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Veissi ST, van den Berge T, van Wijk JAE, van der Velden T, Classens R, Lunsonga L, Brockotter R, Kaffa C, Bervoets S, Smeets B, van den Heuvel LPWJ, Schreuder MF. Levamisole Modulation of Podocytes' Actin Cytoskeleton in Nephrotic Syndrome. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3039. [PMID: 38002039 PMCID: PMC10669662 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11113039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocytes play a central role in glomerular diseases such as (idiopathic) nephrotic syndrome (iNS). Glucocorticoids are the gold standard therapy for iNS. Nevertheless, frequent relapses are common. In children with iNS, steroid-sparing agents are used to avoid prolonged steroid use and reduce steroid toxicity. Levamisole is one of these steroid-sparing drugs and although clinical effectiveness has been demonstrated, the molecular mechanisms of how levamisole exerts its beneficial effects remains poorly studied. Apart from immunomodulatory capacities, nonimmunological effects of levamisole on podocytes have also been suggested. We aimed to elaborate on the effects of levamisole on human podocytes in iNS. RNA sequencing data from a human podocyte cell line treated with levamisole showed that levamisole modulates the expression of various genes involved in actin cytoskeleton stabilization and remodeling. Functional experiments showed that podocytes exposed to puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and NS patient plasma resulted in significant actin cytoskeleton derangement, reduced cell motility, and impaired cellular adhesion when compared to controls, effects that could be restored by levamisole. Mechanistic studies revealed that levamisole exerts its beneficial effects on podocytes by signaling through the glucocorticoid receptor and by regulating the activity of Rho GTPases. In summary, our data show that levamisole exerts beneficial effects on podocytes by stabilizing the actin cytoskeleton in a glucocorticoid receptor-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan T Veissi
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tijmen van den Berge
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna A E van Wijk
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thea van der Velden
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - René Classens
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lynn Lunsonga
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Brockotter
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Kaffa
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Bervoets
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Smeets
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lambertus P W J van den Heuvel
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Development and Regeneration, University Hospital Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michiel F Schreuder
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Alkahtani S, Alkahtane AA, Stournaras C, Alarifi S. Chorein sensitive microtubule organization in tumor cells. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16074. [PMID: 37744224 PMCID: PMC10517657 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study is to analyzed the involvement of chorein in microtubules organization of three types of malignant; rhabdomyosarcoma tumor cells (ZF), rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RH30), and rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD). ZF are expressing high chorein levels. Previous studies revealed that chorein protein silencing in ZF tumor cells persuaded apoptotic response followed by cell death. In addition, in numerous malignant and non-malignant cells this protein regulates actin cytoskeleton structure and cellular signaling. However, the function of chorein protein in microtubular organization is yet to be established. Methods In a current research study, we analyzed the involvement of chorein in microtubules organization by using three types of malignant rhabdomyosarcoma cells. We have applied confocal laser-scanning microscopy to analyze microtubules structure and RT-PCR to examine cytoskeletal gene transcription. Results We report here that in rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RH30), chorein silencing induced disarrangement of microtubular network. This was documented by laser scanning microscopy and further quantified by FACS analysis. Interestingly and in agreement with previous reports, tubulin gene transcription in RH cells was unchanged upon silencing of chorein protein. Equally, confocal analysis showed minor disordered microtubules organization with evidently weakened staining in rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD and ZF) after silencing of chorein protein. Conclusion These results disclose that chorein silencing induces considerable structural disorganization of tubulin network in RH30 human rhabdomyosarcoma tumor cells. Additional studies are now needed to establish the role of chorein in regulating cytoskeleton architecture in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A. Alkahtane
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christos Stournaras
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Saud Alarifi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Lodde V, Garcia Barros R, Terzaghi L, Franciosi F, Luciano AM. Insights on the Role of PGRMC1 in Mitotic and Meiotic Cell Division. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235755. [PMID: 36497237 PMCID: PMC9736406 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, chromosome missegregation and cytokinesis defects have been recognized as hallmarks of cancer cells. Cytoskeletal elements composing the spindle and the contractile ring and their associated proteins play crucial roles in the faithful progression of mitotic cell division. The hypothesis that PGRMC1, most likely as a part of a yet-to-be-defined complex, is involved in the regulation of spindle function and, more broadly, the cytoskeletal machinery driving cell division is particularly appealing. Nevertheless, more than ten years after the preliminary observation that PGRMC1 changes its localization dynamically during meiotic and mitotic cell division, this field of research has remained a niche and needs to be fully explored. To encourage research in this fascinating field, in this review, we will recap the current knowledge on PGRMC1 function during mitotic and meiotic cell division, critically highlighting the strengths and limitations of the experimental approaches used so far. We will focus on known interacting partners as well as new putative associated proteins that have recently arisen in the literature and that might support current as well as new hypotheses of a role for PGRMC1 in specific spindle subcompartments, such as the centrosome, kinetochores, and the midzone/midbody.
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Dias AB, de Oliveira SA, Cerri PS, Sasso-Cerri E. Bilateral asymmetry in bullfrog testes and fat bodies: correlations with steroidogenic activity, mast cells number and structural proteins. Acta Histochem 2022; 124:151873. [PMID: 35287007 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2022.151873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In seasonal breeders, such as amphibians, testicular functions depend on complex processes that change according to seasonality, including Leydig cell (LC) differentiation and lipid-dependent steroidogenesis, extracellular proteins remodeling and actin-dependent cellular dynamics. Speculating that fat bodies (FB) could support some of these processes in L. catesbeianus, we evaluated bilaterally the FB weights, correlating them to testicular parameters such as weight, testosterone (T) immunoexpression, mast cells (MC) number, vascularization and structural proteins. In an attempt to better understand the testicular asymmetry in amphibians, correlations between these different testicular parameters were also established. Right testes (RT), left testes (LT) and associated FB of bullfrogs were weighed, and testes were processed for light and transmission electron microscopy. Collagen content (COL) and MC number were quantified. T and actin immunoexpressions and vascular areas were measured. Statistical analyses and Pearson's correlation were performed. The LT and its associated FB were heavier than the right ones, and showed intense T and actin immunoexpressions, numerous lipid-rich LC, and greater MC number, COL and vascularization than the RT. Positive correlations were detected between: a) FB and testis weights, b) T immunoexpression and testis and FB weights, c) T and actin immunoexpressions and COL. Otherwise, MC number was inversely correlated to T immunoexpression and COL. In right and left sides, the proportional correlation between T immunoexpression and FB weight suggests that FB-stored lipid amount depends on the steroidogenic demand of its associated testis. Thus, the asymmetry in the testes and FB may be associated, at least in part, to the LC steroidogenic activity, which tends to be more intense in LT than in RT. The results also point to a role of COL and mast cells in the LC differentiation and steroidogenesis. Actin was also greater in LT and correlated with T immunoexpression, indicating that the amount of this structural protein depends on androgenic control. Therefore, the testicular asymmetry in bullfrogs seems to be associated to different morphofunctional processes occurring, bilaterally, at different intensities. In this case, there is a tendency of LT, in association with its FB, to be more active than RT. The findings highlight the FB-testis interplay for the comprehension of reproduction in amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Baggio Dias
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Araraquara, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Sérgio Cerri
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Estela Sasso-Cerri
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Araraquara, Brazil.
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Jayarathna DK, Rentería ME, Sauret E, Batra J, Gandhi NS. Identifying Complex lncRNA/Pseudogene-miRNA-mRNA Crosstalk in Hormone-Dependent Cancers. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10101014. [PMID: 34681112 PMCID: PMC8533463 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) have gained attention in cancer research owing to their involvement in microRNA-mediated gene regulation. Here, we identified a shared ceRNA network across five hormone-dependent (HD) cancers (prostate, breast, colon, rectal, and endometrial), that contain two long non-coding RNAs, nine mRNAs, and seventy-four microRNAs. Among them, two mRNAs and forty-one microRNAs were associated with at least one HD cancer survival. A similar analytical approach can be applied to identify shared ceRNAs across a group of related cancers, which will significantly contribute to understanding their shared disease biology. Abstract The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) has fundamentally transformed our understanding of gene regulation. The competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) hypothesis postulates that messenger RNAs and other RNA transcripts, such as long non-coding RNAs and pseudogenes, can act as natural miRNA sponges. These RNAs influence each other’s expression levels by competing for the same pool of miRNAs through miRNA response elements on their target transcripts, thereby modulating gene expression and protein activity. In recent years, these ceRNA regulatory networks have gained considerable attention in cancer research. Several studies have identified cancer-specific ceRNA networks. Nevertheless, prior bioinformatic analyses have focused on long-non-coding RNA-associated ceRNA networks. Here, we identify an extended ceRNA network (including both long non-coding RNAs and pseudogenes) shared across a group of five hormone-dependent (HD) cancers, i.e., prostate, breast, colon, rectal, and endometrial cancers, using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We performed a functional enrichment analysis for differentially expressed genes in the shared ceRNA network of HD cancers, followed by a survival analysis to determine their prognostic ability. We identified two long non-coding RNAs, nine genes, and seventy-four miRNAs in the shared ceRNA network across five HD cancers. Among them, two genes and forty-one miRNAs were associated with at least one HD cancer survival. This study is the first to investigate pseudogene-associated ceRNAs across a group of related cancers and highlights the value of this approach to understanding the shared molecular pathogenesis in a group of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulari K. Jayarathna
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; (D.K.J.); (J.B.)
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia;
| | - Miguel E. Rentería
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia;
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Emilie Sauret
- School of Mechanical, Medical & Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia;
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; (D.K.J.); (J.B.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Neha S. Gandhi
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; (D.K.J.); (J.B.)
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Manzato MC, de Santi F, da Silva AAS, Beltrame FL, Cerri PS, Sasso‐Cerri E. Cimetidine-induced androgenic failure causes cell death and changes in actin, EGF and V-ATPase immunoexpression in rat submandibular glands. J Anat 2021; 239:136-150. [PMID: 33713423 PMCID: PMC8197950 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Submandibular gland (SMG) is responsive to androgens via androgen receptor (AR). We verified whether cimetidine induces androgenic dysfunction in SMG, and evaluated the structural integrity, cell death and immunoexpression of actin, EGF and V-ATPase in androgen-deficient SMG. Male rats received cimetidine (CMTG) and control animals (CG) received saline. Granular convoluted tubules (GCTs) diameter and number of acinar cell nuclei were evaluated. TUNEL and immunofluorescence reactions for detection of AR, testosterone, actin, EGF and V-ATPase were quantitatively analysed. In CG, testosterone immunolabelling was detected in acinar and ductal cells cytoplasm. AR-immunolabelled nuclei were observed in acinar cells whereas ductal cells showed AR-immunostained cytoplasm, indicating a non-genomic AR action. In CMTG, the weak testosterone and AR immunoexpression confirmed cimetidine-induced androgenic failure. A high cell death index was correlated with decreased number of acinar cells, GCTs diameter and EGF immunoexpression under androgenic dysfunction. Actin immunofluorescence decreased in the SMG cells, but an increased and diffuse cytoplasmic V-ATPase immunolabelling was observed in striated ducts, suggesting a disruption in the actin-dependent V-ATPase recycling due to androgenic failure. Our findings reinforce the androgenic role in the maintenance of SMG histophysiology, and point to a potential clinical use of cimetidine against androgen-dependent glandular tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Castro Manzato
- Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric DentistrySchool of DentistrySão Paulo State University (Unesp)AraraquaraBrazil
| | - Fabiane de Santi
- Department of Morphology and GeneticsFederal University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - André Acácio Souza da Silva
- Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric DentistrySchool of DentistrySão Paulo State University (Unesp)AraraquaraBrazil
| | - Flávia L. Beltrame
- Department of Morphology and GeneticsFederal University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Paulo S. Cerri
- Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric DentistrySchool of DentistrySão Paulo State University (Unesp)AraraquaraBrazil
| | - Estela Sasso‐Cerri
- Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric DentistrySchool of DentistrySão Paulo State University (Unesp)AraraquaraBrazil
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HUZARD D, RAPPENEAU V, MEIJER OC, TOUMA C, ARANGO-LIEVANO M, GARABEDIAN MJ, JEANNETEAU F. Experience and activity-dependent control of glucocorticoid receptors during the stress response in large-scale brain networks. Stress 2021; 24:130-153. [PMID: 32755268 PMCID: PMC7907260 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2020.1806226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of actions of the glucocorticoid stress hormones among individuals and within organs, tissues and cells is shaped by age, gender, genetics, metabolism, and the quantity of exposure. However, such factors cannot explain the heterogeneity of responses in the brain within cells of the same lineage, or similar tissue environment, or in the same individual. Here, we argue that the stress response is continuously updated by synchronized neural activity on large-scale brain networks. This occurs at the molecular, cellular and behavioral levels by crosstalk communication between activity-dependent and glucocorticoid signaling pathways, which updates the diversity of responses based on prior experience. Such a Bayesian process determines adaptation to the demands of the body and external world. We propose a framework for understanding how the diversity of glucocorticoid actions throughout brain networks is essential for supporting optimal health, while its disruption may contribute to the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders, such as major depression, and resistance to therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien HUZARD
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France
| | - Virginie RAPPENEAU
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Onno C. MEIJER
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Chadi TOUMA
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Margarita ARANGO-LIEVANO
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Freddy JEANNETEAU
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France
- Corresponding author:
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Zacharopoulou N, Kallergi G, Alkahtani S, Tsapara A, Alarifi S, Schmid E, Sukkar B, Kampranis S, Lang F, Stournaras C. The histone demethylase KDM2B activates FAK and PI3K that control tumor cell motility. Cancer Biol Ther 2020; 21:533-540. [PMID: 32175798 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2020.1736481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies revealed that the histone demethylase KDM2B regulates the epithelial markers E-Cadherin and ZO-1, the RhoA/B/C-small-GTPases and actin cytoskeleton organization, in DU-145 prostate- and HCT-116 colon-tumor cells. Here we addressed the role of KDM2B in the activation of Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK)-signaling and its involvement in regulating tumor cell motility. We used RT-PCR for gene transcriptional analysis, Western blotting for the assessment of protein expression and activity and wound-healing assay for the study of cell migration. KDM2B overexpression or silencing controls the activity of FAK in DU-145 prostate- and HCT-116 colon-tumor cells without affecting gene transcription and protein expression of this kinase. Upon KDM2B overexpression in DU-145 cells, significantly enhanced migration was observed, which was abolished in cells pretreated by the specific phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3 K) inhibitor LY294002, implying involvement of FAK/PI3 K signaling in the migration process. In line with this, the p85-PI3 K-subunit was downregulated upon knockdown of KDM2B in DU-145 cells, while the opposite effect became evident in KDM2B-overexpressing cells. These results revealed a novel functional role of KDM2B in regulating the activation of the FAK/PI3 K signaling in prostate cancer cells that participates in the control of cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nefeli Zacharopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Voutes, Greece.,Department of Vegetative and Clinical Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Galatea Kallergi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Voutes, Greece
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Voutes, Greece.,Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anna Tsapara
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Voutes, Greece
| | - Saud Alarifi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Voutes, Greece.,Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Evi Schmid
- Department of Pediatric Surgery & Pediatric Urology, Children's Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Basma Sukkar
- Department of Vegetative and Clinical Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sotirios Kampranis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Voutes, Greece
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Vegetative and Clinical Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christos Stournaras
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Voutes, Greece
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Zhao C, Hou X, Peng Z, Sun X, Li E, Yang H, Lu Y, Zhu L. Estrogen Receptor alpha depletion affects the biomechanical properties and cytoskeleton rearrangements in breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 525:S0006-291X(20)30296-5. [PMID: 32081423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen Receptor alpha (ERα) affects the morphology of tumors, which is closely related to the biomechanical properties and the cytoskeletal proteins. In recent years, researchers have found that biomechanical properties and cytoskeletal proteins are closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors and that biomechanical properties can be used as markers for tumor development and drug resistance. The relationship between ERα expression status and biomechanical properties, cytoskeletal proteins is not known. In this study, we found that tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells (MCF-7/TamR) altered cell morphology and lacked of ERα expression during the process of the Tamoxifen resistance induction. To determine whether this change was influenced by ERα expression, we transiently constructed another ERα depleted model with ERα siRNA (MCF-7/ERα siRNA) and used atomic force microscope (AFM) to detect morphological and biophysical changes. The results indicated that the roughness and Young's modulus of ERα expression depleted cells were significantly increased, accompanied by rearrangement of the cytoskeletal proteins (F-actin, FLNA, α-tubulin) and the cytoskeletal regulatory protein Rho (Rac1, CDC42) decreased. Our results have demonstrated that ERα depletion affects the biomechanical properties of breast cancer cells, which are related to cytoskeletal protein rearrangement and Rho protein decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyu Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiuying Hou
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zihan Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiaoxue Sun
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Enze Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Haifeng Yang
- Department of Pathology, Second College of Clinic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yuanzhi Lu
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
| | - Linyan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Yang N, Zhang Y, Wang JT, Chen C, Song Y, Liang JM, Ma DH, Zhang YF. Effects of Dexamethasone on Remodeling of the Hippocampal Synaptic Filamentous Actin Cytoskeleton in a Model of Pilocarpine-induced Status Epilepticus. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:1683-1691. [PMID: 32714071 PMCID: PMC7378655 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.44927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous actin (F-actin) cytoskeleton is progressively damaged after status epilepticus (SE), which is related to delayed neuronal death, aberrant recurrent circuits and epileptogenesis. Glucocorticoids regulate dendritic spine remodeling by acting on glucocorticoid receptors and the dynamics of the F-actin cytoskeleton. Our previous study showed that administration of dexamethasone (DEX) in the latent period of the pilocarpine epileptic model reduces damage to the hippocampal filamentous actin cytoskeleton and the loss of hippocampal neurons and aids in maintaining the synaptic structures, but it is not sufficient to stop epileptogenesis. In this work, we focused on the role of glucocorticoids in regulating the hippocampal F-actin cytoskeleton during SE. We examined the abundance of synaptic F-actin, analyzed the hippocampal F-actin/G-actin (F/G) ratio and pCofilin, and evaluated the number of hippocampal neurons and pre/postsynaptic markers in pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus mice with or without administration of dexamethasone (DEX). We found that the latency of Stage 3 seizures increased, the mortality decreased, the damage to the synaptic F-actin cytoskeleton in the hippocampal subfields was significantly attenuated, and a greater number of postsynaptic structures were retained in the hippocampal subfields after treatment with DEX. These results indicate that treatment with dexamethasone stabilizes the synaptic F-actin cytoskeleton and reduces the damage to the brain due to SE. This approach is expected to be beneficial in alleviating delayed neuron damage and the process of epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Yang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China.,Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University; Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Jiang-Tao Wang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Yan Song
- Nursing College, Beihua University, 3999 Huashan Road, Jilin 132013, PR China
| | - Jian-Min Liang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Di-Hui Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Yan-Feng Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
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12
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Dexamethasone ameliorates the damage of hippocampal filamentous actin cytoskeleton but is not sufficient to cease epileptogenesis in pilocarpine induced epileptic mice. Epilepsy Res 2019; 154:26-33. [PMID: 31022637 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Rogressive deconstruction of filament actin (F-actin) in hippocampal neurons in the epileptic brain have been associated with epileptogenesis. Previous clinical studies suggest that glucocorticoids treatment plays beneficial roles in refractory epilepsy. Glucocorticoids treatment affects dendritic spine morphology by regulating local glucocorticoid receptors and F-actin cytoskeleton dynamics. However, how glucocorticoids regulate epileptogenesis by controlling F-actin cytoskeleton is not clear yet. Here we study the function of glucocorticoids in epileptogenesis by examining F-actin abundance, hippocampal neuron number, and synaptic markers in pilocarpine-induced epileptic mice in the presence or absence of dexamethasone (DEX) treatment. We found that spontaneous seizure duration was significantly reduced; F-actin damage in hippocampal subfields was remarkably attenuated; loss of pyramidal cells was dramatically decreased; more intact synaptic structures indicated by pre- and postsynaptic markers were preserved in multiple hippocampal regions after DEX treatment. However, the number of ZNT3 positive particles in the molecular layer in the hippocampus of pilocarpine epileptic mice was not altered after DEX treatment. Although not sufficient to cease epileptogenesis, our results suggest that dexamethasone treatment ameliorates the damage of epileptic brain by stabilizing F-actin cytoskeleton in the pilocarpine epileptic mice.
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13
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Sun Y, Deng R, Ren X, Zhang K, Li J. 2D Gelatin Methacrylate Hydrogels with Tunable Stiffness for Investigating Cell Behaviors. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 2:570-576. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruijie Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaojun Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kaixiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinghong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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14
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Proteomic profile associated with cell death induced by androgens in Taenia crassiceps cysticerci: proposed interactome. J Helminthol 2018; 93:539-547. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x18000706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAndrogens have been shown to exert a cysticidal effect uponTaenia crassiceps, an experimental model of cysticercosis. To further inquire into this matter, theTaenia crassicepsmodel was used to evaluate the expression of several proteins after testosterone (T4) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT)in vitrotreatment. Under 2-D proteomic maps, parasite extracts were resolved into approximately 130 proteins distributed in a molecular weight range of 10–250 kDa and isoelectrical point range of 3–10. The resultant proteomic pattern was analysed, and significant changes were observed in response to T4 and DHT. Based on our experience with electrophoretic patterns and proteomic maps of cytoskeletal proteins, alteration in the expression of isoforms of actin, tubulin and paramyosin and of other proteins was assessed. Considering that androgens may exert their biological activity in taeniids through the non-specific progesterone receptor membrane component (PGRMC), we harnessed bioinformatics to propose the identity of androgen-regulated proteins and establish their hypothetical physiological role in the parasites. These analyses yield a possible explanation of how androgens exert their cysticidal effects through changes in the expression of proteins involved in cytoskeletal rearrangement, dynamic vesicular traffic and transduction of intracellular signals.
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15
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Nomikou E, Livitsanou M, Stournaras C, Kardassis D. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of the genes encoding the small GTPases RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC: implications for the pathogenesis of human diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2111-2124. [PMID: 29500478 PMCID: PMC11105751 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2787-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rho GTPases are highly conserved proteins that play critical roles in many cellular processes including actin dynamics, vesicular trafficking, gene transcription, cell-cycle progression, and cell adhesion. The main mode of regulation of Rho GTPases is through guanine nucleotide binding (cycling between an active GTP-bound form and an inactive GDP-bound form), but transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational modes of Rho regulation have also been described. In the present review, we summarize recent progress on the mechanisms that control the expression of the three members of the Rho-like subfamily (RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC) at the level of gene transcription as well as their post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs. We also discuss the progress made in deciphering the mechanisms of cross-talk between Rho proteins and the transforming growth factor β signaling pathway and their implications for the pathogenesis of human diseases such as cancer metastasis and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Nomikou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Melina Livitsanou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Christos Stournaras
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kardassis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece.
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 71110, Heraklion, Greece.
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16
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Sala S, Ampe C. An emerging link between LIM domain proteins and nuclear receptors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1959-1971. [PMID: 29428964 PMCID: PMC11105726 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2774-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that partake in several biological processes including development, reproduction and metabolism. Over the last decade, evidence has accumulated that group 2, 3 and 4 LIM domain proteins, primarily known for their roles in actin cytoskeleton organization, also partake in gene transcription regulation. They shuttle between the cytoplasm and the nucleus, amongst other as a consequence of triggering cells with ligands of nuclear receptors. LIM domain proteins act as important coregulators of nuclear receptor-mediated gene transcription, in which they can either function as coactivators or corepressors. In establishing interactions with nuclear receptors, the LIM domains are important, yet pleiotropy of LIM domain proteins and nuclear receptors frequently occurs. LIM domain protein-nuclear receptor complexes function in diverse physiological processes. Their association is, however, often linked to diseases including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Sala
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Ampe
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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17
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Temporal profiling of an acute stress-induced behavioral phenotype in mice and role of hippocampal DRR1. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 91:149-158. [PMID: 29555365 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the response to an acute stressor may provide novel insights into successful stress-coping strategies. Acute behavioral stress-effects may be restricted to a specific time window early after stress-induction. However, existing behavioral test batteries typically span multiple days or even weeks, limiting the feasibility for a broad behavioral analysis following acute stress. Here, we designed a novel comprehensive behavioral test battery in male mice that assesses multiple behavioral dimensions within a sufficiently brief time window to capture acute stress-effects and its temporal profile. Using this battery, we investigated the behavioral impact of acute social defeat stress (ASD) early thereafter (ASD-early, ∼4 h), when circulating corticosterone levels were elevated, and late after stress-induction (ASD-late, ∼8 h), when corticosterone were returned to timed control levels. ASD-early, but not ASD-late, displayed hippocampal-dependent cognitive impairments in the Y-maze and in the spatial object recognition test. The actin-binding protein (ABP) Tumor suppressor down-regulated in renal cell carcinoma 1 (DRR1) has been described as resilience-promoting factor but the potential of DRR1 to curb stress-effects has not been investigated. Hippocampal DRR1 mRNA-expression was increased in ASD-early and ASD-late whereas DRR1-protein levels were increased only in ASD-late. We hypothesized that the absence of hippocampal DRR1 protein-upregulation in ASD-early caused the associated cognitive impairments. Hence, virus-mediated hippocampal DRR1-overexpression was induced as putative treatment, but cognitive deficits in ASD-early were not improved. We conclude that hippocampal DRR1-overexpression is insufficient to protect from the detrimental cognitive effects following acute social stress where perhaps a more global response in local actin dynamics, involving multiple stress-responsive ABPs that act synergistically, was warranted.
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18
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The epigenetic factor KDM2B regulates cell adhesion, small rho GTPases, actin cytoskeleton and migration in prostate cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:587-597. [PMID: 29408056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The histone demethylase KDM2B is an epigenetic factor with oncogenic properties that is regulated by the basic fibroblasts growth factor (FGF-2). It has recently been shown that KDM2B co-operates with Polycomb Group proteins to promote cell migration and angiogenesis in tumors. In the present study we addressed the role of KDM2B in regulating actin cytoskeleton signaling, cell-cell adhesion and migration of prostate tumor cells. We report here that KDM2B is functionally expressed in DU-145 prostate cancer cells, activated by FGF-2 and regulates EZH2. KDM2B knockdown induced potent up-regulation of gene transcription and protein expression of the epithelial markers E-cadherin and ZO-1, while KDM2B overexpression down-regulated the levels of both markers, suggesting control of cell adhesion by KDM2B. RhoA and RhoB protein expression and activity were diminished upon KDM2B-knockdown and upregulated in KDM2B-overexpressing cell clones. In accordance, actin reorganization with formation of stress fibers became evident in KDM2B-overexpressing cells and abolished in the presence of the Rho inhibitor C3 transferase. DU-145 cell migration was significantly enhanced in KDM2B overexpressing cells and abolished in C3-pretreated cells. Conversely, the retardation of cell migration observed in KDM2B knockdown cells was enhanced in C3-pretreated cells. These results establish a clear functional link between the epigenetic factor KDM2B and the regulation of cell adhesion and Rho-GTPases signaling that controls actin reorganization and cell migration.
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19
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Eckerle S, Ringler M, Lecaudey V, Nitschke R, Driever W. Progesterone modulates microtubule dynamics and epiboly progression during zebrafish gastrulation. Dev Biol 2018; 434:249-266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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McMichael BK, Jeong YH, Auerbach JA, Han CM, Sedlar R, Shettigar V, Bähler M, Agarwal S, Kim DG, Lee BS. The RhoGAP Myo9b Promotes Bone Growth by Mediating Osteoblastic Responsiveness to IGF-1. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:2103-2115. [PMID: 28585695 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Ras homolog A (RhoA) subfamily of Rho guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) regulates actin-based cellular functions in bone such as differentiation, migration, and mechanotransduction. Polymorphisms or genetic ablation of RHOA and some of its regulatory guanine exchange factors (GEFs) have been linked to poor bone health in humans and mice, but the effects of RhoA-specific GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) on bone quality have not yet been identified. Therefore, we examined the consequences of RhoGAP Myo9b gene knockout on bone growth, phenotype, and cellular activity. Male and female mice lacking both alleles demonstrated growth retardation and decreased bone formation rates during early puberty. These mice had smaller, weaker bones by 4 weeks of age, but only female KOs had altered cellular numbers, with fewer osteoblasts and more osteoclasts. By 12 weeks of age, bone quality in KOs worsened. In contrast, 4-week-old heterozygotes demonstrated bone defects that resolved by 12 weeks of age. Throughout, Myo9b ablation affected females more than males. Osteoclast activity appeared unaffected. In primary osteogenic cells, Myo9b was distributed in stress fibers and focal adhesions, and its absence resulted in poor spreading and eventual detachment from culture dishes. Similarly, MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts with transiently suppressed Myo9b levels spread poorly and contained decreased numbers of focal adhesions. These cells also demonstrated reduced ability to undergo IGF-1-induced spreading or chemotaxis toward IGF-1, though responses to PDGF and BMP-2 were unaffected. IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) activation was normal in cells with diminished Myo9b levels, but the activated receptor was redistributed from stress fibers and focal adhesions into nuclei, potentially affecting receptor accessibility and gene expression. These results demonstrate that Myo9b regulates a subset of RhoA-activated processes necessary for IGF-1 responsiveness in osteogenic cells, and is critical for normal bone formation in growing mice. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yong-Hoon Jeong
- College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Cheol-Min Han
- College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ryan Sedlar
- College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vikram Shettigar
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Martin Bähler
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sudha Agarwal
- College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Do-Gyoon Kim
- College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Beth S Lee
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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21
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LeftyA decreases Actin Polymerization and Stiffness in Human Endometrial Cancer Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29370. [PMID: 27404958 PMCID: PMC4941646 DOI: 10.1038/srep29370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
LeftyA, a cytokine regulating stemness and embryonic differentiation, down-regulates cell proliferation and migration. Cell proliferation and motility require actin reorganization, which is under control of ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) and p21 protein-activated kinase 1 (PAK1). The present study explored whether LeftyA modifies actin cytoskeleton, shape and stiffness of Ishikawa cells, a well differentiated endometrial carcinoma cell line. The effect of LeftyA on globular over filamentous actin ratio was determined utilizing Western blotting and flow cytometry. Rac1 and PAK1 transcript levels were measured by qRT-PCR as well as active Rac1 and PAK1 by immunoblotting. Cell stiffness (quantified by the elastic modulus), cell surface area and cell volume were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). As a result, 2 hours treatment with LeftyA (25 ng/ml) significantly decreased Rac1 and PAK1 transcript levels and activity, depolymerized actin, and decreased cell stiffness, surface area and volume. The effect of LeftyA on actin polymerization was mimicked by pharmacological inhibition of Rac1 and PAK1. In the presence of the Rac1 or PAK1 inhibitor LeftyA did not lead to significant further actin depolymerization. In conclusion, LeftyA leads to disruption of Rac1 and Pak1 activity with subsequent actin depolymerization, cell softening and cell shrinkage.
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22
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da Silva RMP, van der Zwaag D, Albertazzi L, Lee SS, Meijer EW, Stupp SI. Super-resolution microscopy reveals structural diversity in molecular exchange among peptide amphiphile nanofibres. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11561. [PMID: 27194204 PMCID: PMC4874009 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic behaviour of supramolecular systems is an important dimension of their potential functions. Here, we report on the use of stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy to study the molecular exchange of peptide amphiphile nanofibres, supramolecular systems known to have important biomedical functions. Solutions of nanofibres labelled with different dyes (Cy3 and Cy5) were mixed, and the distribution of dyes inserting into initially single-colour nanofibres was quantified using correlative image analysis. Our observations are consistent with an exchange mechanism involving monomers or small clusters of molecules inserting randomly into a fibre. Different exchange rates are observed within the same fibre, suggesting that local cohesive structures exist on the basis of β-sheet discontinuous domains. The results reported here show that peptide amphiphile supramolecular systems can be dynamic and that their intermolecular interactions affect exchange patterns. This information can be used to generate useful aggregate morphologies for improved biomedical function. Dynamic behaviour in supramolecular systems is an important aspect of their functionality. Here, the authors use stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy to unveil structural diversity in self-assembled peptide amphiphile nanofibres, with potential relevance to biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M P da Silva
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology (SQI), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.,Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven MB 5600, The Netherlands.,Craniofacial Development &Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Daan van der Zwaag
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven MB 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Albertazzi
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven MB 5600, The Netherlands.,Nanoscopy for Nanomedicine Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Sungsoo S Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - E W Meijer
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven MB 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel I Stupp
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology (SQI), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.,Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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23
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Honisch S, Yu W, Liu G, Alesutan I, Towhid ST, Tsapara A, Schleicher S, Handgretinger R, Stournaras C, Lang F. Chorein addiction in VPS13A overexpressing rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:10309-19. [PMID: 25871399 PMCID: PMC4496357 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chorein encoded by VPS13A (vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 13A) is defective in chorea-acanthocytosis. Chorein fosters neuronal cell survival, cortical actin polymerization and cell stiffness. In view of its anti-apoptotic effect in neurons, we explored whether chorein is expressed in cancer cells and influences cancer cell survival. RT-PCR was employed to determine transcript levels, specific siRNA to silence chorein, FACS analysis to follow apoptosis and Western blotting to quantify protein abundance. Chorein transcripts were detected in various cancer cell types. The mRNA coding for chorein and chorein protein were most abundant in drug resistant, poorly differentiated human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Chorein silencing significantly reduced the ratio of phosphorylated (and thus activated) to total phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI-3K), pointing to inactivation of this crucial pro-survival signaling molecule. Moreover, chorein silencing diminished transcript levels and protein expression of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 and enhanced transcript levels of pro-apoptotic Bax. Silencing of chorein in rhabdomyosarcoma cells was followed by mitochondrial depolarization, caspase 3 activation and stimulation of early and late apoptosis. In conclusion, chorein is expressed in various cancer cells. In cells with high chorein expression levels chorein silencing promotes apoptotic cell death, an effect paralleled by down-regulation of PI-3K activity and BCL-2/Bax expression ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Honisch
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Willi Yu
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Guilai Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ioana Alesutan
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Syeda T Towhid
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna Tsapara
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Sabine Schleicher
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rupert Handgretinger
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christos Stournaras
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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24
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Fajol A, Honisch S, Zhang B, Schmidt S, Alkahtani S, Alarifi S, Lang F, Stournaras C, Föller M. Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) 23 gene transcription depends on actin cytoskeleton reorganization. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:705-15. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abul Fajol
- Department of Physiology; University of Tübingen; Germany
| | - Sabina Honisch
- Department of Physiology; University of Tübingen; Germany
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- Department of Physiology; University of Tübingen; Germany
| | | | - Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology; Science College; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Crete Medical School; Heraklion Greece
| | - Saud Alarifi
- Department of Zoology; Science College; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Crete Medical School; Heraklion Greece
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology; University of Tübingen; Germany
| | - Christos Stournaras
- Department of Physiology; University of Tübingen; Germany
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Crete Medical School; Heraklion Greece
| | - Michael Föller
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences; Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
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25
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Montt-Guevara MM, Shortrede JE, Giretti MS, Giannini A, Mannella P, Russo E, Genazzani AD, Simoncini T. Androgens Regulate T47D Cells Motility and Invasion through Actin Cytoskeleton Remodeling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:136. [PMID: 27746764 PMCID: PMC5043384 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between androgens and breast cancer is controversial. Androgens have complex effects on breast cancer progression and metastasis. Moreover, androgen receptor (AR) is expressed in approximately 70 to 90% of invasive breast carcinomas, which has prognostic relevance in basal-like cancers and in triple-negative breast cancers. Recent studies have associated the actin-binding proteins of the ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) family with metastasis in endocrine-sensitive cancers. We studied on T47D breast cancer cells whether androgens with different characteristics, such as testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) may regulate breast cancer cell motility and invasion through the control of actin remodeling. We demonstrate that androgens promote migration and invasion in T47D via Moesin activation. We show that T and DHEA exert their actions via the AR and estrogen receptor (ER), while the non-aromatizable androgen - DHT - only recruits AR. We further report that androgen induced significant changes in actin organization with pseudopodia along with membrane ruffles formation, and this process is mediated by Moesin. Our work identifies novel mechanisms of action of androgens on breast cancer cells. Through the modulation of Moesin, androgens alter the architecture of cytoskeleton in T47D breast cancer cell and promote cell migration and invasion. These results could help to understand the biological actions of androgens on breast cancer and, eventually, to develop new strategies for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Magdalena Montt-Guevara
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jorge Eduardo Shortrede
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Silvia Giretti
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Giannini
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Mannella
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Russo
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro David Genazzani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Gynecological Endocrinology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Tommaso Simoncini
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Tommaso Simoncini,
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Liu G, Honisch S, Liu G, Schmidt S, Alkahtani S, AlKahtane AA, Stournaras C, Lang F. Up-regulation of Orai1 expression and store operated Ca(2+) entry following activation of membrane androgen receptors in MCF-7 breast tumor cells. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:995. [PMID: 26690689 PMCID: PMC4687293 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-2014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Membrane androgen receptors (mAR) are functionally expressed in a variety of tumor-cells including the breast tumor-cell line MCF-7. They are specifically activated by testosterone albumin conjugates (TAC). The mAR sensitive signaling includes activation of Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) and reorganization of the actin filament network. Signaling of tumor-cells may further involve up-regulation of pore forming Ca2+ channel protein Orai1, which accomplishes store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). This study explored the regulation of Orai1 abundance and SOCE by mAR. Methods Actin filaments were visualized utilizing confocal microscopy, Rac1 activity using GST-GBD assay, Orai1 transcript levels by RT-PCR and total protein abundance by western blotting, Orai1 abundance at the cell surface by confocal microscopy and FACS-analysis, cytosolic Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i) utilizing Fura-2-fluorescence, and SOCE from increase of [Ca2+]i following readdition of Ca2+ after store depletion with thapsigargin (1 μM). Results TAC treatment of MCF-7 cells was followed by Rac1 activation, actin polymerization, transient increase of Orai1transcript levels and protein abundance, and transient increase of SOCE. The transient increase of Orai1 protein abundance was abrogated by Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 (50 μM) and by prevention of actin reorganization with cytochalasin B (1 μM). Conclusions mAR sensitive Rac1 activation and actin reorganization contribute to the regulation of Orai1 protein abundance and SOCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilai Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Sabina Honisch
- Department of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Guoxing Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Schmidt
- Department of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. .,Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah A AlKahtane
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Christos Stournaras
- Department of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany. .,Physiologisches Institut, der Universität Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Liu G, Honisch S, Liu G, Schmidt S, Pantelakos S, Alkahtani S, Toulany M, Lang F, Stournaras C. Inhibition of SGK1 enhances mAR-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:52-9. [PMID: 25427201 DOI: 10.4161/15384047.2014.986982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional membrane androgen receptors (mAR) have previously been described in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Their stimulation by specific testosterone albumin conjugates (TAC) activate rapidly non-genomic FAK/PI3K/Rac1/Cdc42 signaling, trigger actin reorganization and inhibit cell motility. PI3K stimulates serum and glucocorticoid inducible kinase SGK1, which in turn regulates the function of mAR. In the present study we addressed the role of SGK1 in mAR-induced apoptosis. TAC-stimulated mAR activation elicited apoptosis of MCF-7 cells, an effect significantly potentiated by concomitant incubation of the cells with TAC and the specific SGK1 inhibitors EMD638683 and GSK650394. In line with this, TAC and EMD638683 activated caspase-3. These effects were insensitive to the classical androgen receptor (iAR) antagonist flutamide, pointing to iAR-independent, mAR-induced responses. mAR activation and SGK1 inhibition further considerably augmented the radiation-induced apoptosis of MCF-7 cells. Moreover, TAC- and EMD638683 triggered early actin polymerization in MCF-7 cells. Blocking actin restructuring with cytochalasin B abrogated the TAC- and EMD638683-induced pro-apoptotic responses. Further analysis of the molecular signaling revealed late de-phosphorylation of FAK and Akt. Our results demonstrate that mAR activation triggers pro-apoptotic responses in breast tumor cells, an effect significantly enhanced by SGK1 inhibition, involving actin reorganization and paralleled by down-regulation of FAK/Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilai Liu
- a Department of Physiology ; University of Tübingen ; Tübingen , Germany
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Barthold JS, Wang Y, Kolon TF, Kollin C, Nordenskjöld A, Olivant Fisher A, Figueroa TE, BaniHani AH, Hagerty JA, Gonzaléz R, Noh PH, Chiavacci RM, Harden KR, Abrams DJ, Kim CE, Li J, Hakonarson H, Devoto M. Pathway analysis supports association of nonsyndromic cryptorchidism with genetic loci linked to cytoskeleton-dependent functions. Hum Reprod 2015; 30:2439-51. [PMID: 26209787 PMCID: PMC4573451 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What are the genetic loci that increase susceptibility to nonsyndromic cryptorchidism, or undescended testis? SUMMARY ANSWER A genome-wide association study (GWAS) suggests that susceptibility to cryptorchidism is heterogeneous, with a subset of suggestive signals linked to cytoskeleton-dependent functions and syndromic forms of the disease. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Population studies suggest moderate genetic risk of cryptorchidism and possible maternal and environmental contributions to risk. Previous candidate gene analyses have failed to identify a major associated locus, although variants in insulin-like 3 (INSL3), relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2 (RXFP2) and other hormonal pathway genes may increase risk in a small percentage of patients. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This is a case-control GWAS of 844 boys with nonsyndromic cryptorchidism and 2718 control subjects without syndromes or genital anomalies, all of European ancestry. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS All boys with cryptorchidism were diagnosed and treated by a pediatric specialist. In the discovery phase, DNA was extracted from tissue or blood samples and genotyping performed using the Illumina HumanHap550 and Human610-Quad (Group 1) or OmniExpress (Group 2) platform. We imputed genotypes genome-wide, and combined single marker association results in meta-analyses for all cases and for secondary subphenotype analyses based on testis position, laterality and age, and defined genome-wide significance as P = 7 × 10(-9) to correct for multiple testing. Selected markers were genotyped in an independent replication group of European cases (n = 298) and controls (n = 324). We used several bioinformatics tools to analyze top (P < 10(-5)) and suggestive (P < 10(-3)) signals for significant enrichment of signaling pathways, cellular functions and custom gene lists after multiple testing correction. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE In the full analysis, we identified 20 top loci, none reaching genome-wide significance, but one passing this threshold in a subphenotype analysis of proximal testis position (rs55867206, near SH3PXD2B, odds ratio = 2.2 (95% confidence interval 1.7, 2.9), P = 2 × 10(-9)). An additional 127 top loci emerged in at least one secondary analysis, particularly of more severe phenotypes. Cytoskeleton-dependent molecular and cellular functions were prevalent in pathway analysis of suggestive signals, and may implicate loci encoding cytoskeletal proteins that participate in androgen receptor signaling. Genes linked to human syndromic cryptorchidism, including hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and to hormone-responsive and/or differentially expressed genes in normal and cryptorchid rat gubernaculum, were also significantly overrepresented. No tested marker showed significant replication in an independent population. The results suggest heterogeneous, multilocus and potentially multifactorial susceptibility to nonsyndromic cryptorchidism. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The present study failed to identify genome-wide significant markers associated with cryptorchidism that could be replicated in an independent population, so further studies are required to define true positive signals among suggestive loci. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS As the only GWAS to date of nonsyndromic cryptorchidism, these data will provide a basis for future efforts to understand genetic susceptibility to this common reproductive anomaly and the potential for additive risk from environmental exposures. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This work was supported by R01HD060769 (the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute for Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)), P20RR20173 (the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), currently P20GM103464 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)), an Institute Development Fund to the Center for Applied Genomics at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Nemours Biomedical Research. The authors have no competing interests to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Spencer Barthold
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA Division of Urology, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Yanping Wang
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Thomas F Kolon
- Division of Urology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Claude Kollin
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agneta Nordenskjöld
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alicia Olivant Fisher
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - T Ernesto Figueroa
- Division of Urology, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Ahmad H BaniHani
- Division of Urology, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Jennifer A Hagerty
- Division of Urology, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Ricardo Gonzaléz
- Division of Urology, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA Present address: Auf der Bult Kinder- und Jugendkrankenhaus, Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul H Noh
- Division of Urology, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA Present address: Division of Pediatric Urology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Rosetta M Chiavacci
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kisha R Harden
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Debra J Abrams
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Cecilia E Kim
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jin Li
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Division of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marcella Devoto
- Division of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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