1
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Wang G, Feng Y, Ye X, Li Z, Tao S, Jiang D. Light-Gating Crystalline Porous Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10953-10962. [PMID: 38565222 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
We report light gating in synthetic one-dimensional nanochannels of stable crystalline porous covalent organic frameworks. The frameworks consist of 2D hexagonal skeletons that are extended over the x-y plane and stacked along the z-direction to create dense yet aligned 1D mesoporous channels. The pores are designed to be photoadaptable by covalently integrating tetrafluoro-substituted azobenzene units onto edges, which protrude from walls and offer light-gating machinery confined in the channels. The implanted tetrafluoroazobenzene units are thermally stable yet highly sensitive to visible light to induce photoisomerization between the E and Z forms. Remarkably, photoisomerization induces drastic changes in intrapore polarity as well as pore shape and size, which exert profound effects on the molecular adsorption of a broad spectrum of compounds, ranging from inorganic iodine to organic dyes, drugs, and enzymes. Unexpectedly, the systems respond rapidly to visible lights to gate the molecular release of drugs and enzymes. Photoadaptable covalent organic frameworks with reversibly convertible pores offer a platform for constructing light-gating porous materials and tailorable delivery systems, remotely controlled by visible lights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangtong Wang
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yu Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Xingyao Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhongping Li
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Shanshan Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Donglin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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2
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Griffiths K, Greenfield JL, Halcovitch NR, Fuchter MJ, Griffin JM. Systematic Investigation into the Photoswitching and Thermal Properties of Arylazopyrazole-based MOF Host-Guest Complexes. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2023; 23:7044-7052. [PMID: 37808902 PMCID: PMC10557064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
A series of arylazopyrazole-loaded metal-organic frameworks were synthesized with the general formula Zn2(BDC)2(DABCO)(AAP)x (BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate; DABCO = 1,4-diazabicyclo-[2.2.2]octane; AAP = arylazopyrazole guest). The empty framework adopts a large pore tetragonal structure. Upon occlusion of the E-AAP guests, the frameworks contract to form narrow pore tetragonal structures. The extent of framework contraction is dependent on guest shapes and pendant groups and ranges between 1.5 and 5.8%. When irradiated with 365 nm light, the framework expands due to the photoisomerization of E-AAP to Z-AAP. The proportion of Z-isomer at the photostationary state varies between 19 and 57% for the AAP guests studied and appears to be limited by the framework which inhibits further isomerization once fully expanded. Interestingly, confinement within the framework significantly extends the thermal half-life of the Z-AAP isomers to a maximum of approximately 56 years. This finding provides scope for the design of photoresponsive host-guest complexes with high stability of the metastable isomer for long-duration information or energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Griffiths
- Department
of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K.
| | - Jake L. Greenfield
- Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
- Center
for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität, Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | | | - Matthew J. Fuchter
- Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - John M. Griffin
- Department
of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K.
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3
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Nikovskiy IA, Dorovatovskii PV, Novikov VV, Nelyubina YV. Bis(2,6-pyrazolyl)pyridines as a New Scaffold for Coordination Polymers. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114275. [PMID: 37298750 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Two coordination polymers, Fe(LOBF3)(CH3COO)(CH3CN)2]n•nCH3CN and [Fe(LO-)2AgNO3BF4•CH3OH]n•1.75nCH3OH•nH2O (LO- = 3,3'-(4-(4-cyanophenyl)pyridine-2,6-diyl)bis(1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-olate)), were obtained via a PCET-assisted process that uses the hydroxy-pyrazolyl moiety of the ligand and the iron(II) ion as sources of proton and electron, respectively. Our attempts to produce heterometallic compounds under mild conditions of reactant diffusion resulted in the first coordination polymer of 2,6-bis(pyrazol-3-yl)pyridines to retain the core N3(L)MN3(L). Under harsh solvothermal conditions, a hydrogen atom transfer to the tetrafluoroborate anion caused the transformation of the hydroxyl groups into OBF3 in the third coordination polymer of 2,6-bis(pyrazol-3-yl)pyridines. This PCET-assisted approach may be applicable to produce coordination polymers and metal-organic frameworks with the SCO-active core N3(L)MN3(L) formed by pyrazolone- and other hydroxy-pyridine-based ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Nikovskiy
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel V Dorovatovskii
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Akademika Kurchatova pl. 1, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentin V Novikov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, Institutskiy per. 9, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Yulia V Nelyubina
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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4
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Huang T, Su Z, Hou K, Zeng J, Zhou H, Zhang L, Nunes SP. Advanced stimuli-responsive membranes for smart separation. Chem Soc Rev 2023. [PMID: 37184537 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00911k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Membranes have been extensively studied and applied in various fields owing to their high energy efficiency and small environmental impact. Further conferring membranes with stimuli responsiveness can allow them to dynamically tune their pore structure and/or surface properties for efficient separation performance. This review summarizes and discusses important developments and achievements in stimuli-responsive membranes. The most commonly utilized stimuli, including light, pH, temperature, ions, and electric and magnetic fields, are discussed in detail. Special attention is given to stimuli-responsive control of membrane pore structure (pore size and porosity/connectivity) and surface properties (wettability, surface topology, and surface charge), from the perspective of determining the appropriate membrane properties and microstructures. This review also focuses on strategies to prepare stimuli-responsive membranes, including blending, casting, polymerization, self-assembly, and electrospinning. Smart applications for separations are also reviewed as well as a discussion of remaining challenges and future prospects in this exciting field. This review offers critical insights for the membrane and broader materials science communities regarding the on-demand and dynamic control of membrane structures and properties. We hope that this review will inspire the design of novel stimuli-responsive membranes to promote sustainable development and make progress toward commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiefan Huang
- Functional Membrane Materials Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China.
| | - Zhixin Su
- Functional Membrane Materials Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China.
| | - Kun Hou
- Functional Membrane Materials Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China.
| | - Jianxian Zeng
- Functional Membrane Materials Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China.
| | - Hu Zhou
- Functional Membrane Materials Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China.
| | - Lin Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment of MOE, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- Academy of Ecological Civilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Suzana P Nunes
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Nanostructured Polymeric Membranes Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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5
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Gödtel P, Starrett J, Pianowski ZL. Heterocyclic Hemipiperazines: Water-Compatible Peptide-Derived Photoswitches. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202204009. [PMID: 36790823 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202204009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Hemipiperazines are a recently discovered class of peptide-derived molecular photoswitches with high biocompatibility and therapeutic potential. Here, for the first time we describe photochromism of heterocyclic hemipiperazines. They demonstrate long thermal lifetimes, and enlarged band separation between photoisomers. Efficient photoisomerization occurs under aqueous conditions, although with a need for organic co-solvent. Bidirectional switching with visible light is observed for an extended aromatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gödtel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jessica Starrett
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Zbigniew L Pianowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - FMS, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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6
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Thaggard GC, Haimerl J, Park KC, Lim J, Fischer RA, Maldeni Kankanamalage BKP, Yarbrough BJ, Wilson GR, Shustova NB. Metal-Photoswitch Friendship: From Photochromic Complexes to Functional Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23249-23263. [PMID: 36512744 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cooperative metal-photoswitch interfaces comprise an application-driven field which is based on strategic coupling of metal cations and organic photochromic molecules to advance the behavior of both components, resulting in dynamic molecular and material properties controlled through external stimuli. In this Perspective, we highlight the ways in which metal-photoswitch interplay can be utilized as a tool to modulate a system's physicochemical properties and performance in a variety of structural motifs, including discrete molecular complexes or cages, as well as periodic structures such as metal-organic frameworks. This Perspective starts with photochromic molecular complexes as the smallest subunit in which metal-photoswitch interactions can occur, and progresses toward functional materials. In particular, we explore the role of the metal-photoswitch relationship for gaining fundamental knowledge of switchable electronic and magnetic properties, as well as in the design of stimuli-responsive sensors, optically gated memory devices, catalysts, and photodynamic therapeutic agents. The abundance of stimuli-responsive systems in the natural world only foreshadows the creative directions that will uncover the full potential of metal-photoswitch interactions in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace C Thaggard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Johanna Haimerl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States.,Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Kyoung Chul Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Jaewoong Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Roland A Fischer
- Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Buddhima K P Maldeni Kankanamalage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Brandon J Yarbrough
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Gina R Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Natalia B Shustova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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7
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Yamaguchi T, Ogawa M. Photoinduced movement: how photoirradiation induced the movements of matter. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2022; 23:796-844. [PMID: 36465797 PMCID: PMC9718566 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2022.2142955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pioneered by the success on active transport of ions across membranes in 1980 using the regulation of the binding properties of crown ethers with covalently linked photoisomerizable units, extensive studies on the movements by using varied interactions between moving objects and environments have been reported. Photoinduced movements of various objects ranging from molecules, polymers to microscopic particles were discussed from the aspects of the driving for the movements, materials design to achieve the movements and systems design to see and to utilize the movements are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Yamaguchi
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Makoto Ogawa
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, Thailand
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8
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Ashirov T, Siena JS, Zhang M, Ozgur Yazaydin A, Antonietti M, Coskun A. Fast light-switchable polymeric carbon nitride membranes for tunable gas separation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7299. [DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractSwitchable gas separation membranes are intriguing systems for regulating the transport properties of gases. However, existing stimuli-responsive gas separation membranes suffer from either very slow response times or require high energy input for switching to occur. Accordingly, herein, we introduced light-switchable polymeric carbon nitride (pCN) gas separation membranes with fast response times prepared from melamine precursor through in-situ formation and deposition of pCN onto a porous support using chemical vapor deposition. Our systematic analysis revealed that the gas transport behavior upon light irradiation is fully governed by the polarizability of the permeating gas and its interaction with the charged pCN surface, and can be easily tuned either by controlling the power of the light and/or the duration of irradiation. We also demonstrated that gases with higher polarizabilities such as CO2 can be separated from gases with lower polarizability like H2 and He effectively with more than 22% increase in the gas/CO2 selectivity upon light irradiation. The membranes also exhibited fast response times (<1 s) and can be turned “on” and “off” using a single light source at 550 nm.
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9
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Ashirov T, Siena JS, Zhang M, Ozgur Yazaydin A, Antonietti M, Coskun A. Fast light-switchable polymeric carbon nitride membranes for tunable gas separation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7299. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-35013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
AbstractSwitchable gas separation membranes are intriguing systems for regulating the transport properties of gases. However, existing stimuli-responsive gas separation membranes suffer from either very slow response times or require high energy input for switching to occur. Accordingly, herein, we introduced light-switchable polymeric carbon nitride (pCN) gas separation membranes with fast response times prepared from melamine precursor through in-situ formation and deposition of pCN onto a porous support using chemical vapor deposition. Our systematic analysis revealed that the gas transport behavior upon light irradiation is fully governed by the polarizability of the permeating gas and its interaction with the charged pCN surface, and can be easily tuned either by controlling the power of the light and/or the duration of irradiation. We also demonstrated that gases with higher polarizabilities such as CO2 can be separated from gases with lower polarizability like H2 and He effectively with more than 22% increase in the gas/CO2 selectivity upon light irradiation. The membranes also exhibited fast response times (<1 s) and can be turned “on” and “off” using a single light source at 550 nm.
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10
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Klokic S, Naumenko D, Marmiroli B, Carraro F, Linares-Moreau M, Zilio SD, Birarda G, Kargl R, Falcaro P, Amenitsch H. Unraveling the timescale of the structural photo-response within oriented metal-organic framework films. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11869-11877. [PMID: 36320901 PMCID: PMC9580475 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02405e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fundamental knowledge on the intrinsic timescale of structural transformations in photo-switchable metal-organic framework films is crucial to tune their switching performance and to facilitate their applicability as stimuli-responsive materials. In this work, for the first time, an integrated approach to study and quantify the temporal evolution of structural transformations is demonstrated on an epitaxially oriented DMOF-1-on-MOF film system comprising azobenzene in the DMOF-1 pores (DMOF-1/AB). We employed time-resolved Grazing Incidence Wide-Angle X-Ray Scattering measurements to track the structural response of the DMOF-1/AB film upon altering the length of the azobenzene molecule by photo-isomerization (trans-to-cis, 343 nm; cis-to-trans, 450 nm). Within seconds, the DMOF-1/AB response occurred fully reversible and over several switching cycles by cooperative photo-switching of the oriented DMOF-1/AB crystallites as confirmed further by infrared measurements. Our work thereby suggests a new avenue to elucidate the timescales and photo-switching characteristics in structurally responsive MOF film systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumea Klokic
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Denys Naumenko
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Benedetta Marmiroli
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Francesco Carraro
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Mercedes Linares-Moreau
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Simone Dal Zilio
- IOM-CNR, Laboratorio TASC S.S. 14, 163.5 km, Basovizza Trieste 34149 Italy
| | - Giovanni Birarda
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste - SISSI Bio Beamline S.S. 14, 163.5 km, Basovizza Trieste 34149 Italy
| | - Rupert Kargl
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Bio-Based Systems, Graz University of Technology 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Paolo Falcaro
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Heinz Amenitsch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology 8010 Graz Austria
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11
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Mow R, Metzroth LJT, Dzara MJ, Russell-Parks GA, Johnson JC, Vardon DR, Pylypenko S, Vyas S, Gennett T, Braunecker WA. Phototriggered Desorption of Hydrogen, Ethylene, and Carbon Monoxide from a Cu(I)-Modified Covalent Organic Framework. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:14801-14812. [PMID: 36110496 PMCID: PMC9465684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c03194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Materials that are capable of adsorbing and desorbing gases near ambient conditions are highly sought after for many applications in gas storage and separations. While the physisorption of typical gases to high surface area covalent organic frameworks (COFs) occurs through relatively weak intermolecular forces, the tunability of framework materials makes them promising candidates for tailoring gas sorption enthalpies. The incorporation of open Cu(I) sites into framework materials is a proven strategy to increase gas uptake closer to ambient conditions for gases that are capable of π-back-bonding with Cu. Here, we report the synthesis of a Cu(I)-loaded COF with subnanometer pores and a three-dimensional network morphology, namely Cu(I)-COF-301. This study focused on the sorption mechanisms of hydrogen, ethylene, and carbon monoxide with this material under ultrahigh vacuum using temperature-programmed desorption and Kissinger analyses of variable ramp rate measurements. All three gases desorb near or above room temperature under these conditions, with activation energies of desorption (E des) calculated as approximately 29, 57, and 68 kJ/mol, for hydrogen, ethylene, and carbon monoxide, respectively. Despite these strong Cu(I)-gas interactions, this work demonstrated the ability to desorb each gas on-demand below its normal desorption temperature upon irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light. While thermal imaging experiments indicate that bulk photothermal heating of the COF accounts for some of the photodriven desorption, density functional theory calculations reveal that binding enthalpies are systematically lowered in the COF-hydrogen matrix excited state initiated by UV irradiation, further contributing to gas desorption. This work represents a step toward the development of more practical ambient temperature storage and efficient regeneration of sorbents for applications with hydrogen and π-accepting gases through the use of external photostimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel
E. Mow
- Materials
Science Program, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Lucy J. T. Metzroth
- Materials
Science Program, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Michael J. Dzara
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Glory A. Russell-Parks
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Justin C. Johnson
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Derek R. Vardon
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Svitlana Pylypenko
- Materials
Science Program, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Shubham Vyas
- Materials
Science Program, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Thomas Gennett
- Materials
Science Program, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Wade A. Braunecker
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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12
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Liu P, Tian Z, Chen L. Rational Design of Smart Metal-Organic Frameworks for Light-Modulated Gas Transport. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:32009-32017. [PMID: 35797237 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Smart metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are constructed by introducing stimuli-responsive functional groups into MOF platforms. Through membrane systems containing smart MOFs, external field-modulated gas transport can be achieved, which finds potential applications in chemical engineering. In this work, we design a series of Mg-MOF-74-III-based frameworks functionalized by arylazopyrazole groups. Methyleneamine chains with various lengths are attached to the photoresponsive azopyrazole moiety. Molecular dynamics simulations show that CO2 diffusion can be remarkably changed by controlling the cis-to-trans isomerization of the functional unit due to the tunable adsorbate-adsorbent and adsorbate-adsorbate interactions of the two states. With the optimal length of the functional chain, the spatial hindrance and adsorbate-adsorbent interaction exhibit a synergetic effect to maximize the stimuli-responsive kinetic separation of N2 over CO2. This work provides a promising strategy for elevating smart MOFs' potential in gas separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingying Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jingdezhen Ceramic University, Jingdezhen, Jiangxi 333403, P. R. China
| | - Ziqi Tian
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, P. R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, P. R. China
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13
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Zhang B, Feng Y, Feng W. Azobenzene-Based Solar Thermal Fuels: A Review. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:138. [PMID: 35767090 PMCID: PMC9243213 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00876-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The energy storage mechanism of azobenzene is based on the transformation of molecular cis and trans isomerization, while NBD/QC, DHA/VHF, and fulvalene dimetal complexes realize the energy storage function by changing the molecular structure. Acting as "molecular batteries," they can exhibit excellent charging and discharging behavior by converting between trans and cis isomers or changing molecular structure upon absorption of ultraviolet light. Key properties determining the performance of STFs are stored energy, energy density, half-life, and solar energy conversion efficiency. This review is aiming to provide a comprehensive and authoritative overview on the recent advancements of azobenzene molecular photoswitch system in STFs fields, including derivatives and carbon nano-templates, which is emphasized for its attractive performance. Although the energy storage performance of Azo-STFs has already reached the level of commercial lithium batteries, the cycling capability and controllable release of energy still need to be further explored. For this, some potential solutions to the cycle performance are proposed, and the methods of azobenzene controllable energy release are summarized. Moreover, energy stored by STFs can be released in the form of mechanical energy, which in turn can also promote the release of thermal energy from STFs, implying that there could be a relationship between mechanical and thermal energy in Azo-STFs, providing a potential direction for further research on Azo-STFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyu Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Drake HF, Xiao Z, Day GS, Vali SW, Daemen LL, Cheng Y, Cai P, Kuszynski JE, Lin H, Zhou HC, Ryder MR. Influence of Metal Identity on Light-Induced Switchable Adsorption in Azobenzene-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:11192-11199. [PMID: 35192321 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Energy-efficient capture and release of small gas molecules, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), are of significant interest in academia and industry. Porous materials such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been extensively studied, as their ultrahigh porosities and tunability enable significant amounts of gas to be adsorbed while also allowing specific applications to be targeted. However, because of the microporous nature of MOFs, the gas adsorption performance is dominated by high uptake capacity at low pressures, limiting their application. Hence, methods involving stimuli-responsive materials, particularly light-induced switchable adsorption (LISA), offer a unique alternative to thermal methods. Here, we report the mechanism of a well-known LISA system, the azobenzene-based material PCN-250, for CO2 and CH4 adsorption. There is a noticeable difference in the LISA effect dependent on the metal cluster involved, with the most significant being PCN-250-Al, where the adsorption can change by 83.1% CH4 and 56.1% CO2 at 298 K and 1 bar and inducing volumetric storage changes of 36.2 and 33.9 cm3/cm3 at 298 K between 5 and 85 bar (CH4) and 2 and 9 bar (CO2), respectively. Using UV light in both single-crystal X-ray diffraction and gas adsorption testing, we show that upon photoirradiation, the framework undergoes a "localized heating" phenomenon comparable to an increase of 130 K for PCN-250-Fe and improves the working capacity. This process functions because of the constrained nature of the ligand, preventing the typical trans-to-cis isomerization observed in free azobenzene. In addition, we observed that the degree of localized heating is highly dependent on the metal cluster involved, with the series of isostructural PCN-250 systems showing variable performance based upon the degree of interaction between the ligand and the metal center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah F Drake
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Zhifeng Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Gregory S Day
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Shaik Waseem Vali
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Luke L Daemen
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Yongqiang Cheng
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Peiyu Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jason E Kuszynski
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Hengyu Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Hong-Cai Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Materials Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Matthew R Ryder
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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15
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Griffiths K, Halcovitch NR, Griffin JM. Efficient solid-state photoswitching of methoxyazobenzene in a metal-organic framework for thermal energy storage. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3014-3019. [PMID: 35382460 PMCID: PMC8905824 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00632d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient photoswitching in the solid-state remains rare, yet is highly desirable for the design of functional solid materials. In particular, for molecular solar thermal energy storage materials high conversion to the metastable isomer is crucial to achieve high energy density. Herein, we report that 4-methoxyazobenzene (MOAB) can be occluded into the pores of a metal-organic framework Zn2(BDC)2(DABCO), where BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate and DABCO = 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. The occluded MOAB guest molecules show near-quantitative E → Z photoisomerization under irradiation with 365 nm light. The energy stored within the metastable Z-MOAB molecules can be retrieved as heat during thermally-driven relaxation to the ground-state E-isomer. The energy density of the composite is 101 J g-1 and the half-life of the Z-isomer is 6 days when stored in the dark at ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Griffiths
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University Lancaster LA14YB UK
| | | | - John M Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University Lancaster LA14YB UK
- Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University Lancaster LA14YB UK
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16
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Leistner AL, Pianowski Z. Smart photochromic materials triggered with visible light. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Leistner
- KIT: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie Institute of Organic Chemistry Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe GERMANY
| | - Zbigniew Pianowski
- Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie Fakultat fur Chemie und Biowissenschaften Institute of Organic Chemistry Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe GERMANY
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17
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Light-induced switchable adsorption in azobenzene- and stilbene-based porous materials. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Zhou Y, Maisonnenuve S, Casimiro L, Retailleau P, Xie J, Maurel F, Métivier R. Photoisomerization of a 4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-(p-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran analog dye: a combined photophysical and theoretical investigation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:6282-6289. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05170a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A combination of experimental and theoretical investigations of a photoisomerizable analog of 4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-(p-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran (DCM) dye molecule is presented. We provide evidences that the 4 main isomers and conformers of DCM...
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19
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Wang H, Bisoyi H, Zhang X, Hassan F, Li Q. Visible Light-Driven Molecular Switches and Motors: Recent Developments and Applications. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103906. [PMID: 34964995 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by human vision, a diverse range of light-driven molecular switches and motors has been developed for fundamental understanding and application in material science and biology. Recently, the design and synthesis of visible light-driven molecular switches and motors have been actively pursued. This emerging trend is partly motivated to avoid the harmful effects of ultraviolet light, which was necessary to drive the classical molecular switches and motors at least in one direction, impeding their employment in biomedical and photopharmacology applications. Moreover, visible light-driven molecular switches and motors are demonstrated to enable benign optical materials for advanced photonic devices. Therefore, during the past several years, visible light-driven molecular switches based on azobenzene derivatives, diarylethenes, 1,2-dicyanodithienylethenes, hemithioindigo derivatives, iminothioindoxyls, donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts, and overcrowded alkene based molecular motors have been judiciously designed, synthesized, and used in the development of functional materials and systems for a wide range of applications. In this Review, we present the recent developments toward the design of visible light-driven molecular switches and motors, with their applications in the fabrication of functional materials and systems in material science, bioscience, pharmacology, etc . The visible light-driven molecular switches and motors realized so far undoubtedly widen the scope of these interesting compounds for technological and biological applications. We hope this Review article could provide additional impetus and inspire further research interests for future exploration of visible light-driven advanced materials, systems, and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Kent State University, Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, UNITED STATES
| | - Hari Bisoyi
- Kent State University, Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, UNITED STATES
| | - Xinfang Zhang
- Kent State University, Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institue, UNITED STATES
| | - Fathy Hassan
- Kent State University, Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, UNITED STATES
| | - Quan Li
- Kent State University, Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdiscinplary Program, 3273 Crown Pointe Drive, 44224, Stow, UNITED STATES
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20
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Qin P, Okur S, Li C, Chandresh A, Mutruc D, Hecht S, Heinke L. A photoprogrammable electronic nose with switchable selectivity for VOCs using MOF films. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15700-15709. [PMID: 35003601 PMCID: PMC8654041 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05249g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced analytical applications require smart materials and sensor systems that are able to adapt or be configured to specific tasks. Based on reversible photochemistry in nanoporous materials, we present a sensor array with a selectivity that is reversibly controlled by light irradiation. The active material of the sensor array, or electronic nose (e-nose), is based on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with photoresponsive fluorinated azobenzene groups that can be optically switched between their trans and cis state. By irradiation with light of different wavelengths, the trans-cis ratio can be modulated. Here we use four trans-cis values as defined states and employ a four-channel quartz-crystal microbalance for gravimetrically monitoring the molecular uptake by the MOF films. We apply the photoprogrammable e-nose to the sensing of different volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and analyze the sensor array data with simple machine-learning algorithms. When the sensor array is in a state with all sensors either in the same trans- or cis-rich state, cross-sensitivity between the analytes occurs and the classification accuracy is not ideal. Remarkably, the VOC molecules between which the sensor array shows cross-sensitivity vary by switching the entire sensor array from trans to cis. By selectively programming the e-nose with light of different colors, each sensor exhibits a different isomer ratio and thus a different VOC affinity, based on the polarity difference between the trans- and cis-azobenzenes. In such photoprogrammed state, the cross-sensitivity is reduced and the selectivity is enhanced, so that the e-nose can perfectly identify the tested VOCs. This work demonstrates for the first time the potential of photoswitchable and thus optically configurable materials as active sensing material in an e-nose for intelligent molecular sensing. The concept is not limited to QCM-based azobenzene-MOF sensors and can also be applied to diverse sensing materials and photoswitches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Qin
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Salih Okur
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Chun Li
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Abhinav Chandresh
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Dragos Mutruc
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstr. 50 52074 Aachen Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry Worringer Weg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Lars Heinke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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21
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22
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Koehler T, Strauss I, Mundstock A, Caro J, Marlow F. Reversible Photoalignment of Azobenzene in the SURMOF HKUST-1. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:8903-8908. [PMID: 34498886 PMCID: PMC8450931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Azobenzene guest molecules in the metal-organic framework structure HKUST-1 show reversible photochemical switching and, in addition, alignment phenomena. Since the host system is isotropic, the orientation of the guest molecules is induced via photo processes by polarized light. The optical properties of the thin films, analyzed by interferometry and UV/vis spectroscopy, reveal the potential of this alignment phenomenon for stable information storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tillmann Koehler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim a. d. Ruhr, Germany
| | - Ina Strauss
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Caro
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Marlow
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim a. d. Ruhr, Germany
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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23
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Hosseini Monjezi B, Kutonova K, Tsotsalas M, Henke S, Knebel A. Aktuelle Trends zu Metall‐organischen und kovalenten organischen Netzwerken als Membranmaterialien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Hosseini Monjezi
- Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Ksenia Kutonova
- Institut für Organische Chemie (IOC) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Manuel Tsotsalas
- Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Sebastian Henke
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie TU Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Alexander Knebel
- Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
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24
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Hosseini Monjezi B, Kutonova K, Tsotsalas M, Henke S, Knebel A. Current Trends in Metal-Organic and Covalent Organic Framework Membrane Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15153-15164. [PMID: 33332695 PMCID: PMC8359388 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have been thoroughly investigated with regards to applications in gas separation membranes in the past years. More recently, new preparation methods for MOFs and COFs as particles and thin-film membranes, as well as for mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) have been developed. We will highlight novel processes and highly functional materials: Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) can be transformed into glasses and we will give an insight into their use for membranes. In addition, liquids with permanent porosity offer solution processability for the manufacture of extremely potent MMMs. Also, MOF materials influenced by external stimuli give new directions for the enhancement of performance by in situ techniques. Presently, COFs with their large pores are useful in quantum sieving applications, and by exploiting the stacking behavior also molecular sieving COF membranes are possible. Similarly, porous polymers can be constructed using MOF templates, which then find use in gas separation membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Hosseini Monjezi
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Ksenia Kutonova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Manuel Tsotsalas
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Sebastian Henke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Str. 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Alexander Knebel
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
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25
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Cheng HB, Zhang S, Qi J, Liang XJ, Yoon J. Advances in Application of Azobenzene as a Trigger in Biomedicine: Molecular Design and Spontaneous Assembly. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007290. [PMID: 34028901 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Azobenzene is a well-known derivative of stimulus-responsive molecular switches and has shown superior performance as a functional material in biomedical applications. The results of multiple studies have led to the development of light/hypoxia-responsive azobenzene for biomedical use. In recent years, long-wavelength-responsive azobenzene has been developed. Matching the longer wavelength absorption and hypoxia-response characteristics of the azobenzene switch unit to the bio-optical window results in a large and effective stimulus response. In addition, azobenzene has been used as a hypoxia-sensitive connector via biological cleavage under appropriate stimulus conditions. This has resulted in on/off state switching of properties such as pharmacology and fluorescence activity. Herein, recent advances in the design and fabrication of azobenzene as a trigger in biomedicine are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Shuchun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Ji Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
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26
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Zhang X, Liu S, Xue C, Zhang W, Sun R, Hu F. Titanium content influence on the optical response characteristics of TiO 2/ormosils composite films doped with azobenzene. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:5581-5587. [PMID: 34263848 DOI: 10.1364/ao.425944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
TiO2-based organic-inorganic composite films doped with azobenzene and photosensitive groups were prepared by combining a low-temperature solgel technique and a spin-coating method. The influence of TiO2 content on the optical and structural properties of the composite films including the film thickness, the refractive index, the transmission loss, the thermal gravity analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra was studied. Photoisomerization and optical switching characteristics of the composite film were investigated under the irradiation of 365 nm ultraviolet light and 450 nm visible light. Results indicate that several micrometer thick films can be easily obtained at room temperature and there is a proportional relationship between the refractive index value and the TiO2 content. In addition, the composite films have a low optical propagation loss of about 0.1 dB/cm. The composite films with 0.2 M TiO2 content have an obvious photoisomerization and good optical switching properties. Finally, the hexagonal microlens array was fabricated in the composite films by using an ultraviolet nanoimprint technology. All these results above indicate that the as-prepared TiO2-based organic-inorganic composite film has potential applications in optical switching devices and photonic elements.
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27
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Leistner AL, Kirchner S, Karcher J, Bantle T, Schulte ML, Gödtel P, Fengler C, Pianowski ZL. Fluorinated Azobenzenes Switchable with Red Light. Chemistry 2021; 27:8094-8099. [PMID: 33769596 PMCID: PMC8252058 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches triggered with red or NIR light are optimal for photomodulation of complex biological systems, including efficient penetration of the human body for therapeutic purposes ("therapeutic window"). Yet, they are rarely reported, and even more rarely functional under aqueous conditions. In this work, fluorinated azobenzenes are shown to exhibit efficient E→Z photoisomerization with red light (PSS660nm >75 % Z) upon conjugation with unsaturated substituents. Initially demonstrated for aldehyde groups, this effect was also observed in a more complex structure by incorporating the chromophore into a cyclic dipeptide with propensity for self-assembly. Under physiological conditions, the latter molecule formed a supramolecular material that reversibly changed its viscosity upon irradiation with red light. Our observation can lead to design of new photopharmacology agents or phototriggered materials for in vivo use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Leistner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Susanne Kirchner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Johannes Karcher
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tobias Bantle
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mariam L Schulte
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Gödtel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christian Fengler
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Zbigniew L Pianowski
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - FMS, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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28
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Kanj AB, Bürck J, Vankova N, Li C, Mutruc D, Chandresh A, Hecht S, Heine T, Heinke L. Chirality Remote Control in Nanoporous Materials by Circularly Polarized Light. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7059-7068. [PMID: 33915047 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The ability to dynamically control chirality remains a grand challenge in chemistry. Although many molecules possess chiral isomers, lacking their isolation, for instance during photoisomerization, results in racemic mixtures with suppressed enantiospecific chiral properties. Here, we present a nanoporous solid in which chirality and enantioselective enrichment is induced by circularly polarized light (CPL). The material is based on photoswitchable fluorinated azobenzenes attached to the scaffold of a crystalline metal-organic framework (MOF). The azobenzene undergoes trans-to-cis-photoisomerization upon irradiation with green light and reverts back to trans upon violet light. While each moiety in cis conformation is chiral, we show the trans isomer also possesses a nonplanar, chiral conformation. During photoisomerization with unpolarized light, no enantiomeric enrichment is observed and both isomers, R- and S-cis as well as R- and S-trans, respectively, are formed in identical quantities. In contrast, CPL causes chiral photoresolution, resulting in an optically active material. Right-CPL selectively excites R-cis and R-trans enantiomers, producing a MOF with enriched S-enantiomers, and vice versa. The induction of optical activity is reversible and only depends on the light-handedness. As shown by first-principle DFT calculations, while both, trans and cis, are stabilized in nonplanar, chiral conformations in the MOF, the trans isomer adopts a planar, achiral form in solution, as verified experimentally. This shows that the chiral photoresolution is enabled by the linker reticulation in the MOF. Our study demonstrates the induction of chirality and optical activity in solid materials by CPL and opens new opportunities for chiral resolution and information storage with CPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anemar Bruno Kanj
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jochen Bürck
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Nina Vankova
- Fakultät für Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, TU Dresden, Bergstraße 66c, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Chun Li
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dragos Mutruc
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Abhinav Chandresh
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Heine
- Fakultät für Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, TU Dresden, Bergstraße 66c, 01062 Dresden, Germany.,Forschungsstelle Leipzig, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lars Heinke
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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29
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Jiang Y, Heinke L. Photoswitchable Metal-Organic Framework Thin Films: From Spectroscopy to Remote-Controllable Membrane Separation and Switchable Conduction. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:2-15. [PMID: 33347762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of functional materials from photoswitchable molecules where the molecular changes multiply to macroscopic effects presents a great challenge in material science. An attractive approach is the incorporation of the photoswitches in nanoporous, crystalline metal-organic frameworks, MOFs, often showing remote-controllable chemical and physical properties. Because of the short light-penetration depth, thin MOF films are particularly interesting, allowing the entire illumination of the material. In the present progress report, we review and discuss the status of photoswitchable MOF films. These films may serve as model systems for quantifying the isomer switching yield by infrared and UV-vis spectroscopy as well as for uptake experiments exploring the switching effects on the host-guest interaction, especially on guest adsorption and diffusion. In addition, the straightforward device integration facilitates various experiments. In this way, unique features were demonstrated, such as photoswitchable membrane separation with continuously tunable selectivity, light-switchable proton conductivity of the guests in the pores, and remote-controllable electronic conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhe Jiang
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Lars Heinke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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30
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Danowski W, van Leeuwen T, Browne WR, Feringa BL. Photoresponsive porous materials. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:24-40. [PMID: 36131866 PMCID: PMC9417539 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00647e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Molecular machines, switches, and motors enable control over nanoscale molecular motion with unprecedented precision in artificial systems. Integration of these compounds into robust material scaffolds, in particular nanostructured solids, is a fabrication strategy for smart materials with unique properties that can be controlled with external stimuli. Here, we describe a subclass of these structures, namely light-responsive porous materials metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent-organic frameworks (COFs), and porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs) appended with molecular photoswitches. In this review, we provide an overview of a broad range of light-responsive porous materials focusing on potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Danowski
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands
| | - Thomas van Leeuwen
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands
| | - Wesley R Browne
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands
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31
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Haldar R, Heinke L, Wöll C. Advanced Photoresponsive Materials Using the Metal-Organic Framework Approach. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905227. [PMID: 31763731 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
When fabricating macroscopic devices exploiting the properties of organic chromophores, the corresponding molecules need to be condensed into a solid material. Since optical absorption properties are often strongly affected by interchromophore interactions, solids with a well-defined structure carry substantial advantages over amorphous materials. Here, the metal-organic framework (MOF)-based approach is presented. By appropriate functionalization, most organic chromophores can be converted to function as linkers, which can coordinate to metal or metal-oxo centers so as to yield stable, crystalline frameworks. Photoexcitations in such chromophore-based MOFs are surveyed, with a special emphasis on light-switchable MOFs from photochromic molecules. The conventional powder form of MOFs obtained using solvothermal approaches carries certain disadvantages for optical applications, such as limited efficiency resulting from absorption and light scattering caused by the (micrometer-sized) powder particles. How these problems can be avoided by using MOF thin films is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Haldar
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Lars Heinke
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christof Wöll
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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32
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Goulet-Hanssens A, Eisenreich F, Hecht S. Enlightening Materials with Photoswitches. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905966. [PMID: 31975456 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating molecular photoswitches into various materials provides unique opportunities for controlling their properties and functions with high spatiotemporal resolution using remote optical stimuli. The great and largely still untapped potential of these photoresponsive systems has not yet been fully exploited due to the fundamental challenges in harnessing geometrical and electronic changes on the molecular level to modulate macroscopic and bulk material properties. Herein, progress made during the past decade in the field of photoswitchable materials is highlighted. After pointing to some general design principles, materials with an increasing order of the integrated photoswitchable units are discussed, spanning the range from amorphous settings over surfaces/interfaces and supramolecular ensembles, to liquid crystalline and crystalline phases. Finally, some potential future directions are pointed out in the conclusion. In view of the exciting recent achievements in the field, the future emergence and further development of light-driven and optically programmable (inter)active materials and systems are eagerly anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Goulet-Hanssens
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Eisenreich
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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33
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Liang H, Guo Y, Shi Y, Peng X, Liang B, Chen B. A Light‐Responsive Metal–Organic Framework Hybrid Membrane with High On/Off Photoswitchable Proton Conductivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong‐Qing Liang
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Yi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials Department of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Yanshu Shi
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Xinsheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials Department of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Bin Liang
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Banglin Chen
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio TX 78249 USA
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34
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Liang H, Guo Y, Shi Y, Peng X, Liang B, Chen B. A Light‐Responsive Metal–Organic Framework Hybrid Membrane with High On/Off Photoswitchable Proton Conductivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7732-7737. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong‐Qing Liang
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Yi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials Department of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Yanshu Shi
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Xinsheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials Department of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Bin Liang
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Banglin Chen
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio TX 78249 USA
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35
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Fan WW, Cheng Y, Zheng LY, Cao QE. Reversible Phase Transition of Porous Coordination Polymers. Chemistry 2020; 26:2766-2779. [PMID: 31697441 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Porous coordination polymers or metal-organic frameworks with reversible phase-transition behavior possess some attractive properties, and can respond to external stimuli, including physical and chemical stimuli, in a dynamic fashion. Their phase transitions can be triggered by adsorption/desorption of guest molecules, temperature changes, high pressure, light irradiation, and electric fields; these mainly include two types of transitions: crystal-amorphous and crystal-crystal transitions. These types of porous coordination polymers have received much attention because of their interesting properties and potential applications. Herein, reversible phase transition porous coordination polymers are summarized and classified based on different stimuli sources. Corresponding typical examples are then introduced. Finally, examples of their applications in gas separation, chemical sensors, guest molecule encapsulation, and energy storage are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation, Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, No. 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming, 650091, P.R. China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation, Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, No. 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming, 650091, P.R. China
| | - Li-Yan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation, Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, No. 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming, 650091, P.R. China
| | - Qiu-E Cao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation, Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, No. 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming, 650091, P.R. China
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36
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Kshirsagar AR, D’Avino G, Blase X, Li J, Poloni R. Accurate Prediction of the S1 Excitation Energy in Solvated Azobenzene Derivatives via Embedded Orbital-Tuned Bethe-Salpeter Calculations. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:2021-2027. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b01257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriele D’Avino
- Institut Néel-CNRS and Université Grenoble-Alpes, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Xavier Blase
- Institut Néel-CNRS and Université Grenoble-Alpes, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Jing Li
- Institut Néel-CNRS and Université Grenoble-Alpes, F-38042 Grenoble, France
- CEA, IRIG, MEM-L_Sim, Université Grenoble-Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Roberta Poloni
- Grenoble-INP, SIMaP, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, F-38042 Grenoble, France
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37
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Kolodzeiski E, Amirjalayer S. Atomistic Insight Into the Host-Guest Interaction of a Photoresponsive Metal-Organic Framework. Chemistry 2020; 26:1263-1268. [PMID: 31802550 PMCID: PMC7027908 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Photoresponsive functional materials have gained increasing attention due to their externally tunable properties. Molecular switches embedded in these materials enable the control of phenomena at the atomic level by light. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) provide a versatile platform to immobilize these photoresponsive units within defined molecular environments to optimize the intended functionality. For the application of these photoresponsive MOFs (pho-MOFs), it is crucial to understand the influence of the switching state on the host-guest interaction. Therefore, we present a detailed insight into the impact of molecular switching on the intermolecular interactions. By performing atomistic simulations, we revealed that due to different interactions of the guest molecules with the two isomeric states of an azobenzene-functionalized MOF, both the adsorption sites and the orientation of the molecules within the pores are modulated. By shedding light on the host-guest interaction, our study highlights the unique potential of pho-MOFs to tailor molecular interaction by light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kolodzeiski
- Physikalisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterWillhelm-Klemm-Strasse 1048149MünsterGermany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation (CMTC)Heisenbergstrasse 1148149MünsterGermany
| | - Saeed Amirjalayer
- Physikalisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterWillhelm-Klemm-Strasse 1048149MünsterGermany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation (CMTC)Heisenbergstrasse 1148149MünsterGermany
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38
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Functionalized Dynamic Metal-Organic Frameworks as Smart Switches for Sensing and Adsorption Applications. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2019; 378:5. [PMID: 31823121 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-019-0271-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with flexible structures or dynamic behavior have shown great potential as functional materials in many fields. This paper presents a review of these dynamic and functional MOFs, which can undergo controllable and reversible transformation, with regard to their application as smart switches. Trigger conditions, which include physical/chemical stimuli (e.g., guest molecules, light, temperature, pressure), are also discussed. Research methods for investigating the dynamic processes and mechanisms involving experimental characterization and computational modeling are briefly mentioned as well. The emphasis is on the aspects of the design and functionalization of dynamic MOFs. The pre-design of metal nodes, organic linkers, and topology, as well as post-modification of components, increases the possibility of obtaining functionalized dynamic materials. Recent advances with regard to potential applications for dynamic frameworks as smart switches for adsorption and sensing are also reviewed.
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39
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Bigdeli F, Lollar CT, Morsali A, Zhou H. Schalten in Metall‐organischen Gerüsten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fahime Bigdeli
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences Tarbiat Modares University P.O. Box 14155-4838 Teheran Iran
| | | | - Ali Morsali
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences Tarbiat Modares University P.O. Box 14155-4838 Teheran Iran
| | - Hong‐Cai Zhou
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
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40
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Bigdeli F, Lollar CT, Morsali A, Zhou H. Switching in Metal–Organic Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:4652-4669. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fahime Bigdeli
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences Tarbiat Modares University P.O. Box 14155-4838 Tehran Iran
| | | | - Ali Morsali
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences Tarbiat Modares University P.O. Box 14155-4838 Tehran Iran
| | - Hong‐Cai Zhou
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
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41
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Zhang Z, Müller K, Heidrich S, Koenig M, Hashem T, Schlöder T, Bléger D, Wenzel W, Heinke L. Light-Switchable One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals Based on MOFs with Photomodulatable Refractive Index. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:6626-6633. [PMID: 31596091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photonic crystals are solids with regular structures having periodicities comparable to the wavelength of light. Here, we showcase the photomodulation of the refractive index of a crystalline material and present a quasi-one-dimensional photonic crystal with remote-controllable optical properties. The photonic material is composed of layers of TiO2 and films of a nanoporous metal-organic framework (MOF) with azobenzene side groups. While the rigid MOF lattice is unaffected, the optical density is reversibly modified by the light-induced trans-cis-azobenzene isomerization. Spectroscopic ellipsometry and precise DFT calculations show the optical-density change results from the different orbital localizations of the azobenzene isomers and their tremendously different oscillator strengths. The photomodulation of the MOF refractive index controls the optical properties of the quasi-one-dimensional photonic crystal with Bragg reflexes reversibly shifted by more than 4 nm. This study may path the way to photoswitchable photonic materials applied in advanced, tunable optical components and lens coatings and in light-based information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David Bléger
- Department of Chemistry and IRIS Adlershof , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , 12489 Berlin , Germany
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43
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Das G, Prakasam T, Addicoat MA, Sharma SK, Ravaux F, Mathew R, Baias M, Jagannathan R, Olson MA, Trabolsi A. Azobenzene-Equipped Covalent Organic Framework: Light-Operated Reservoir. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:19078-19087. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gobinda Das
- Chemistry Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Saadiyat Island, United Arab Emirates
| | - Thirumurugan Prakasam
- Chemistry Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Saadiyat Island, United Arab Emirates
| | - Matthew A. Addicoat
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, NG11 8NS Nottingham, U.K
| | - Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- Engineering Division, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Saadiyat Island, United Arab Emirates
| | - Florent Ravaux
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Khalifa University, 127788 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Renny Mathew
- Chemistry Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Saadiyat Island, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maria Baias
- Chemistry Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Saadiyat Island, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ramesh Jagannathan
- Engineering Division, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Saadiyat Island, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mark A. Olson
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300073, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ali Trabolsi
- Chemistry Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Saadiyat Island, United Arab Emirates
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44
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Rice AM, Martin CR, Galitskiy VA, Berseneva AA, Leith GA, Shustova NB. Photophysics Modulation in Photoswitchable Metal-Organic Frameworks. Chem Rev 2019; 120:8790-8813. [PMID: 31638383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this Review, we showcase the upsurge in the development and fundamental photophysical studies of more than 100 metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as versatile stimuli-responsive platforms. The goal is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the field of photoresponsive MOFs while delving into the underlying photophysical properties of various classes of photochromic molecules including diarylethene, azobenzene, and spiropyran as well as naphthalenediimide and viologen derivatives integrated inside a MOF matrix as part of a framework backbone, as a ligand side group, or as a guest. In particular, the geometrical constraints, photoisomerization rates, and electronic structures of photochromic molecules integrated inside a rigid MOF scaffold are discussed. Thus, this Review reflects on the challenges and opportunities of using photoswitchable MOFs in next-generation multifunctional stimuli-responsive materials while highlighting their use in optoelectronics, erasable inks, or as the next generation of sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Corey R Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Vladimir A Galitskiy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Anna A Berseneva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Gabrielle A Leith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Natalia B Shustova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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Mutruc D, Goulet‐Hanssens A, Fairman S, Wahl S, Zimathies A, Knie C, Hecht S. Modulierung der Gastaufnahme in Core‐Shell‐MOFs mit sichtbarem Licht. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dragos Mutruc
- Institut für Chemie & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Alexis Goulet‐Hanssens
- Institut für Chemie & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Sam Fairman
- Institut für Physik Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Newtonstraße 15 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Sebastian Wahl
- Institut für Chemie & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Annett Zimathies
- Bundesamt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) 12200 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Christopher Knie
- Institut für Chemie & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Institut für Chemie & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
- Derzeitige Adresse: DWI–Leibniz Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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46
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Mutruc D, Goulet‐Hanssens A, Fairman S, Wahl S, Zimathies A, Knie C, Hecht S. Modulating Guest Uptake in Core–Shell MOFs with Visible Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12862-12867. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dragos Mutruc
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Alexis Goulet‐Hanssens
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Sam Fairman
- Department of Physics Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Newtonstrasse 15 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Sebastian Wahl
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Annett Zimathies
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) 12200 Berlin Germany
| | - Christopher Knie
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany
- Present address: DWI–Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institute of Technicial and Macromolecular Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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Grosjean S, Hodapp P, Hassan Z, Wöll C, Nieger M, Bräse S. Synthesis of Functionalized Azobiphenyl- and Azoterphenyl- Ditopic Linkers: Modular Building Blocks for Photoresponsive Smart Materials. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:743-759. [PMID: 31275796 PMCID: PMC6587395 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Modular synthesis of structurally diverse functionalized azobiphenyls and azoterphenyls for the realization of optically switchable materials has been described. The corresponding synthesis of azobiphenyls and azoterphenyls by stepwise Mills/Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction, proceeds with high yields and provides facile access to a library of functionalized building blocks. The synthetic methods described herein allow combining several distinct functional groups within a single unit, each intended for a specific task, such as 1) the -N=N- azobenzene core as a photoswitchable moiety, 2) aryls and heteroaryls, functionalized with carboxylic acids or pyridine at its peripheries, as coordinating moieties and 3) varying substitution, size and length of the backbone for adaptability to specific applications. These specifically designed azobiphenyls and azoterphenyls provide modular bricks, potentially useful for the assembly of a variety of polymers, molecular containers and coordination networks, offering a high degree of molecular functionality. Once integrated into materials, the azobenzene system, as a side group on the organic linker backbone, can be exploited for remotely controlling the structural, mechanical or physical properties, thus being applicable for a broad variety of 'smart' applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Grosjean
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory, Institute for Biological Interfaces 3 (IBG 3)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Patrick Hodapp
- Institute of Toxicology & Genetics (ITG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Zahid Hassan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Christof Wöll
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), 00014 University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory, Institute for Biological Interfaces 3 (IBG 3)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Institute of Toxicology & Genetics (ITG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
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48
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Heinke L, Wöll C. Surface-Mounted Metal-Organic Frameworks: Crystalline and Porous Molecular Assemblies for Fundamental Insights and Advanced Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1806324. [PMID: 30701602 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline coordination polymers, assembled from inorganic nodes connected by organic linker molecules. An enormous surface area, huge compositional variety, regular structure, and favorable mechanical properties are among their outstanding properties. Monolithic MOF thin films, i.e., surface-mounted metal-organic frameworks (SURMOFs), with high degree of structural order and adjustable defect density, can be prepared on solid substrates using layer-by-layer techniques. Recent studies where SURMOFs served as model systems for quantitative studies of molecular interactions in porous media, including diffusion, are reviewed. Moreover, SURMOFs are ideally suited for the incorporation of photoactive molecules as well as to study electrical transport through crystalline molecular assemblies. Recent work has demonstrated that the realization of crystalline chromophore assemblies via the SURMOF approach allows the study of fundamental aspects of exciton transport, exciton channeling, and photon upconversion at internal interfaces in organic semiconductor materials. Due to their crystalline nature, MOF materials are well suited for quantitative comparisons with theoretical results; especially, since defect densities and types can be characterized and varied in a straightforward fashion. The active role of these nanoporous films in advanced applications, like for remote-controlled release of molecules, membranes with photoswitchable selectivity, and ion-conductors with adjustable conductivity, are also emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Heinke
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christof Wöll
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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49
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Pianowski ZL. Recent Implementations of Molecular Photoswitches into Smart Materials and Biological Systems. Chemistry 2019; 25:5128-5144. [PMID: 30614091 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Light is a nearly ideal stimulus for molecular systems. It delivers information encoded in the form of wavelengths and their intensities with high precision in space and time. Light is a mild trigger that does not permanently contaminate targeted samples. Its energy can be reversibly transformed into molecular motion, polarity, or flexibility changes. This leads to sophisticated functions at the supramolecular and macroscopic levels, from light-triggered nanomaterials to photocontrol over biological systems. New methods and molecular adapters of light are reported almost daily. Recently reported applications of photoresponsive systems, particularly azobenzenes, spiropyrans, diarylethenes, and indigoids, for smart materials and photocontrol of biological setups are described herein with the aim to demonstrate that the 21st century has become the Age of Enlightenment-"Le siècle des Lumières"-in molecular sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew L Pianowski
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Campus Nord, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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50
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Hermann D, Schwartz HA, Werker M, Schaniel D, Ruschewitz U. Metal‐Organic Frameworks as Hosts for Fluorinated Azobenzenes: A Path towards Quantitative Photoswitching with Visible Light. Chemistry 2019; 25:3606-3616. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Hermann
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Cologne Greinstraße 6 50939 Köln Germany
| | - Heidi A. Schwartz
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Cologne Greinstraße 6 50939 Köln Germany
| | - Melanie Werker
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Cologne Greinstraße 6 50939 Köln Germany
| | | | - Uwe Ruschewitz
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Cologne Greinstraße 6 50939 Köln Germany
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