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Lin FL, Taizoumbe KA, Wang YX, Huang JH, Wang GQ, Chen GD, Lv JM, Hu D, Gao H, Dickschat JS. Mechanistic characterisation of a fungal fusicoccane-type diterpene synthase involved in the biosynthesis of talaro-7,13-diene. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 39269007 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob01348d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
The cyclisation mechanism of the fungal fusicoccane (FC)-type diterpene synthase (DTS) TadA was investigated by extensive isotopic labelling experiments, and the pH-dependency of the product selectivity of this enzyme was explored. These studies provide new insights into the cyclisation mechanisms of FC-type DTSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Long Lin
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Kizerbo A Taizoumbe
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Yi-Xuan Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Jia-Hua Huang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Gao-Qian Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Guo-Dong Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Jian-Ming Lv
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Dan Hu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Hao Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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Hu Y, Zhang Q, Bai X, Men L, Ma J, Li D, Xu M, Wei Q, Chen R, Wang D, Yin X, Hu T, Xie T. Screening and modification of (+)-germacrene A synthase for the production of the anti-tumor drug (-)-β-elemene in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135455. [PMID: 39260653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
(-)-β-Elemene is a primary bioactive compound derived from Curcuma wenyujin and has been widely utilized as an anti-tumor agent for various types of cancer. Due to the inefficiency of plant extraction methods for β-elemene, significant efforts have been directed toward the heterogeneous biosynthesis of β-elemene using microbial cell factories. However, there has been less emphasis on the stereochemical configuration of germacrene A and its rearranged product, β-elemene. In this study, we constructed a yeast cell factory to produce (-)-β-elemene by optimizing the mevalonate pathway and screening for germacrene A synthases (GASs) from both plant and microbial sources. Notably, we discovered that the rearranged products of GASs exhibited different conformations, and only (+)-germacrene A produced by plant-derived GASs could rearrange to form (-)-β-elemene. Building on this discovery, we further investigated the catalytic mechanisms of GASs and developed an efficient catalytic gene module for generating (+)-germacrene A. Ultimately, the engineered yeast produced 1152 mg/L of (-)-β-elemene, marking the highest titer reported in yeast to date. Overall, this work highlights the differences in the stereoconformations of catalytic products between plant- and microbial-derived germacrene A synthases and establishes a foundation for the green and efficient production of β-elemene with a specific stereochemical configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xue Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Lianhui Men
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jing Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Dengyu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Mengdie Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Qiuhui Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Rong Chen
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Daming Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xiaopu Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Tianyuan Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
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3
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Câmara JS, Perestrelo R, Ferreira R, Berenguer CV, Pereira JAM, Castilho PC. Plant-Derived Terpenoids: A Plethora of Bioactive Compounds with Several Health Functions and Industrial Applications-A Comprehensive Overview. Molecules 2024; 29:3861. [PMID: 39202940 PMCID: PMC11357518 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids are a large class of natural secondary plant metabolites which are highly diverse in structure, formed from isoprene units (C-5), associated with a wide range of biological properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, anticancer, antimetastatic, antiangiogenesis, and apoptosis induction, and are considered for potential application in the food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and medical industries. In plants, terpenoids exert a variety of basic functions in growth and development. This review gives an overview, highlighting the current knowledge of terpenoids and recent advances in our understanding of the organization, regulation, and diversification of core and specialized terpenoid metabolic pathways and addressing the most important functions of volatile and non-volatile specialized terpenoid metabolites in plants. A comprehensive description of different aspects of plant-derived terpenoids as a sustainable source of bioactive compounds, their biosynthetic pathway, the several biological properties attributed to these secondary metabolites associated with health-promoting effects, and their potential industrial applications in several fields will be provided, and emerging and green extraction methods will also be discussed. In addition, future research perspectives within this framework will be highlighted. Literature selection was carried out using the National Library of Medicine, PubMed, and international reference data for the period from 2010 to 2024 using the keyword "terpenoids". A total of 177,633 published papers were found, of which 196 original and review papers were included in this review according to the criteria of their scientific reliability, their completeness, and their relevance to the theme considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- José S. Câmara
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, NPRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (R.P.); (R.F.); (C.V.B.); (J.A.M.P.); (P.C.C.)
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia da Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Rosa Perestrelo
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, NPRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (R.P.); (R.F.); (C.V.B.); (J.A.M.P.); (P.C.C.)
| | - Rui Ferreira
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, NPRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (R.P.); (R.F.); (C.V.B.); (J.A.M.P.); (P.C.C.)
| | - Cristina V. Berenguer
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, NPRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (R.P.); (R.F.); (C.V.B.); (J.A.M.P.); (P.C.C.)
| | - Jorge A. M. Pereira
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, NPRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (R.P.); (R.F.); (C.V.B.); (J.A.M.P.); (P.C.C.)
| | - Paula C. Castilho
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, NPRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (R.P.); (R.F.); (C.V.B.); (J.A.M.P.); (P.C.C.)
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia da Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
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Li B, Tian Y, Guo X, Ren Y, Ma J, Zang Y, Sun H, Zhang D, Li C. Atramacrolodes A-D (1-4), Four Undescribed Eudesmane-Type Sesquiterpenes from the Rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400817. [PMID: 38775105 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Four undescribed sesquiterpenes, atramacrolodes A-D (1-4), along with six known compounds 5-10 were isolated from the rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala. Compound 3 possessed a new skeleton based on an unprecedented carton-carton connection. Their structures were determined by UV, IR, HRESIMS, NMR spectra, 13C NMR calculation with DP4+ analysis, and the comparison of experimental and calculated ECD spectra. Compounds 5 and 8 showed protective effects against paracetamol-induced liver cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
| | - Yulu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
| | - Yating Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
| | - Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
| | - Yingda Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
| | - Hua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
| | - Dongming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
| | - Chuangjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
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5
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Fordjour E, Liu CL, Yang Y, Bai Z. Recent advances in lycopene and germacrene a biosynthesis and their role as antineoplastic drugs. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:254. [PMID: 38916754 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes and tetraterpenes are classes of plant-derived natural products with antineoplastic effects. While plant extraction of the sesquiterpene, germacrene A, and the tetraterpene, lycopene suffers supply chain deficits and poor yields, chemical synthesis has difficulties in separating stereoisomers. This review highlights cutting-edge developments in producing germacrene A and lycopene from microbial cell factories. We then summarize the antineoplastic properties of β-elemene (a thermal product from germacrene A), sesquiterpene lactones (metabolic products from germacrene A), and lycopene. We also elaborate on strategies to optimize microbial-based germacrene A and lycopene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fordjour
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation, and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu , 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Chun-Li Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation, and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu , 214122, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Yankun Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation, and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu , 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Zhonghu Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation, and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu , 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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6
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Tarannam N, Gupta PK, Zev S, Major DT. Stability trends in carbocation intermediates stemming from germacrene A and hedycaryol. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1189-1197. [PMID: 38887567 PMCID: PMC11181226 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In the current work, we analyzed the origin of difference in stabilities among the germacrene A and hedycaryol-derived carbocations. This study focused on twelve hydrocarbons derived from germacrene A and twelve from hedycaryol, which can be divided into three groups: four molecules containing 6-6 bicyclic rings, four 5-7 bicyclic compounds with the carbocation being on the seven-membered ring and the remaining four 5-7 bicyclic compounds with the carbocation on the five-membered ring. The variations in energy within the groups of carbocations (i.e., 6-6 and two kinds of 5-7 bicyclic carbocations) can be ascribed to intramolecular repulsion interactions, as seen from non-covalent interactions plots. Despite the structural similarities between germacrene A and hedycaryol cations, they possess a somewhat different stability trend. These differences are attributed to C+···OH intramolecular interactions present in some hedycaryol cations, which are absent in the carbocations derived from germecrene A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naziha Tarannam
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Prashant Kumar Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Shani Zev
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Dan Thomas Major
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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Xu H, Köllner TG, Chen F, Dickschat JS. Functional and Mechanistic Characterization of the 4,5-diepi-Isoishwarane Synthase from the Liverwort Radula lindenbergiana. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400104. [PMID: 38372483 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The microbial type sesquiterpene synthase RlMTPSL4 from the liverwort Radula lindenbergiana was investigated for its products, showing the formation of several sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. The main product was structurally characterized as the new compound 4,5-diepi-isoishwarane, while the side products included the known hydrocarbons germacrene A, α-selinene, eremophilene and 4,5-diepi-aristolochene. The cyclization mechanism towards 4,5-diepi-isoishwarane catalyzed by RlMTPSL4 was investigated through isotopic labeling experiments, revealing the stereochemical course for the deprotonation step to the neutral intermediate germacrene A, a reprotonation for its further cyclization, and a 1,2-hydride shift along the cascade. The absolute configuration of 4,5-diepi-isoishwarane was determined using a stereoselective deuteration approach, revealing an absolute configuration typically observed for a microbial type sesquiterpene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houchao Xu
- Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4561, USA
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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Nie S, Wang S, Chen R, Ge M, Yan X, Qiao J. Catalytic Mechanism and Heterologous Biosynthesis Application of Sesquiterpene Synthases. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:6871-6888. [PMID: 38526460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes comprise a diverse group of natural products with a wide range of applications in cosmetics, food, medicine, agriculture, and biofuels. Heterologous biosynthesis is increasingly employed for sesquiterpene production, aiming to overcome the limitations associated with chemical synthesis and natural extraction. Sesquiterpene synthases (STSs) play a crucial role in the heterologous biosynthesis of sesquiterpene. Under the catalysis of STSs, over 300 skeletons are produced through various cyclization processes (C1-C10 closure, C1-C11 closure, C1-C6 closure, and C1-C7 closure), which are responsible for the diversity of sesquiterpenes. According to the cyclization types, we gave an overview of advances in understanding the mechanism of STSs cyclization from the aspects of protein crystal structures and site-directed mutagenesis. We also summarized the applications of engineering STSs in the heterologous biosynthesis of sesquiterpene. Finally, the bottlenecks and potential research directions related to the STSs cyclization mechanism and application of modified STSs were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxin Nie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China
| | - Shengli Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China
| | - Ruiqi Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China
| | - Mingyue Ge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China
| | - Xiaoguang Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China
| | - Jianjun Qiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China
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9
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Ye D, Shao YZ, Li WR, Cui ZJ, Gong T, Yang JL, Wang HQ, Dai JG, Feng KP, Ma M, Ma SG, Liu YB, Zhu P, Yu SS. Characterization and Engineering of Two Highly Paralogous Sesquiterpene Synthases Reveal a Regioselective Reprotonation Switch. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315674. [PMID: 38327006 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Sesquiterpene synthases (STPSs) catalyze carbocation-driven cyclization reactions that can generate structurally diverse hydrocarbons. The deprotonation-reprotonation process is widely used in STPSs to promote structural diversity, largely attributable to the distinct regio/stereoselective reprotonations. However, the molecular basis for reprotonation regioselectivity remains largely understudied. Herein, we analyzed two highly paralogous STPSs, Artabotrys hexapetalus (-)-cyperene synthase (AhCS) and ishwarane synthase (AhIS), which catalyze reactions that are distinct from the regioselective protonation of germacrene A (GA), resulting in distinct skeletons of 5/5/6 tricyclic (-)-cyperene and 6/6/5/3 tetracyclic ishwarane, respectively. Isotopic labeling experiments demonstrated that these protonations occur at C3 and C6 of GA in AhCS and AhIS, respectively. The cryo-electron microscopy-derived AhCS complex structure provided the structural basis for identifying different key active site residues that may govern their functional disparity. The structure-guided mutagenesis of these residues resulted in successful functional interconversion between AhCS and AhIS, thus targeting the three active site residues [L311-S419-C458]/[M311-V419-A458] that may act as a C3/C6 reprotonation switch for GA. These findings facilitate the rational design or directed evolution of STPSs with structurally diverse skeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Zhen Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Jia Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Gui Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Ping Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Ma
- Department State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institution School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Gang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Bao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Shan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
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10
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Li H, Dickschat JS. Enzymatic Synthesis of Diterpenoids from iso-GGPP III: A Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Analog with a Shifted Double Bond. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303560. [PMID: 37947363 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The analog of the diterpene precursor geranylgeranyl diphosphate with a double bond shifted from C14=C15 to C15=C16 (named iso-GGPP III) has been synthesized and enzymatically converted with six bacterial diterpene synthases; this allowed the isolation of nine unnatural diterpenes. For some of the enzyme-substrate combinations, the different reactivity implemented in the substrate analog iso-GGPP III opened reaction pathways that are not observed with natural GGPP, resulting in the formation of diterpenes with novel skeletons. A stereoselective deuteration strategy was used to assign the absolute configurations of the isolated diterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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11
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Xu H, Dickschat JS. Isotopic labelings for mechanistic studies. Methods Enzymol 2024; 699:163-186. [PMID: 38942502 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
The intricate mechanisms in the biosynthesis of terpenes belong to the most challenging problems in natural product chemistry. Methods to address these problems include the structure-based site-directed mutagenesis of terpene synthases, computational approaches, and isotopic labeling experiments. The latter approach has a long tradition in biosynthesis studies and has recently experienced a revival, after genome sequencing enabled rapid access to biosynthetic genes and enzymes. Today, this allows for a combined approach in which isotopically labeled substrates can be incubated with recombinant terpene synthases. These clearly defined reaction setups can give detailed mechanistic insights into the reactions catalyzed by terpene synthases, and recent developments have substantially deepened our understanding of terpene biosynthesis. This chapter will discuss the state of the art and introduce some of the most important methods that make use of isotopic labelings in mechanistic studies on terpene synthases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houchao Xu
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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12
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Kiran NR, Narayanan AK, Mohapatra S, Gupta P, Nagegowda DA. Analysis of root volatiles and functional characterization of a root-specific germacrene A synthase in Artemisia pallens. PLANTA 2024; 259:58. [PMID: 38308700 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The study demonstrated that Artemisia pallens roots can be a source of terpene-rich essential oil and root-specific ApTPS1 forms germacrene A contributing to major root volatiles. Davana (Artemisia pallens Bess) is a valuable aromatic herb within the Asteraceae family, highly prized for its essential oil (EO) produced in the aerial parts. However, the root volatile composition, and the genes responsible for root volatiles have remained unexplored until now. Here, we show that A. pallens roots possess distinct oil bodies and yields ~ 0.05% of EO, which is primarily composed of sesquiterpenes β-elemene, neryl isovalerate, β-selinene, and α-selinene, and trace amounts of monoterpenes β-myrcene, D-limonene. This shows that, besides aerial parts, roots of davana can also be a source of unique EO. Moreover, we functionally characterized a terpene synthase (ApTPS1) that exhibited high in silico expression in the root transcriptome. The recombinant ApTPS1 showed the formation of β-elemene and germacrene A with E,E-farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) as a substrate. Detailed analysis of assay products revealed that β-elemene was the thermal rearrangement product of germacrene A. The functional expression of ApTPS1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae confirmed the in vivo germacrene A synthase activity of ApTPS1. At the transcript level, ApTPS1 displayed predominant expression in roots, with significantly lower level of expression in other tissues. This expression pattern of ApTPS1 positively correlated with the tissue-specific accumulation level of germacrene A. Overall, these findings provide fundamental insights into the EO profile of davana roots, and the contribution of ApTPS1 in the formation of a major root volatile.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Kiran
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-CIMAP Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Ananth Krishna Narayanan
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-CIMAP Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Soumyajit Mohapatra
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Priyanka Gupta
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-CIMAP Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Dinesh A Nagegowda
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-CIMAP Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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13
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Azi F, Wang Z, Chen W, Lin D, Xu P. Developing Ganoderma lucidum as a next-generation cell factory for food and nutraceuticals. Trends Biotechnol 2024; 42:197-211. [PMID: 37659953 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum holds a colossal reservoir of hydrolytic enzymes and therapeutic compounds and can be a sustainable source of proteins and bioactive compounds. Its metabolic versatility, propelled by its rich genome content, provides excellent biosynthetic machinery for innovation-driven pathway engineering. However, robust regulatory networks and low frequency of homologous recombination are critical bottlenecks that limit the development of molecular tools and precise genetic markers for biomanufacturing innovations in this organism. Modern synthetic biology provides tools that could help to accelerate precise multiple gene targeting and editing and untangling the biosynthetic machinery of G. lucidum. This review provides insight into molecular strategies to unwind the regulatory bottlenecks and transform G. lucidum into efficient cell factories for food and nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidelis Azi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200002, Israel
| | - Zhe Wang
- Institute of Agro-Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Wenhao Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200002, Israel
| | - Dewei Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200002, Israel
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200002, Israel; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion, GTIIT, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China.
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14
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Huang ZY, Taizoumbe KA, Liang C, Goldfuss B, Xu JH, Dickschat JS. Spiroluchuene A Synthase: A Cyclase from Aspergillus luchuensis Forming a Spirotetracyclic Diterpene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202315659. [PMID: 37962519 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The diterpene synthase AlTS was identified from Aspergillus luchuensis. AlTS catalyses the formation of the diterpene hydrocarbon spiroluchuene A, which exhibits a novel skeleton characterised by a spirocyclic ring system. The cyclisation mechanism towards this compound was elucidated through isotopic labelling experiments in conjunction with DFT calculations and metadynamic simulations. The biosynthetic intermediate luchudiene, besides the derivative spiroluchuene B, was captured from an enzyme variant obtained through site-directed mutagenesis. With its 10-membered ring luchudiene is structurally related to germacrenes and can undergo a Cope rearrangement to luchuelemene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Kizerbo A Taizoumbe
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Chengqin Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Bernd Goldfuss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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15
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Wang J, Zheng Q, Wang H, Shi L, Wang G, Zhao Y, Fan C, Si J. Sesquiterpenes and Sesquiterpene Derivatives from Ferula: Their Chemical Structures, Biosynthetic Pathways, and Biological Properties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 13:7. [PMID: 38275627 PMCID: PMC10812793 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferula is a genus of flowering plants known for its edible and medicinal properties. Since ancient times, many species of Ferula have been used in traditional medicine to treat various health issues across countries, such as digestive disorders, respiratory problems, and even as a remedy for headaches and toothaches. In addition, they are also used as a flavoring agent in various cuisines. As the main active ingredients in Ferula, sesquiterpenes and their derivatives, especially sesquiterpene coumarins, sesquiterpene phenylpropanoids, and sesquiterpene chromones, have attracted the attention of scientists due to the diversity of their chemical structures, as well as their extensive and promising biological properties, such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial properties. However, there has not been a comprehensive review of sesquiterpenes and their derivatives from this plant. This review aims to provide an overview of the chemical structures, biosynthetic pathways, and biological properties of sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene derivatives from Ferula, which may help guide future research directions and possible application methods for this valuable edible and medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (J.W.); (Q.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Qi Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (J.W.); (Q.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Huaxiang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (J.W.); (Q.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Leiling Shi
- Xinjiang Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Ethnodrug, Urumqi 830002, China; (L.S.); (G.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Guoping Wang
- Xinjiang Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Ethnodrug, Urumqi 830002, China; (L.S.); (G.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yaqin Zhao
- Xinjiang Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Ethnodrug, Urumqi 830002, China; (L.S.); (G.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Congzhao Fan
- Xinjiang Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Ethnodrug, Urumqi 830002, China; (L.S.); (G.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jianyong Si
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (J.W.); (Q.Z.); (H.W.)
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16
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Schäfer E, Seibold PS, Bartram S, Trottmann F, Haensch VG, Gressler M, Chadeayne AR, Hertweck C, O'Connor SE, Hoffmeister D. A "Magic Mushroom" Multi-Product Sesquiterpene Synthase. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300511. [PMID: 37614035 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Psilocybe "magic mushrooms" are chemically well understood for their psychotropic tryptamines. However, the diversity of their other specialized metabolites, in particular terpenoids, has largely remained an open question. Yet, knowledge on the natural product background is critical to understand if other compounds modulate the psychotropic pharmacological effects. CubA, the single clade II sesquiterpene synthase of P. cubensis, was heterologously produced in Escherichia coli and characterized in vitro, complemented by in vivo product formation assays in Aspergillus niger as a heterologous host. Extensive GC-MS analyses proved a function as multi-product synthase and, depending on the reaction conditions, cubebol, β-copaene, δ-cadinene, and germacrene D were detected as the major products of CubA. In addition, mature P. cubensis carpophores were analysed chromatographically which led to the detection of β-copaene and δ-cadinene. Enzymes closely related to CubA are encoded in the genomes of various Psilocybe species. Therefore, our results provide insight into the metabolic capacity of the entire genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike Schäfer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Winzerlaer Str. 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Paula S Seibold
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Winzerlaer Str. 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Neugasse 23, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Bartram
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department Natural Product Biosynthesis, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Felix Trottmann
- Department Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Veit G Haensch
- Department Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Gressler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Winzerlaer Str. 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Christian Hertweck
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Neugasse 23, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Department Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Neugasse 23, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah E O'Connor
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department Natural Product Biosynthesis, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Winzerlaer Str. 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Neugasse 23, 07743, Jena, Germany
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17
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Fordjour E, Liu CL, Hao Y, Sackey I, Yang Y, Liu X, Li Y, Tan T, Bai Z. Engineering Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) for high-yield production of germacrene A, a precursor of β-elemene via combinatorial metabolic engineering strategies. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:3039-3056. [PMID: 37309999 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
β-elemene is one of the most commonly used antineoplastic drugs in cancer treatment. As a plant-derived natural chemical, biologically engineering microorganisms to produce germacrene A to be converted to β-elemene harbors great expectations since chemical synthesis and plant isolation methods come with their production deficiencies. In this study, we report the design of an Escherichia coli cell factory for the de novo production of germacrene A to be converted to β-elemene from a simple carbon source. A series of systematic approaches of engineering the isoprenoid and central carbon pathways, translational and protein engineering of the sesquiterpene synthase, and exporter engineering yielded high-efficient β-elemene production. Specifically, deleting competing pathways in the central carbon pathway ensured the availability of acetyl-coA, pyruvate, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate for the isoprenoid pathways. Adopting lycopene color as a high throughput screening method, an optimized NSY305N was obtained via error-prone polymerase chain reaction mutagenesis. Further overexpression of key pathway enzymes, exporter genes, and translational engineering produced 1161.09 mg/L of β-elemene in a shake flask. Finally, we detected the highest reported titer of 3.52 g/L of β-elemene and 2.13 g/L germacrene A produced by an E. coli cell factory in a 4-L fed-batch fermentation. The systematic engineering reported here generally applies to microbial production of a broader range of chemicals. This illustrates that rewiring E. coli central metabolism is viable for producing acetyl-coA-derived and pyruvate-derived molecules cost-effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fordjour
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation, and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chun-Li Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation, and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yunpeng Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation, and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Isaac Sackey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Yankun Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation, and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiuxia Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation, and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ye Li
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation, and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonghu Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation, and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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18
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Chhalodia AK, Xu H, Tabekoueng GB, Gu B, Taizoumbe KA, Lauterbach L, Dickschat JS. Functional characterisation of twelve terpene synthases from actinobacteria. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1386-1398. [PMID: 37736393 PMCID: PMC10509563 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Fifteen type I terpene synthase homologs from diverse actinobacteria that were selected based on a phylogenetic analysis of more than 4000 amino acid sequences were investigated for their products. For four enzymes with functions not previously reported from bacterial terpene synthases the products were isolated and their structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy, resulting in the discovery of the first terpene synthases for (+)-δ-cadinol and (+)-α-cadinene, besides the first two bacterial (-)-amorpha-4,11-diene synthases. For other terpene synthases with functions reported from bacteria before the products were identified by GC-MS. The characterised enzymes include a new epi-isozizaene synthase with monoterpene synthase side activity, a 7-epi-α-eudesmol synthase that also produces hedycaryol and germacrene A, and four more sesquiterpene synthases that produce mixtures of hedycaryol and germacrene A. Three phylogenetically related enzymes were in one case not expressed and in two cases inactive, suggesting pseudogenisation in the respective branch of the phylogenetic tree. Furthermore, a diterpene synthase for allokutznerene and a sesterterpene synthase for sesterviolene were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj K Chhalodia
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Houchao Xu
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Georges B Tabekoueng
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Binbin Gu
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kizerbo A Taizoumbe
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lukas Lauterbach
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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19
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Al-Salihi SAA, Alberti F. Genomic Based Analysis of the Biocontrol Species Trichoderma harzianum: A Model Resource of Structurally Diverse Pharmaceuticals and Biopesticides. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:895. [PMID: 37755004 PMCID: PMC10532697 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi represents a rich repository of taxonomically restricted, yet chemically diverse, secondary metabolites that are synthesised via specific metabolic pathways. An enzyme's specificity and biosynthetic gene clustering are the bottleneck of secondary metabolite evolution. Trichoderma harzianum M10 v1.0 produces many pharmaceutically important molecules; however, their specific biosynthetic pathways remain uncharacterised. Our genomic-based analysis of this species reveals the biosynthetic diversity of its specialised secondary metabolites, where over 50 BGCs were predicted, most of which were listed as polyketide-like compounds associated clusters. Gene annotation of the biosynthetic candidate genes predicted the production of many medically/industrially important compounds including enterobactin, gramicidin, lovastatin, HC-toxin, tyrocidine, equisetin, erythronolide, strobilurin, asperfuranone, cirtinine, protoilludene, germacrene, and epi-isozizaene. Revealing the biogenetic background of these natural molecules is a step forward towards the expansion of their chemical diversification via engineering their biosynthetic genes heterologously, and the identification of their role in the interaction between this fungus and its biotic/abiotic conditions as well as its role as bio-fungicide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabrizio Alberti
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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20
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Lanier ER, Andersen TB, Hamberger B. Plant terpene specialized metabolism: complex networks or simple linear pathways? THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:1178-1201. [PMID: 36891828 PMCID: PMC11166267 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
From the perspectives of pathway evolution, discovery and engineering of plant specialized metabolism, the nature of the biosynthetic routes represents a critical aspect. Classical models depict biosynthesis typically from an end-point angle and as linear, for example, connecting central and specialized metabolism. As the number of functionally elucidated routes increased, the enzymatic foundation of complex plant chemistries became increasingly well understood. The perception of linear pathway models has been severely challenged. With a focus on plant terpenoid specialized metabolism, we review here illustrative examples supporting that plants have evolved complex networks driving chemical diversification. The completion of several diterpene, sesquiterpene and monoterpene routes shows complex formation of scaffolds and their subsequent functionalization. These networks show that branch points, including multiple sub-routes, mean that metabolic grids are the rule rather than the exception. This concept presents significant implications for biotechnological production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Björn Hamberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, Molecular Plant Sciences Building, 1066 Bogue Street, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
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21
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Palma-Onetto V, Bergmann J, González-Teuber M. Mode of action, chemistry and defensive efficacy of the osmeterium in the caterpillar Battus polydamas archidamas. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6644. [PMID: 37095102 PMCID: PMC10126055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33390-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical secretions are one of the main defensive mechanisms in insects. The osmeterium is a unique organ in larvae of Papilionidae (Lepidoptera), which is everted upon disturbance, secreting odoriferous volatiles. Here, using larvae of the specialized butterfly Battus polydamas archidamas (Papilionidae: Troidini), we aimed to understand the mode of action of the osmeterium, the chemical composition and origin of the secretion, as well as its defensive efficiency against a natural predator. We described osmeterium's morphology, ultramorphology, structure, ultrastructure, and chemistry. Additionally, behavioral assays of the osmeterial secretion against a predator were developed. We showed that the osmeterium is composed of tubular arms (made up by epidermal cells) and of two ellipsoid glands, which possess a secretory function. The eversion and retraction of the osmeterium are dependent on the internal pressure generated by the hemolymph, and by longitudinal muscles that connect the abdomen with the apex of the osmeterium. Germacrene A was the main compound present in the secretion. Minor monoterpenes (sabinene and ß-pinene) and sesquiterpenes ((E)-β-caryophyllene, selina-3,7(11)-diene, and other some unidentified compounds) were also detected. Only sesquiterpenes (with the exception of (E)-β-caryophyllene) are likely to be synthesized in the osmeterium-associated glands. Furthermore, the osmeterial secretion proved to deter predatory ants. Our results suggest that the osmeterium, besides serving as an aposematic warning for enemies, is an efficient chemical defense, with its own synthesis of irritant volatiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Palma-Onetto
- Departamento de Química Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de La Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Jan Bergmann
- Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Marcia González-Teuber
- Departamento de Química Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de La Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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22
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Akram W, Tagde P, Ahmed S, Arora S, Emran TB, Babalghith AO, Sweilam SH, Simal-Gandara J. Guaiazulene and related compounds: A review of current perspective on biomedical applications. Life Sci 2023; 316:121389. [PMID: 36646376 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thousands of people worldwide pass away yearly due to neurological disorders, cardiovascular illnesses, cancer, metabolic disorders, and microbial infections. Additionally, a sizable population has also been impacted by hepatotoxicity, ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and breast fissure. These ailments are likewise steadily increasing along with the increase in life expectancy. Finding innovative therapies to cure and consequently lessen the impact of these ailments is, therefore, a global concern. METHODS AND MATERIALS All provided literature on Guaiazulene (GA) and its related compounds were searched using various electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Elsevier, Springer, ACS, CNKI, and books via the keywords Guaiazulene, Matricaria chamomilla, GA-related compounds, and Guaiazulene analogous. RESULTS The FDA has approved the bicyclic sesquiterpene GA, commonly referred to as azulon or 1,4-dimethyl-7-isopropylazulene, as a component in cosmetic colorants. The pleiotropic health advantages of GA and related substances, especially their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, attracted a lot of research. Numerous studies have found that GA can help to manage various conditions, including bacterial infections, tumors, immunomodulation, expectorants, diuretics, diaphoresis, ulcers, dermatitis, proliferation, and gastritis. These conditions all involve lipid peroxidation and inflammatory response. In this review, we have covered the biomedical applications of GA. Moreover, we also emphasize the therapeutic potential of guaiazulene derivatives in pre-clinical and clinical settings, along with their underlying mechanism(s). CONCLUSION GA and its related compounds exhibit therapeutic potential in several diseases. Still, it is necessary to investigate their potential in animal models for various other ailments and establish their safety profile. They might be a good candidate to advance to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Akram
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Priti Tagde
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Campus, Sector 125, Noida 201313, UP, India; PRISAL Foundation (Pharmaceutical Royal International Society), India.
| | - Sakeel Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Swamita Arora
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Campus, Sector 125, Noida 201313, UP, India
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Ahmad O Babalghith
- Medical Genetics Department, College of Medicine, Umm Alqura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherouk Hussein Sweilam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo-Suez Road, Badr City 11829, Egypt
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical Chemistry and Food Science Department, Faculty of Science, E32004 Ourense, Spain.
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23
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Xu H, Dickschat JS. Germacrene B - a central intermediate in sesquiterpene biosynthesis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:186-203. [PMID: 36865023 PMCID: PMC9972886 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Germacranes are important intermediates in the biosynthesis of eudesmane and guaiane sesquiterpenes. After their initial formation from farnesyl diphosphate, these neutral intermediates can become reprotonated for a second cyclisation to reach the bicyclic eudesmane and guaiane skeletons. This review summarises the accumulated knowledge on eudesmane and guaiane sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and alcohols that potentially arise from the achiral sesquiterpene hydrocarbon germacrene B. Not only compounds isolated from natural sources, but also synthetic compounds are dicussed, with the aim to give a rationale for the structural assignment for each compound. A total number of 64 compounds is presented, with 131 cited references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houchao Xu
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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24
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Cheong CB, Peh G, Wei Y, T R, Ang EL, Zhao H, Zhang C, Lim YH. A Spirobicyclo[3.1.0]Terpene from the Investigation of Sesquiterpene Synthases from Lactarius deliciosus. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:134-140. [PMID: 36594743 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Milk cap mushrooms in the genus Lactarius are known to produce a wide variety of terpene natural products. However, their repertoire of terpene biosynthetic enzymes has not been fully explored. In this study, several candidate sesquiterpene synthases were identified from the genome of the saffron milk cap mushroom L. deliciosus and expressed in a sesquiterpene-overproducing Escherichia coli strain. In addition to enzymes that produce several known terpenes, we identified an enzyme belonging to a previously unknown clade of sesquiterpene synthases that produces a terpene with a unique spiro-tricyclic scaffold. These findings add to the rich diversity of terpene scaffolds and mushroom terpene synthases and are valuable for biotechnological applications in producing these terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Boon Cheong
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, A*STAR, Singapore 138665, Singapore
| | - GuangRong Peh
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, A*STAR, Singapore 138665, Singapore
| | - Yifeng Wei
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation, A*STAR, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Rehka T
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation, A*STAR, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Ee Lui Ang
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation, A*STAR, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Congqiang Zhang
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation, A*STAR, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Yee Hwee Lim
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, A*STAR, Singapore 138665, Singapore
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25
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Kim HY, Kim JH. Sesquiterpenoids Isolated from the Rhizomes of Genus Atractylodes. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200703. [PMID: 36323637 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Atractylodes plants have been used in traditional herbal medicine to treat gastrointestinal diseases and contain various chemical compounds. Sesquiterpenoids are the most important therapeutic compounds in Atractylodes rhizomes. Based on studies reported from 2000 to 2022, we classified sesquiterpenoids by their chemical skeletons and original resources. Moreover, we discussed their biosynthesis and physicochemical and pharmacological features. We reported sesquiterpenoids with skeletal moieties, such as monocyclic sesquiterpenes (bisabolene- and elemene-type), bicyclic sesquiterpenes (eudesmane-, isopterocarpolone-, hydroxycarissone-, eremophilane-, bisesquiterpenoid-, guaiane- and spirovetivane-type and eudesmane lactones) and tricyclic sesquiterpenes (cyperene- and patchoulene-type), with their biosynthetic pathways, chemical modifications and in vivo metabolites. The pharmacological activities of sesquiterpenoids as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-diabetic and anti-microbial and for treating gastrointestinal disorders have been reported for this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Young Kim
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Kim
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Korea
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26
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Mayanti T, Sinaga SE, Supratman U. Phytochemistry and biological activity of Lansium domesticum Corr. species: a review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 74:1568-1587. [PMID: 36094290 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to review and describe the ethnobotanical, phytochemical and biological activity of various extracts and compounds isolated from Lansium domesticum Corr. from 1967 to 2022 and to study the opportunities that can be developed in the future in the pharmaceutical and pharmacology fields. The related articles, followed by the classification of L. domesticum Corr. according to ethnobotanical, biological and phytochemical properties, were collected from SciFinder, Google Scholar and PubMed. KEY FINDINGS More than 80 compounds have been isolated and identified from L. domesticum Corr., including terpenoids and their glycosides. Furthermore, the pharmacological activity of the extracts and pure compounds of L. domesticum Corr. tested in vitro and in vivo were mainly confirmed to include antifeedant, antimalarial, antimicrobial, antibacterial, and radical scavenging activity, antimutagenic, and anticancer. SUMMARY In conclusion, based on this review, all data on the phytochemical and biological activity of L. domesticum Corr. can be used to support scientists in further research aim to determine the reaction mechanism of the extracts or compounds and need to be further validated using in vivo models together with toxicological analysis to establish their maximum tolerated dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tri Mayanti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
| | - Siska Elisahbet Sinaga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
| | - Unang Supratman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia.,Central Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
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27
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Zeng T, Chen Y, Jian Y, Zhang F, Wu R. Chemotaxonomic investigation of plant terpenoids with an established database (TeroMOL). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:662-673. [PMID: 35377469 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids constitute the biggest class of plant-derived natural products with diverse chemical structures and extensive biological activities. Interpreting enzyme functions and mining new structures of terpenoids could be inspired by the cheminformatic and chemotaxonomic analysis, whereas it is hampered by the incompleteness of available data for terpenoids. Here a dedicated terpenoids database, TeroMOL, is developed to collect more than 170 000 terpenoids and their derivatives annotated with reported biological sources, along with a user-friendly and freely accessible webserver to visualise and analyse the terpenoids skeletons and organism sources. The quantitative distributions as well as the qualitative trends between terpenoid skeletons and organism sources in plant kingdom are revealed from a chemotaxonomic view, while no comparisons are attempted due to the inherent data biases. Nevertheless, the terpenoid chemomarkers in several organisms are discussed based on the available data with highly enriched and exclusive carbon skeletons. We believe that the TeroMOL database and its accessory computational tools will be very promising for exploring the chemical space and biological sources of terpenoids, and assisting the terpenoid research community in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuxinxin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yongxing Jian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ruibo Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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28
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Xu H, Dickschat JS. Hedycaryol - Central Intermediates in Sesquiterpene Biosynthesis, Part II. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200405. [PMID: 35239190 PMCID: PMC9310801 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The known sesquiterpenes that arise biosynthetically from hedycaryol are summarised. Reasonings for the assignments of their absolute configurations are discussed. The analysis provided here suggests that reprotonations at the C1=C10 double bond of hedycaryol are directed toward C1 and generally lead to 6-6 bicyclic compounds, while reprotonations at the C4=C5 double bond occur at C4 and result in 5-7 bicyclic compounds. Read more in the Review by H. Xu and J. S. Dickschat (DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200405).
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Affiliation(s)
- Houchao Xu
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
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29
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Chen HY, Lei JY, Li SL, Guo LQ, Lin JF, Wu GH, Lu J, Ye ZW. Progress in biological activities and biosynthesis of edible fungi terpenoids. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7288-7310. [PMID: 35238261 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2045559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The edible fungi have both edible and medicinal functions, in which terpenoids are one of the most important active ingredients. Terpenoids possess a wide range of biological activities and show great potential in the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries. In this review, the diverse biological activities of edible fungi terpenoids were summarized with emphasis on the mechanism of anti-cancer and anti-inflammation. Subsequently, this review focuses on advances in knowledge and understanding of the biosynthesis of terpenoids in edible fungi, especially in the generation of sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, and triterpenes. This paper is aim to provide an overview of biological functions and biosynthesis developed for utilizing the terpenoids in edible fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ying Chen
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Yu Lei
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Li Li
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Qiong Guo
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Fang Lin
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Hong Wu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zhi-Wei Ye
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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30
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31
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Xu H, Lackus ND, Köllner TG, Dickschat JS. Isotopic Labeling Experiments Solve the Hedycaryol Problem. Org Lett 2022; 24:587-591. [PMID: 34985289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hedycaryol is a widespread sesquiterpene alcohol and important biosynthetic intermediate toward eudesmols and guaiols. A full NMR assignment for this compound has been hampered because of the unique molecular mechanics of its conformers in complex mixtures. This problem was solved through the enzymatic synthesis of isotopically labeled materials using a mutated plant and a bacterial enzyme for access to both enantiomers of hedycaryol, which also allowed us to follow the stereochemical course of its Cope rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houchao Xu
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Nathalie D Lackus
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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32
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Xu H, Goldfuss B, Schnakenburg G, Dickschat JS. The enzyme mechanism of patchoulol synthase. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:13-24. [PMID: 35047079 PMCID: PMC8744462 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Different mechanisms for the cyclisation of farnesyl pyrophosphate to patchoulol by the patchoulol synthase are discussed in the literature. They are based on isotopic labelling experiments, but the results from these experiments are contradictory. The present work reports on a reinvestigation of patchoulol biosynthesis by isotopic labelling experiments and computational chemistry. The results are in favour of a pathway through the neutral intermediates germacrene A and α-bulnesene that are both reactivated by protonation for further cyclisation steps, while previously discussed intra- and intermolecular hydrogen transfers are not supported. Furthermore, the isolation of the new natural product (2S,3S,7S,10R)-guaia-1,11-dien-10-ol from patchouli oil is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houchao Xu
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd Goldfuss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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33
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Wu MJ, Yu DD, Su MZ, Wang JR, Gong L, Zhang ZY, Wang H, Guo YW. Discovery and photosynthesis of sinuaustones A and B, diterpenoids with a novel carbon scaffold isolated from soft coral Sinularia australiensis from Hainan. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01265k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two novel diterpenoids, sinuaustones A (1) and B (2), featuring an unprecedented tricyclo[9.3.1.03,15]tetradecane carbon framework were isolated from the South China Sea soft coral Sinularia australiensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jun Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals and College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dan-Dan Yu
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong 264117, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Su
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong 264117, China
| | - Jian-Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Zai-Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals and College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yue-Wei Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals and College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong 264117, China
- Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
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34
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Deng X, Shi B, Ye Z, Huang M, Chen R, Cai Y, Kuang Z, Sun X, Bian G, Deng Z, Liu T. Systematic identification of Ocimum sanctum sesquiterpenoid synthases and (-)-eremophilene overproduction in engineered yeast. Metab Eng 2021; 69:122-133. [PMID: 34781019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived natural active products have attracted increasing attention for use in flavors and perfumes. These compounds also have applications in insect pest control because of their environment-friendly properties. Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum), a famous herb used in Ayurveda in India, is a natural source of medical healing agents and insecticidal repellents. Despite the available genomic sequences and genome-wide bioinformatic analysis of terpene synthase genes, the functionality of the sesquiterpene genes involved in the unique fragrance and insecticidal activities of Holy basil are largely unknown. In this study, we systematically screened the sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis genes in this plant using a precursor-providing yeast system. The enzymes that synthesize β-caryophyllene and its close isomer α-humulene were successfully identified. The enzymatic product of OsaTPS07 was characterized by in vivo mining, in vitro reaction, and NMR detection. This product was revealed as (-)-eremophilene. We created a mutant yeast strain that can achieve a high-yield titer by adjusting the gene copy number and FPP precursor enhancement. An optimized two-stage fed-batch fermentation method achieved high biosynthetic capacity, with a titer of 34.6 g/L cyclic sesquiterpene bioproduction in a 15-L bioreactor. Further insect-repelling assays demonstrated that (-)-eremophilene repelled the insect pest, fall leafworm, suggesting the potential of (-)-eremophilene as an alternative to synthetic chemicals for agricultural pest control. This study highlights the potential of our microbial platform for the bulk mining of plant-derived ingredients and provides an impressive cornerstone for their industrial utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Deng
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree/State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Cultivation and Physiology for Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, 470074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Wuhan Drug Solubilization and Delivery Technology Research Center, Wuhan Vocational College of Software and Engineering, Wuhan, 430205, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziling Ye
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Huang
- J1 Biotech Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430075, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yousheng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaolin Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangkai Bian
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, 470074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiangang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, 470074, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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35
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Rauscher N, Næsborg L, Jandl C, Bach T. Concise Total Synthesis of Agarozizanol B via a Strained Photocascade Intermediate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Rauscher
- Technische Universität München School of Natural Sciences Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Line Næsborg
- Technische Universität München School of Natural Sciences Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Christian Jandl
- Technische Universität München School of Natural Sciences Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Technische Universität München School of Natural Sciences Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85747 Garching Germany
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36
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Rauscher N, Næsborg L, Jandl C, Bach T. Concise Total Synthesis of Agarozizanol B via a Strained Photocascade Intermediate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24039-24042. [PMID: 34519408 PMCID: PMC8596452 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The prezizane-type sesquiterpene agarozizanol B was synthesized employing a photochemical cascade reaction as the key step. Starting from a readily available 1-indanone with a tethered olefin, a strained tetracyclic skeleton was assembled which contained all carbon atoms of the sesquiterpene with the correct relative configuration. The conversion into the tricyclic prezizane skeleton was accomplished by a strategic cyclopropane bond cleavage. Prior to the cyclopropane ring opening an adaption of the oxidation state was required, which could be combined with a reductive resolution step. After removal of two functional groups, the natural product was obtained both in racemic form or, if resolved, as the (+)-enantiomer which was shown to be identical to the natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Rauscher
- Technische Universität MünchenSchool of Natural SciencesDepartment of Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterLichtenbergstrasse 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Line Næsborg
- Technische Universität MünchenSchool of Natural SciencesDepartment of Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterLichtenbergstrasse 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Christian Jandl
- Technische Universität MünchenSchool of Natural SciencesDepartment of Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterLichtenbergstrasse 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Technische Universität MünchenSchool of Natural SciencesDepartment of Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterLichtenbergstrasse 485747GarchingGermany
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37
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Dickschat JS, Xu H. Mechanistic Investigations on Microbial Type I Terpene Synthases through Site-Directed Mutagenesis. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1675-8208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDuring the past three decades many terpene synthases have been characterised from all kingdoms of life. Enzymes of type I, from bacteria, fungi and protists, commonly exhibit several highly conserved motifs and single residues, and the available crystal structures show a shared α-helical fold, while the overall sequence identity is generally low. Several enzymes have been studied by site-directed mutagenesis, giving valuable insights into terpene synthase catalysis and the intriguing mechanisms of terpene synthases. Some mutants are also preparatively useful and give higher yields than the wild type or a different product that is otherwise difficult to access. The accumulated knowledge obtained from these studies is presented and discussed in this review.1 Introduction2 Residues for Substrate Binding and Catalysis3 Residues with Structural Function4 Residues Contouring the Active Site Cavity5 Other Residues6 Conclusions
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38
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Xu H, Goldfuss B, Dickschat JS. 1,2- or 1,3-Hydride Shifts: What Controls Guaiane Biosynthesis? Chemistry 2021; 27:9758-9762. [PMID: 33929065 PMCID: PMC8362104 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A systematic computational study addressing the entire chemical space of guaianes in conjunction with an analysis of all known compounds shows that 1,3‐hydride shifts are rare events in guaiane biosynthesis. As demonstrated here, 1,3‐hydride shifts towards guaianes can only be realized for two stereochemically well defined out of numerous possible stereoisomeric skeletons. One example is given by the mechanism of guaia‐4(15)‐en‐11‐ol synthase from California poplar, an enzyme that yields guaianes with unusual stereochemical properties. The general results from DFT calculations were experimentally verified through isotopic‐labeling experiments with guaia‐4(15)‐en‐11‐ol synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houchao Xu
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd Goldfuss
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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39
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Xu H, Rinkel J, Chen X, Köllner TG, Chen F, Dickschat JS. Mechanistic divergence between (4 S,7 R)-germacra-(1(10) E,5 E)-dien-11-ol synthases from Dictyostelium purpureum and Streptomyces coelicolor. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:370-374. [PMID: 33337456 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02361b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The main product of DpTPS9 from the social amoeba Dictyostelium purpureum was identified as (4S,7R)-germacra-(1(10)E,5E)-dien-11-ol that is also known as an intermediate of bacterial geosmin synthase, but the experimentally verified cyclisation mechanisms differ. Together with the low sequence identity this points to convergent evolution. The functionality of selected residues in DpTPS9 was investigated via site-directed mutagenesis experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houchao Xu
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jan Rinkel
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Xinlu Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4561, USA
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4561, USA
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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40
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Lackus ND, Morawetz J, Xu H, Gershenzon J, Dickschat JS, Köllner TG. The Sesquiterpene Synthase PtTPS5 Produces (1 S,5 S,7 R,10 R)-Guaia-4(15)-en-11-ol and (1 S,7 R,10 R)-Guaia-4-en-11-ol in Oomycete-Infected Poplar Roots. Molecules 2021; 26:555. [PMID: 33494506 PMCID: PMC7866031 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen infection often leads to the enhanced formation of specialized plant metabolites that act as defensive barriers against microbial attackers. In this study, we investigated the formation of potential defense compounds in roots of the Western balsam poplar (Populus trichocarpa) upon infection with the generalist root pathogen Phytophthora cactorum (Oomycetes). P. cactorum infection led to an induced accumulation of terpenes, aromatic compounds, and fatty acids in poplar roots. Transcriptome analysis of uninfected and P. cactorum-infected roots revealed a terpene synthase gene PtTPS5 that was significantly induced upon pathogen infection. PtTPS5 had been previously reported as a sesquiterpene synthase producing two unidentified sesquiterpene alcohols as major products and hedycaryol as a minor product. Using heterologous expression in Escherichia coli, enzyme assays with deuterium-labeled substrates, and NMR analysis of reaction products, we could identify the major PtTPS5 products as (1S,5S,7R,10R)-guaia-4(15)-en-11-ol and (1S,7R,10R)-guaia-4-en-11-ol, with the former being a novel compound. The transcript accumulation of PtTPS5 in uninfected and P. cactorum-infected poplar roots matched the accumulation of (1S,5S,7R,10R)-guaia-4(15)-en-11-ol, (1S,7R,10R)-guaia-4-en-11-ol, and hedycaryol in this tissue, suggesting that PtTPS5 likely contributes to the pathogen-induced formation of these compounds in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie D. Lackus
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (N.D.L.); (J.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Jennifer Morawetz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (N.D.L.); (J.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Houchao Xu
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (H.X.); (J.S.D.)
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (N.D.L.); (J.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (H.X.); (J.S.D.)
| | - Tobias G. Köllner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (N.D.L.); (J.M.); (J.G.)
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41
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Abstract
The product of a terpene synthase from Streptomyces lincolnensis has been identified as the new natural product isoishwarane. The enzyme mechanism was studied by isotopic labelling experiments and site-directed mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houchao Xu
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
- 53121 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Jan Rinkel
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
- 53121 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
- 53121 Bonn
- Germany
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42
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Mou SB, Xiao W, Wang HQ, Chen KY, Xiang Z. Syntheses of the Carotane-type Terpenoids (+)-Schisanwilsonene A and (+)-Tormesol via a Two-Stage Approach. Org Lett 2020; 23:400-404. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Bin Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wen Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hua-Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kai-Yue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Xu H, Dickschat JS. Germacrene A-A Central Intermediate in Sesquiterpene Biosynthesis. Chemistry 2020; 26:17318-17341. [PMID: 32442350 PMCID: PMC7821278 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This review summarises known sesquiterpenes whose biosyntheses proceed through the intermediate germacrene A. First, the occurrence and biosynthesis of germacrene A in Nature and its peculiar chemistry will be highlighted, followed by a discussion of 6-6 and 5-7 bicyclic compounds and their more complex derivatives. For each compound the absolute configuration, if it is known, and the reasoning for its assignment is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houchao Xu
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
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