1
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Lei B, Cao F, Chen M, Wang X, Mo Z. Bisgermylene-Stabilized Stannylone: Catalytic Reduction of Nitrous Oxide and Nitro Compounds via Element-Ligand Cooperativity. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17817-17826. [PMID: 38780163 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This study describes the synthesis, structural characterization, and catalytic application of a bis(germylene)-stabilized stannylone (2). The reduction of digermylated stannylene (1) with 2.2 equiv of potassium graphite (KC8) leads to the formation of stannylone 2 as a green solid in 78% yield. Computational studies showed that stannylone 2 possesses a formal Sn(0) center and a delocalized 3-c-2-e π-bond in the Ge2Sn core, which arises from back-donation of the p-type lone pair electrons on the Sn atom to the vacant orbitals of the Ge atoms. Stannylone 2 can serve as an efficient precatalyst for the selective reduction of nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitroarenes (ArNO2) with the formation of dinitrogen (N2) and hydrazines (ArNH-NHAr), respectively. Exposure of 2 with N2O (1 atm) resulted in the insertion of two oxygen atoms into the Ge-Ge and Ge-Sn bonds, yielding the germyl(oxyl)stannylene (3). Moreover, the stoichiometric reaction of 2 with 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene afforded an amido(oxyl)stannylene (4) through the complete scission of the N-O bonds of the nitroarene. Stannylenes 3 and 4 serve as catalytically active species for the catalytic reduction of nitrous oxide and nitroarenes, respectively. Mechanistic studies reveal that the cooperation of the low-valent Ge and Sn centers allows for multiple electron transfers to cleave the N-O bonds of N2O and ArNO2. This approach presents a new strategy for catalyzing the deoxygenation of N2O and ArNO2 using a zerovalent tin compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binglin Lei
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fanshu Cao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xuyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhenbo Mo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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2
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Wenger JS, Johnstone TC. A Sterically Accessible Monomeric Stibine Oxide Activates Organotetrel(IV) Halides, Including C-F and Si-F Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38959432 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Phosphine oxides and arsine oxides are common laboratory reagents with diverse applications that stem from the chemistry exhibited by these monomeric species. Stibine oxides are, in contrast, generally dimeric or oligomeric species because of the reactivity-quenching self-association of the highly polarized stiboryl (Sb=O/Sb+-O-) group. We recently isolated Dipp3SbO (Dipp = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl), the first example of a kinetically stabilized monomeric stibine oxide, which exists as a bench-stable solid and bears an unperturbed stiboryl group. Herein, we report the isolation of Mes3SbO (Mes = mesityl), in which the less bulky substituents maintain the monomeric nature of the compound but unlock access to a wider range of reactivity at the unperturbed stiboryl group relative to Dipp3SbO. Mes3SbO was found to be a potent Lewis base in the formation of adducts with the main-group Lewis acids PbMe3Cl and SnMe3Cl. The accessible Lewis acidity at the Sb atom results in a change in the reactivity with GeMe3Cl, SiMe3Cl, and CPh3Cl. With these species, Mes3SbO formally adds the E-Cl (E = Ge, Si, C) bond across the unsaturated stiboryl group to form a 5-coordinate stiborane. The biphilicity of Mes3SbO is sufficiently potent to activate even the C-F and Si-F bonds of C(p-MeOPh)3F and SiEt3F, respectively. These results mark a significant contribution to an increasingly rich literature on the reactivity of polar, unsaturated main-group motifs. Furthermore, these results highlight the utility of a kinetic stabilization approach to access unusual bonding motifs with unquenched reactivity that can be leveraged for small-molecule activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Timothy C Johnstone
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
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3
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Sen N, Sarkar P, Meena Y, Tothadi S, Pati SK, Khan S. Synthesis and catalytic application of a donor-free bismuthenium cation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6877-6880. [PMID: 38873969 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01805b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis and catalytic application of a new N,N'-dineopentyl-1,2-phenylenediamine-based bismuthenium cation (3). 3 has been synthesized via the treatment of chlorobismuthane LBiCl [L = 1,2-C6H4{N(CH2tBu)}2] (2) with AgSbF6, and was further used as a robust catalyst for the cyanosilylation of ketones under mild reaction conditions. Experimental studies and DFT calculations were performed to understand the mechanistic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilanjana Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Pallavi Sarkar
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore-560064, India.
| | - Yadram Meena
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Srinu Tothadi
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, UP, India
| | - Swapan K Pati
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore-560064, India.
| | - Shabana Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
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4
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Akhtar R, Gaurav K, Khan S. Applications of low-valent compounds with heavy group-14 elements. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6150-6243. [PMID: 38757535 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00101j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the low-valent compounds of group-14 elements have received significant attention in several fields of chemistry owing to their unique electronic properties. The low-valent group-14 species include tetrylenes, tetryliumylidene, tetrylones, dimetallenes and dimetallynes. These low-valent group-14 species have shown applications in various areas such as organic transformations (hydroboration, cyanosilylation, N-functionalisation of amines, and hydroamination), small molecule activation (e.g. P4, As4, CO2, CO, H2, alkene, and alkyne) and materials. This review presents an in-depth discussion on low-valent group-14 species-catalyzed reactions, including polymerization of rac-lactide, L-lactide, DL-lactide, and caprolactone, followed by their photophysical properties (phosphorescence and fluorescence), thin film deposition (atomic layer deposition and vapor phase deposition), and medicinal applications. This review concisely summarizes current developments of low-valent heavier group-14 compounds, covering synthetic methodologies, structural aspects, and their applications in various fields of chemistry. Finally, their opportunities and challenges are examined and emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruksana Akhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Kumar Gaurav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Shabana Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
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5
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Geibel N, Bührmann L, Albers L, Schmidtmann M, Weiz A, Müller T. Germaaluminocenes-Masked Heterofulvenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403652. [PMID: 38578658 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Germaaluminocenes are formed by salt metathesis reactions of dipotassium germacyclopentadienediides with pentamethylcyclopentadienylaluminum dichloride. The reactivity pattern of these sandwich complexes is determined by the electrophilic central aluminum atom and by the nucleophilic dicoordinated germanium center. Surprisingly, the products formed by reactions with Lewis acids, Lewis bases, amphiphiles and compounds with polar double bonds are those expected from the reaction of a hypothetical aluminagermapentafulvene with these types of reagents. This suggests that germaaluminocenes are synthetic equivalents to these pentafulvenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeschda Geibel
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Bührmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Lena Albers
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Weiz
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129, Oldenburg, Germany
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6
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Kumar M, Nayek HP. Syntheses and exploration of the catalytic activities of organotin(IV) compounds. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:9827-9837. [PMID: 38804088 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00646a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Six organotin(IV) compounds (1-6) have been synthesized by reaction of the polydentate pro-ligands H3L and H2L, respectively, with the corresponding diorganotin chlorides. All of the compounds were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, 1H, 13C{1H}, and 119Sn (1H) NMR spectroscopy, HRMS spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The solid-state structures show that all of the compounds are monomeric (except compound 3) and contain a penta-coordinated tin atom. Compound 3 is a dimer with two hexa-coordinated tin atoms. Compounds 1-3 contain a non-coordinated hydroxymethyl group. All of the compounds have been screened for their catalytic efficacy in the synthesis of 1,2 disubstituted benzimidazoles using o-phenylenediamine and aldehyde derivatives. It has been observed that both the Lewis acidic Sn(IV) centre and the hydroxymethyl group (hydrogen bond donor) catalyse the reactions with a product yield of up to 92%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad-826004, Jharkhand, India.
| | - Hari Pada Nayek
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad-826004, Jharkhand, India.
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7
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Willcox DR, Cocco E, Nichol GS, Carlone A, Thomas SP. Catalytic Access to Diastereometrically Pure Four- and Five-Membered Silyl-Heterocycles Using Transborylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401737. [PMID: 38578174 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Silyl-heterocycles offer a unique handle to expand and explore chemical space, reactivity, and functionality. The shortage of catalytic methods for the preparation of diverse and functionalized silyl-heterocycles however limits widespread exploration and exploitation. Herein the borane-catalyzed intramolecular 1,1-carboboration of silyl-alkynes has been developed for the synthesis of 2,3-dihydrosilolyl and silylcyclobut-2-enyl boronic esters. Successful, catalytic carboboration has been achieved on a variety of functionally diverse silyl-alkynes, using a borane catalyst and transborylation-enabled turnover. Mechanistic studies, including 13C-labelling, computational studies, and single-turnover experiments, suggest a reaction pathway proceeding by 1,2-hydroboration, 1,1-carboboration, and transborylation to release the alkenyl boronic ester product and regenerate the borane catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic R Willcox
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emanuele Cocco
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, via Vetoio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Gary S Nichol
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Armando Carlone
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, via Vetoio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Stephen P Thomas
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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8
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Crumpton AE, Heilmann A, Aldridge S. Modulating Hydrogen Shuttling in Ammonia by Neutral and Cationic Boron-Containing Frustrated Lewis Pairs (FLPs). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202406440. [PMID: 38818696 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Xanthene-backbone FLPs featuring secondary borane functions -B(ArX)H (where ArX=C6F5 (ArF) or C6Cl5 (ArCl)) have been targeted through reactions of the dihydroboranes Me2S ⋅ BArXH2 with [4,5-xanth(PR2)Li]2 (R=Ph, iPr), and investigated in the synthesis of related cationic systems via hydride abstraction. The reactivity of these systems (both cationic and charge neutral) with ammonia have been probed, with a view to probing the potential for proton shuttling via N-H bond 'activation.' We find that in the case of four-coordinate boron systems (cationic or change neutral), the N-H linkage remains intact, supported by a NH⋅⋅⋅P hydrogen bond which is worth up to 17 kcal mol-1 thermodynamically, and enabled by planarization of the flexible xanthene scaffold. For cationic three coordinate systems, N-to-P proton transfer is viable, driven by the ability of the boron centre to stabilise the [NH2]- conjugate base through N-to-B π bonding. This proton transfer can be shown to be reversible in the presence of excess ammonia, depending on the nature of the B-bound ArX group. It is viable in the case of C6F5 substituents, but is prevented by the more sterically encumbering and secondary donor-stabilising capabilities of the C6Cl5 substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agamemnon E Crumpton
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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9
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Chen W, Hu H, Feng J, Zhu L, Wu D. Synthetic, structural and reactivity studies of a boryl-ethynyl Silylene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5828-5831. [PMID: 38747249 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00922c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The salt metathesis of a boryl-ethynyl lithium salt {[(HCDipN)2]B-CC-Li} with a monochlorosilylene [LSi(:)Cl; L = PhC(NtBu)2] produced an isolable boryl-ethynyl silylene {1; [(HCDipN)2]B-CC-Si(L)}. The Si(II) center in 1 possesses a nonbonding lone pair and forms a covalent bond with the ethynyl group. The characterization of 1 was carried out by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray structure analysis and DFT calculations. Additionally, a reactivity study of 1 was conducted towards oxygen-containing and aryl C-F substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Chen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Haisheng Hu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Jie Feng
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits And Vegetables, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432000, China.
| | - Di Wu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
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10
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Griffin LP, Ellwanger MA, Clark J, Myers WK, Roper AF, Heilmann A, Aldridge S. Bis(Aluminyl)Magnesium: A Source of Nucleophilic or Radical Aluminium-Centred Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405053. [PMID: 38536728 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The homoleptic magnesium bis(aluminyl) compound Mg[Al(NON)]2 (NON=4,5-bis(2,6-diisopropylanilido)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene) can be accessed from K2[Al(NON)]2 and MgI2 and shown to possess a non-linear geometry (∠Al-Mg-Al=164.8(1)°) primarily due to the influence of dispersion interactions. This compound acts a four-electron reservoir in the reductive de-fluorination of SF6, and reacts thermally with polar substrates such as MeI via nucleophilic attack through aluminium, consistent with the QT-AIM charges calculated for the metal centres, and a formal description as a Al(I)-Mg(II)-Al(I) trimetallic. On the other hand, under photolytic activation, the reaction with 1,5-cyclooctadiene leads to the stereo-selective generation of transannular cycloaddition products consistent with radical based chemistry, emphasizing the covalent nature of the Mg-Al bonds and a description as a Al(II)-Mg(0)-Al(II) synthon. Consistently, photolysis of Mg[Al(NON)]2 in hexane in the absence of COD generates [Al(NON)]2 together with magnesium metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam P Griffin
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Mathias A Ellwanger
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jonathon Clark
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - William K Myers
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Aisling F Roper
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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11
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Krischer F, Gessner VH. Ligand Exchange at Carbon: Synthetic Entry to Elusive Species and Versatile Reagents. JACS AU 2024; 4:1709-1722. [PMID: 38818072 PMCID: PMC11134600 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
How different is carbon compared to other elements in the periodic table? Can carbon compounds be regarded as coordination complexes with carbon as the central element undergoing a facile exchange of its ligands? Although carbon clearly plays a special role among the elements of the periodic table, recent studies have drawn parallels between the bonding situation and the reactivity of carbon compounds to transition metal complexes. This Perspective summarizes recent reports about ylidic and zwitterionic compounds that were shown to exhibit ambiguous bonding situations that can be interpreted as donor-acceptor interactions similar to the bond between a metal and a neutral ligand. Based on this conception, ligand exchange reactions prototypical of transition metal complexes were realized at carbon atoms, enabling new synthetic strategies for the synthesis of reactive species and building blocks. In particular, the exchange of N2, CO, and phosphine ligands led to the development of a mild method for accessing new compounds and reagents with unusual properties, such as vinylidene ketenes or stable ketenyl anions, that open up a diverse but still poorly explored follow-up chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Krischer
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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12
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Ruppert H, Meister A, Janßen P, Greb L. Conformational and Substitution Effects on the Donor and Reducing Strength of Tin(II) Porphyrinogens. Chemistry 2024:e202401685. [PMID: 38803093 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Meso-octaalkylcalix[4]pyrrolates are a class of redox-active porphyrinogen ligands. They have been well established in d- and f-block chemistry for over three decades but have only recently been introduced as ligands for p-block elements. Here, we present a study on the influence of meso-substituents on the redox chemistry of calix[4]pyrrolato stannate(II) dianions [2R]2- (R=Me, Et). Expansion of the normal-mode structural decomposition (NSD) method, well known for porphyrin chemistry, provides insights into the ligand conformation of a calix[4]pyrrolato p-block complex. Combined with the results of spectroscopic donor scaling, electrochemical studies, and quantum mechanical bond analysis tools, subtle but significant substitution and conformational effects on the electronic structure are revealed. Exploiting this knowledge rationalizes the role of this class of tin(II) dianions to act as potent reducing agents, but can also be expanded for other central elements. Photoexcitation boosts this reactivity further, allowing for the reduction of even challenging chlorobenzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Ruppert
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 275, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arne Meister
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 275, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul Janßen
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 275, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 275, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Sarkar D, Vasko P, Gluharev T, Griffin LP, Bogle C, Struijs J, Tang J, Roper AF, Crumpton AE, Aldridge S. Synthesis, Isolation, and Reactivity Studies of 'Naked' Acyclic Gallyl and Indyl Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202407427. [PMID: 38775385 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
By exploiting the electronic capabilities of the N-heterocyclic boryloxy (NHBO) ligand, we have synthesized "naked" acyclic gallyl [Ga{OB(NDippCH)2}2]- and indyl [In{OB(NDippCH)2}2]- anions (as their [K(2.2.2-crypt)]+ salts) through K+ abstraction from [KGa{OB(NDippCH)2}2] and [KIn{OB(NDippCH)2}2] using 2.2.2-crypt. These systems represent the first O-ligated gallyl/indyl systems, are ultimately accessed from cyclopentadienyl GaI/InI precursors by substitution chemistry, and display nucleophilic reactivity which is strongly influenced by the presence (or otherwise) of the K+ counterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debotra Sarkar
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Petra Vasko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen Aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Tihomir Gluharev
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Liam P Griffin
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Charlotte Bogle
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Job Struijs
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jianqin Tang
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Aisling F Roper
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Agamemnon E Crumpton
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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14
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Evans MJ, Jones C. Low oxidation state and hydrido group 2 complexes: synthesis and applications in the activation of gaseous substrates. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5054-5082. [PMID: 38595211 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00097h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Numerous industrial processes utilise gaseous chemical feedstocks to produce useful chemical products. Atmospheric and other small molecule gases, including anthropogenic waste products (e.g. carbon dioxide), can be viewed as sustainable building blocks to access value-added chemical commodities and materials. While transition metal complexes have been well documented in the reduction and transformation of these substrates, molecular complexes of the terrestrially abundant alkaline earth metals have also demonstrated promise with remarkable reactivity reported towards an array of industrially relevant gases over the past two decades. This review covers low oxidation state and hydrido group 2 complexes and their role in the reduction and transformation of a selection of important gaseous substrates towards value-added chemical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Evans
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
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15
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Xu H, Roy MMD, Kostenko A, Kelly JA, Fujimori S, Inoue S. Dialumene-Mediated Production of Phosphines through P 4 Reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202404532. [PMID: 38763910 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The formation of phosphorus-rich alanes featuring butterfly-like geometries is achieved. The two-electron reduction products feature a unique P4 2- structure and can act as a source of P3-. The treatment of these phosphorus containing products with electrophiles under mild conditions results in the formation of different phosphines. This approach eliminates the need for high temperatures and/or high pressures, which are commonly required in industrial processes for the preparation of useful phosphines.The activation and further functionalization of white phosphorus (P4) by main group complexes has become an increasingly studied topic in recent times. Herein, we report the controlled formation of phosphorus-rich alanes featuring butterfly-like geometries from the selective reaction of P4 with dialumenes, ([L(IiPr)Al]2) (1: L=Tripp=2,4,6-iPr3C6H2; 2: L=tBu2MeSi; IiPr=[MeCN(iPr)]2C)). The two-electron-reduction product of P4 features a P4 2- structure and is shown to be able to act as a source of P3-. Treatments of different electrophiles (e.g., chlorotrimethylsilane (Me3SiCl), iodotrimethylsilane (Me3SiI), HCl, or acetyl chloride (CH3COCl)) with these alanes under mild conditions gave the corresponding phosphines (e.g., P(SiMe3)3, PH3, or P(COCH3)3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Xu
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Matthew M D Roy
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Arseni Kostenko
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - John A Kelly
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Shiori Fujimori
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
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16
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Nguyen DT, Helling C, Jones C. Synthesis and Characterization of Bulky 1,3-Diamidopropane Complexes of Group 2 Metals (Be-Sr). Chem Asian J 2024:e202400498. [PMID: 38760323 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Reaction of lithium 1,3-diamidopropane Li2(TripNCN) (TripNCN=[{(Trip)NCH2}2CH2]2-, Trip=2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl) with BeBr2(OEt2)2 gave the diamido beryllium complex, [(TripNCN)Be(OEt2)]. Deprotonation reactions between the bulkier 1,3-diaminopropane (TCHPNCN)H2 (TCHPNCN=[{(TCHP)NCH2}2CH2]2-, TCHP=2,4,6-tricyclohexylphenyl) and magnesium alkyls afforded the adduct complexes [(TCHPNCN)Mg(OEt2)] and [(TCHPNCN)Mg(THF)2], depending on the reaction conditions employed. Treating [(TCHPNCN)Mg(THF)2] with the N-heterocyclic carbene :C{(MeNCMe)2} (TMC) gave [(TCHPNCN)Mg(TMC)2] via substitution of the THF ligands. Reactions of (ArNCN)H2 (Ar=Trip or TCHP) with Mg{CH2(SiMe3)}2, in the absence of Lewis bases, yielded the N-bridged dimers [{(ArNCN)Mg}2]. Salt metathesis reactions between alkali metal salts M2(TCHPNCN) (M=Li or K) and CaI2 or SrI2 led to the THF adduct compounds [(TCHPNCN)Ca(THF)3] and [(TCHPNCN)Sr(THF)4], the differing number of THF ligands in which is a result of the different sizes of the metals involved. The described complexes hold potential as precursors to kinetically protected, low oxidation state group 2 metal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dat T Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Christoph Helling
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
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17
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Choudhury D, Lam CC, Farag NL, Slaughter J, Bond AD, Goodman JM, Wright DS. Suppressing Cis/Trans 'Ring-Flipping' in Organoaluminium(III)-2-Pyridyl Dimers-Design Strategies Towards Lewis Acid Catalysts for Alkene Oligomerisation. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303872. [PMID: 38477400 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Owing to its high natural abundance compared to the commonly used transition (precious) metals, as well as its high Lewis acidity and ability to change oxidation state, aluminium has recently been explored as the basis for a range of single-site catalysts. This paper aims to establish the ground rules for the development of a new type of cationic alkene oligomerisation catalyst containing two Al(III) ions, with the potential to act co-operatively in stereoselective assembly. Five new dimers of the type [R2Al(2-py')]2 (R=Me, iBu; py'=substituted pyridyl group) with different substituents on the Al atoms and pyridyl rings have been synthesised. The formation of the undesired cis isomers can be suppressed by the presence of substituents on the 6-position of the pyridyl ring due to steric congestion, with DFT calculations showing that the selection of the trans isomer is thermodynamically controlled. Calculations show that demethylation of the dimers [Me2Al(2-py')]2 with Ph3C+ to the cations [{MeAl(2-py')}2(μ-Me)]+ is highly favourable and that the desired trans disposition of the 2-pyridyl ring units is influenced by steric effects. Preliminary experimental studies confirm that demethylation of [Me2Al(6-MeO-2-py)]2 can be achieved using [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4].
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanjana Choudhury
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW
| | - Ching Ching Lam
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW
| | - Nadia L Farag
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW
| | - Jonathan Slaughter
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Bond
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW
| | - Jonathan M Goodman
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW
| | - Dominic S Wright
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW
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18
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Singh VK, Singh D, Kumar H, Joshi PC, Singh V, Shukla P, Sharma T, Rajaraman G, Nagendran S. ATI Stabilized Germylene Cation as a Cyanosilylation Catalyst for Aldehydes and Ketones. Chem Asian J 2024:e202400138. [PMID: 38733617 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The aminotroponiminate (ATI) ligand stabilized germylene cation [(i-Bu)2ATIGe][B(C6F5)4] (2) is found to be an efficient low-valent main-group catalyst for the cyanosilylation of aldehydes and ketones (ATI=aminotroponiminate). It was synthesized by reacting [(i-Bu)2ATIGeCl] (1) with Na[B(C6F5)4]. The catalytic cyanosilylation of diverse aliphatic and aromatic carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) using 0.075-0.75 mol% of compound 2 was completed within 5-45 min. The catalytic efficiency seen with aliphatic aldehydes was around 15,800 h-1, making compound 2 a capable low-valent main-group catalyst for the aldehyde and ketone cyanosilylation reactions. Further, DFT calculations reveal a pronounced charge localization at the germanium atom of compound 2, leading to its superior catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi) Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Dharmendra Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi) Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi) Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Prakash Chandra Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi) Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Vishal Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi) Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Pratima Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi) Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Tanu Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), Mumbai, India
| | - Gopalan Rajaraman
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), Mumbai, India
| | - Selvarajan Nagendran
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi) Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
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19
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Bührmann L, Albers L, Beuße M, Schmidtmann M, Müller T. Aluminagerma[5]pyramidanes-Formation and Skeletal Rearrangement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401467. [PMID: 38470087 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The salt metathesis reaction of dipotassium germacyclopentadienediide with aluminum(III) dichlorides provides either half-sandwich alumole complexes of germanium(II) or aluminylene germole complexes. Their molecular structure and the delocalized bonding situation, revealed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, are equally described as isomeric aluminagerma[5]pyramidanes with either the germanium or the aluminum atom in the apical position of the pentagonal pyramid. The product formation and the selectivity of the reaction depends on the third substituent of the aluminum dichloride. Aryl-substituents favor the formation of alumole complexes and Cp*-substituents that of the isomeric germole complexes. With amino-substituents at the aluminum atom mixtures of both isomers are formed and the positional exchange of the two heteroatoms is shown by NMR spectroscopy. The alumole complexes of germanium(II) undergo facile reductive elimination of germanium and form the corresponding alumoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Bührmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D. 26129, Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, EU
| | - Lena Albers
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D. 26129, Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, EU
| | - Maximilian Beuße
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D. 26129, Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, EU
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D. 26129, Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, EU
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D. 26129, Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, EU
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20
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Sarkar D, Vasko P, Roper AF, Crumpton AE, Roy MMD, Griffin LP, Bogle C, Aldridge S. Reversible [4 + 1] Cycloaddition of Arenes by a "Naked" Acyclic Aluminyl Compound. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:11792-11800. [PMID: 38626444 PMCID: PMC11066863 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
The large steric profile of the N-heterocyclic boryloxy ligand, -OB(NDippCH)2, and its ability to stabilize the metal-centered HOMO, are exploited in the synthesis of the first example of a "naked" acyclic aluminyl complex, [K(2.2.2-crypt)][Al{OB(NDippCH)2}2]. This system, which is formed by substitution at AlI (rather than reduction of AlIII), represents the first O-ligated aluminyl compound and is shown to be capable of hitherto unprecedented reversible single-site [4 + 1] cycloaddition of benzene. This chemistry and the unusual regioselectivity of the related cycloaddition of anthracene are shown to be highly dependent on the availability (or otherwise) of the K+ countercation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debotra Sarkar
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
| | - Petra Vasko
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen Aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Aisling F. Roper
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
| | - Agamemnon E. Crumpton
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
| | - Matthew M. D. Roy
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
| | - Liam P. Griffin
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
| | - Charlotte Bogle
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
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21
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Macdonald PA, Kennedy AR, Weetman CE, Robertson SD, Mulvey RE. Synthesis, characterisation, and catalytic application of a soluble molecular carrier of sodium hydride activated by a substituted 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine. Commun Chem 2024; 7:94. [PMID: 38678145 PMCID: PMC11055874 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently main group compounds have stepped into the territory of precious transition metal compounds with respect to utility in the homogeneous catalysis of fundamentally important organic transformations. Inspired by the need to promote more sustainability in chemistry because of their greater abundance in nature, this change of direction is surprising since main group metals generally do not possess the same breadth of reactivity as precious transition metals. Here, we introduce the dihydropyridylsodium compound, Na-1,2-tBu-DH(DMAP), and its monomeric variant [Na-1,2-tBu-DH(DMAP)]·Me6TREN, and demonstrate their effectiveness in transfer hydrogenation catalysis of the representative alkene 1,1-diphenylethylene to the alkane 1,1-diphenylethane using 1,4-cyclohexadiene as hydrogen source [DMAP = 4-dimethylaminopyridine; Me6TREN = tris(N,N-dimethyl-2-aminoethyl)amine]. Sodium is appealing because of its high abundance in the earth's crust and oceans, but organosodium compounds have been rarely used in homogeneous catalysis. The success of the dihydropyridylsodium compounds can be attributed to their high solubility and reactivity in organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Macdonald
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Catherine E Weetman
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Stuart D Robertson
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
| | - Robert E Mulvey
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
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22
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Parsons LW, Berben LA. Expanding the Scope of Aluminum Chemistry with Noninnocent Ligands. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1087-1097. [PMID: 38581655 PMCID: PMC11025028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusAluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust at 8%, and it is also widely available domestically in many countries worldwide, which ensures a stable supply chain. To further the applications of aluminum (Al), such as in catalysis and electronic and energy storage materials, there has been significant interest in the synthesis and characterization of new Al coordination compounds that can support electron transfer (ET) and proton transfer (PT) chemistry. This has been achieved using redox and chemically noninnocent ligands (NILs) combined with the highly stable M(III) oxidation state of Al and in some cases the heavier group 13 ions, Ga and In.When ligands participate in redox chemistry or facilitate the breaking or making of new bonds, they are often termed redox or chemically noninnocent, respectively. Al(III) in particular supports rich ligand-based redox chemistry because it is so redox inert and will support the ligand across many charge and protonation states without entering into the reaction chemistry. To a lesser extent, we have reported on the heavier group 13 elements Ga and In, and this chemistry will also be included in this Account, where available.This Account is arranged into two technical sections, which are (1) Structures of Al-NIL complexes and (2) Reactivity of Al-NIL complexes. Highlights of the research work include reversible redox chemistry that has been enabled by ligand design to shut down radical coupling pathways and to prevent loss of H2 from unsaturated ligand sites. These reversible redox properties have in turn enabled the characterization of Class III electron delocalization through Al when two NIL are bound to the Al(III) in different charge states. Characterization of the metalloaromatic character of square planar Al and Ga complexes has been achieved, and characterization of the delocalized electronic structures has provided a model within which to understand and predict the ET and PT chemistry of the NIL group 13 compounds. The capacity of Al-NIL complexes to perform ET and PT has been employed in reactions that use ET or PT reactivity only or in reactions where coupled ET/PT affords hydride transfer chemistry. As an example, ligand-based PT reactions initiate metal-ligand cooperative bond activation pathways for catalysis: this includes acceptorless dehydrogenation of formic acid and anilines and transfer hydrogenation chemistry. In a complementary approach, ligand based ET/PT chemistry has been used in the study of dihydropyridinate (DHP-) chemistry where it was shown that N-coordination of group 13 ions lowers kinetic barriers to DHP- formation. Taken together, the discussion presented herein illustrates that the NIL chemistry of Al(III), and also of Ga(III) and In(III) holds promise for further developments in catalysis and energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo W.
T. Parsons
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Louise A. Berben
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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23
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Zhang J, Li L, Xie X, Song XQ, Schaefer HF. Biomimetic Frustrated Lewis Pair Catalysts for Hydrogenation of CO to Methanol at Low Temperatures. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2024; 4:258-267. [PMID: 38585511 PMCID: PMC10996047 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The industrial production of methanol through CO hydrogenation using the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst requires harsh conditions, and the development of new catalysts with low operating temperatures is highly desirable. In this study, organic biomimetic FLP catalysts with good tolerance to CO poison are theoretically designed. The base-free catalytic reaction contains the 1,1-addition of CO into a formic acid intermediate and the hydrogenation of the formic acid intermediate into methanol. Low-energy spans (25.6, 22.1, and 20.6 kcal/mol) are achieved, indicating that CO can be hydrogenated into methanol at low temperatures. The new extended aromatization-dearomatization effect involving multiple rings is proposed to effectively facilitate the rate-determining CO 1,1-addition step, and a new CO activation model is proposed for organic catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejing Zhang
- College
of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei
Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis
of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Longfei Li
- College
of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei
Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis
of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Xie
- College
of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei
Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis
of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Qing Song
- College
of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei
Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis
of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Center
for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University
of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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24
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Mochihara K, Morimoto T, Ota K, Marumoto S, Hashizume D, Matsuo T. Approach to the "Missing" Diarylsilylene: Formation, Characterization, and Intramolecular C-H Bond Activation of Blue Diarylsilylenes with Bulky Rind Groups. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3761. [PMID: 38612569 PMCID: PMC11011690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The treatment of the bulky Rind-based dibromosilanes, (Rind)2SiBr2 (2) [Rind = 1,1,7,7-tetra-R1-3,3,5,5-tetra-R2-s-hydrindacen-4-yl: EMind (a: R1 = Et, R2 = Me) and Eind (b: R1 = R2 = Et)], with two equivalents of tBuLi in Et2O at low temperatures resulted in the formation of blue solutions derived from the diarylsilylenes, (Rind)2Si: (3). Upon warming the solutions above -20 °C, the blue color gradually faded, accompanying the decomposition of 3 and yielding cyclic hydrosilanes (4) via intramolecular C-H bond insertion at the Si(II) center. The molecular structures of the bulky Eind-based 3b and 4b were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Thus, at -20 °C, blue crystals were formed (Crystal-A), which were identified as mixed crystals of 3b and 4b. Additionally, colorless crystals of 4b as a singular component were isolated (Crystal-B), whose structure was also determined by an X-ray diffraction analysis. Although the isolation of 3 was difficult due to their thermally labile nature, their structural characteristics and electronic properties were discussed based on the experimental findings complemented by computational results. We also examined the hydrolysis of 3b to afford the silanol, (Eind)2SiH(OH) (5b).
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Grants
- JP20109003, JP15H00964, JP15H03788, 18K05160, 21K05091, 22K20561 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- #2016-94, #2017-99, #2018-110, #2019-120, #2020-126, #2021-130, #2022-134 Collaborative Research Program of The Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Mochihara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Osaka, Japan; (K.M.); (T.M.); (K.O.)
| | - Tatsuto Morimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Osaka, Japan; (K.M.); (T.M.); (K.O.)
| | - Kei Ota
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Osaka, Japan; (K.M.); (T.M.); (K.O.)
| | - Shinsuke Marumoto
- Joint Research Center, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Matsuo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Osaka, Japan; (K.M.); (T.M.); (K.O.)
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25
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Basu D, Ghosh B, Srivastava D, Patra N, Nayek HP. Mononuclear organogermanium(IV) catalysts for a [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:5648-5657. [PMID: 38441230 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00239c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Three mononuclear Ge(IV) compounds, [(C6H5)2Ge(C13H8N2O4)] (1), [(C6H5)2Ge(C14H10N2O5)] (2), and [(C6H5)2Ge(C14H11NO3)] (3), have been synthesized by the reaction of pro-ligands H2L1 (C13H10N2O4), H2L2 (C14H12N2O5), and H2L3 (C14H13NO3) with (C6H5)2GeCl2 in the presence of triethylamine. All compounds were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the germanium(IV) atom exhibits a five-coordinated geometry in compounds 1 and 2. All compounds were screened as Lewis acid catalysts in the [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction between sodium azide and various nitriles. The reactions resulted in the formation of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles with yields of up to 96%. Based on the experimental findings and DFT calculations, a plausible mechanism is proposed for the [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debayan Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad-826004, Jharkhand, India.
| | - Barshali Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad-826004, Jharkhand, India.
| | - Diship Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad-826004, Jharkhand, India.
| | - Niladri Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad-826004, Jharkhand, India.
| | - Hari Pada Nayek
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad-826004, Jharkhand, India.
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26
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Helling C, Döhler L, Kysliak O, Görls H, Liebing P, Wölper C, Kretschmer R, Schulz S. Metal-metal cooperativity boosts Lewis basicity and reduction properties of the bis(gallanediyl) CyL 2Ga 2. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:4922-4929. [PMID: 38410991 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00172a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The interplay of two proximate gallium centres equips the bimetallic complex CyL2Ga2 (1, CyL2 = 1,2-trans-Cy[NC(Me)C(H)C(Me)N(Dip)]2, Dip = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3) with increased Lewis basicity and higher reducing power compared to the monometallic gallanediyl LGa (2, L = HC[MeCN(Dip)]2) as evidenced by cross-over experiments. Quantum chemical calculations were employed to support the experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Helling
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Lotta Döhler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Oleksandr Kysliak
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Phil Liebing
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Robert Kretschmer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
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27
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Benzan Lantigua PA, Lutz M, Moret ME. Polar X-H Bond (X=O, S, N) Activation at a Cage Silanide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319899. [PMID: 38226565 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Low-valent silicon compounds such as neutral silylenes display versatile reactivity for the activation of small molecules. In contrast, their anionic congeners silanides ([R3 Si- ]) have primarily been investigated for their nucleophilic reactivity. Here we show that incorporating a silanide center in a bicyclic cage structure allows for formal oxidative addition of polar element-hydrogen bonds (RX-H, R=aromatic residue, X=O, S, NH). The resulting hydrosilicates were isolated and characterized structurally and spectroscopically. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations and experimental observations support an ionic mechanism for RX-H bond activation. Finally, the reactivity of the RS-H bond adduct was further investigated, revealing that it behaves as a Lewis pair upon facile heterolytic cleavage of the Si-S bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Adienes Benzan Lantigua
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Lutz
- Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc-Etienne Moret
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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28
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Bücker A, Gehlhaar A, Wölper C, Schulz S. Activation of non-polar bonds by an electron-rich gallagermylene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2902-2905. [PMID: 38353274 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06223f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The electron-rich germylene LGa(μ-Cl)GeArMes (1) (L = CH[C(Me)N(Dipp)]2, Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3, ArMes = 2,6-Mes2C6H3, Mes = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2) shows promising potential in the σ-bond activation of unpolar molecules as is shown in oxidative addition reactions with H2 and P4, yielding L(Cl)GaGe(H)2ArMes (2) and L(Cl)Ga(P4)GeArMes (3). Compounds 2 and 3 were characterised spectroscopically (1H, 13C{1H}, (31P{1H}), IR) and by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (sc-XRD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bücker
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45117, Germany.
| | - Alexander Gehlhaar
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45117, Germany.
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45117, Germany.
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45117, Germany.
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg 47057, Germany
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29
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Rajput S, Sahoo RK, Sarkar N, Nembenna S. Gallium Hydride-Catalyzed Selective Hydroboration of Unsaturated Organic Substrates. Chempluschem 2024:e202300737. [PMID: 38437065 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The first examples of tetrasubstituted conjugated bis-guanidinate (CBG) supported monomeric and thermally stable gallium dihalides [LGaX2], (X=Cl (Ga-Cl), I (Ga-I)) and dihydride (Ga-H) [LGaH2] (where L={(ArHN)(ArN)-C=N-C=(NAr)(NHAr)}; Ar=2,6-Et2-C6H3) compounds are reported. The reaction of in situ generated LLi with 1.0 equiv. GaX3 (X=Cl, I) afforded compounds Ga-Cl and Ga-I. The reaction between Ga-Cl and Li[HBEt3] in benzene yielded the dihydride compound Ga-H. All reported compounds (Ga-Cl, Ga-I, and Ga-H) were characterized by NMR, HRMS, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Ga-H was probed for the hydroboration of carbodiimides (CDI), isocyanates, and isothiocyanates with HBpin. Compound Ga-H was also found effective for the catalytic hydroboration of imines, nitriles, alkynes, esters, and formates, affording the corresponding products in quantitative yields. Stoichiometric reactions with a CDI were performed to establish the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagrika Rajput
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Bhubaneswar, 752050, India
| | - Rajata Kumar Sahoo
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Bhubaneswar, 752050, India
| | - Nabin Sarkar
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Bhubaneswar, 752050, India
| | - Sharanappa Nembenna
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Bhubaneswar, 752050, India
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30
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Yan B, Ma X, Pang Z, Yang Z. Chemoselective Luche-type reduction of α,β-unsaturated ketones by aluminium hydride catalysis. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:4127-4131. [PMID: 38315772 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03987k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
A novel, simple, eco-friendly, non-toxic aluminium catalyst was synthesised for the chemoselective reduction of α,β-unsaturated ketones. A wide range of ketones were achieved with excellent yields, mild conditions, and low catalyst loading. Furthermore, this unprecedented method allowed for the stereoselective reduction of natural ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Ziyuan Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Zhi Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China.
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31
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Mato M, Cornella J. Bismuth in Radical Chemistry and Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315046. [PMID: 37988225 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Whereas indications of radical reactivity in bismuth compounds can be traced back to the 19th century, the preparation and characterization of both transient and persistent bismuth-radical species has only been established in recent decades. These advancements led to the emergence of the field of bismuth radical chemistry, mirroring the progress seen for other main-group elements. The seminal and fundamental studies in this area have ultimately paved the way for the development of catalytic methodologies involving bismuth-radical intermediates, a promising approach that remains largely untapped in the broad landscape of synthetic organic chemistry. In this review, we delve into the milestones that eventually led to the present state-of-the-art in the field of radical bismuth chemistry. Our focus aims at outlining the intrinsic discoveries in fundamental inorganic/organometallic chemistry and contextualizing their practical applications in organic synthesis and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mato
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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32
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Sorbelli D, Belpassi L, Belanzoni P. Cooperative small molecule activation by apolar and weakly polar bonds through the lens of a suitable computational protocol. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1222-1238. [PMID: 38126734 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05614g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Small molecule activation processes are central in chemical research and cooperativity is a valuable tool for the fine-tuning of the efficiency of these reactions. In this contribution, we discuss recent and remarkable examples in which activation processes are mediated by bimetallic compounds featuring apolar or weakly polar metal-metal bonds. Relevant experimental breakthroughs are thoroughly analyzed from a computational perspective. We highlight how the rational and non-trivial application of selected computational approaches not only allows rationalization of the observed reactivities but also inferring of general principles applicable to activation processes, such as the breakdown of the structure-reactivity relationship in carbon dioxide activation in a cooperative framework. We finally provide a simple yet unbiased computational protocol to study these reactions, which can support experimental advances aimed at expanding the range of applications of apolar and weakly polar bonds as catalysts for small molecule activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sorbelli
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8 - 06123, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8 - 06123, Perugia, Italy.
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8 - 06123, Perugia, Italy.
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33
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Bonfante S, Lorber C, Lynam JM, Simonneau A, Slattery JM. Metallomimetic C-F Activation Catalysis by Simple Phosphines. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2005-2014. [PMID: 38207215 PMCID: PMC10811696 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Delivering metallomimetic reactivity from simple p-block compounds is highly desirable in the search to replace expensive, scarce precious metals by cheap and abundant elements in catalysis. This contribution demonstrates that metallomimetic catalysis, involving facile redox cycling between the P(III) and P(V) oxidation states, is possible using only simple, cheap, and readily available trialkylphosphines without the need to enforce unusual geometries at phosphorus or use external oxidizing/reducing agents. Hydrodefluorination and aminodefluorination of a range of fluoroarenes was realized with good to very good yields under mild conditions. Experimental and computational mechanistic studies show that the phosphines undergo oxidative addition of the fluoroaromatic substrate via a Meisenheimer-like transition state to form a fluorophosphorane. This undergoes a pseudotransmetalation step with a silane, via initial fluoride transfer from P to Si, to give experimentally observed phosphonium ions. Hydride transfer from a hydridosilicate counterion then leads to a hydridophosphorane, which undergoes reductive elimination of the product to reform the phosphine catalyst. This behavior is analogous to many classical transition-metal-catalyzed reactions and so is a rare example of both functional and mechanistically metallomimetic behavior in catalysis by a main-group element system. Crucially, the reagents used are cheap, readily available commercially, and easy to handle, making these reactions a realistic prospect in a wide range of academic and industrial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bonfante
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 Route de Narbonne,
BP44099, Toulouse Cedex 4 F-31077, France
| | - Christian Lorber
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 Route de Narbonne,
BP44099, Toulouse Cedex 4 F-31077, France
| | - Jason M. Lynam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Antoine Simonneau
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 Route de Narbonne,
BP44099, Toulouse Cedex 4 F-31077, France
| | - John M. Slattery
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
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34
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O'Reilly A, Gardiner MG, McMullin CL, Fulton JR, Coles MP. Aluminyl derived ethene functionalization with heteroallenes, leading to an intramolecular ligand rearrangement. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:881-884. [PMID: 38165276 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05785b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The aluminacyclopropane K[Al(NON)(η-C2H4)] ([NON]2- = [O(SiMe2NDipp)2]2-, Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) reacts with CO2 and iPrNCNiPr to afford ring-expanded products of C-C bond formation. The latter system undergoes a 1,3-silyl retro-Brook rearrangement of the NON-group, to afford the [NNO]2- ligand ([NNO]2- = [N(Dipp)SiMe2N(Dipp)SiMe2O]2-). The mechanism of transformation was examined by density functional theory (DFT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea O'Reilly
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6012, New Zealand.
| | - Michael G Gardiner
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | - J Robin Fulton
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6012, New Zealand.
| | - Martyn P Coles
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6012, New Zealand.
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35
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Groll L, Kelly JA, Inoue S. Reactivity of NHI-Stabilized Heavier Tetrylenes towards CO 2 and N 2 O. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300941. [PMID: 37996985 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
A heteroleptic amino(imino)stannylene (TMS2 N)(It BuN)Sn: (TMS=trimethylsilyl, It Bu=C[(N-t Bu)CH]2 ) as well as two homoleptic NHI-stabilized tetrylenes, (It BuN)2 E: (NHI=N-heterocyclic imine, E=Ge, Sn) are presented. VT-NMR investigations of (It BuN)2 Sn: (2) reveal an equilibrium between the monomeric stannylene at room temperature and the dimeric form at -80 °C as well as in the solid state. Upon reaction of the homoleptic tetrylenes with CO2 , both compounds insert two equivalents of CO2 , however differing bonding modes can be observed. (It BuN)2 Sn: (2) inserts one equivalent of CO2 into each Sn-N bond, giving carbamato groups coordinated κ2 O,O' to the metal center. With (It BuN)2 Ge: (3), the Ge-N bonds stay intact upon activation, being bridged by one molecule of CO2 respectively, forming 4-membered rings. Furthermore, the reactivity of 2 towards N2 O was investigated, resulting in partial oxidation to form stannylene dimer [((It BuN)3 SnO)(It BuN)Sn:]2 (6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Groll
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - John A Kelly
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
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36
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Bücker A, Wölper C, Siera H, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. Multiple ethylene activation by heteroleptic L(Cl)Ga-substituted germylenes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:640-646. [PMID: 38073505 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03944g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Ethylene insertion into the Ga-Ge bond of the L(Cl)Ga-substituted germylene LGa(μ-Cl)GeDMP 1 (L = HC(C(Me)NAr)2, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3; DMP = 2,6-Mes2C6H3, Mes = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2) at ambient temperature is followed by dimerization of the as-formed germylene to give the digermene 3, which further reacted with ethylene in a [2 + 2] cycloaddition to give the 1,2-digermacyclobutane 4. In marked contrast, the amino-substituted germylene L(Cl)GaGeN(SiMe3)Ar 2 reacted directly to the 1,2-digermacyclobutane 5. Quantum chemical calculations confirmed the assumed reaction mechanism, hence demonstrating the crucial role of the substituent on the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bücker
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Hannah Siera
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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37
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O'Reilly A, Evans MJ, McMullin CL, Fulton JR, Coles MP. Pinacol Cross-Coupling Promoted by an Aluminyl Anion. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302999. [PMID: 37786922 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
A simple sequential addition protocol for the reductive coupling of ketones and aldehydes by a potassium aluminyl grants access to unsymmetrical pinacolate derivatives. Isolation of an aluminium ketyl complex presents evidence for the accessibility of radical species. Product release from the aluminium centre was achieved using an iodosilane, forming the disilylated 1,2-diol and a neutral aluminium iodide, thereby demonstrating the steps required to generate a closed synthetic cycle for pinacol (cross) coupling at an aluminyl anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea O'Reilly
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Matthew J Evans
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | | | - J Robin Fulton
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Martyn P Coles
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
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38
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Krämer F, Paradies J, Fernández I, Breher F. A crystalline aluminium-carbon-based ambiphile capable of activation and catalytic transfer of ammonia in non-aqueous media. Nat Chem 2024; 16:63-69. [PMID: 37770550 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent achievements in the field of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) for small molecule activations, the reversible activation and catalytic transformations of N-H-activated ammonia remain a challenge. Here we report on a rare combination of an aluminium Lewis acid and a carbon Lewis base. A so-called hidden FLP consisting of a phosphorus ylide featuring an aluminium fragment in the ortho position of a phenyl ring scaffold is introduced. Although the formation of the Lewis acid/base adduct is observed in the solid state, which at first glance leads to formally quenched FLP reactivity, we show that the title compound readily reacts with non-aqueous ammonia thermoneutrally and splits the N-H bond reversibly at ambient temperature. In addition, NH3 transfer reactions mediated by a main-group catalyst are presented. This proof-of-principle study is expected to initiate further activities in utilizing N-H-activated ammonia as a readily available, atom-economical nitrogen source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Krämer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jan Paradies
- Chemistry Department, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Frank Breher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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39
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Evans MJ, Anker MD, McMullin CL, Coles MP. Reductive Coupling of a Diazoalkane Derivative Promoted by a Potassium Aluminyl and Elimination of Dinitrogen to Generate a Reactive Aluminium Ketimide. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302903. [PMID: 37786384 PMCID: PMC10946750 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of 9-diazo-9H-fluorene (fluN2 ) with the potassium aluminyl K[Al(NON)] ([NON]2- =[O(SiMe2 NDipp)2 ]2- , Dipp=2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ) affords K[Al(NON)(κN1 ,N3 -{(fluN2 )2 })] (1). Structural analysis shows a near planar 1,4-di(9H-fluoren-9-ylidene)tetraazadiide ligand that chelates to the aluminium. The thermally induced elimination of dinitrogen from 1 affords the neutral aluminium ketimide complex, Al(NON)(N=flu)(THF) (2) and the 1,2-di(9H-fluoren-9-yl)diazene dianion as the potassium salt, [K2 (THF)3 ][fluN=Nflu] (3). The reaction of 2 with N,N'-diisopropylcarbodiimide (iPrN=C=NiPr) affords the aluminium guanidinate complex, Al(NON){N(iPr)C(N=CMe2 )N(CHflu)} (4), showing a rare example of reactivity at a metal ketimide ligand. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been used to examine the bonding in the newly formed [(fluN2 )2 ]2- ligand in 1 and the ketimide bonding in 2. The mechanism leading to the formation of 4 has also been studied using this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Evans
- School of Chemical and Physical SciencesVictoria University of WellingtonP.O. Box 600Wellington6012New Zealand
| | - Mathew D. Anker
- School of Chemical and Physical SciencesVictoria University of WellingtonP.O. Box 600Wellington6012New Zealand
| | | | - Martyn P. Coles
- School of Chemical and Physical SciencesVictoria University of WellingtonP.O. Box 600Wellington6012New Zealand
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40
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Briand GG. Redox-active ligands - a viable route to reactive main group metal compounds. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:17666-17678. [PMID: 37994106 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03100d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Anionic redox-active ligands such as o-amidophenolates, catecholates, dithiolenes, 1,2-benzendithiolates, 2-amidobenzenethiolates, reduced α-diimines, ferrocenyl and porphyrinates are capable of reversible oxidation and thus have the ability to act as sources of electrons for metal centres. These and other non-innocent ligands have been employed in coordination complexes of base transition metals to influence their redox chemistry and afford compounds with useful catalytic, optical, magnetic and conducting properties. Despite the focus in contemporary main group chemistry on designing reactive compounds with potential catalytic activity, comparatively few studies exploring the chemistry of main group metal complexes incorporating redox-active ligands have been reported. This article highlights relevant chemical reactivity and electrochemical studies that probe the oxidation/reduction of main group metal compounds possessing redox-active ligands and comments on the prospects for this relatively untapped avenue of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen G Briand
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick E4L 1G8, Canada.
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41
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Moon HW, Wang F, Bhattacharyya K, Planas O, Leutzsch M, Nöthling N, Auer AA, Cornella J. Mechanistic Studies on the Bismuth-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of Azoarenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313578. [PMID: 37769154 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Organobismuth-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation has recently been disclosed as an example of low-valent Bi redox catalysis. However, its mechanistic details have remained speculative. Herein, we report experimental and computational studies that provide mechanistic insights into a Bi-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of azoarenes using p-trifluoromethylphenol (4) and pinacolborane (5) as hydrogen sources. A kinetic analysis elucidated the rate orders in all components in the catalytic reaction and determined that 1 a (2,6-bis[N-(tert-butyl)iminomethyl]phenylbismuth) is the resting state. In the transfer hydrogenation of azobenzene using 1 a and 4, an equilibrium between 1 a and 1 a ⋅ [OAr]2 (Ar=p-CF3 -C6 H4 ) is observed, and its thermodynamic parameters are established through variable-temperature NMR studies. Additionally, pKa -gated reactivity is observed, validating the proton-coupled nature of the transformation. The ensuing 1 a ⋅ [OAr]2 is crystallographically characterized, and shown to be rapidly reduced to 1 a in the presence of 5. DFT calculations indicate a rate-limiting transition state in which the initial N-H bond is formed via concerted proton transfer upon nucleophilic addition of 1 a to a hydrogen-bonded adduct of azobenzene and 4. These studies guided the discovery of a second-generation Bi catalyst, the rate-limiting transition state of which is lower in energy, leading to catalytic transfer hydrogenation at lower catalyst loadings and at cryogenic temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Moon
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Feng Wang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Kalishankar Bhattacharyya
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Oriol Planas
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Nils Nöthling
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Alexander A Auer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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42
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Kong D, Li J, Dai W, Jiang L, Zhao Y, Zhu H, Fu G, Roesky HW. Geometrically Compelled Silicon(II)/Silicon(IV) Donor-Acceptor Interaction Enables the Enamination of Nitriles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202315249. [PMID: 37877345 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Discovering new bonding scenarios and subsequently exploring the reactivity contribute substantially to advance the main group element chemistry. Herein, we report on the isolation and characterization of an intriguing class of the hydrido-benzosiloles 2-4. These compounds exhibit a side arm of the amidinatosilylenyl group, featuring unidirectional silicon(II)/silicon(IV) donor-acceptor interaction on account of the geometric constraint. Furthermore, the reactions involving 2-4 with nitriles yield the tricyclic compounds that edge-fused of the Si-heteroimidazolidine-CN2 Si2 , silole-C4 Si, and phenyl-C6 -rings (5-13). These compounds are manifesting a unique reaction that the silicon(II)/silicon(IV) interaction enables the enamination of the α-H-bearing nitriles. The reaction mechanism involved in H-shift under oxidative addition at silylene followed by hydrosilylation of a ketenimine intermediate was revealed by density function theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deliang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Jiancheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Wen Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Liuying Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Yiling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Hongping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Gang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Herbert W Roesky
- Institüt für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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43
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Puthiyaveetil SS, Kassymbek A, Dmitrienko A, Pilkington M, Nikonov GI. 1,3-C-H bond activation on a transient gallium(I)/isocyanate adduct. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:17493-17498. [PMID: 37955582 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03367h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Reaction of NacNacGa with phenylisocyante generates a transient species amenable to unusual 1,3-C-H bond addition of unactivated sp3 C-H and sp2 C-H bonds of substrates featuring a hard donor atom. This reaction proceeds for pyridine oxide, dimethylsulfoxide, and dimethylacetamide, but not for pyridine, cyclohexanone, and ethyl acetate. C-H activation was also not observed for reactions with triethylphosphine oxide but, interestingly, in the presence of this compound isocyanate undergoes self-coupling on Ga(I) with a regioselectivity that is different when carried out in the absence of Et3PO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi S Puthiyaveetil
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Aishabibi Kassymbek
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Anton Dmitrienko
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Melanie Pilkington
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Georgii I Nikonov
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada.
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44
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Chen M, Zhang Z, Liu J, Li G, Zhao L, Mo Z. Isolation and Reactivity of Homoleptic Diphosphene Lead Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312837. [PMID: 37837247 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to their limited capacity for π-backdonation, isolation of π-complexes of main-group elements remains a great challenge. We report herein the synthesis of a homoleptic diphosphene lead complex (2) from the degradation of P4 with a bis(germylene)-stabilized Pb(0) complex. Structural and computational studies showed that 2 possesses significant π bonding interactions between Pb atom and diphosphene ligands, which is reminiscent of transition-metal diphosphene complexes. Consistent with its unique electronic structure, complex 2 can deliver Pb(0) atoms to perform redox reaction with an iminoquinone to produce a cyclic plumbylene (4) and perform 2,5-dimethyl-3,4-dimethylimidazol-1-ylidene (IMe2 Me2 ) induced phosphorus cation abstraction to give an anionic PbP3 complex (6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhaoyin Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Science, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Gongyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Science, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhenbo Mo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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45
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Zheng X, Crumpton AE, Ellwanger MA, Aldridge S. A planar per-borylated digermene. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:16591-16595. [PMID: 37961827 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03416j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
A tetraboryl digermene synthesized by the reaction between a dianionic digermanide nucleophile and a boron halide electrophile is dimeric both in the solid state and in hydrocarbon solution. It features both a planar 'alkene-like' geometry for the Ge2B4 core, and an exceptionally short GeGe double bond. These structural features are consistent with the known electronic properties of the boryl group, and with lowest energy (in silico) fragmentation into two triplet bis(boryl)germylene fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Zheng
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Agamemnon E Crumpton
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Mathias A Ellwanger
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
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46
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Chen J, Wang J, Wang X, Wei D, Duan Z. π-Electron Fluctuation-Induced P + /C - Ambiphilic Interaction for Intramolecular C Ar -H Bond Activation. Chemistry 2023:e202302889. [PMID: 37974486 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe how computational mechanistic understanding has led directly to the discovery of new 2H-phosphindole for C-CAr bond activation and dearomatization reaction. We uncover an unexpected intramolecular C-H bond activation with a 2H-phosphindole derivative. This new intriguing experimental observation and further theoretical studies led to an extension of the reaction mechanism with 2H-phosphindole. Through DFT calculations, we confirm that within a five-membered ring, the polarizable PC3 unit orchestrates the formation of an electrophilic phosphorus atom (P+ ) and a nucleophilic carbon atom (C- ). This kinetically accessible ambiphilic phosphorus/carbon couple is spatially separated by geometric constraints, and their reactivity is modulated through structural resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhou Chen
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junjian Wang
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinghua Wang
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zheng Duan
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China
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47
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Demidov N, Grebogi M, Bourne C, McKay AP, Cordes DB, Stasch A. A Convenient One-Pot Synthesis of a Sterically Demanding Aniline from Aryllithium Using Trimethylsilyl Azide, Conversion to β-Diketimines and Synthesis of a β-Diketiminate Magnesium Hydride Complex. Molecules 2023; 28:7569. [PMID: 38005290 PMCID: PMC10673297 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This work reports the one-pot synthesis of sterically demanding aniline derivatives from aryllithium species utilising trimethylsilyl azide to introduce amine functionalities and conversions to new examples of a common N,N'-chelating ligand system. The reaction of TripLi (Trip = 2,4,6-iPr3-C6H2) with trimethylsilyl azide afforded the silyltriazene TripN2N(SiMe3)2 in situ, which readily reacts with methanol under dinitrogen elimination to the aniline TripNH2 in good yield. The reaction pathways and by-products of the system have been studied. The extension of this reaction to a much more sterically demanding terphenyl system suggested that TerLi (Ter = 2,6-Trip2-C6H3) slowly reacted with trimethylsilyl azide to form a silyl(terphenyl)triazenide lithium complex in situ, predominantly underwent nitrogen loss to TerN(SiMe3)Li in parallel, which afforded TerN(SiMe3)H after workup, and can be deprotected under acidic conditions to form the aniline TerNH2. TripNH2 was furthermore converted to the sterically demanding β-diketimines RTripnacnacH (=HC{RCN(Trip)}2H), with R = Me, Et and iPr, in one-pot procedures from the corresponding 1,3-diketones. The bulkiest proligand was employed to synthesise the magnesium hydride complex [{(iPrTripnacnac)MgH}2], which shows a distorted dimeric structure caused by the substituents of the sterically demanding ligand moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Andreas Stasch
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (N.D.); (M.G.); (C.B.); (A.P.M.); (D.B.C.)
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48
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Roth D, Radosevich AT, Greb L. Reversible Oxidative Addition of Nonactivated C-H Bonds to Structurally Constrained Phosphenium Ions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:24184-24190. [PMID: 37877607 PMCID: PMC10842376 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
A series of structurally constrained phosphenium ions based on pyridinylmethylamidophenolate scaffolds are shown to undergo P(III)/P(V) oxidative addition with C-H bonds of alkynes, alkenes, and arenes. Nonactivated substrates such as benzene, toluene, and deactivated chlorobenzene are phosphorylated in quantitative yields. Computational and spectroscopic studies suggest a low-barrier isomerization from a bent to a T-shaped isomer that initiates a phosphorus-ligand-cooperative pathway and subsequent ring-chain tautomerism. Remarkably, C-H bond activations occur reversibly, allowing for reductive elimination back to P(III) at elevated temperatures or the exchange with other substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Roth
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alexander T Radosevich
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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49
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Kong RY, Parry JB, Anello GR, Ong ME, Lancaster KM. Accelerating σ-Bond Metathesis at Sn(II) Centers. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:24136-24144. [PMID: 37870565 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Molecular main-group hydride catalysts are attractive as cheap and Earth-abundant alternatives to transition-metal analogues. In the case of the latter, specific steric and electronic tuning of the metal center through ligand choice has enabled the iterative and rational development of superior catalysts. Analogously, a deeper understanding of electronic structure-activity relationships for molecular main-group hydrides should facilitate the development of superior main-group hydride catalysts. Herein, we report a modular Sn-Ni bimetallic system in which we systematically vary the ancillary ligand on Ni, which, in turn, tunes the Sn center. This tuning is probed using Sn L1 XAS as a measure of electron density at the Sn center. We demonstrate that increased electron density at Sn centers accelerates the rate of σ-bond metathesis, and we employ this understanding to develop a highly active Sn-based catalyst for the hydroboration of CO2 using pinacolborane. Additionally, we demonstrate that engineering London dispersion interactions within the secondary coordination sphere of Sn allows for further rate acceleration. These results show that the electronics of main-group catalysts can be controlled without the competing effects of geometry perturbations and that this manifests in substantial reactivity differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Y Kong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, 162 Sciences Drive, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Joseph B Parry
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, 162 Sciences Drive, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Guy R Anello
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, 162 Sciences Drive, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Matthew E Ong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, 162 Sciences Drive, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kyle M Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, 162 Sciences Drive, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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50
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Lan X, Zhang X, Mei Y, Hu C, Liu LL. Utilizing bis(imino)dihydroacridanide pincer ligands in p-block chemistry: synthesis and catalysis of an antimony monocation salt. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15660-15664. [PMID: 37859530 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03310d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
We present the synthesis and characterization of an Sb(III) monocation salt stabilized by a bulky bis(imino)dihydroacridanide pincer ligand. The Lewis acidity of the Sb cation is quantified using the Guttmann-Beckett method and confirmed by its reaction with 4-dimethylaminopyridine, which forms a Lewis acid-base adduct. This Sb cation exhibits catalytic activity in the cyanosilylation of arylketones. The electronic structure of the Sb cation as well as the mechanism of the catalytic transformation are explored by density functional theory computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Lan
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yanbo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Chaopeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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