METHODS CircRNA data and clinical data were obtained from the GEO and TCGA databases. The ceRNA networks were constructed and a function enrichment analysis was completed. Additionally, correlations between hub genes expression, immune cell infiltration, and clinical phenotypes were determined. The differentially expressed circRNAs and their downstream microRNAs (miRNAs) were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and the hub genes were validated by western blot analysis. The migration and invasion ability of overexpressed hsa_circ_0002504 was determined by a transwell assay. RESULTS The ceRNA network contained 2 circRNAs, 3 miRNAs, and 55 messenger RNAs (mRNAs). 323 biological processes terms, 53 cellular components terms, 51 molecular functions terms, and 4 signaling pathways were revealed by the function enrichment analysis. The GSEA analysis revealed that the hub genes were positively correlated with the axon guidance and adhesion molecules pathways. The correlation analysis revealed that overexpressed EPHA4 and KCNA1 indicated poor tissue differentiation and were associated with clinically advanced stages of GC. The in vitro experiments showed that hsa_circ_0002504 was significantly down-regulated in GC cell lines. In addition, the overexpression of hsa_circ_0002504 led to a significant downregulation of hsa-miR-615-5p and hsa-miR-767-5p, as well as an upregulation of EPHA4, KCNA1, and NCAM1. Furthermore, it suppressed the migration and invasion ability of GC cells. CONCLUSIONS Hsa_circ_0002504 is a potential diagnostic biomarker for GC. High expression of EPHA4 and KCNA1 may indicate poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei-Bei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China; Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - En-Dian Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao-Yue Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Wenzhou Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiao-Li Lan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Ge Geng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ya-Nan Wang
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiu-Yan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ying-Cong Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
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22
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Hess NJ, Kink JA, Hematti P. Exosomes, MDSCs and Tregs: A new frontier for GVHD prevention and treatment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1143381. [PMID: 37063900 PMCID: PMC10090348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1143381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of graft versus host disease (GVHD) represents a long-standing complication of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). Different approaches have been used to control the development of GVHD with most relying on variations of chemotherapy drugs to eliminate allo-reactive T cells. While these approaches have proven effective, it is generally accepted that safer, and less toxic GVHD prophylaxis drugs are required to reduce the health burden placed on allo-HCT recipients. In this review, we will summarize the emerging concepts revolving around three biologic-based therapies for GVHD using T regulatory cells (Tregs), myeloid-derived-suppressor-cells (MDSCs) and mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) exosomes. This review will highlight how each specific modality is unique in its mechanism of action, but also share a common theme in their ability to preferentially activate and expand Treg populations in vivo. As these three GVHD prevention/treatment modalities continue their path toward clinical application, it is imperative the field understand both the biological advantages and disadvantages of each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Hess
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, United States
| | - John A. Kink
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Peiman Hematti
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, United States
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23
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Fang T, Yin X, Wang Y, Zhang L, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhao X, Lin X, Xue Y. Lymphocyte subset is more suitable than systemic inflammatory response biomarker and immunoglobulin in constructing prognostic nomogram model for advanced gastric cancer. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14669. [PMID: 36994403 PMCID: PMC10040715 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The serum factors of inflammation are known to be useful prognostic indicators of gastric cancer (GC). However, few studies have made comparisons to screen out more suitable biomarkers for the construction of Nomogram models. In this study, 566 patients who underwent radical gastrectomy were randomly selected. We evaluated the prognostic value of markers of systemic inflammation, including WBC, NLR, PLR, circulating total T cells, CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells and CD19+B cells, serum IgA, IgM, IgE and IgG, and compared them with traditional tumor markers (CEA, CA19-9, CA72-4 and CA125). Kaplan‒Meier analysis was used to analyze the correlation between biomarkers and overall survival (OS). We used time-dependent ROC analysis to investigate the prognostic accuracy of each biomarker. The risk of death was evaluated by the Cox regression model, and the Nomogram model was constructed by R software. We found that circulating total T cells, CD8+T cells, CEA, and CA125 had statistical significance in predicting advanced GC prognosis. Circulating CD8+T cells and CA125 were continuously superior to circulating total T cells and CEA in the prediction of 5-year OS. Cox regression found that CA125, circulating CD8+T cells, sex, and lymph node metastasis rate were independent risk factors for advanced GC. Furthermore, we combined all these predictors to construct a nomogram, which can supplement the AJCC 8th system. According to the comparison with commonly used serum immune biomarkers, circulating CD8+T cells is more sensitive to advanced GC. The prediction function of the Nomogram will supplement the traditional AJCC system, which contributes to individual survival prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Fang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Yin
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yimin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinghai Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuan Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingwei Xue
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
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24
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MaruYama T, Miyazaki H, Lim YJ, Gu J, Ishikawa M, Yoshida T, Chen W, Owada Y, Shibata H. Pyrolyzed deketene curcumin controls regulatory T cell generation and gastric cancer metabolism cooperate with 2-deoxy-d-glucose. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1049713. [PMID: 36814928 PMCID: PMC9939626 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1049713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrolyzed deketene curcumin GO-Y022 prevents carcinogenesis in a gastric cancer mouse model. However, it is still less clear if GO-Y022 affects tumor-induced immune suppression. In this study, we found that GO-Y022 inhibited Treg generation in the presence of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β). However, GO-Y022 showed less impact on Foxp3+ Tregs in the gastric tumor microenvironment. Gastric tumor cells produce a large amount of L-lactate in the presence of GO-Y022 and diminish the inhibitory role of GO-Y022 against Treg generation in response to TGF-β. Therefore, naïve CD4+ T cells co-cultured with GO-Y022 treated gastric tumor cells increased Treg generation. GO-Y022-induced tumor cell death was further enhanced by 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG), a glycolysis inhibitor. Combination treatment of GO-Y022 and 2DG results in reduced L-lactate production and Treg generation in gastric tumor cells. Overall, GO-Y022-treatment with restricted glucose metabolism inhibits gastric tumor cell survival and promotes anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi MaruYama
- Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Akita University, Akita, Japan
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Miyazaki
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yun-Ji Lim
- Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jian Gu
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Masaki Ishikawa
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Taichi Yoshida
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Akita University, Akita, Japan
| | - WanJun Chen
- Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yuji Owada
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shibata
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Akita University, Akita, Japan
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25
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Gao C, Tong YX, Zhu L, Dan Zeng CD, Zhang S. Short-term prognostic role of peripheral lymphocyte subsets in patients with gastric cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109641. [PMID: 36584574 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune function is associated with clinical outcomes in patients with gastric cancer. This study aimed to explore the prognostic role of peripheral lymphocyte subsets in patients with gastric cancer after curative surgery. METHODS This retrospective study was conducted at a single tertiary referral hospital. We included patients diagnosed with gastric cancer who had undergone surgery and met the inclusion criteria. Clinicopathological characteristics and preoperative peripheral lymphocyte subset data were collected for the analysis. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier curve and Cox hazard regression model. We used the Whitney test and Spearman test to analyze the correlation between lymphocyte subsets and clinicopathological characteristics. RESULTS This study included 171 patients with gastric cancer who underwent curative surgery. Multivariate analysis revealed that carcinoembryonic antigen (p < 0.01), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (p < 0.001), lymph node metastases (p < 0.001), total T-cell count (p = 0.02), B-cell count (p < 0.01), and regulatory T-cell percentage (p < 0.01) were independent predictive factors associated with RFS. CONCLUSIONS Impaired immune function may lead to early recurrence following curative surgery. Our study showed that the characteristics of peripheral lymphocyte subsets (T, B, and Treg cells) were independent predictive factors for recurrence in patients with gastric cancer after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Xin Tong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ci Dian Dan Zeng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang L, Wei Y, He Y, Wang X, Huang Z, Sun L, Chen J, Zhu Q, Zhou X. Clinical implication and immunological landscape analyses of ANLN in pan-cancer: A new target for cancer research. Cancer Med 2023; 12:4907-4920. [PMID: 36030492 PMCID: PMC9972146 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anillin is a F-actin binding protein (ANLN) mainly involved in the process of cytokinesis and known to be dysregulated in diverse cancers. However, the role of ANLN in pan-cancer prognosis and tumor immunity remains unclear. METHODS Gene expression profiles of 31 solid tumors were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. ANLN mRNA and protein expression were quantified using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Protein expression of ANLN was further confirmed in Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database. Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis were utilized to assess the prognostic value of ANLN in pan-cancer. The correlation between ANLN and different immune gene markers and infiltration cells was analyzed via ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT. A BLCA immunotherapy cohort: IMvigor (210) was used to confirm the role of ANLN in immune response. RESULTS ANLN upregulation was detected in 21 types of cancers and was associated with poor overall survival (OS), disease-free interval (DFI), and progression-free interval (PFI) in most cancers except in THYM (Thymoma). Additionally, correlation analysis revealed a significantly positive association between ANLN expression and tumor mutation burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), immune cells infiltration. and immune checkpoint genes in various cancers. The BLCA immunotherapy cohort confirmed that patients with higher ANLN level had better immune responses and longer OS. CONCLUSION ANLN may serve as a prognostic biomarker for pan-cancer. ANLN upregulation is associated with higher TMB, MSI, and immune cell infiltration in multiple types of tumors, shedding new light for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Wei
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaping Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zebo Huang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Libing Sun
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University (Medical Center of Soochow University), Suzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qingyi Zhu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Ma W, Li W, Yu S, Bian H, Wang Y, Jin Y, Zhang Z, Ma Q, Huang L. Immunomodulatory effects of complex probiotics on the immuno-suppressed mice induced by cyclophosphamide. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1055197. [PMID: 36778877 PMCID: PMC9911820 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1055197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous studies have reported the beneficial effects of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis XLTG11, Lacticaseibacillus casei Zhang, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum P8, respectively. However, studies on the immunomodulatory enhancing effects of three complex probiotics have not been conducted. The aim of our study is to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of complex probiotics effect on the immunosuppressed mice induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX). Methods An immunocompromised mouse model was established by intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide, which was gavage of different doses of complex probiotics and levamisole hydrochloride. The splenic and thymic indices, intestinal barrier, leukocyte and lymphocyte counts, percentage of splenic lymphocyte subpopulations, cytokine levels, and gut microbiota were determined. Results Results showed that the complex probiotics significantly elevated the spleen and thymus indices, increased the villi and crypt depth and the goblet cells. The leukocyte and lymphocyte counts and the percentage of splenic lymphocyte subpopulations in the CTX-treated mice were significantly elevated by the complex probiotics. In addition, the cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, and IFN-γ) were significantly increased after complex probiotic treatment. The complex probiotics restored the gut microbiota structure to the pattern of the control group by reducing the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes and enhancing the relative abundances of specific microbiota that produced short-chain fatty acids. Discussion This study provides theoretical support for the immunity-enhancing function of the complex probiotics as well as a pharmacological basis for its further development and utilization.
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Jin K, Qian C, Lin J, Liu B. Cyclooxygenase-2-Prostaglandin E2 pathway: A key player in tumor-associated immune cells. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1099811. [PMID: 36776289 PMCID: PMC9911818 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1099811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenases-2 (COX-2) and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which are important in chronic inflammatory diseases, can increase tumor incidence and promote tumor growth and metastasis. PGE2 binds to various prostaglandin E receptors to activate specific downstream signaling pathways such as PKA pathway, β-catenin pathway, NF-κB pathway and PI3K/AKT pathway, all of which play important roles in biological and pathological behavior. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which play as COX-2 inhibitors, and EP antagonists are important in anti-tumor immune evasion. The COX-2-PGE2 pathway promotes tumor immune evasion by regulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells, lymphocytes (CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells and natural killer cells), and antigen presenting cells (macrophages and dendritic cells). Based on conventional treatment, the addition of COX-2 inhibitors or EP antagonists may enhance immunotherapy response in anti-tumor immune escape. However, there are still a lot of challenges in cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we focus on how the COX-2-PGE2 pathway affects tumor-associated immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaipeng Jin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Qian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinti Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Bing Liu, ; Jinti Lin,
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Bing Liu, ; Jinti Lin,
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Benito-Lopez JJ, Marroquin-Muciño M, Perez-Medina M, Chavez-Dominguez R, Aguilar-Cazares D, Galicia-Velasco M, Lopez-Gonzalez JS. Partners in crime: The feedback loop between metabolic reprogramming and immune checkpoints in the tumor microenvironment. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1101503. [PMID: 36713558 PMCID: PMC9879362 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1101503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and constantly changing cellular system composed of heterogeneous populations of tumor cells and non-transformed stromal cells, such as stem cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, pericytes, adipocytes, and innate and adaptive immune cells. Tumor, stromal, and immune cells consume available nutrients to sustain their proliferation and effector functions and, as a result of their metabolism, produce a wide array of by-products that gradually alter the composition of the milieu. The resulting depletion of essential nutrients and enrichment of by-products work together with other features of the hostile TME to inhibit the antitumor functions of immune cells and skew their phenotype to promote tumor progression. This review briefly describes the participation of the innate and adaptive immune cells in recognizing and eliminating tumor cells and how the gradual metabolic changes in the TME alter their antitumor functions. In addition, we discuss the overexpression of the immune checkpoints and their ligands as a result of nutrient deprivation and by-products accumulation, as well as the amplification of the metabolic alterations induced by the immune checkpoints, which creates an immunosuppressive feedback loop in the TME. Finally, the combination of metabolic and immune checkpoint inhibitors as a potential strategy to treat cancer and enhance the outcome of patients is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus J Benito-Lopez
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosio Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario Marroquin-Muciño
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosio Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Quimioterapia Experimental, Departamento de Bioquimica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario Perez-Medina
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosio Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Quimioterapia Experimental, Departamento de Bioquimica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Chavez-Dominguez
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosio Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dolores Aguilar-Cazares
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosio Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miriam Galicia-Velasco
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosio Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jose S Lopez-Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosio Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
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Hu M, Chong R, Liu W, Liu S, Liu X. Characteristic of molecular subtype based on lysosome-associated genes reveals clinical prognosis and immune infiltration of gastric cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1155418. [PMID: 37197421 PMCID: PMC10183605 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1155418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lysosome are involved in nutrient sensing, cell signaling, cell death, immune responses and cell metabolism, which play an important role in the initiation and development of multiple tumors. However, the biological function of lysosome in gastric cancer (GC) has not been revealed. Here, we aim to screen lysosome-associated genes and established a corresponding prognostic risk signature for GC, then explore the role and underlying mechanisms. Methods The lysosome-associated genes (LYAGs) were obtained from MSigDB database. Differentially expressed lysosome-associated genes (DE-LYAGs) of GC were acquired based on the TCGA database and GEO database. According to expression profiles of DE-LYAGs, we divided the GC patients into different subgroups and then explored tumor microenvironment (TME) landscape and immunotherapy response in LYAG subtypes using GSVA, ESTIMATE and ssGSEA algorithms. Univariate Cox regression analysis, LASSO algorithm and multivariate Cox regression analysis were adopted to identify the prognostic LYAGs and then establish a risk model for patients with GC. The Kaplan-Meier analysis, Cox regression analysis and ROC analysis were utilized to evaluate the performance of the prognostic risk model. Clinical GC specimens were also used to verify the bioinformatics results by qRT-PCR assay. Results Thirteen DE-LYAGs were obtained and utilized to distinguish three subtypes in GC samples. Expression profiles of the 13 DE-LYAGs predicted prognosis, tumor-related immunological abnormalities and pathway dysregulation in these three subtypes. Furthermore, we constructed a prognostic risk model for GC based on DEG in the three subtypes. The Kaplan-Meier analysis suggested that higher risk score related to short OS rate. The Cox regression analysis and ROC analysis indicated that risk model had independent and excellent ability in predicting prognosis of GC patients. Mechanistically, a remarkable difference was observed in immune cell infiltration, immunotherapy response, somatic mutation landscape and drug sensitivity. qRT-PCR results showed that compared with corresponding adjacent normal tissues, most screened genes showed significant abnormal expressions and the expression change trends were consistent with the bioinformatics results. Conclusions We established a novel signature based on LYAGs which could be served as a prognostic biomarker for GC. Our study might provide new insights into individualized prognostication and precision treatment for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maodong Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huangdao District People’s Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruifeng Chong
- Department of General Surgery, Chengyang District People’s Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Weilin Liu
- General Surgery Department, Qingdao Hongdao People's Hospital, Chengyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuangyong Liu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaolei Liu,
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Perez-Castro L, Garcia R, Venkateswaran N, Barnes S, Conacci-Sorrell M. Tryptophan and its metabolites in normal physiology and cancer etiology. FEBS J 2023; 290:7-27. [PMID: 34687129 PMCID: PMC9883803 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Within the growing field of amino acid metabolism, tryptophan (Trp) catabolism is an area of increasing interest. Trp is essential for protein synthesis, and its metabolism gives rise to biologically active catabolites including serotonin and numerous metabolites in the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway. In normal tissues, the production of Trp metabolites is directly regulated by the tissue-specific expression of Trp-metabolizing enzymes. Alterations of these enzymes in cancers can shift the balance and lead to an increased production of specific byproducts that can function as oncometabolites. For example, increased expression of the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which converts Trp into Kyn, leads to an increase in Kyn levels in numerous cancers. Kyn functions as an oncometabolite in cancer cells by promoting the activity of the transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor, which regulates progrowth genes. Moreover, Kyn also inhibits T-cell activity and thus allows cancer cells to evade clearance by the immune system. Therefore, targeting the Kyn pathway has become a therapeutic focus as a novel means to abrogate tumor growth and immune resistance. This review summarizes the biological role and regulation of Trp metabolism and its catabolites with an emphasis on tumor cell growth and immune evasion and outlines areas for future research focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizbeth Perez-Castro
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Roy Garcia
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Niranjan Venkateswaran
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Spencer Barnes
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Maralice Conacci-Sorrell
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Keshavjee SH, Moy RH, Reiner SL, Ryeom SW, Yoon SS. Gastric Cancer and the Immune System: The Key to Improving Outcomes? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235940. [PMID: 36497422 PMCID: PMC9739366 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric adenocarcinoma is by far the most common form of gastric cancer (GC) and is a highly lethal form of cancer arising from the gastric epithelium. GC is an important area of focus of the medical community, given its often late-stage of diagnosis and associated high mortality rate. While surgery and chemotherapy remain the primary treatments, attention has been drawn to the use of immunologic therapies, which have shown promise in the treatment of other malignancies. The role for immune-based therapies has become clearer as we obtain a greater understanding of the role of the immune system in gastric cancer formation and growth. A variety treatment to augment the immune system are under evaluation in clinical trials, and these include immune checkpoint inhibitors, antibody-drug conjugates, and immune cell-based therapies. Here, we review the immune landscape and immune-based therapies for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara H. Keshavjee
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ryan H. Moy
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Steven L. Reiner
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sandra W. Ryeom
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sam S. Yoon
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Correspondence:
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Mansorunov D, Apanovich N, Kipkeeva F, Nikulin M, Malikhova O, Stilidi I, Karpukhin A. The Correlation of Ten Immune Checkpoint Gene Expressions and Their Association with Gastric Cancer Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213846. [PMID: 36430322 PMCID: PMC9695628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the immunotherapy based on immune checkpoint inhibition (IC), additional ICs are being studied to increase its effectiveness. An almost unstudied feature is the possible co-expression of ICs, which can determine the therapeutic efficacy of their inhibition. For the selection of promising ICs, information on the association of their expression with cancer development may be essential. We have obtained data on the expression correlation of ADAM17, PVR, TDO2, CD274, CD276, CEACAM1, IDO1, LGALS3, LGALS9, and HHLA2 genes in gastric cancer (GC). All but one, TDO2, have other IC genes with co-expression at some stage. At the metastatic stage, the expression of the IDO1 does not correlate with any other gene. The correlations are positive, but the expressions of the CD276 and CEACAM1 genes are negatively correlated. The expression of TDO2 and LGALS3 is associated with GC metastasis. The expression of TDO2 four-fold higher in metastatic tumors than in non-metastatic tumors, but LGALS3 was two-fold lower. The differentiation is associated with IDO1. The revealed features of TDO2, with a significant increase in expression at the metastatic stage and the absence of other IC genes with correlated expression indicates that the prospect of inhibiting TDO2 in metastatic GC. IDO1 may be considered for inhibition in low-differentiated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danzan Mansorunov
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St., 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya Apanovich
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St., 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Fatimat Kipkeeva
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St., 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim Nikulin
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of Russia, 24 Kashirskoe Shosse, 115478 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Malikhova
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of Russia, 24 Kashirskoe Shosse, 115478 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Stilidi
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of Russia, 24 Kashirskoe Shosse, 115478 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Karpukhin
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St., 115522 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-499-324-12-39
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Hou W, Kong L, Hou Z, Ji H. CD44 is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltrates in gastric cancer. BMC Med Genomics 2022; 15:225. [PMCID: PMC9620622 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01383-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Gastric carcinoma is the most common malignant tumour of the human digestive system worldwide. CD44 serves as a marker for several tumour stem cells, including gastric cancer. However, the prognostic value of CD44 and its correlation with immune infiltration in gastric cancer remain unclear. Methods The relative expression level of CD44 RNA in gastric cancer was analysed in the TCGA and GEPIA2 databases and validated in the GEO database. Differences in CD44 between gastric cancer cell lines and normal cells were detected by real-time PCR, and the HPA database was used to analyse the differential expression of CD44 protein in gastric cancer and normal tissues. The effect of CD44 on the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells was detected by CCK8 and transwell assays. UALCAN was used to analyse the relationship between CD44 expression and clinical parameters, and the Kaplan‒Meier Plotter was used to evaluate the prognostic value, including overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and post-progression survival (PPS). The CD44 gene and protein interaction network was constructed by using the Linked Omics, GeneMANIA, STRING and DisGeNET databases. GO and KEGG analyses and GSEA of CD44 were performed by using R language. The correlation between CD44 and immune infiltration was explored by using the TIMER, CIBERSORT and GEPIA databases. Results CD44 is highly expressed in gastric cancer compared with normal tissues. Inhibition of proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells after CD44 knockdown was observed. The UALCAN database showed that CD44 was independent of sex in gastric cancer but correlated with cancer stage and lymph node metastasis. Kaplan‒Meier Plotter online analysis showed that OS, PFS and PPS were prolonged in the CD44 low-expression group. GO and KEGG analyses and GSEA results showed that CD44 was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum and the extracellular matrix containing collagen, which was mainly involved in protein digestion and absorption. TIMER, CIBERSORT and GEPIA showed that CD44 was associated with infiltrating immune cells and thereby affected survival prognosis. Conclusion CD44 is highly expressed in gastric cancer and is an independent prognostic factor associated with immune invasion, which can be used as a candidate prognostic biomarker to determine the prognosis associated with gastric immune invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Hou
- grid.413851.a0000 0000 8977 8425College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Lingwei Kong
- grid.413851.a0000 0000 8977 8425Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Zhiping Hou
- grid.413851.a0000 0000 8977 8425Department of Pathology, Chengde Medical University, Shangerdaohezi Avenue, Chengde, 067000 Hebei China
| | - Hairu Ji
- grid.413851.a0000 0000 8977 8425Department of Pathology, Chengde Medical University, Shangerdaohezi Avenue, Chengde, 067000 Hebei China
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Lei S, Jin J, Zhao X, Zhou L, Qi G, Yang J. The role of IL-33/ST2 signaling in the tumor microenvironment and Treg immunotherapy. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:1810-1818. [PMID: 35733343 PMCID: PMC9679353 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221102094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-33 is a tissue-derived nuclear cytokine belonging to the IL-1 family. Stimulation-2 (ST2) is the only known IL-33 receptor. ST2 signals mostly on immune cells found within tissues, such as regulatory T cells (Treg cells), CD8+ T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. Therefore, the IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway is important in the immune system. IL-33 deficiency impairs Treg cell function. ST2 signaling is also increased in active Treg cells, providing a new approach for Treg-related immunotherapy. The IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway regulates multiple immune-related cells by activating various intracellular kinases and factors in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we review the latest studies on the role of the IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway in TME and Treg immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangbo Lei
- Department of Immunology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, Guangxi, China,Department of Pathophysiology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, Guangxi, China,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiamin Jin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiangfeng Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, Guangxi, China
| | - Lihua Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, Guangxi, China
| | - Guangying Qi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, Guangxi, China,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, Guangxi, China
| | - Jinfeng Yang
- Department of Immunology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, Guangxi, China,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, Guangxi, China,Jinfeng Yang.
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Kawatoko S, Kohashi K, Torisu T, Sasaki T, Umekita S, Oki E, Nakamura M, Kitazono T, Oda Y. Solid-type poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the stomach: A characteristic morphology reveals a distinctive immunoregulatory tumor microenvironment. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 238:154124. [PMID: 36137397 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Solid-type poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (solid-type-PDA) of the stomach is a unique histological subtype of "tubular adenocarcinoma", but little is known about its clinicopathological features, molecular pathological characteristics and immunoregulatory tumor microenvironment. Herein, we examined the immunohistochemical expressions of mismatch repair (MMR) proteins (MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, MSH6) in 57 cases of solid-type-PDA and classified them as either MMR-deficient or -proficient (dMMR, N = 23; pMMR, N = 34), and additionally identified 18 dMMR-well-differentiated adenocarcinoma (WDA) and 34 pMMR-WDA as control groups. We analyzed and compared solid-type-PDA with WDA by evaluating the immunoexpressions of key immune pathway proteins (programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1)) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) (CD8, Foxp3 and PD-1). The results reveled IDO1 was significantly more frequent in dMMR-solid-type-PDA than in dMMR-WDA (P = 0.0046). Moreover, dMMR-solid-type-PDA tended to have higher mean CD8+ and Foxp3+ TILs compared with dMMR-WDA [P = 0.0006 (CD8+) and P = 0.1061 (Foxp3+)], and IDO1-positive tended to be associated with a large number of CD8+, Foxp3+ or PD-1+ TILs in almost all tumor subtypes. PD-L1 was significantly observed in 44 % (15/34) of pMMR-solid-type-PDA compared with 18 % (6/34) of pMMR-WDA (P = 0.0344). Although they are molecularly and morphologically classified as the same chromosomal instability subtype, overall survival (OS) and disease-free-survival (DFS) in pMMR-solid-type-PDA were significantly worse than those in pMMR-WDA [P = 0.0216 (OS) and P = 0.0160 (DFS)]. Our study demonstrates that immunoexpressions of several immunoregulatory proteins and TILs are more prevalent in dMMR-solid-type-PDA, potentially a useful discovery for designing tumor treatments with immune checkpoint inhibitors or combination therapies with a PD-1/PD-L1-inhibitor and IDO1-inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Kawatoko
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kohashi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takehiro Torisu
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taisuke Sasaki
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinya Umekita
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eiji Oki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masafumi Nakamura
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takanari Kitazono
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Piersiala K, da Silva PFN, Lagebro V, Kolev A, Starkhammar M, Elliot A, Marklund L, Munck-Wikland E, Margolin G, Georén SK, Cardell LO. Tumour-draining lymph nodes in head and neck cancer are characterized by accumulation of CTLA-4 and PD-1 expressing Treg cells. Transl Oncol 2022; 23:101469. [PMID: 35714487 PMCID: PMC9207719 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High Tregs infiltration within the tumour microenvironment (TME) of various cancers shows a positive correlation with poor prognosis. Despite the fact that tumour draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) are recognized as key organs playing a crucial role in response to immunotherapy and modulating anti-cancer immunity, the distribution of Tregs and their role in TDLNs remain uncertain thus far. The purpose of this project is to investigate the density of Tregs in TDLNs and non-TDLNs and their expression of immune checkpoint molecules - PD-1 and CTLA-4. METHODS Samples including TDLNs, non-TDLNs and metastatic lymph nodes (LNs) from 23 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) were analyzed by multicolour flow cytometry with a focus on Tregs population and expression of CTLA-4 and PD-1. RESULTS TDLNs and metastatic LNs were characterized by a significantly higher infiltration of Tregs defined as CD4+FoxP3+CD25highCD127low cells and significantly higher expression of CTLA-4 and PD-1 on Tregs compared with non-TDLNs. Tregs in TDLNs and metastatic LNs co-expressed CTLA-4 and PD-1 abundantly. High expression of these immune check-point molecules correlated with positive N-stage but not with T-stage. CONCLUSION TDLNs and metastatic LNs are characterized by a high accumulation of Tregs expressing high levels of CTLA-4 and PD-1. High infiltration of Tregs can be a potential driver of an immunosuppressive milieu in TDLNs that can, in turn, favour cancer progression. High accumulation of Tregs expressing CTLA-4 and PD-1 in TDLNs is associated with lymph node involvement, but not with the size of the primary tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Piersiala
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Vilma Lagebro
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
| | - Aeneas Kolev
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Medical unit Head Neck, Lung and skin Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Starkhammar
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Elliot
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Medical unit Head Neck, Lung and skin Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Marklund
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Medical unit Head Neck, Lung and skin Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Munck-Wikland
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Medical unit Head Neck, Lung and skin Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gregori Margolin
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Medical unit Head Neck, Lung and skin Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna Kumlien Georén
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars-Olaf Cardell
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Wang L, Gao M, Sun D, Wu H, Lv S, Li Y, Li L. PLK1 Is a Potential Prognostic Factor Associated with the Tumor Microenvironment in Lung Adenocarcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:7848771. [PMID: 35941968 PMCID: PMC9356880 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7848771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
More than 40% of lung cancers are lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) worldwide. However, the prognosis of LUAD is poor for the lack of effective treatment methods. Our study identified PLK1 as a novel prognosis biomarker and treatment target for LUAD. Based on the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from 551 LUAD cases were analyzed for the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. To explore the biological pathways and the tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TICs) using gene set variation analysis (GSVA) and the CIBERSORT, as well as to analyze DEGs, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and Cox regression analysis were performed. Validation of DEGs was achieved through quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and immunoblotting. DEGs associated with the cell cycle were sorted out. Cell cycle scores were positively correlated with age, clinical stages, and metastasis and negatively correlated with overall survival of LUAD patients. PPI and Cox analyses showed that PLK1 could be a prognostic factor for LUAD patients. CIBERSORT analysis revealed a positive correlation between the transcription level of PLK1 and the function of CD8+ and activated memory CD4+ T cells, as well as a negative correlation with activated natural killer cells. Furthermore, PLK1 overexpression increased immune cytotoxicity, as measured by the cytolytic activity score, IFN- score, and IFN- level. There is a strong correlation between PLK1 and key features of TICs, indicating its potential as a promising prognostic biomarker for LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Man Gao
- Pediatric Department of Respiration II, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Dongjie Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Haitao Wu
- Cancer Center of the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shuang Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yulin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lisha Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Yuan X, Zhou J, Zhou L, Huang Z, Wang W, Qiu J, Yang Q, Zhang C, Ma M. Apoptosis-Related Gene-Mediated Cell Death Pattern Induces Immunosuppression and Immunotherapy Resistance in Gastric Cancer. Front Genet 2022; 13:921163. [PMID: 35865012 PMCID: PMC9295743 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.921163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Apoptosis is a type of cell death, which can produce abundant mediators to modify the tumor microenvironment. However, relationships between apoptosis, immunosuppression, and immunotherapy resistance of gastric cancer (GC) remain unclear. Methods: Gene expression data and matching clinical information were extracted from TCGA-STAD, GSE84437, GSE34942, GSE15459, GSE57303, ACRG/GSE62254, GSE29272, GSE26253, and IMvigor210 datasets. A consensus clustering analysis based on six apoptosis-related genes (ARGs) was performed to determine the molecular subtypes, and then an apoptosisScore was constructed based on differentially expressed and prognostic genes between molecular subtypes. Estimate R package was utilized to calculate the tumor microenvironment condition. Kaplan-Meier analysis and ROC curves were performed to further confirm the apoptosisScore efficacy. Results: Based on six ARGs, two molecular subgroups with significantly distinct survival and immune cell infiltration were identified. Then, an apoptosisScore was built to quantify the apoptosis index of each GC patient. Next, we investigated the correlations between the clinical characteristics and apoptosisScore using logistic regression. Multivariate Cox analysis shows that low apoptosisScore was an independent predictor of poor overall survival in TCGA and ACRG datasets, and was associated with the higher pathological stage. Meanwhile, low apoptosisScore was associated with higher immune cell, higher ESTIMATEScore, higher immuneScore, higher stromalScore, higher immune checkpoint, and lower tumorpurity, which was consistent with the “immunity tidal model theory”. Importantly, low apoptosisScore was sensitive to immunotherapy. In addition, GSEA indicated that several gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes items associated with apoptosis, several immune-related pathways, and JAK–STAT signal pathway were considerably enriched in the low apoptosisScore phenotype pathway. Conclusion: Our findings propose that low apoptosisScore is a prognostic biomarker, correlated with immune infiltrates, and sensitivity to immunotherapy in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Liping Zhou
- Department of Endoscopy Center, The No.6 People’s Hospital of Benxi, Liaoning, China
| | - Zudong Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Jiasheng Qiu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Qiangbang Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Chaohao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - MingHui Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming, China
- *Correspondence: MingHui Ma, ,
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Assessing the tumor immune microenvironment in gastric carcinoma: a practical approach. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:1440-1441. [PMID: 35107756 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02778-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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The Kynurenine Pathway and Cancer: Why Keep It Simple When You Can Make It Complicated. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112793. [PMID: 35681770 PMCID: PMC9179486 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The kynurenine pathway has two main physiological roles: (i) it protects specific organs such as the eyes and placenta from strong immune reactions and (ii) it additionally generate in the liver and kidney a metabolite essential to all cells of human body. Abnormal activation of this pathway is recurrently observed in numerous cancer types. Its two functions are hijacked to promote tumor growth and cancer cell dissemination through multiple mechanisms. Clinical assays including administration of inhibitors of this pathway have not yet been successful. The complex regulation of this pathway is likely the reason behind this failure. In this review, we try to give an overview of the current knowledge about this pathway, to point out the next challenges, and to propose alternative therapeutic routes. Abstract The kynurenine pathway has been highlighted as a gatekeeper of immune-privileged sites through its ability to generate from tryptophan a set of immunosuppressive metabolic intermediates. It additionally constitutes an important source of cellular NAD+ for the organism. Hijacking of its immunosuppressive functions, as recurrently observed in multiple cancers, facilitates immune evasion and promotes tumor development. Based on these observations, researchers have focused on characterizing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1), the main enzyme catalyzing the first and limiting step of the pathway, and on developing therapies targeting it. Unfortunately, clinical trials studying IDO1 inhibitors have thus far not met expectations, highlighting the need to unravel this complex signaling pathway further. Recent advances demonstrate that these metabolites additionally promote tumor growth, metastatic dissemination and chemoresistance by a combination of paracrine and autocrine effects. Production of NAD+ also contributes to cancer progression by providing cancer cells with enhanced plasticity, invasive properties and chemoresistance. A comprehensive survey of this complexity is challenging but necessary to achieve medical success.
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Xiao X, Cheng W, Zhang G, Wang C, Sun B, Zha C, Kong F, Jia Y. Long Noncoding RNA: Shining Stars in the Immune Microenvironment of Gastric Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:862337. [PMID: 35402261 PMCID: PMC8989925 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.862337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a kind of malignant tumor disease that poses a serious threat to human health. The GC immune microenvironment (TIME) is a very complex tumor microenvironment, mainly composed of infiltrating immune cells, extracellular matrix, tumor-associated fibroblasts, cytokines and chemokines, all of which play a key role in inhibiting or promoting tumor development and affecting tumor prognosis. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a non-coding RNA with a transcript length is more than 200 nucleotides. LncRNAs are expressed in various infiltrating immune cells in TIME and are involved in innate and adaptive immune regulation, which is closely related to immune escape, migration and invasion of tumor cells. LncRNA-targeted therapeutic effect prediction for GC immunotherapy provides a new approach for clinical research on the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Xiao
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China.,Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Cheng
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China.,Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guixing Zhang
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China.,Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chaoran Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China.,Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Binxu Sun
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunyuan Zha
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China.,Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Fanming Kong
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingjie Jia
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
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Mechanism of Herb Pairs Astragalus mongholicus and Curcuma phaeocaulis Valeton in Treating Gastric Carcinoma: A Network Pharmacology Combines with Differential Analysis and Molecular Docking. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8361431. [PMID: 35321506 PMCID: PMC8938068 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8361431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Gastric carcinoma (GC) is a kind of digestive tract tumor that is highly malignant and has a very poor prognosis. Although both Astragalus mongholicus (AM, huáng qí) and Curcuma phaeocaulis Valeton (CPV, é zhú) can slow the onset and progression of GC, the mechanism by which AM-CPV works in the treatment of GC is uncertain. Materials and Methods The traditional Chinese medicine network databases TCMSP, TCMID, and ETCM were used to identify the key functional components and associated targets of AM and CPV. To establish a theoretical foundation, the development of gastric cancer (GC) was predicted utilizing a GEO gene chip and TCGA difference analysis mixed with network pharmacology. A herbal-ingredient-target network and a core target-signal pathway network were created using GO and KEGG enrichment analyses. The molecular docking method was used to evaluate seventeen main targets and their compounds. Results Cell activity, reactive oxygen species modification, metabolic regulation, and systemic immune activation may all be involved in the action mechanism of the AM-CPV drug-pair in the treatment of GC. It inhibits the calcium signaling route, the AGE-RAGE signaling system, the cAMP signaling pathway, the PI3K-Akt signaling network, and the MAPK signaling pathway, slowing the progression of GC. The number of inflammatory substances in the tumor microenvironment is reduced, GC cell proliferation is deprived, apoptosis is promoted, and GC progression is retarded through controlling the IL-17 signaling route, TNF signaling pathway, and other inflammation-related pathways. Conclusions The AM-CPV pharmaceutical combination regulates GC treatment via a multitarget, component, and signal pathway with a cooperative and bidirectional regulatory mechanism. Its active constituents may treat GC by regulating the expression of STAT1, MMP9, IL6, HSP90AA1, JUN, CCL2, IFNG, CXCL8, and other targets, as well as activating or inhibiting immune-inflammatory and cancer signaling pathways.
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Raven N, Klaassen M, Madsen T, Thomas F, Hamede R, Ujvari B. Transmissible cancer influences immune gene expression in an endangered marsupial, the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii). Mol Ecol 2022; 31:2293-2311. [PMID: 35202488 PMCID: PMC9310804 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of wildlife diseases on populations requires insight into local environmental conditions, host defence mechanisms, host life‐history trade‐offs, pathogen population dynamics, and their interactions. The survival of Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) is challenged by a novel, fitness limiting pathogen, Tasmanian devil facial tumour disease (DFTD), a clonally transmissible, contagious cancer. In order to understand the devils’ capacity to respond to DFTD, it is crucial to gain information on factors influencing the devils’ immune system. By using RT‐qPCR, we investigated how DFTD infection in association with intrinsic (sex and age) and environmental (season) factors influences the expression of 10 immune genes in Tasmanian devil blood. Our study showed that the expression of immune genes (both innate and adaptive) differed across seasons, a pattern that was altered when infected with DFTD. The expression of immunogbulins IgE and IgM:IgG showed downregulation in colder months in DFTD infected animals. We also observed strong positive association between the expression of an innate immune gene, CD16, and DFTD infection. Our results demonstrate that sampling across seasons, age groups and environmental conditions are beneficial when deciphering the complex ecoevolutionary interactions of not only conventional host‐parasite systems, but also of host and diseases with high mortality rates, such as transmissible cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Raven
- Deakin University, Geelong, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Waurn Ponds, Vic, 3216, Australia
| | - M Klaassen
- Deakin University, Geelong, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Waurn Ponds, Vic, 3216, Australia
| | - T Madsen
- Deakin University, Geelong, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Waurn Ponds, Vic, 3216, Australia
| | - F Thomas
- CREEC/CANECEV (CREES), Montpellier, France.,MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - R Hamede
- Deakin University, Geelong, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Waurn Ponds, Vic, 3216, Australia.,School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - B Ujvari
- Deakin University, Geelong, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Waurn Ponds, Vic, 3216, Australia
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Fang F, Zhang T, Li Q, Chen X, Jiang F, Shen X. The tumor immune-microenvironment in gastric cancer. TUMORI JOURNAL 2022; 108:541-551. [PMID: 35196917 DOI: 10.1177/03008916211070051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND BACKGROUND The tumor microenvironment significantly influences malignant behavior and progression. Many components are involved in the tumor microenvironment, including extracellular matrix, stromal cells, immune and inflammatory cells, as well as cytokines that promote tumor development with complex interactions through the exchange of molecular information. It is now known that tumor immune escape may be influenced by the tumor microenvironment. The aim of this work is to conduct a review of the tumor immune-microenvironment in gastric cancer. METHODS We review the current knowledge of several immune cells involved in the gastric tumor microenvironment. In addition, a brief description of immunotherapy strategies for gastric cancer is also reviewed. CONCLUSIONS Among immune cell populations, lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells are revealed to make the difference in promoting or suppressing gastric tumorigenesis, either directly or indirectly, via regulating the immune responses. Understanding these interactions in detail within the tumor immune-microenvironment will contribute to unraveling new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujin Fang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medical Engineering and Education Ministry, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Bengbu, Bengbu, China
| | - Qiong Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medical Engineering and Education Ministry, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medical Engineering and Education Ministry, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medical Engineering and Education Ministry, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaobing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medical Engineering and Education Ministry, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Chen ZX, Li J, Liu WB, Zhang SR, Sun H. Elemene-containing hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy combined with chemotherapy for elderly patients with peritoneal metastatic advanced gastric cancer. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:1498-1507. [PMID: 35211587 PMCID: PMC8855251 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i5.1498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Almost all elderly patients with peritoneal metastatic gastric cancer (PGC) are unlikely to tolerate cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) and adjuvant chemotherapy. However, determining how to optimize the treatment strategy for such patients has always been a clinical problem. Both HIPEC and palliative adjuvant chemotherapy can benefit patients with PGC. Therefore, optimizing HIPEC and chemotherapy regimens has potential clinical value in reducing side effects, and improving treatment tolerance and clinical effectiveness.
AIM To explore the effect of HIPEC containing elemene, which is an anti-cancer component extracted in traditional Chinese herbal medicine, combined with reduced capecitabine and oxaliplatin (CapeOx) chemotherapy regimens, in elderly patients with PGC.
METHODS In the present study, 39 of 52 elderly PGC patients were included and assigned to different HIPEC treatment groups [lobaplatin group (group L) and mixed group (group M)] for analysis. Lobaplatin was used for all three HIPECs in group L. In group M, lobaplatin was used in the middle of the three HIPECs, and elemene was used for the first and third HIPEC. After HIPEC, patients received CapeOx chemotherapy. The incidence of complications (abdominal infection, lung infection, and urinary tract infection), myelosuppression, immune function (CD4/CD8 ratio), average length of hospital stay, and prognosis were compared between these two groups.
RESULTS There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between the two groups during hospitalization (P > 0.05). Compared to patients in group M, patients in group L exhibited severe myelosuppression (P = 0.027) and increased length of hospital stay (P = 0.045). However, no overall survival benefit was observed in group M. Furthermore, the immune function of patients in group M was less affected (P < 0.001), when compared to that of patients in group L. The multivariate analysis suggested that the cycles of chemotherapy after perfusion significantly affected the prognosis of patients in both groups.
CONCLUSION Compared to the lobaplatin-based HIPEC regimen, the administration of elemene reduced the myelosuppression incidence in elderly PGC patients. The present study sheds light on the implementation of this therapeutic strategy for this set of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xiong Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Ultrasound, The Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 400062, China
| | - Wen-Bin Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Shou-Ru Zhang
- Department of Teaching and Research Section, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
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Expression of Immune Checkpoints in Malignant Tumors: Therapy Targets and Biomarkers for the Gastric Cancer Prognosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11122370. [PMID: 34943606 PMCID: PMC8700640 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11122370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To increase the effectiveness of anticancer therapy based on immune checkpoint (IC) inhibition, some ICs are being investigated in addition to those used in clinic. We reviewed data on the relationship between PD-L1, B7-H3, B7-H4, IDO1, Galectin-3 and -9, CEACAM1, CD155, Siglec-15 and ADAM17 expression with cancer development in complex with the results of clinical trials on their inhibition. Increased expression of the most studied ICs—PD-L1, B7-H3, and B7-H4—is associated with poor survival; their inhibition is clinically significant. Expression of IDO1, CD155, and ADAM17 is also associated with poor survival, including gastric cancer (GC). The available data indicate that CD155 and ADAM17 are promising targets for immune therapy. However, the clinical trials of anti-IDO1 antibodies have been unsatisfactory. Expression of Galectin-3 and -9, CEACAM1 and Siglec-15 demonstrates a contradictory relationship with patient survival. The lack of satisfactory results of these IC inhibitor clinical trials additionally indicates the complex nature of their functioning. In conclusion, in many cases it is important to analyze the expression of other participants of the immune response besides target IC. The PD-L1, B7-H3, B7-H4, IDO1 and ADAM17 may be considered as candidates for prognosis markers for GC patient survival.
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48
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Wang D, Cabalag CS, Clemons NJ, DuBois RN. Cyclooxygenases and Prostaglandins in Tumor Immunology and Microenvironment of Gastrointestinal Cancer. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:1813-1829. [PMID: 34606846 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a known risk factor for gastrointestinal cancer. The evidence that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs suppress the incidence, growth, and metastasis of gastrointestinal cancer supports the concept that a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug target, cyclooxygenase, and its downstream bioactive lipid products may provide one of the links between inflammation and cancer. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that the cyclooxygenase-2-prostaglandin E2 pathway can promote gastrointestinal cancer development. Although the role of this pathway in cancer has been investigated extensively for 2 decades, only recent studies have described its effects on host defenses against transformed epithelial cells. Overcoming tumor-immune evasion remains one of the major challenges in cancer immunotherapy. This review summarizes the impacts of the cyclooxygenase-2-prostaglandin E2 pathway on gastrointestinal cancer development. Our focus was to highlight recent advances in our understanding of how this pathway induces tumor immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingzhi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Carlos S Cabalag
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Clemons
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Raymond N DuBois
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
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49
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Abd-Allah MYY, Abdel-Salam RA, Refat S. Immunohistochemical expression of FOXP3 in gastric carcinoma; its relation to Ki-67 proliferation marker, HER2/neu expression, and other clinicopathological parameters. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2021; 43:1959341. [PMID: 34806545 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2021.1959341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is common cancer in the world. Contradictory results regarding FOXP3 expression in gastric carcinoma were detected and the role of Ki-67 in prognosis is not completely understood. Furthermore, due to increasing use of anti-HER2 drug trastuzumab for gastric cancer, assessment of HER2 expression becomes important. This study tried to assess the FOXP3 expression in gastric carcinoma and to study the relation between its expression and Ki-67 and HER2/neu expression and relation between their expression and other clinicopathological variables. This retrospective study was carried out on 60 gastric adenocarcinoma cases. Tissue microarrays and immunohistochemical staining for FOXP3, Ki-67 and HER2/neu were done and then assessed and scored. HER2/neu expression showed significant relation to Lauren histological type and lymph node status. High Ki-67 index was related significantly to patients' age, lympho-vascular tumor emboli, peri-neural invasion, tumor grade, lymph node status, and cancer stage. There was significant relation between high FOXP3 expression and patients' age, lympho-vascular tumor emboli, peri-neural invasion, tumor grade, lymph node status, and cancer stage. Direct positive significant relationships between HER2/neu, Ki-67, and FOXP3 expression were noticed. Finally, high FOXP3 expression, positive HER2/neu, and high Ki-67 nuclear proliferation index may be an indication of the aggressiveness of gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Y Y Abd-Allah
- Associate Professor of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Al Mansurah Egypt.,Assistant Lecturer of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Al Mansurah Egypt.,Lecturer of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Al Mansurah Egypt
| | - Ramy Ahmed Abdel-Salam
- Associate Professor of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Al Mansurah Egypt.,Assistant Lecturer of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Al Mansurah Egypt.,Lecturer of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Al Mansurah Egypt
| | - Sherine Refat
- Associate Professor of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Al Mansurah Egypt.,Assistant Lecturer of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Al Mansurah Egypt.,Lecturer of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Al Mansurah Egypt
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50
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Jiang M, Liu J, Yang D, Tross D, Li P, Chen F, Alam MM, Faustman DL, Oppenheim JJ, Chen X. A TNFR2 antibody by countering immunosuppression cooperates with HMGN1 and R848 immune stimulants to inhibit murine colon cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108345. [PMID: 34794079 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) promote tumor immune evasion and thus targeting of Tregs has become an strategy in cancer immunotherapy. Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) is highly expressed and important for the immunosuppressive function of Tregs in humans and mice. Thus, the benefit of targeting TNFR2 in cancer immunotherapy merits more investigation. A previous report identified a new murine monoclonal anti-TNFR2 antibody (designated TY101), which showed therapeutic efficacy in murine cancer models, but its mechanism of action was less understood. In this study, the capacity of a combination of immunostimulants to enhance the effect of this inhibitor of Tregs was investigated. We examined the efficacy of TY101 as an anti-tumor immune reagent combined with HMGN1 (N1, a dendritic cell activating TLR4 agonist) and R848 (a synthetic TLR7/8 agonist). This immunotherapeutic combination exerted synergistic antitumor effects as compared with any single treatment. The antitumor response was mainly mediated by the depletion of Tregs and stimulation of cytotoxic CD8 T cell activation. The result also suggested that the effect of TY101 was similar to that of anti-PD-L1 when used in combination with these immunostimulants. Therefore, we propose that treatment strategies of antagonizing TNFR2 on Tregs would behave as potent checkpoint inhibitors and can potentially be utilized to develop a novel antitumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Jiang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA; Department of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China
| | - De Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Debra Tross
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ping Li
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Fengyang Chen
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Md Masud Alam
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Denise L Faustman
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joost J Oppenheim
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China; MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, China.
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