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Li HM, Chen T, Qian LX, Wang S, Shen C, Li LC, Li YL. Therapeutic effect of iridoid and xanthone glycosides components extracted from Swertia Mussotti on calculous cholecystitis and its clinical complications by targeting COX2. Fitoterapia 2024; 178:106189. [PMID: 39154852 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Swertia Mussotti is used as febrifuge, analgesic and to treat calculous cholecystitis, however, the underling mechanism remains unclear. This study investigates the therapeutic effect of the active fraction named iridoid and xanthone glycoside (IXG) extracted from S. mussotii on six animal models related to calculous cholecystitis and its complications, and to explore its potential target proteins. Four main compounds including swertiamarin (STR), sweroside (SRS), gentiopicroside (GPS) and mangiferin (MGR) were identified from the IXG by UHPLC-TOF-MS. The in vivo experiments results confirmed that IXG significantly decreased the level of total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) in calculous cholecystitis. IXG treatment dramatically reduced the number of twists and the time of clicking foot in 2nd phase induced by glacial acetic acid and formalin, however, no effect was showed on central pain established by hot plate test. IXG also significantly decreased the anal temperature induced by yeast and 2,4-dinitrophenol. These results indicated that IXG alleviate calculous cholecystitis and its clinical symptom. In addition, IXG suppressed the expression of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in vitro. Mechanistically, COX2 was identified as the direct target of IXG in RAW264.7 cells, and downregulated the protein levels of COX2. The results confirmed that IXG ameliorates calculous cholecystitis and its clinical symptom (pain and fever) by suppressing the production of PGE2 through targeting COX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Li
- Research Center for Biological Resources in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining 810001, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Research Center for Biological Resources in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining 810001, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li-Xia Qian
- The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Research Center for Biological Resources in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining 810001, China
| | - Cheng Shen
- Research Center for Biological Resources in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining 810001, China
| | - Liang-Cheng Li
- The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Yu-Lin Li
- Research Center for Biological Resources in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining 810001, China.
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Wani BA, Magray JA, Ganie AH, Rashid S, Roof-Ul-Qadir, Javid H, Nawchoo IA. Seed biology imperative for conservation and restoration of Swertia thomsonii C.B. Clarke-an endemic medicinal plant of Himalaya. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:472. [PMID: 38662176 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Endemic medicinal plants deserve immediate research priorities as they typically show a limited distribution range, represent few and fragmented populations in the wild and are currently facing anthropogenic threats like overharvesting and habitat degradation. One of the important aspects of ensuring their successful conservation and sustainable utilization lies in comprehending the fundamental seed biology, particularly the dormancy status and seed germination requirements of these plants. Here, we studied the seed eco-physiology and regeneration potential of Swertia thomsonii-an endemic medicinal plant of western Himalaya. We investigated the effect of different pre-sowing treatments, sowing media and sowing depth on seed germination parameters of S. thomsonii. Seeds of S. thomsonii exhibit morphophysiological dormancy (MPD), i.e. when the embryo of the seed is morphologically and/or physiologically immature. Wet stratification at 4 °C for 20 days, pre-sowing treatment with 50 ppm GA3 and pre-sowing treatment with 50 ppm KNO3 were found ideal for overcoming dormancy and enhancing the seed germination of S. thomsonii. Furthermore, seed germination and seedling survival were significantly influenced by pre-sowing treatments, sowing media and sowing depth. The percentage of seed germination and seedling survival got enhanced up to 84-86% and 73-75% respectively when seeds were pre-treated with GA3 or KNO3 and then sown in cocopeat + perlite (1:1) at a depth of 1 cm. The information obtained in the present study outlines an efficient protocol for large-scale cultivation of S. thomsonii thereby limiting the pressure of overexploitation from its natural habitats and may also help in the restoration and conservation of this valuable plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal A Wani
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Genetic Diversity and Phytochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190 006, J&K, India.
| | - Junaid A Magray
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Genetic Diversity and Phytochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190 006, J&K, India
| | - Aijaz H Ganie
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Genetic Diversity and Phytochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190 006, J&K, India
| | - Sufiya Rashid
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Genetic Diversity and Phytochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190 006, J&K, India
| | - Roof-Ul-Qadir
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Genetic Diversity and Phytochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190 006, J&K, India
| | - Hanan Javid
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Genetic Diversity and Phytochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190 006, J&K, India
| | - Irshad A Nawchoo
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Genetic Diversity and Phytochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190 006, J&K, India
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Liu B, Pang F, Bi H, Guo D. Regulatory mechanisms of Gentiopicroside on human diseases: a brief review. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:725-750. [PMID: 37632552 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02672-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Gentiopicroside (GPS), a single compound isolated from Gentiana lutea L. and the crucial representative of secoiridoid constituent, has been permitted for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine. GPS and its metabolites have been increasingly used in the search for clinical management with therapeutic properties and fewer side effects. The objective of this review was to provide a comprehensive overview of the involvement of molecular pathways in the therapeutic effects of GPS on human diseases and chronic conditions. This study presents a meticulously conducted comprehensive search of the PubMed and Google Scholar databases (from 1983 to 2023), aimed at identifying articles relating to regulatory mechanisms of GPS on human diseases and the pharmacokinetics of GPS. The inclusion criteria were meticulously and precisely defined to encompass original research papers that explicitly focused on elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of GPS in various human diseases through in vitro and animal studies. Notably, these studies were mandated to integrate specific genetic markers or pathways as essential components of their research inquiries. The evaluated pharmacokinetic parameters included maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time to reach maximum plasma concentration (Tmax), area under the curve (AUC), clearance, and plasma half-life (t1/2). Subsequently, through a rigorous screening process of titles and abstracts, studies conducted in vitro or on animals, as well as those reporting pharmacokinetic data related to drugs other than GPS or language barriers, were systematically excluded. Drawing from the data and studies pertaining to this review, we conducted a thorough and informative analysis of the pharmacological characteristics and biological functions of GPS. These encompassed a wide range of effects, including hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, antioxidant, analgesic, antitumor, and immunomodulatory properties. The analysis provided a comprehensive and insightful understanding of GPS's pharmacological profile and its diverse activities. Enhancing theoretical and experimental methodologies could prove advantageous in expanding the clinical applications of GPS. This could involve optimizing the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of GPS, uncovering additional biomarkers and potential biotransformation pathways, and investigating its combined effects with standard-of-care medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 4655#, Daxue Road, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Feng Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Qingdao Hiser Hospital, No.4, Renmin Road, Qingdao, 266033, China
- Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Hongsheng Bi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Shandong Academy of Eye Disease Prevention and Therapy, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan, 250002, China
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Dadong Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Shandong Academy of Eye Disease Prevention and Therapy, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan, 250002, China.
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China.
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Hou Y, Zhang Y, Yu J, Wang X. Characteristics of the complete chloroplast genome of Swertia divaricata Harry Sm. (Gentianaceae) and its phylogenetic inference. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2023; 8:1132-1136. [PMID: 37928401 PMCID: PMC10621253 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2023.2270211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Swertia divaricata Harry Sm., 1965, (Gentianaceae) is a perennial herb endemic to Northwest Yunnan, China, belonging to the species-rich genus Swertia. It possesses unique morphological features but its systematic position remains uncertain. To determine its phylogenetic placement, the complete plastid genome of S. divaricata was assembled utilizing high-throughput sequencing data. The genome is circular, spanning 152,073 bp, and comprises a large single-copy (LSC) region of 82,470 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,153 bp, and two inverted repeats (IR) regions, each 25,725 bp. A total of 130 genes were annotated, including 85 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. The plastome of S. divaricata exhibits a structure and gene composition highly similar to those of other Swertia plastomes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that S. divaricata is closely related to S. erythrosticta, sister to a subclade comprising species from sections Swertia and Apterae. The plastome sequence described herein constitutes a valuable contribution to phylogenetic and evolutionary research on Swertia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Hou
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yulong Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinjie Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Feng X, Yang C, Wang WX, Wang JT. Isolation and identification of novel phenolic and lignan glycosides from Swertia davidii Franch. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2023; 25:992-998. [PMID: 36927194 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2023.2190520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical analyses of Swertia davidii Franch. extracts using column chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC were performed. Two novel phenolic glycosides named swertiosides A and B (compounds 1 and 2, respectively) were isolated and characterized. Four known phenolic glycosides were also extracted (compounds 3-6). The structural characteristics of these novel compounds were analyzed using 1D, 2D NMR, and HRMS. All six compounds have never been isolated from this particular plant species before this study. Subsequent assessment of bioactive properties suggested that compounds 1 and 2 exhibited moderate levels of cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Economics and Management, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Ce Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing 404120, China
| | - Wen-Xiang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing 404120, China
| | - Ju-Tao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
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Zhu M, Wang Z, Yang Y, Wang Z, Mu W, Liu J. Multi-omics reveal differentiation and maintenance of dimorphic flowers in an alpine plant on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:1411-1424. [PMID: 35363913 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dimorphic flowers growing on a single individual plant play a critical role in extreme adaption and reproductive assurance in plants and have high ecological and evolutionary significance. However, the omics bases underlying such a differentiation and maintenance remain largely unknown. We aimed to investigate this through genomic, transcriptome and metabolomic analyses of dimorphic flowers in an alpine biennial, Sinoswertia tetraptera (Gentianaceae). A high-quality chromosome-level genome sequence (903 Mb) was first assembled for S. tetraptera with 31,359 protein-coding genes annotated. Two rounds of recent independent whole-genome duplication (WGD) were revealed. Numerous genes from the recent species-specific WGD were found to be differentially expressed in the two types of flowers, and this may have helped contribute to the origin of this innovative trait. The genes with contrasting expressions between flowers were related to biosynthesis of hormones, floral pigments (carotenoids and flavonoids) and iridoid compounds, which are involved in both flower development and colour. Metabolomic analyses similarly suggested differential concentrations of these chemicals in the two types of flowers. The expression interactions between multiple genes may together lead to contrasting morphology and chemical concentration and open versus closed pollination of the dimorphic flowers in this species for reproductive assurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjia Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-ecosystems, Institute of Innovation Ecology, School of Life Science and the Supercomputing Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhenyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-ecosystems, Institute of Innovation Ecology, School of Life Science and the Supercomputing Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongzhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-ecosystems, Institute of Innovation Ecology, School of Life Science and the Supercomputing Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zefu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjie Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-ecosystems, Institute of Innovation Ecology, School of Life Science and the Supercomputing Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-ecosystems, Institute of Innovation Ecology, School of Life Science and the Supercomputing Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Swati K, Bhatt V, Sendri N, Bhatt P, Bhandari P. Swertia chirayita: A comprehensive review on traditional uses, phytochemistry, quality assessment and pharmacology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 300:115714. [PMID: 36113678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) H. Karst. is a traditionally used, well-recognized medicinal plant of the family Gentianaceae with significant therapeutic potential. It has been traditionally used to cure various ailments such as fever, vomiting, jaundice, digestive disorders, heart diseases, diabetes, malaria, scorpion bite, and skin diseases. AIM OF REVIEW The present review emphasized the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, chemical profiling, and structural identification of isolated compounds by analytical and spectroscopic techniques. This review demonstrates the possibility of advanced ethnopharmacological research. MATERIALS AND METHODS The literature on S. chirayita was obtained from bibliographic databases like Web of Science, PubMed, Science-Direct, American Chemical Society (ACS), Google Scholar, and SciFinder. The compiled review is covered up until March 2022. RESULTS Approximately, 123 specialized metabolites including xanthones, seco-iridoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids have been isolated and characterized from S. chirayita. The extract and isolated compounds exhibited a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, hepatoprotective, antiviral, antimalarial, and antibacterial offering scientific evidence for traditional claims of this medicinal plant. In addition, various analytical methods using HPTLC, UPLC, HPLC, LC-MS, and GC-MS have also been documented to determine the phytochemicals of S. chirayita. CONCLUSION The current article provides information on traditional usage, phytochemistry, chemical profiling, structure elucidation, pharmacological efficacy, toxicity, and future prospects of S. chirayita. This plant has long been traditionally used in a variety of ways by indigenous people. Numerous phytoconstituents and several pharmacological activities have been reported in S. chirayita. However, there are still some scientific gaps such as identification of bioactive compounds, structure-activity relationship and mechanistic action of isolated bioactive compounds, development of effective analytical methods for comprehensive quality control, and safety profiles that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Km Swati
- CSIR- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Vinod Bhatt
- CSIR- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Nitisha Sendri
- CSIR- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Pooja Bhatt
- CSIR- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Pamita Bhandari
- CSIR- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Cao Q, Gao Q, Ma X, Zhang F, Xing R, Chi X, Chen S. Plastome structure, phylogenomics and evolution of plastid genes in Swertia (Gentianaceae) in the Qing-Tibetan Plateau. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:195. [PMID: 35413790 PMCID: PMC9004202 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03577-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Swertia is of great medicinal importance and one of the most taxonomically challenging taxa within Gentianaceae, largely due to the morphological similarities of species within this genus and with its closely related genera. Previous molecular studies confirmed its polyphyly but suffered from low phylogenetic resolutions because only limited sequence loci were used. Thus, we conducted the structural, gene evolutionary, and phylogenetic analyses of 11 newly obtained plastomes of Swertia. Our result greatly improved the phylogenetic resolutions in Swertia, shed new light on the plastome evolution and phylogenetic relationships of this genus. RESULTS The 11 Swertia plastomes together with the published seven species proved highly similar in overall size, structure, gene order, and content, but revealed some structural variations caused by the expansion and contraction of the IRb region into the LSC region, due to the heterogeneous length of the ψycf1. The gene rps16 was found to be in a state flux with pseudogenes or completely lost. Similar situation was also documented in other genera of Gentianaceae. This might imply loss of the gene in the common ancestor of Gentianaceae. The distribution plot of ENC vs. GC3 showed all these plastomes arranging very close in the Wright line with an expected ENC value (49-52%), suggesting the codon usage of Swertia was mainly constrained by a GC mutation bias. Most of the genes remained under the purifying selection, however, the cemA was identified under positive selection, possibly reflecting an adaptive response to low CO2 atmospheric conditions during the Late Miocene. Our phylogenomic analyses, based on 74 protein-coding genes (CDS), supported the polyphyly of Swertia with its close allies in the subtribe Swertiinae, presumably due to recent rapid radiation. The topology inferred from our phylogenetic analyses partly supported the current taxonomic treatment. Finally, several highly variable loci were identified, which can be used in future phylogenetic studies and accurate identification of medicinal genuineness of Swertia. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirmed the polyphyly of Swertia and demonstrated the power of plastome phylogenomics in improvement of phylogenetic resolution, thus contributing to a better understanding of the evolutionary history of Swertia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding of Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qingbo Gao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding of Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Xiaolei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding of Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Faqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding of Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Rui Xing
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding of Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chi
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding of Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Shilong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding of Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China.
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Bajaj S, Fuloria S, Subramaniyan V, Meenakshi DU, Wakode S, Kaur A, Bansal H, Manchanda S, Kumar S, Fuloria NK. Chemical Characterization and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Phytoconstituents from Swertia alata. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061109. [PMID: 34072717 PMCID: PMC8229181 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Swertia alata C.B Clarke (Gentianaceae) is a well-reported plant in the traditional system of medicine. The present study was intended to isolate the phytoconstituents from the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of S. alata; and evaluate for in vitro COX-1/COX-2 inhibition activity, in vivo anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic activity. Phytoisolation involved partitioning of S. alata ethanolic extract into petroleum ether and chloroform soluble fractions using silica gel-based column chromatography. The isolation afforded two phytoisolates, namely oleanolic acid (SA-1) and 3-hydroxylup-12-(13)-ene-17-carboxylic acid (SA-4). Phytoisolates structures were established by melting point, ultraviolet (UV), attenuated total reflection-Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and HMBC) and mass spectrometry. Phytoisolates were further evaluated for in vitro cyclooxygenase (COX-1/COX-2) inhibitory activity, in vivo anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic activity. The study revealed SA-4 (COX-1/COX-2 inhibition activity of 104/61.68 µM with % inhibition of 61.36) to be more effective than SA-1 (COX-1/COX-2 inhibition activity of 128.4/87.25 µM, with % inhibition of 47.72). SA-1 and SA-4, when subjected to ulcerogenic study, exhibited significant gastric tolerance. The current study reports chromatographic isolation and spectrometric characterization of SA-1 and SA-4. The present study concludes that compound SA-4 possess significant anti-inflammatory activity and less irritant property over gastric mucosa with no significant ulcerogenicity in comparison to indomethacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Bajaj
- Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India; (S.B.); (S.W.); (H.B.); (S.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Shivkanya Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Kedah 08100, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.F.); (N.K.F.); Tel.: +60-143-034-057 (S.F.); +60-164-037-685 (N.K.F.)
| | | | | | - Sharad Wakode
- Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India; (S.B.); (S.W.); (H.B.); (S.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Avneet Kaur
- SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Budhera, Gurugram 122505, India;
| | - Himangini Bansal
- Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India; (S.B.); (S.W.); (H.B.); (S.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Satish Manchanda
- Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India; (S.B.); (S.W.); (H.B.); (S.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India; (S.B.); (S.W.); (H.B.); (S.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Neeraj Kumar Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Kedah 08100, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.F.); (N.K.F.); Tel.: +60-143-034-057 (S.F.); +60-164-037-685 (N.K.F.)
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Dey P, Singh J, Suluvoy JK, Dilip KJ, Nayak J. Utilization of Swertia chirayita Plant Extracts for Management of Diabetes and Associated Disorders: Present Status, Future Prospects and Limitations. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2020; 10:431-443. [PMID: 33118125 PMCID: PMC7648839 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-020-00277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is referred as common metabolic abnormalities characterized as hyperglycemia, mainly caused due to insufficient production of insulin at cellular level or/and defects in insulin action. Such an endocrine disorder is responsible for serious health problems and its worldwide prevalence is rapidly increasing. Common management of diabetes by oral administration of drugs without creating any side effects is still considered a challenging task and increasing cost of conventional medicine in developing countries is another matter of concern. To address these issues, traditional preparations of herbal plant extracts in the form of medicines already gained immense attention. Swertia chirayita is one among such plants which is known for its hypoglycemic potential. Numerous chemical constituents with promising pharmacological properties have been identified from such plant extracts but still, such compounds have not been well characterized, specifically against human application. Hence, more research efforts are necessitated to understand exact mechanism of such compounds and to develop overall safety of such plant formulations. Present review clearly represents antidiabetic properties of Swertia chirayita extract, strategies to be taken to strengthen its safety application on humans and biotechnological interventions that ensure conservation of such endangered species to promote its future application in modern medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinaki Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641114, India.
| | - Joginder Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Jagadish Kumar Suluvoy
- Biotechnology Department, Vignan Foundation for Science Technology and Research, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522213, India
| | - Kevin Joseph Dilip
- National Dong Hwa University, Department of Life Sciences, Hualien, China
| | - Jayato Nayak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, VSB Engineering College, Karur, Tamil Nadu, 639111, India
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11
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Amarogentin from Gentiana rigescens Franch Exhibits Antiaging and Neuroprotective Effects through Antioxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3184019. [PMID: 32831994 PMCID: PMC7421772 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3184019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the replicative lifespan assay of yeast was used to guide the isolation of antiaging substance from Gentiana rigescens Franch, a traditional Chinese medicine. A compound with antiaging effect was isolated, and the chemical structure of this molecule as amarogentin was identified by spectral analysis and compared with the reported data. It significantly extended the replicative lifespan of K6001 yeast at doses of 1, 3, and 10 μM. Furthermore, amarogentin improved the survival rate of yeast under oxidative stress by increasing the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and these enzymes' gene expression. In addition, this compound did not extend the replicative lifespan of sod1, sod2, uth1, and skn7 mutants with K6001 background. These results suggested that amarogentin exhibited antiaging effect on yeast via increase of SOD2, CAT, GPx gene expression, enzyme activity, and antioxidative stress. Moreover, we evaluated antioxidant activity of this natural products using PC12 cell system, a useful model for studying the nervous system at the cellular level. Amarogentin significantly improved the survival rate of PC12 cells under H2O2-induced oxidative stress and increased the activities of SOD and SOD2, and gene expression of SOD2, CAT, GPx, Nrf2, and Bcl-x1. Meanwhile, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) of PC12 cells were significantly reduced after treatment of the amarogentin. These results indicated that antioxidative stress play an important role for antiaging and neuroprotection of amarogentin. Interestingly, amarogentin exhibited neuritogenic activity in PC12 cells. Therefore, the natural products, amarogentin from G. rigescens with antioxidant activity could be a good candidate molecule to develop drug for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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12
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Bajaj S, Wakode S, Kaur A, Fuloria S, Fuloria N. Anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic activity of newer phytoisolates of Swertia alata C.B. Clarke. Nat Prod Res 2020; 35:5055-5065. [PMID: 32498574 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1775224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study was intended to evaluate the in vitro (COX-1/COX-2) and in vivo anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic activity of newer phytoconstituents isolated from the aerial parts of Swertia alata C.B. Clarke (Gentianaceae). For isolation of newer phytoconstituents, the ethanolic extract of aerial parts of S. alata was subjected to column chromatography using mixture of petroleum ether and chloroform in various concentrations, which yielded two phytoisolates characterised as nonacosyl triacontanoate (SA-3) and 8-O-glucpyranosyl-(2-acetyl)-1,3-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-xanthone (SA-9). Identification of compounds was based on melting point, UV, FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and mass spectrometric data. The isolates were screened for in vitro COX-1/COX-2 inhibitory activity, in vivo anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic activity. Among the two compounds, SA-3 was found to be more effective than SA-9. The ulcerogenic study revealed significant gastric tolerance of SA-3 and SA-9 in comparison to indomethacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Bajaj
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sharad Wakode
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Avneet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Shivkanya Fuloria
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia
| | - Neeraj Fuloria
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia
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Hou SB, Wang X, Huang R, Liu H, Hu HM, Hu WY, Lv ST, Zhao H, Chen G. Seven new chemical constituents from the roots of Gentiana macrophylla pall. Fitoterapia 2020; 141:104476. [PMID: 31927012 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Gentimilegenins A, B (1, 2), (6R, 8R)-6-hydroxy swerimuslactone A (3), (6R, 8S)-6-hydroxy swerimuslactone A (4), 4-hydroxy roburic acid methyl ester (5), (±) 3'-hydroxy gentioxepine (6), N-heptacosanoyl anthranilic acid (7a), N-nonacosanoyl anthranilic acid (7b), together with 40 known compounds were isolated from the roots of Gentiana macrophylla Pall. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of comprehensive analysis of HRESIMS, IR, 1D-, 2D-NMR and X-ray diffraction. The anti-inflammatory effects of selected compounds were also evaluated through the detection of their inhibitory effects on NO production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Bing Hou
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Min Hu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Yi Hu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Tong Lv
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
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Satbhaiya S, Khonde NS, Rathod J, Gonnade R, Kumar P. Tf2
NH catalyzed 1,6-conjugate addition of 2-hydroxy-p
-quinone methides with β
-Functionalized Ketones: Access to 2,3,4,9-Tetrahydro-1H
-xanthenones and 4H
-Chromene Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Satbhaiya
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Division of Organic chemistry; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune -411008 India
| | - Nilesh S. Khonde
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Division of Organic chemistry; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune -411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Jayant Rathod
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Division of Organic chemistry; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune -411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Rajesh Gonnade
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); Ghaziabad 201002 India
- Physical and Material Chemistry Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune -411008 India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Division of Organic chemistry; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune -411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); Ghaziabad 201002 India
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Liu X, Shi Y, Hu H, Li J, Li C, Yang L, Wang Z. Three new C-glycosyflavones with acetyl substitutions from Swertia mileensis. J Nat Med 2018; 72:922-928. [PMID: 30051310 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-018-1225-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three new acetylated C-glycosylflavones, 3″,6″-di-O-acetylswertiajaponin (1), 4″,6″-di-O-acetylswertiajaponin (2), and 6″-O-acetylswertiajaponin (3), together with six known compounds were isolated from the whole herb of Swertia mileensis. Their structures were elucidated on extensive NMR experiments and mass spectrometry studies. 1H and 13C NMR data exhibited doublet signals at room temperature. Variable temperature 1H NMR experiments were carried out to investigate the presence of rotational isomerism of C-glycosylflavones. All compounds showed potential antioxidant activities against apoptosis of H2O2-induced human embryo liver L02 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Haijun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chunge Li
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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Timsina B, Kindlmann P, Rokaya MB, Vrchotová N, Tříska J, Horník Š, Sýkora J. Xanthones Content in Swertia multicaulis D. Don from Nepal. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051067. [PMID: 29751500 PMCID: PMC6102544 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The medicinal plant Swertia multicaulis D. Don was collected in Rasuwa District (Nepal) and the xanthone content of its ethyl acetate extracts was studied. The total amount of xanthones in S. multicaulis determined by HPLC reaches almost 13 g of xanthones per 1 kg of dry matter. The identification of xanthones in S. multicaulis was achieved by a combination of HPLC, LC–MS and LC–NMR. The final assignment of the individual chemical structures was provided by NMR, supported by preparative HPLC. In eight chromatographic peaks, four major xanthones were identified—1,3-dihydroxy-5,8-dimethoxyxanthone, 1-hydroxy-3,5,8-trimethoxyxanthone, bellidifolin (1,5,8-tri-hydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone), and decussatin (1-hydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxyxanthone).
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Affiliation(s)
- Binu Timsina
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic.
- Department of Biodiversity Research, Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Kindlmann
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic.
- Department of Biodiversity Research, Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Maan B Rokaya
- Department of Biodiversity Research, Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic.
| | - Naděžda Vrchotová
- Laboratory of Metabolomics and Isotopic Analyses, Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Tříska
- Laboratory of Metabolomics and Isotopic Analyses, Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Štěpán Horník
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 135, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Sýkora
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 135, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Malik K, Ahmad M, Zhang G, Rashid N, Zafar M, Sultana S, Shah SN. Traditional plant based medicines used to treat musculoskeletal disorders in Northern Pakistan. Eur J Integr Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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18
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Rashid N, Gbedomon RC, Ahmad M, Salako VK, Zafar M, Malik K. Traditional knowledge on herbal drinks among indigenous communities in Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2018; 14:16. [PMID: 29467005 PMCID: PMC5822664 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-018-0217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional knowledge about the use of medicinal plants for herbal drinks (HDs) is not well documented in the Azad Kashmir region despite their widespread use. This study highlights the taxonomic diversity and traditional knowledge on medicinal plants used for HDs while examining the diversity of diseases treated with HDs in the study area. METHODS Individual discussions were conducted with 255 informants (84 women and 171 men). Data gathered included (i) informant age and gender, (ii) HD species and respective plant parts used, (iii) health disorders treated, and (iv) mode of preparation and utilizations. Quantitative ethnobotanical indices including relative frequency of citation (RFC), informant consensus factor (ICF), and use value (UV) were used for data analyses. RESULTS Altogether, 73 medicinal plants belonging to 40 families and 66 genera were reported to be used in HD preparations, with Asteraceae being the richest family. The average number of HD species cited was 9.09 ± 0.17 per informant and did not vary either by age or gender. In addition, men and women, and adults and the young used the same pool of species (dissimilarity nearly zero). The most used plant parts were leaves (20.00%), roots (17.25%), and fruits (16.47%). Based on UV, the top five most used species were Valeriana jatamansi, Isodon rugosus, Onopordum acanthium, Acacia nilotica, and Viola canescens; and the UV was similar among gender and age categories too. The most utilized herbal preparation forms included decoctions, infusions, and tea. One hundred and eleven diseases grouped into 13 ailment categories were reported to be cured using HDs. The main category of disease treated with HDs was gastrointestinal (GIT) disorders (RFC = 17.43%). Relatively few species were used by a large proportion of informants for each category of ailment (ICF ≥ 0.60). Only one species was used for "glandular disorders" and "eye diseases" (ICF = 1). A novelty of about 22% (16 species) was recorded for HD species in the present work. CONCLUSION The diversity of medicinal plant species used as HDs and the associated traditional knowledge are of considerable value to the indigenous communities of the Azad Kashmir region. Therefore, there is a need for conservation and preservation of medicinal HD species as well as the wealth of indigenous knowledge. The conservation effort should be high for species in the ailments categories glandular disorders and eye diseases. The therapeutic uses of HDs have provided basic data for further research focused on phytochemical and pharmacological studies and conservation of the most important species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Rashid
- Department of Botany, Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur, Azad Kashmir Pakistan
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid- I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rodrigue Castro Gbedomon
- Laboratoire de Biomathématiques et d’Estimations Forestières, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, 04, BP 1525 Cotonou, Benin
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid- I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Valère Kolawolé Salako
- Laboratoire de Biomathématiques et d’Estimations Forestières, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, 04, BP 1525 Cotonou, Benin
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid- I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Khafsa Malik
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid- I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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19
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Li Q, Li HJ, Xu T, Du H, Huan Gang CL, Fan G, Zhang Y. Natural Medicines Used in the Traditional Tibetan Medical System for the Treatment of Liver Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:29. [PMID: 29441019 PMCID: PMC5797630 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver disease is one of the most risk factors threatening human health. It is of great significance to find drugs that can treat liver diseases, especially for acute and chronic hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and liver cancer. The search for drugs with good efficacy from traditional natural medicines has attracted more and more attention. Tibetan medicine, one of the China's traditional medical systems, has been widely used by the Tibetan people for the prevention and treatment of liver diseases for hundreds of years. The present paper summarized the natural Tibetan medicines that have been used in Tibetan traditional system of medicine to treat liver diseases by bibliographic investigation of 22 Tibetan medicine monographs and drug standards. One hundred and ninety three species including 181 plants, 7 animals, and 5 minerals were found to treat liver diseases in traditional Tibetan medicine system. The most frequently used species are Carthamus tinctorius, Brag-zhun, Swertia chirayita, Swertia mussotii, Halenia elliptica, Herpetospermum pedunculosum, and Phyllanthus emblica. Their names, families, medicinal parts, traditional uses, phytochemicals information, and pharmacological activities were described in detail. These natural medicines might be a valuable gift from the old Tibetan medicine to the world, and would be potential drug candidates for the treatment of liver diseases. Further studies are needed to prove their medicinal values in liver diseases treatment, identify bioactive compounds, elucidate the underlying mechanism of action, and clarify their side effects or toxicity with the help of modern phytochemical, pharmacological, metabonomics, and/or clinical trial methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hai-Jiao Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tong Xu
- College of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Huan Du
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen-Lei Huan Gang
- College of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Fan
- College of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Characteristic National Medicine Innovation Research Center of Tibet-Qiang-Yi, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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20
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Nano silver particle synthesis using Swertia paniculata herbal extract and its antimicrobial activity. Microb Pathog 2018; 114:402-408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Khan LU, Khan RA, Khan S, Bano SA, Fasim F, Uzair B. Phytochemical Screening and Assessment of Pharmacological Properties of Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Fleming) Root Methanolic Extract. INT J PHARMACOL 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2017.1000.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Li J, Zhao YL, Huang HY, Wang YZ. Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of the Genus Swertia (Gentianaceae): A Review. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2017; 45:667-736. [PMID: 28490237 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x17500380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Swertia plants have been considered to be medicinal plants useful for the treatment of various ailments for thousands of years, especially in Asian countries. This is due to the broad variety of chemical compounds that provide multiple ligands for bonding to different endogenous biomacromolecules for patients. Chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Swertia plants are summarized in this paper. Approximately 419 metabolites and 40 bioactive compounds have been reported from 30 Swertia species, including xanthones, flavonoids, seco-iridiods, iridiods, triterpenoids, alkaloids, volatiles, and other secondary metabolites. The bioactivities of Swertia plants include anticarcinogenic, hepatoprotective, anti-oxidant, hypoglycemic, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-diabetic, gut, and airways modulatory, metabolizing isozymes inhibitory, neuroprotective, HIV-I reverse transcriptases inhibitory, anticholinergic, and CNS-depressant activities, etc. In addition, biosynthetic pathways of xanthones, and seco-iridiods, two most important secondary metabolites for Swertia, are elucidated. The xanthones biosynthetic pathway is a mixed biosynthetic pathway involved the shikimate and the malonate routes, and the seco-iridoid pathway starts with geraniol derived from IPP which is produced either via the MEP or the MVA pathway. This review will offer a reference for future researches on the protection of natural resources, the investigation of therapeutic basis, new drug development, and so forth. Metabolic pathways of some crucial active compounds were also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- * Institute of Medicine Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, P. R. China.,† College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Li Zhao
- * Institute of Medicine Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, P. R. China
| | - Heng-Yu Huang
- † College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Zhong Wang
- * Institute of Medicine Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, P. R. China
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23
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Li H, Chen T, Sun J, Wang W, Li Y. Separation of six xanthones from Swertia franchetiana
by high-speed countercurrent chromatography. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:2515-2521. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Li
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xining P.R. China
- Savaid Medical School; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Tao Chen
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xining P.R. China
| | - Jing Sun
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xining P.R. China
| | - Weiqing Wang
- Qinghai Province Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Center; Xining P.R. China
| | - Yulin Li
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xining P.R. China
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24
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Deep sequencing and transcriptome analyses to identify genes involved in secoiridoid biosynthesis in the Tibetan medicinal plant Swertia mussotii. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43108. [PMID: 28225035 PMCID: PMC5320516 DOI: 10.1038/srep43108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Swertia mussotii Franch. is an important traditional Tibetan medicinal plant with pharmacological properties effective in the treatment of various ailments including hepatitis. Secoiridoids are the major bioactive compounds in S. mussotii. To better understand the secoiridoid biosynthesis pathway, we generated transcriptome sequences from the root, leaf, stem, and flower tissues, and performed de novo sequence assembly, yielding 98,613 unique transcripts with an N50 of 1,085 bp. Putative functions could be assigned to 35,029 transcripts (35.52%) based on BLAST searches against annotation databases including GO and KEGG. The expression profiles of 39 candidate transcripts encoding the key enzymes for secoiridoid biosynthesis were examined in different S. mussotii tissues, validated by qRT-PCR, and compared with the homologous genes from S. japonica, a species in the same family, unveiling the gene expression, regulation, and conservation of the pathway. The examination of the accumulated levels of three bioactive compounds, sweroside, swertiamarin, and gentiopicroside, revealed their considerable variations in different tissues, with no significant correlation with the expression profiles of key genes in the pathway, suggesting complex biological behaviours in the coordination of metabolite biosynthesis and accumulation. The genomic dataset and analyses presented here lay the foundation for further research on this important medicinal plant.
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Medicinal, biological and phytochemical properties of Gentiana species. J Tradit Complement Med 2017; 7:400-408. [PMID: 29034186 PMCID: PMC5634738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gentiana, a cosmopolitan and important genus of the Gentianaceae family, comprises 400 species distributed among the world. Based on the studies of Iranian traditional medicine texts, there are some promising bioactivities for this genus that is unknown in modern medicine and some of them are still the basis of new remedies. In traditional medicine texts, Gentiana's different exclusive forms of preparations are effective for treatment of some disorders such as menstrual over-bleeding, conjunctivitis, vitiligo, animals venom poisoning, injuries, infected wounds, pain and swelling of liver, spleen, stomach and sprains of muscles. There are some activities that are the same in traditional and modern medicine such as anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and diuretic effects. Phytochemical investigations on the title genus have led to characterization many secondary metabolites. Secoiridoidal and iridoid glycosides such as gentiopicroside, xanthones, monoterpene alkaloid; polyphenol and flavones are the constituents that have been shown the pharmacological activities in different gentian species. This article studies the Gentiana according to the Iranian traditional and modern medicine.
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Than MMM, Samaddar T, Bhowmick BK, Jha S. Fluorescent Chromosome Banding and Genome Size Estimation in Three Species of Swertia. CYTOLOGIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.82.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myo Ma Ma Than
- CAS, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta
- TWOWS Post Doc. & Senior Researcher, Network Activities Group
| | | | - Biplab Kumar Bhowmick
- CAS, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta
- Department of Botany, Scottish Church College
| | - Sumita Jha
- CAS, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta
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Li J, Zhang J, Jin H, Wang YZ, Huang HY. Using UHPLC and UV-vis Fingerprint Method to Evaluate Substitutes for Swertia mileensis: An Endangered Medicinal Plant. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:13-20. [PMID: 28216877 PMCID: PMC5307897 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.197655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Millions of people are killed by viral hepatitis every year in the world, whereas many relevant medicines are too expensive to purchase. Swertia mileensis, a medicinal plant for hepatitis in the system of traditional Chinese medicine, has been vanishing gradually because of overexploitation. OBJECTIVE To find substitutes of S. mileensis and reduce the cost of purchasing drugs for hepatitis patients, the similarity of phytochemical constituents between S. mileensis and other three Swertia species was compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS Both ultra high performance liquid chromatographies and ultraviolet-vis fingerprints of four Swertia species were developed. Methanol extracts of the stems and leaves were used as samples to establish the fingerprint. The calibration curve was drawn for quantitative analysis of swertiamarin. The data of ultra high performance liquid chromatographies were evaluated statistically using similarity analysis and principal component analysis. RESULTS The result shows a significant difference at area of 204-290 nm in the ultraviolet fingerprint. Swertiamarin, the only one common peak, was defined in chromatographic fingerprints of four Swertia species. The quantitative analysis suggested that the highest concentration of swertiamarin is in S. davidii. The similarity indexes between different samples were almost under 0.60. In the principal component analysis, separate points not only represent the distinction among different species, but also perform chemical discrepancies in content between stems and leaves of one same species. CONCLUSIONS S. angustifolia, S. davidii, and S. punicea are not suitable as substitutes of S. mileensis because of their remarkable differences in entirety and local part. In order to address issues about substitutes and high cost of purchasing drugs, more studies need to undertake. SUMMARY The UHPLC fingerprint method indicated the significant difference on chemical ingredients in four plants from Swertia.Swertiamarin is the unique common compounds for four plants, which exist are in leaves of S. davidii with the highest content.The obvious diversity in four plants was displayed from comprehensive point of view though similarity assay and PCA analysis.The UV fingerprint method offsets the defect that the UHPLC fingerprint reflected messages of secoiridoid glycosides only. Abbreviation used: UHPLC: Ultra high performance liquid chromatography, UV-vis: Ultraviolet-vis, HBV: Anti-hepatitis virus, DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, PCA: Principal component analysis, D-GaIN: D-Galactosamine, BCG: Bacille Calmette-Guerin, LPS: Lipopolysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
- Institute of Medicine Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Institute of Medicine Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Technical Center for Quality of Chinese Materia Medica, Kunming, China
| | - Hang Jin
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
- Institute of Medicine Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Technical Center for Quality of Chinese Materia Medica, Kunming, China
| | - Yuan-Zhong Wang
- Institute of Medicine Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Technical Center for Quality of Chinese Materia Medica, Kunming, China
| | - Heng-Yu Huang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
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Metabolic profile and β-glucuronidase inhibitory property of three species of Swertia. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Rai A, Nakamura M, Takahashi H, Suzuki H, Saito K, Yamazaki M. High-throughput sequencing and de novo transcriptome assembly of Swertia japonica to identify genes involved in the biosynthesis of therapeutic metabolites. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:2091-111. [PMID: 27378356 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-2021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report potential transcripts involved in the biosynthesis of therapeutic metabolites in Swertia japonica , the first report of transcriptome assembly, and characterization of the medicinal plant from Swertia genus. Swertia genus, representing over 170 plant species including herbs such as S. chirata, S. hookeri, S. longifolia, S. japonica, among others, have been used as the traditional medicine in China, India, Korea, and Japan for thousands of years. Due to the lack of genomic and transcriptomic resources, little is known about the molecular basis involved in the biosynthesis of characteristic key bioactive metabolites. Here, we performed deep-transcriptome sequencing for the aerial tissues and the roots of S. japonica, generating over 2 billion raw reads with an average length of 101 bps. Using a combined approach of three popular assemblers, de novo transcriptome assembly for S. japonica was obtained, yielding 81,729 unigenes having an average length of 884 bps and N50 value of 1452 bps, of which 46,963 unigenes were annotated based on the sequence similarity against NCBI-nr protein database. Annotation of transcriptome assembly resulted in the identification of putative genes encoding all enzymes from the key therapeutic metabolite biosynthesis pathways. Transcript abundance analysis, gene ontology enrichment analysis, and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed metabolic processes being up-regulated in the aerial tissues with respect to the roots of S. japonica. We also identified 37 unigenes as potential candidates involved in the glycosylation of bioactive metabolites. Being the first report of transcriptome assembly and annotation for any of the Swertia species, this study will be a valuable resource for future investigations on the biosynthetic pathways of therapeutic metabolites and their regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Rai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan.
| | - Michimi Nakamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takahashi
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Department of Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Mami Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan.
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Joshi B, Hendrickx S, Magar LB, Parajuli N, Dorny P, Maes L. In vitro antileishmanial and antimalarial activity of selected plants of Nepal. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE RESEARCH 2016; 5:383-389. [PMID: 27757268 PMCID: PMC5061481 DOI: 10.5455/jice.20160728031236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background: Nepal is very rich in biodiversity, and no extensive effort has yet been carried out to screen plants that are used by traditional healers against parasitic diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antileishmanial and antimalarial activity of crude methanolic or ethanolic extracts of 29 plant species that are currently used by local people of Nepal for treating different ailments. Methods: Crude extracts of leaves, twigs, aerial parts, and/or roots of the selected plants were evaluated for in vitro inhibitory activity against intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania infantum and against erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum. To determine the selectivity index (SI), cytotoxicity was assessed on MRC-5 cells in parallel. Results: Three plant species, namely Phragmites vallatoria and Ampelocissus tomentosa, for which no antiprotozoal activity has previously been reported, and Terminalia chebula revealed antiprotozoal activity. The extract of A. tomentosa exhibited moderate activity against L. infantum with an inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) of 13.2 ± 4.3 µg/ml and SI >3, while T. chebula exhibited fairly good antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values of 4.5 ± 2.4 µg/ml and SI values >5. Conclusion: In countries like Nepal, where the current health system is unable to combat the burden of endemic parasitic diseases, evaluation of local plants as a potential source of the drug can help in expanding the treatment options. The extent of untapped resources available in these countries provides an opportunity for future bioprospecting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu Joshi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Society for Biological Applications, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sarah Hendrickx
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lila Bahadur Magar
- Department of Biotechnology, National College, Tribhuvan University, Nayabazar, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Niranjan Parajuli
- Department of Biotechnology, National College, Tribhuvan University, Nayabazar, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Louis Maes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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Xiang B, Li X, Qian J, Wang L, Ma L, Tian X, Wang Y. The Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequence of the Medicinal Plant Swertia mussotii Using the PacBio RS II Platform. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21081029. [PMID: 27517885 PMCID: PMC6274542 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Swertia mussotii is an important medicinal plant that has great economic and medicinal value and is found on the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau. The complete chloroplast (cp) genome of S. mussotii is 153,431 bp in size, with a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions of 25,761 bp each that separate an large single-copy (LSC) region of 83,567 bp and an a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,342 bp. The S. mussotii cp genome encodes 84 protein-coding genes, 37 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and eight ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. The identity, number, and GC content of S. mussotii cp genes were similar to those in the genomes of other Gentianales species. Via analysis of the repeat structure, 11 forward repeats, eight palindromic repeats, and one reverse repeat were detected in the S. mussotii cp genome. There are 45 SSRs in the S. mussotii cp genome, the majority of which are mononucleotides found in all other Gentianales species. An entire cp genome comparison study of S. mussotii and two other species in Gentianaceae was conducted. The complete cp genome sequence provides intragenic information for the cp genetic engineering of this medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Xiang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anshan Road 312, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- College of Life Science, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Jun Qian
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Malianwa North Road 151, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Lizhi Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anshan Road 312, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Lin Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anshan Road 312, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Xiaoxuan Tian
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anshan Road 312, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Life Science, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Kshirsagar PR, Gaikwad NB, Panda S, Hegde HV, Pai SR. Reverse Phase-ultra Flow Liquid Chromatography-diode Array Detector Quantification of Anticancerous and Antidiabetic Drug Mangiferin from 11 Species of Swertia from India. Pharmacogn Mag 2016; 12:S32-6. [PMID: 27041855 PMCID: PMC4791996 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.176105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Genus Swertia is valued for its great medicinal potential, mainly Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Fleming) H. Karst. is used in traditional medicine for a wide range of diseases. Mangiferin one of xanthoids is referred with enormous pharmacological potentials. Objective: The aim of the study was to quantify and compare the anticancerous and antidiabetic drug mangiferin from 11 Swertia species from India. The study also evaluates hierarchical relationships between the species based on mangiferin content using multivariate analysis. Materials and Methods: The reverse phase-ultra flow liquid chromatography-diode array detector analyses was performed and chromatographic separation was achieved on a Lichrospher 100, C18e (5 μm) column (250–4.6 mm). Mobile phase consisting of 0.2% triethylamine (pH-4 with O-phosphoric acid) and acetonitrile (85:15) was used for separation with injection volume 20 μL and detection wave length at 257 nm. Results: Results indicated that concentration of mangiferin has been found to vary largely between Swertia species collected from different regions. Content of mangiferin was found to be highest in Swertia minor compared to other Swertia species studied herein from the Western Ghats and Himalayan region also. The same was also evident in the multivariate analysis, wherein S. chirayita, S. minor and Swertia paniculata made a separate clade. Conclusion: Conclusively, the work herein provides insights of mangiferin content from 11 Swertia species of India and also presents their hierarchical relationships. To best of the knowledge this is the first report of higher content of mangiferin from any Swertia species. SUMMARY The present study quantifies and compares mangiferin in 11 species of Swertia from India. The study also evaluates hierarchical relationships between the species based on mangiferin content using multivariate analysis. The mangiferin content was highest in S. minor compared to the studied Swertia species. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of higher content of mangiferin from Swertia species.
Abbreviations used: LOD: Limit of detection, LOQ: Limit of quantification, RP-UFLC-DAD: Reverse phase-ultra flow liquid chromatography-diode array detector, RSD: Relative standard deviation, SAN: Swertia angustifolia, SAP: Swertia angustifolia var. pulchella, SBI: S. bimaculata, SCH: S. chirayita, SCO: S. corymbosa, SDE: S. densifolia, SDI: S. dialatata, SLA: S. lawii, SMI: S. minor; SNE: S. nervosa, and SPA: S. paniculata
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthraj R Kshirsagar
- Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India; Herbal Medicine, Tissue Culture Division, Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, Karnataka, India; Plant Biotechnology and Tissue Culture Division, Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Nikhil B Gaikwad
- Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Subhasis Panda
- Department of Botany, Darjeeling Government College, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
| | - Harsha V Hegde
- Herbal Medicine, Tissue Culture Division, Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, Karnataka, India; Plant Biotechnology and Tissue Culture Division, Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Sandeep R Pai
- Plant Biotechnology and Tissue Culture Division, Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
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Khanal S, Shakya N, Thapa K, Pant DR. Phytochemical investigation of crude methanol extracts of different species of Swertia from Nepal. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:821. [PMID: 26708007 PMCID: PMC4691535 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1753-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genus Swertia is reported to contain potent bitter compounds like iridoids, xanthones and c-glucoflavones that are known to heal many human disorders. In contrast to high ethnomedicinally valued Swertia chirayita, its other species have not been studied extensively, in spite of their common use in traditional medicinal system in Nepalese communities. So, the present study attempts to investigate the content of total polyphenols, flavonoids, antioxidant activity and estimate the rough content of amarogentin, swertiamarin and mangiferin from different species of Swertia from Nepalese Himalayas. Methods Whole plant parts of S. chirayita (SCH), S. angustifolia (SAN), S. paniculata (SPA), S. racemosa (SRA), S. nervosa (SNE), S. ciliata (SCI) and S. dilatata (SDI) were collected; total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified spectrophotometrically and in vitro DPPH free radical scavenging assay was measured. Thin layer chromatography was performed on TLC aluminium plates pre-coated with silica gel for identification of swertiamarin, amarogentin and mangiferin from those species and semi quantitative estimation was done using GelQuant.NET software using their standard compounds. Results The phenolic content was highest in the methanol extract of SCH (67.49 ± 0.5 mg GAE/g) followed by SDI, SRA, SNE, SCI, SPA and SAN. The contents of flavonoids were found in the order of SCH, SPA, SRA, SNE, SDI, SCI and SAN. Promising concentration of phenolics and flavonoids produced promising DPPH free radical scavenging values. The IC50 values for the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging test was lowest in SCH (23.35 ± 0.6 μg/ml), even lower than the standard ascorbic acid among the seven studied species. A significant correlation of 0.977 was observed between the polyphenol content and antioxidant values. The TLC profile showed the presence of all three major phytochemicals; amarogentin, swertiamarin and mangiferin in all of the plant samples. Conclusion Among the seven studied species, SCH showed anticipating results in total phenol content, flavonoid content and DPPH radical scavenging test. The less considered species of Swertia can be a potential source of bioactive amarogentin, and other useful therapeutic compounds in the alarming status of Swertia chirayita as shown by the phytochemical analysis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1753-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supreet Khanal
- Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Niroj Shakya
- Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Krishna Thapa
- Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Deepak Raj Pant
- Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal. .,Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.
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Chandra D, Kohli G, Punetha VD, Prasad K, Bisht G, Khetwal K, Pandey H. Phytochemical and Ethnomedicinal Uses of Family Gentianaceae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/crc.2016.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kshirsagar PR, Chavan JJ, Umdale SD, Nimbalkar MS, Dixit GB, Gaikwad NB. Highly efficient in vitro regeneration, establishment of callus and cell suspension cultures and RAPD analysis of regenerants of Swertia lawii Burkill. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 6:79-84. [PMID: 28626699 PMCID: PMC5466263 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Highly efficient in vitro regeneration system has been developed for Swertia lawii Burkill, an important herb used as substitute for Swertia chirayita. Shoot tips explants were cultured on MS medium with various phytohormones for multiple shoot production. The best shoot production frequency (100%) and maximum shoots (10.4 ± 0.8) were obtained on MS media containing TDZ (3.0 mg l-1) in combination with IBA (0.3 mg l-1). Maximum callus induction (95 ± 4.8%) and callus growth (1.7 ± 0.4 gm) was achieved on MS medium with 2, 4-D (3.0 mg l-1). Cell suspension cultures were established and studied for their growth kinetics. Shoots were rooted best (22.1 ± 2.5) in 1/2 MS medium with IAA (3.0 mg l-1). The genetic uniformity of the micropropagated clones was assessed using RAPD markers. Out of 405 bands, 400 (98.76%) were monomorphic and rest 5 (1.24%) were polymorphic. High multiplication frequency and low risk of genetic instability ensures the efficacy of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaykumar J. Chavan
- Department of Botany, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara 415 001, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara 415 001, India
| | - Suraj D. Umdale
- Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416 004, India
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Jie XX, Geng CA, Huang XY, Ma YB, Zhang XM, Zhang RP, Chen JJ. Five new secoiridoid glycosides and one unusual lactonic enol ketone with anti-HBV activity from Swertia cincta. Fitoterapia 2015; 102:96-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jamil Ahmed M, Murtaza G. A study of medicinal plants used as ethnoveterinary: harnessing potential phytotherapy in Bheri, District Muzaffarabad (Pakistan). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 159:209-14. [PMID: 25449452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Medicinal plants are utilized for handling health care system and in preventing a variety of diseases. A survey was conducted to document the rapidly disappearing traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in union council Bheri, District Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. MATERIALS AND METHODS Questionnaire format was used to collect the medicinal uses of plants. The 180 informants were interviewed from six villages in total, 30 from each village (20 male and 10 female) regarding the ethnoveterinary uses of plants in several ailments. For the reliability of ethnoveterinary knowledge, the informant consensus factor (FIC), and fidelity level (FL) were calculated and the literature cited was surveyed. The medicinal information was gathered from local inhabitants, healers, shepherds and old men and women of different age groups. RESULTS A total of 24 medicinal plant species used as ethnoveterinary were found belonging to 22 genera and 19 families. The most dominant family was Polygonaceae (3 species) followed by Araceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae each with 2 species and remaining families having one species. The important medicinal plant species showed the highest fidelity level (FL) such as: Rumex nepalensis, Primula denticulata, (100%) used for dysuria, red urination, Skimmia laureola (100%), Swertia paniculata (99%), and Angelica glauca (97%), used for ague, cold, shivering, gastric ailments, Melia azedarach (100%), used to reduce intestinal worm load in cattle showing the conformity of knowledge on these species. Highest FIC was recorded for foot and mouth diseases and ectoparasite (1) followed by ague (0.98) and dysuria (0.99) depicting that a few species were used to cure various animals׳ ailments. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the research revealed that merely a few species are used as ethnoveterinary medicine supported by pharmacology study. Due to anthropogenic pressure the extinction of each species from the areas could result in disappearing knowledge regarding century׳s old traditional methods of curing diseases from these plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jamil Ahmed
- Department of Botany, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan.
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- Department of Botany, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
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A xanthone glycoside from aerial parts of Swertia paniculata. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Metabolic discrimination of Swertia mussotii and Swertia chirayita known as "Zangyinchen" in traditional Tibetan medicine by (1)H NMR-based metabolomics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 98:364-70. [PMID: 24992216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Swertia mussotii Franch. and Swertia chirayita Buch.-Ham. have been commonly used under the same name "Zangyinchen" for the treatment of liver and gallbladder diseases in traditional Tibetan medicine. Detailed characterization and comparison of the complete set of metabolites of these two species are critical for their objective identification and quality control. In this study, a rapid, simple and comprehensive (1)H NMR-based metabolomics method was first developed to differentiate the two species. A broad range of metabolites, including iridoid glycosides, xanthones, triterpenoids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, and amino acids, were identified. Statistical analysis showed evident differences between the two species, and the major markers responsible for the differences were screened. In addition, quantitative (1)H NMR method (qHNMR) was used for the target analysis of the discriminating metabolites. The results showed that S. mussotii had significantly higher contents of gentiopicrin, isoorientin, glucose, loganic acid, and choline, whereas S. chirayita exhibited higher levels of swertiamarin, oleanolic acid, valine, and fatty acids. These findings indicate that (1)H NMR-based metabolomics is a reliable and effective method for the metabolic profiling and discrimination of the two Swertia species, and can be used to verify the genuine origin of Zangyinchen.
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Evaluation of anticonvulsant, sedative, anxiolytic, and phytochemical profile of the methanol extract from the aerial parts of Swertia corymbosa (Griseb.) wight ex C.B. Clarke. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:542385. [PMID: 24877112 PMCID: PMC4022199 DOI: 10.1155/2014/542385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the anxiolytic, antidepressant, and anticonvulsant activity of the methanolic extract of Swertia corymbosa (SCMeOH). After acute toxicity test, oral treatment with SCMeOH at doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg behavioral models of open field, elevated-plus-maze, actophotometer, rotarod, pentylenetetrazole, isoniazid, and maximal electroshock induced seizure models were utilized. In open field test, SCMeOH (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) (P < 0.01, P < 0.001) increased the number of rearings. However, the number of central motor and ambulation (P < 0.01, P < 0.001) were reduced. Likewise, the number of entries and the time spent in open arm were increased while the number of locomotion was decreased (P < 0.001) in elevated-plus-maze and actophotometer test, respectively. SCMeOH (125-500 mg/kg) protected the mice against the pentylenetetrazole and isoniazid induced convulsions; it causes significant (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001) dose dependent increase in latency of convulsion. Treatment with SCMeOH reduced the duration of the tonic hind limb extension induced by electroshock. Two major compounds such as gentiopicroside and swertianin were analyzed by HPLC system.
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He J, Tian C, Ouyang H, Adelakun TA, Yu B, Chang Y, Pan G, Jiang L, Gao X. Determination of swertianolin in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:1418-22. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Tianjin 300193 China
| | - Chengwang Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Huizi Ouyang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Tianjin 300193 China
| | - Tiwalade A. Adelakun
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Tianjin 300193 China
| | - Bin Yu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Tianjin 300193 China
| | - Yanxu Chang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Tianjin 300193 China
| | - Guixiang Pan
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Tianjin 300193 China
| | - Linghuo Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Xiumei Gao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Tianjin 300193 China
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Shukla S, Bafna K, Sundar D, Thorat SS. The bitter barricading of prostaglandin biosynthesis pathway: understanding the molecular mechanism of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition by amarogentin, a secoiridoid glycoside from Swertia chirayita. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90637. [PMID: 24603686 PMCID: PMC3946170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Swertia chirayita, a medicinal herb inhabiting the challenging terrains and high altitudes of the Himalayas, is a rich source of essential phytochemical isolates. Amarogentin, a bitter secoiridoid glycoside from S. chirayita, shows varied activity in several patho-physiological conditions, predominantly in leishmaniasis and carcinogenesis. Experimental analysis has revealed that amarogentin downregulates the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity and helps to curtail skin carcinogenesis in mouse models; however, there exists no account on selective inhibition of the inducible cyclooxygenase (COX) isoform by amarogentin. Hence the computer-aided drug discovery methods were used to unravel the COX-2 inhibitory mechanism of amarogentin and to check its selectivity for the inducible isoform over the constitutive one. The generated theoretical models of both isoforms were subjected to molecular docking analysis with amarogentin and twenty-one other Food and Drug Authority (FDA) approved lead molecules. The post-docking binding energy profile of amarogentin was comparable to the binding energy profiles of the FDA approved selective COX-2 inhibitors. Subsequent molecular dynamics simulation analysis delineated the difference in the stability of both complexes, with amarogentin-COX-2 complex being more stable after 40ns simulation. The total binding free energy calculated by MMGBSA for the amarogentin-COX-2 complex was −52.35 KCal/mol against a binding free energy of −8.57 KCal/mol for amarogentin-COX-1 complex, suggesting a possible selective inhibition of the COX-2 protein by the natural inhibitor. Amarogentin achieves this potential selectivity by small, yet significant, structural differences inherent to the binding cavities of the two isoforms. Hypothetically, it might block the entry of the natural substrates in the hydrophobic binding channel of the COX-2, inhibiting the cyclooxygenation step. To sum up briefly, this work highlights the mechanism of the possible selective COX-2 inhibition by amarogentin and endorses the possibility of obtaining efficient, futuristic and targeted therapeutic agents for relieving inflammation and malignancy from this phytochemical source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Shukla
- Bioresource Database and Bioinformatics Division, Regional Center of Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
| | - Khushboo Bafna
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Durai Sundar
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (SST); (DS)
| | - Sunil S. Thorat
- Bioresource Database and Bioinformatics Division, Regional Center of Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
- Distributed Information Sub-Centre, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Imphal, Manipur, India
- * E-mail: (SST); (DS)
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Stefkov G, Miova B, Dinevska-Kjovkarovska S, Stanoeva JP, Stefova M, Petrusevska G, Kulevanova S. Chemical characterization of Centaurium erythrea L. and its effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in experimental diabetes. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 152:71-77. [PMID: 24321864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Centaurium erythrea L. fam. Gentianaceae (CE) has been traditionally used for centuries in folk medicine of Balkans as a bitter medicinal herb for digestive complications and for treating febrile conditions and diabetes. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the chemical composition and underlying biochemical mechanism of action of the antihyperglycemic and antilipidemic activities of the dry extract of Centaurium erythrea L., wildly growing and traditionally used medicinal plant in the Republic of Macedonia. MATERIALS AND METHODS An ultrasonic methanol maceration of the aerial parts of the dried plant was performed and the extract was freeze-dried. HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS(n) was carried out on 150 mm × 4.6mm, 5 μm RP-18 Eclipse XDB column, at 40 °C. Mobile phase: water with 1% formic acid (A) and methanol (B) with linear gradient starting with 10% B was used to reach 15% at 5 min, 40% B at 25 min, 55% of B at 50 min and 100% at 60 min, with flow rate of 0.4 mL min(-1). Normal and streptozotocin (STZ) hyperglycemic Wistar rats were used for assessment of the antihyperglycemic and antilipidemic activity by measurement of the key carbohydrate-related enzymes and substrates, as well as lipid state of the organism. RESULTS HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS(n) analyses revealed presence of four different secoiridoids, seven flavonoid glycosides and seven xanthones in the freeze-dried extract of CE representing 53%, 25% and 22% of all compounds, respectively. The short-term (12 days) treatment of the STZ-diabetic rats with CE-extracts resulted in a 74% reduction of the produced hyperglycemia, which is only 6% less than the reduction caused by glibeclamide (GLB, positive control). The CE-extract had a significant impact on the hepatic carbohydrate metabolism enhancing the direct synthesis of glycogen, normalizing phosphorylase a activity and reducing the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase, which further causes reduction in production of blood glucose level. The long-term (45 days) treatment showed that the HbA1c in CE-treated group of animals was even lower than in the GLB-treated groups. The antilipidemic assessment of the CE-extract revealed decrease of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL level in the blood of the normal and STZ-hyperglycemic rats. CONCLUSION The obtained results indicate that treatment with CE extract in STZ-diabetic rats regulates the elevated level of blood glucose and carbohydrate-related disturbances slightly better than the effect of glibenclamide. There was also regulation of the serum lipid status in diabetic rats. Identified groups of bitter compounds in the extract (flavonoides, iridoids and xanthones) probably have influence on the expressed antihyperglycaemic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gjoshe Stefkov
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Vodnjanska 17, 1000 Skopje, R. Macedonia
| | - Biljana Miova
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Gazi Baba bb, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.
| | - Suzana Dinevska-Kjovkarovska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Gazi Baba bb, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Jasmina Petreska Stanoeva
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Gazi Baba bb, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Marina Stefova
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Gazi Baba bb, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Gordana Petrusevska
- Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Vodnjanska 17, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Svetlana Kulevanova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Vodnjanska 17, 1000 Skopje, R. Macedonia
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Antioxidant xanthones from Swertia mussotii , a high altitude plant. Fitoterapia 2013; 91:140-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cao TW, Geng CA, Jiang FQ, Ma YB, He K, Zhou NJ, Zhang XM, Zhou J, Chen JJ. Chemical constituents of Swertia yunnanensis and their anti-hepatitis B virus activity. Fitoterapia 2013; 89:175-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by Gentiana lutea root extracts. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61393. [PMID: 23637826 PMCID: PMC3630200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gentiana lutea belonging to the Gentianaceae family of flowering plants are routinely used in traditional Serbian medicine for their beneficial gastro-intestinal and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of the study was to determine whether aqueous root extracts of Gentiana lutea consisting of gentiopicroside, gentisin, bellidifolin-8-O-glucoside, demethylbellidifolin-8-O-glucoside, isovitexin, swertiamarin and amarogentin prevents proliferation of aortic smooth muscle cells in response to PDGF-BB. Cell proliferation and cell cycle analysis were performed based on alamar blue assay and propidium iodide labeling respectively. In primary cultures of rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs), PDGF-BB (20 ng/ml) induced a two-fold increase in cell proliferation which was significantly blocked by the root extract (1 mg/ml). The root extract also prevented the S-phase entry of synchronized cells in response to PDGF. Furthermore, PDGF-BB induced ERK1/2 activation and consequent increase in cellular nitric oxide (NO) levels were also blocked by the extract. These effects of extract were due to blockade of PDGF-BB induced expression of iNOS, cyclin D1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Docking analysis of the extract components on MEK1, the upstream ERK1/2 activating kinase using AutoDock4, indicated a likely binding of isovitexin to the inhibitor binding site of MEK1. Experiments performed with purified isovitexin demonstrated that it successfully blocks PDGF-induced ERK1/2 activation and proliferation of RASMCs in cell culture. Thus, Gentiana lutea can provide novel candidates for prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Du XG, Wang W, Zhang QY, Cheng J, Avula B, Khan IA, Guo DA. Identification of xanthones from Swertia punicea using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:2913-2923. [PMID: 23136022 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Swertia punicea Hemsl. (Gentianaceae) are used mainly for the treatment of acute bilious hepatitis, cholecystitis, fever, intoxification and jaundice in China, as a traditional Chinese folk medicine. Xanthones as the main chemical components of Swertia punicea have many possible pharmacological properties, such as hepatoprotective and anti-HIV. In order to obtain an overall picture of the xanthones of Swertia punicea, high-performance liquid chromatography diode-array detection/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/DAD-ESI-MS(n)) was applied to the structural characterization of xanthones in ethyl acetate and acetone extracts. METHODS The ESI-MS fragmentation behaviors of xanthones were investigated based on the 17 reference xanthones and then applied to the structural characterization of xanthones in ethyl acetate and acetone extracts of Swertia punicea by HPLC/DAD-ESI-MS(n). RESULTS The fragmentation rules of aglycone, C-glycosides, O-glycosides, and polyxanthones with different linkages were summarized. The observed fragmentation pathways were used successfully for the analysis of the xanthone constituents of Swertia punicea, and a total of 34 xanthones were identified, among which 16 compounds were new and one compound was reported from this species for the first time. CONCLUSIONS The described methods were very valuable for the identification of xanthones, especially of the trace compounds, and therefore could be utilized for sensitive and rapid qualitative analysis of xanthones in Swertia punicea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Gang Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
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Sudheendran K, Malakar CC, Conrad J, Beifuss U. Copper(I)-Catalyzed Intramolecular O-Arylation for the Synthesis of 2,3,4,9-Tetrahydro-1H-xanthen-1-ones with Low Loads of CuCl. J Org Chem 2012; 77:10194-210. [DOI: 10.1021/jo3018318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Sudheendran
- Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, D-70599
Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Chandi C. Malakar
- Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, D-70599
Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jürgen Conrad
- Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, D-70599
Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Uwe Beifuss
- Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, D-70599
Stuttgart, Germany
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