1
|
Abdollahzadeh Hamzekalayi MR, Hooshyari Ardakani M, Moeini Z, Rezaei R, Hamidi N, Rezaei Somee L, Zolfaghar M, Darzi R, Kamalipourazad M, Riazi G, Meknatkhah S. A systematic review of novel cannabinoids and their targets: Insights into the significance of structure in activity. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 976:176679. [PMID: 38821167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
To provide a comprehensive framework of the current information on the potency and efficacy of interaction between phyto- and synthetic cannabinoids and their respective receptors, an electronic search of the PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE literature was performed. Experimental studies included reports of mechanistic data providing affinity, efficacy, and half-maximal effective concentration (EC50). Among the 108 included studies, 174 structures, and 16 targets were extracted. The most frequent ligands belonged to the miscellaneous category with 40.2% followed by phytocannabinoid-similar, indole-similar, and pyrrole-similar structures with an abundance of 17.8%, 16.6%, and 12% respectively. 64.8% of structures acted as agonists, 17.1 % appeared as inverse agonists, 10.8% as antagonists, and 7.2% of structures were reported with antagonist/inverse agonist properties. Our outcomes identify the affinity, EC50, and efficacy of the interactions between cannabinoids and their corresponding receptors and the subsequent response, evaluated in the available evidence. Considering structures' significance and very important effects of on the activities, the obtained results also provide clues to drug repurposing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zahra Moeini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Rezaei
- Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Hamidi
- Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Rezaei Somee
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdis Zolfaghar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheleh Darzi
- Department of Plant Science, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Kamalipourazad
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Riazi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sogol Meknatkhah
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mugnaini C, Kostrzewa M, Casini M, Kumar P, Catallo V, Allarà M, Guastaferro L, Brizzi A, Paolino M, Tafi A, Kapatais C, Giorgi G, Vacondio F, Mor M, Corelli F, Ligresti A. Systematic Modification of the Substitution Pattern of the 7-Hydroxy-5-oxopyrazolo[4,3- b]pyridine-6-carboxamide Scaffold Enabled the Discovery of New Ligands with High Affinity and Selectivity for the Cannabinoid Type 2 Receptor. Molecules 2023; 28:4958. [PMID: 37446625 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28134958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective ligands of the CB2 receptor are receiving considerable attention due to their potential as therapeutic agents for a variety of diseases. Recently, 7-hydroxy-5-oxopyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridine-6-carboxamide derivatives were shown to act at the CB2 receptor either as agonists or as inverse agonists/antagonists in vitro and to have anti-osteoarthritic activity in vivo. In this article, we report the synthesis, pharmacological profile, and molecular modeling of a series of twenty-three new 7-hydroxy-5-oxopyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridine-6-carboxamides with the aim of further developing this new class of selective CB2 ligands. In addition to these compounds, seven other analogs that had been previously synthesized were included in this study to better define the structure-activity relationship (SAR). Ten of the new compounds studied were found to be potent and selective ligands of the CB2 receptor, with Ki values ranging from 48.46 to 0.45 nM and CB1/CB2 selectivity indices (SI) ranging from >206 to >4739. In particular, compounds 54 and 55 were found to be high-affinity CB2 inverse agonists that were not active at all at the CB1 receptor, whereas 57 acted as an agonist. The functional activity profile of the compounds within this structural class depends mainly on the substitution pattern of the pyrazole ring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mugnaini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Magdalena Kostrzewa
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Marta Casini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Poulami Kumar
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Valeria Catallo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Allarà
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Laura Guastaferro
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Antonella Brizzi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Paolino
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Tafi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Christelos Kapatais
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Gianluca Giorgi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Federica Vacondio
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Federico Corelli
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alessia Ligresti
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu YR, Tang JQ, Zhang WN, Zhuang CL, Shi Y. Rational drug design of CB2 receptor ligands: from 2012 to 2021. RSC Adv 2022; 12:35242-35259. [PMID: 36540233 PMCID: PMC9730932 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05661e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptors belong to the large family of G-protein-coupled receptors, which can be divided into two receptor types, cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor type-2 (CB2). Marinol, Cesamet and Sativex are marketed CB1 drugs which are still in use and work well, but the central nervous system side effects caused by activation CB1, which limited the development of CB1 ligands. So far, no selective CB2 ligand has been approved for marketing, but lots of its ligands in the clinical stage and pre-clinical stage have positive effects on the treatment of some disease models and have great potential for development. Most selective CB2 agonists are designed and synthesized based on non-selective CB2 agonists through the classical med-chem strategies, e.g. molecular hybridization, scaffold hopping, bioisosterism, etc. During these processes, the balance between selectivity, activity, and pharmacokinetic properties needs to be achieved. Hence, we summarized some reported ligands on the basis of the optimization strategies in recent 10 years, and the limitations and future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ran Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University 1160 Shengli Street Yinchuan 750004 China
| | - Jia-Qin Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University 1160 Shengli Street Yinchuan 750004 China
| | - Wan-Nian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University 1160 Shengli Street Yinchuan 750004 China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University 325 Guohe Road Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Chun-Lin Zhuang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University 1160 Shengli Street Yinchuan 750004 China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University 325 Guohe Road Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Ying Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University 1160 Shengli Street Yinchuan 750004 China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Whiting ZM, Yin J, de la Harpe SM, Vernall AJ, Grimsey NL. Developing the Cannabinoid Receptor 2 (CB2) pharmacopoeia: past, present, and future. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:754-771. [PMID: 35906103 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid Receptor 2 (CB2) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) with considerable, though as yet unrealised, therapeutic potential. Promising preclinical data supports the applicability of CB2 activation in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, pain, neurodegeneration, and osteoporosis. A diverse pharmacopoeia of cannabinoid ligands is available, which has led to considerable advancements in the understanding of CB2 function and extensive preclinical evaluation. However, until recently, most CB2 ligands were highly lipophilic and as such not optimal for clinical application due to unfavourable physicochemical properties. A number of strategies have been applied to develop CB2 ligands to achieve closer to 'drug-like' properties and a few such compounds have now undergone clinical trial. We review the current state of CB2 ligand development and progress in optimising physicochemical properties, understanding advanced molecular pharmacology such as functional selectivity, and clinical evaluation of CB2-targeting compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zak M Whiting
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jiazhen Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sara M de la Harpe
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andrea J Vernall
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Natasha L Grimsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Iannotta M, Belardo C, Trotta MC, Iannotti FA, Vitale RM, Maisto R, Boccella S, Infantino R, Ricciardi F, Mirto BF, Ferraraccio F, Panarese I, Amodeo P, Tunisi L, Cristino L, D’Amico M, di Marzo V, Luongo L, Maione S, Guida F. N-palmitoyl-D-glucosamine, a Natural Monosaccharide-Based Glycolipid, Inhibits TLR4 and Prevents LPS-Induced Inflammation and Neuropathic Pain in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031491. [PMID: 33540826 PMCID: PMC7867376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key receptors through which infectious and non-infectious challenges act with consequent activation of the inflammatory cascade that plays a critical function in various acute and chronic diseases, behaving as amplification and chronicization factors of the inflammatory response. Previous studies have shown that synthetic analogues of lipid A based on glucosamine with few chains of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids, bind MD-2 and inhibit TLR4 receptors. These synthetic compounds showed antagonistic activity against TLR4 activation in vitro by LPS, but little or no activity in vivo. This study aimed to show the potential use of N-palmitoyl-D-glucosamine (PGA), a bacterial molecule with structural similarity to the lipid A component of LPS, which could be useful for preventing LPS-induced tissue damage or even peripheral neuropathies. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations showed that PGA stably binds MD-2 with a MD-2/(PGA)3 stoichiometry. Treatment with PGA resulted in the following effects: (i) it prevented the NF-kB activation in LPS stimulated RAW264.7 cells; (ii) it decreased LPS-induced keratitis and corneal pro-inflammatory cytokines, whilst increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines; (iii) it normalized LPS-induced miR-20a-5p and miR-106a-5p upregulation and increased miR-27a-3p levels in the inflamed corneas; (iv) it decreased allodynia in peripheral neuropathy induced by oxaliplatin or formalin, but not following spared nerve injury of the sciatic nerve (SNI); (v) it prevented the formalin- or oxaliplatin-induced myelino-axonal degeneration of sciatic nerve. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We report that PGA acts as a TLR4 antagonist and this may be the basis of its potent anti-inflammatory activity. Being unique because of its potency and stability, as compared to other similar congeners, PGA can represent a tool for the optimization of new TLR4 modulating drugs directed against the cytokine storm and the chronization of inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Iannotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.I.); (C.B.); (M.C.T.); (R.M.); (S.B.); (R.I.); (F.R.); (B.F.M.); (M.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Carmela Belardo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.I.); (C.B.); (M.C.T.); (R.M.); (S.B.); (R.I.); (F.R.); (B.F.M.); (M.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Maria Consiglia Trotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.I.); (C.B.); (M.C.T.); (R.M.); (S.B.); (R.I.); (F.R.); (B.F.M.); (M.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Fabio Arturo Iannotti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB) of National Research Council (CNR), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (F.A.I.); (R.M.V.); (P.A.); (L.T.); (L.C.); (V.d.M.)
| | - Rosa Maria Vitale
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB) of National Research Council (CNR), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (F.A.I.); (R.M.V.); (P.A.); (L.T.); (L.C.); (V.d.M.)
| | - Rosa Maisto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.I.); (C.B.); (M.C.T.); (R.M.); (S.B.); (R.I.); (F.R.); (B.F.M.); (M.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Serena Boccella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.I.); (C.B.); (M.C.T.); (R.M.); (S.B.); (R.I.); (F.R.); (B.F.M.); (M.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Rosmara Infantino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.I.); (C.B.); (M.C.T.); (R.M.); (S.B.); (R.I.); (F.R.); (B.F.M.); (M.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Flavia Ricciardi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.I.); (C.B.); (M.C.T.); (R.M.); (S.B.); (R.I.); (F.R.); (B.F.M.); (M.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Benito Fabio Mirto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.I.); (C.B.); (M.C.T.); (R.M.); (S.B.); (R.I.); (F.R.); (B.F.M.); (M.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Franca Ferraraccio
- Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.F.); (I.P.)
| | - Iacopo Panarese
- Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.F.); (I.P.)
| | - Pietro Amodeo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB) of National Research Council (CNR), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (F.A.I.); (R.M.V.); (P.A.); (L.T.); (L.C.); (V.d.M.)
| | - Lea Tunisi
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB) of National Research Council (CNR), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (F.A.I.); (R.M.V.); (P.A.); (L.T.); (L.C.); (V.d.M.)
| | - Luigia Cristino
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB) of National Research Council (CNR), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (F.A.I.); (R.M.V.); (P.A.); (L.T.); (L.C.); (V.d.M.)
| | - Michele D’Amico
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.I.); (C.B.); (M.C.T.); (R.M.); (S.B.); (R.I.); (F.R.); (B.F.M.); (M.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Vincenzo di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB) of National Research Council (CNR), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (F.A.I.); (R.M.V.); (P.A.); (L.T.); (L.C.); (V.d.M.)
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Agriculture and Food Science, Universitè Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Livio Luongo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.I.); (C.B.); (M.C.T.); (R.M.); (S.B.); (R.I.); (F.R.); (B.F.M.); (M.D.); (L.L.)
- I.R.C.S.S., Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.I.); (C.B.); (M.C.T.); (R.M.); (S.B.); (R.I.); (F.R.); (B.F.M.); (M.D.); (L.L.)
- I.R.C.S.S., Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (F.G.); Tel.: +39-0815667658 (F.G.)
| | - Francesca Guida
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.I.); (C.B.); (M.C.T.); (R.M.); (S.B.); (R.I.); (F.R.); (B.F.M.); (M.D.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (F.G.); Tel.: +39-0815667658 (F.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mangiatordi GF, Intranuovo F, Delre P, Abatematteo FS, Abate C, Niso M, Creanza TM, Ancona N, Stefanachi A, Contino M. Cannabinoid Receptor Subtype 2 (CB2R) in a Multitarget Approach: Perspective of an Innovative Strategy in Cancer and Neurodegeneration. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14448-14469. [PMID: 33094613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cannabinoid receptor subtype 2 (CB2R) represents an interesting and new therapeutic target for its involvement in the first steps of neurodegeneration as well as in cancer onset and progression. Several studies, focused on different types of tumors, report a promising anticancer activity induced by CB2R agonists due to their ability to reduce inflammation and cell proliferation. Moreover, in neuroinflammation, the stimulation of CB2R, overexpressed in microglial cells, exerts beneficial effects in neurodegenerative disorders. With the aim to overcome current treatment limitations, new drugs can be developed by specifically modulating, together with CB2R, other targets involved in such multifactorial disorders. Building on successful case studies of already developed multitarget strategies involving CB2R, in this Perspective we aim at prompting the scientific community to consider new promising target associations involving HDACs (histone deacetylases) and σ receptors by employing modern approaches based on molecular hybridization, computational polypharmacology, and machine learning algorithms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Intranuovo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Delre
- CNR-Institute of Crystallography, Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Serena Abatematteo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Carmen Abate
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Mauro Niso
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Teresa Maria Creanza
- CNR-Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing, Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Ancona
- CNR-Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing, Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Stefanachi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Marialessandra Contino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kumari S, Carmona AV, Tiwari AK, Trippier PC. Amide Bond Bioisosteres: Strategies, Synthesis, and Successes. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12290-12358. [PMID: 32686940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The amide functional group plays a key role in the composition of biomolecules, including many clinically approved drugs. Bioisosterism is widely employed in the rational modification of lead compounds, being used to increase potency, enhance selectivity, improve pharmacokinetic properties, eliminate toxicity, and acquire novel chemical space to secure intellectual property. The introduction of a bioisostere leads to structural changes in molecular size, shape, electronic distribution, polarity, pKa, dipole or polarizability, which can be either favorable or detrimental to biological activity. This approach has opened up new avenues in drug design and development resulting in more efficient drug candidates introduced onto the market as well as in the clinical pipeline. Herein, we review the strategic decisions in selecting an amide bioisostere (the why), synthetic routes to each (the how), and success stories of each bioisostere (the implementation) to provide a comprehensive overview of this important toolbox for medicinal chemists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Kumari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Angelica V Carmona
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Amit K Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
| | - Paul C Trippier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States.,Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States.,UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mugnaini C, Kostrzewa M, Bryk M, Mahmoud AM, Brizzi A, Lamponi S, Giorgi G, Ferlenghi F, Vacondio F, Maccioni P, Colombo G, Mor M, Starowicz K, Di Marzo V, Ligresti A, Corelli F. Design, Synthesis, and Physicochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of 7-Hydroxy-5-oxopyrazolo[4,3- b]pyridine-6-carboxamide Derivatives with Antiosteoarthritic Activity In Vivo. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7369-7391. [PMID: 32515588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hallmark of joint diseases, such as osteoarthritis (OA), is pain, originating from both inflammatory and neuropathic components, and compounds able to modulate the signal transduction pathways of the cannabinoid type-2 receptor (CB2R) can represent a helpful option in the treatment of OA. In this perspective, a set of 18 cannabinoid type-2 receptor (CB2R) ligands was developed based on an unprecedented structure. With the aim of improving the physicochemical properties of previously reported 4-hydroxy-2-quinolone-3-carboxamides, a structural optimization program led to the discovery of isosteric 7-hydroxy-5-oxopyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridine-6-carboxamide derivatives. These new compounds are endowed with high affinity for the CB2R and moderate to good selectivity over the cannabinoid type-1 receptor (CB1R), associated with good physicochemical characteristics. As to the functional activity at the CB2R, compounds able to act either as agonists or as inverse agonists/antagonists were discovered. Among them, compound 51 emerged as a potent CB2R agonist able to reduce pain in rats carrying OA induced by injection of monoiodoacetic acid (MIA).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mugnaini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Magdalena Kostrzewa
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy.,Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, National Research Council of Italy, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Marta Bryk
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, National Research Council of Italy, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ali Mokhtar Mahmoud
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonella Brizzi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Lamponi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Gianluca Giorgi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferlenghi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Vacondio
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Maccioni
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy, S.S. 554, km 4,500, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Colombo
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy, S.S. 554, km 4,500, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Katarzyna Starowicz
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Smetna 12, 31-343 Cracow, Poland
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessia Ligresti
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Federico Corelli
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abonia R, Gutiérrez LF, Insuasty B, Quiroga J, Laali KK, Zhao C, Borosky GL, Horwitz SM, Bunge SD. Catalyst-free assembly of giant tris(heteroaryl)methanes: synthesis of novel pharmacophoric triads and model sterically crowded tris(heteroaryl/aryl)methyl cation salts. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:642-654. [PMID: 30931006 PMCID: PMC6423583 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of giant tris(heteroaryl)methanes are easily assembled by one-pot three-component synthesis by simple reflux in ethanol without catalyst or additives. Diversely substituted indoles (Ar1) react with quinoline aldehydes, quinolone aldehydes, chromone aldehydes, and fluorene aldehydes (Ar2CHO) and coumarins (Ar3) in 1:1:1 ratio to form the corresponding tris(heteroaryl)methanes (Ar1Ar2Ar3)CH along with (Ar1Ar1Ar2)CH triads. A series of new 2:1 triads were also synthesized by coupling substituted indoles with Ar2CHO. The coupling reactions could also be carried out in water (at circa 80 °C) but with chemoselectivity favoring (Ar1Ar1Ar2)CH over (Ar1Ar2Ar3)CH. The molecular structure of a representative (Ar1Ar2Ar3)CH triad was confirmed by X-ray analysis. Model tris(heteroaryl/aryl)methylium salts were generated by reaction with DDQ/HPF6 and studied by NMR and by DFT and GIAO-DFT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Abonia
- Research Group of Heterocyclic Compounds (GICH), Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Valle, A. A. 25360, Cali, Colombia
| | - Luisa F Gutiérrez
- Research Group of Heterocyclic Compounds (GICH), Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Valle, A. A. 25360, Cali, Colombia
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Braulio Insuasty
- Research Group of Heterocyclic Compounds (GICH), Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Valle, A. A. 25360, Cali, Colombia
| | - Jairo Quiroga
- Research Group of Heterocyclic Compounds (GICH), Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Valle, A. A. 25360, Cali, Colombia
| | - Kenneth K Laali
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Chunqing Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Gabriela L Borosky
- INFIQC, CONICET and Departamento de Química Teórica y Computacional, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Samantha M Horwitz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Scott D Bunge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Doiron JE, Le CA, Ody BK, Brace JB, Post SJ, Thacker NL, Hill HM, Breton GW, Mulder MJ, Chang S, Bridges TM, Tang L, Wang W, Rowe SM, Aller SG, Turlington M. Evaluation of 1,2,3-Triazoles as Amide Bioisosteres In Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Modulators VX-770 and VX-809. Chemistry 2019; 25:3662-3674. [PMID: 30650214 PMCID: PMC6469399 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The 1,2,3-triazole has been successfully utilized as an amide bioisostere in multiple therapeutic contexts. Based on this precedent, triazole analogues derived from VX-809 and VX-770, prominent amide-containing modulators of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), were synthesized and evaluated for CFTR modulation. Triazole 11, derived from VX-809, displayed markedly reduced efficacy in F508del-CFTR correction in cellular TECC assays in comparison to VX-809. Surprisingly, triazole analogues derived from potentiator VX-770 displayed no potentiation of F508del, G551D, or WT-CFTR in cellular Ussing chamber assays. However, patch clamp analysis revealed that triazole 60 potentiates WT-CFTR similarly to VX-770. The efficacy of 60 in the cell-free patch clamp experiment suggests that the loss of activity in the cellular assay could be due to the inability of VX-770 triazole derivatives to reach the CFTR binding site. Moreover, in addition to the negative impact on biological activity, triazoles in both structural classes displayed decreased metabolic stability in human microsomes relative to the analogous amides. In contrast to the many studies that demonstrate the advantages of using the 1,2,3-triazole, these findings highlight the negative impacts that can arise from replacement of the amide with the triazole and suggest that caution is warranted when considering use of the 1,2,3-triazole as an amide bioisostere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jake E. Doiron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berry College, Mount Berry, Georgia 30165 (USA),
| | - Christina A. Le
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205 (USA),
| | - Britton K. Ody
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berry College, Mount Berry, Georgia 30165 (USA),
| | - Jonathon B. Brace
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berry College, Mount Berry, Georgia 30165 (USA),
| | - Savannah J. Post
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berry College, Mount Berry, Georgia 30165 (USA),
| | - Nathan L. Thacker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berry College, Mount Berry, Georgia 30165 (USA),
| | - Harrison M. Hill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berry College, Mount Berry, Georgia 30165 (USA),
| | - Gary W. Breton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berry College, Mount Berry, Georgia 30165 (USA),
| | - Matthew J. Mulder
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 (USA)
| | - Sichen Chang
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 (USA)
| | - Thomas M. Bridges
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 (USA)
| | - Liping Tang
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205 (USA)
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205 (USA)
| | - Wei Wang
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205 (USA)
- Department of Cell, Development, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205 (USA)
| | - Steven M. Rowe
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205 (USA)
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205 (USA)
- Department of Cell, Development, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205 (USA)
| | - Stephen G. Aller
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205 (USA),
| | - Mark Turlington
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berry College, Mount Berry, Georgia 30165 (USA),
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ahn BH, Lee IY, Lim HN. Step-economical synthesis of 3-amido-2-quinolones by dendritic copper powder-mediated one-pot reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:7851-7860. [PMID: 30303225 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01994k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The one-pot protocol by the dendritic copper powder-mediated Knoevenagel condensation/annelation is delineated here for the synthesis of 3-amido-2-quinolones. It is practical with moisture tolerance and easy setup, and is compatible with many functional groups under mild conditions. This method was applied for the preparation of the key intermediates of biologically relevant 3-amido-2-quinolones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byung Hoon Ahn
- Eco-Friendly New Materials Research Center, Therapeutics&Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xu JH, Fan YL, Zhou J. Quinolone-Triazole Hybrids and their Biological Activities. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province; Zhejiang Police College; Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Lei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province; Zhejiang Police College; Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province; Zhejiang Police College; Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Prandi C, Blangetti M, Namdar D, Koltai H. Structure-Activity Relationship of Cannabis Derived Compounds for the Treatment of Neuronal Activity-Related Diseases. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071526. [PMID: 29941830 PMCID: PMC6099582 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa active compounds are extensively studied for their therapeutic effects, beyond the well-known psychotropic activity. C. Sativa is used to treat different medical indications, such as multiple sclerosis, spasticity, epilepsy, ulcerative colitis and pain. Simultaneously, basic research is discovering new constituents of cannabis-derived compounds and their receptors capable of neuroprotection and neuronal activity modulation. The function of the various phytochemicals in different therapeutic processes is not fully understood, but their significant role is starting to emerge and be appreciated. In this review, we will consider the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of cannabinoid compounds able to bind to cannabinoid receptors and act as therapeutic agents in neuronal diseases, e.g., Parkinson’s disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Prandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Marco Blangetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Dvora Namdar
- ARO, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Insuasty D, Abonia R, Insuasty B, Quiroga J, Laali KK, Nogueras M, Cobo J. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Diversely Substituted Quinoline-Based Dihydropyridopyrimidine and Dihydropyrazolopyridine Hybrids. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2017; 19:555-563. [PMID: 28723092 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.7b00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An efficient, catalyst-free, and one-pot three-component procedure for the synthesis of novel and nitrogen rich dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines and dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines bearing a quinoline pharmacophore fragment is provided. Reactions proceeded in DMF under microwave irradiation of three-component mixtures of formyl-quinoline derivatives, primary heterocyclic amines and cyclic 1,3-diketones. Interestingly, when conventional heating at reflux was used for the starting 5-amino-1-phenylpyrazole, the corresponding aromatized pyrazolopyridines were obtained as the main products. Single crystal X-ray analysis confirmed unequivocally the structure of both the dihydro- and aromatized products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Insuasty
- Research Group of Heterocyclic Compounds (GICH), Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Valle, A. A. 25360, Cali, Colombia
| | - Rodrigo Abonia
- Research Group of Heterocyclic Compounds (GICH), Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Valle, A. A. 25360, Cali, Colombia
| | - Braulio Insuasty
- Research Group of Heterocyclic Compounds (GICH), Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Valle, A. A. 25360, Cali, Colombia
| | - Jairo Quiroga
- Research Group of Heterocyclic Compounds (GICH), Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Valle, A. A. 25360, Cali, Colombia
| | - Kenneth K. Laali
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, United States
| | - Manuel Nogueras
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Justo Cobo
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bonandi E, Christodoulou MS, Fumagalli G, Perdicchia D, Rastelli G, Passarella D. The 1,2,3-triazole ring as a bioisostere in medicinal chemistry. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1572-1581. [PMID: 28676407 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
1,2,3-Triazole is a well-known scaffold that has a widespread occurrence in different compounds characterized by several bioactivities, such as antimicrobial, antiviral, and antitumor effects. Moreover, the structural features of 1,2,3-triazole enable it to mimic different functional groups, justifying its wide use as a bioisostere for the synthesis of new active molecules. Here, we provide an overview of the 1,2,3-triazole ring as a bioisostere for the design of drug analogs, highlighting relevant recent examples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Bonandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Michael S Christodoulou
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Gaia Fumagalli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Dario Perdicchia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giulio Rastelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Daniele Passarella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Spinelli F, Capparelli E, Abate C, Colabufo NA, Contino M. Perspectives of Cannabinoid Type 2 Receptor (CB2R) Ligands in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Structure-Affinity Relationship (SAfiR) and Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) Studies. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9913-9931. [PMID: 28608697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Up-regulation of CB2R on activated microglial cells, the first step in neurodegeneration, has been widely demonstrated, and this finding makes the receptor a promising target in the early diagnosis and treatment of several neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). The development of CB2R PET ligands could help demonstrate the neurodegenerative pathogenesis, thus providing useful tools for characterizing the role of neuroinflammation in the progression of these disorders. CB2R agonists and inverse agonists have emerged as neuroprotective agents, and CB2R agonists have entered several clinical trials. CB2R ligands have therefore received great attention, and different molecular scaffolds have been selected to target CB2R subtypes. This review is focused on structure-activity relationship (SAR) and structure-affinity relationship (SAfiR) studies performed on different scaffolds with the aim to identify the molecular features useful for the design of both therapeutic and diagnostic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro , Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Elena Capparelli
- Biofordrug srl, Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.,Catholic University "Our Lady of Good Counsel", Kompleksi Spitalor Universitar "Zoja e Këshillit të Mirë" , Rr. Dritan Hoxha, Laprakë, 1000, Tirana, Albania
| | - Carmen Abate
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro , Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola A Colabufo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro , Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.,Biofordrug srl, Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Marialessandra Contino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro , Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Guida F, Luongo L, Boccella S, Giordano ME, Romano R, Bellini G, Manzo I, Furiano A, Rizzo A, Imperatore R, Iannotti FA, D'Aniello E, Piscitelli F, Sca Rossi F, Cristino L, Di Marzo V, de Novellis V, Maione S. Palmitoylethanolamide induces microglia changes associated with increased migration and phagocytic activity: involvement of the CB2 receptor. Sci Rep 2017; 7:375. [PMID: 28336953 PMCID: PMC5428303 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00342-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous fatty acid amide palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory actions mainly through inhibition of the release of pro-inflammatory molecules from mast cells, monocytes and macrophages. Indirect activation of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system is among the several mechanisms of action that have been proposed to underlie the different effects of PEA in vivo. In this study, we used cultured rat microglia and human macrophages to evaluate whether PEA affects eCB signaling. PEA was found to increase CB2 mRNA and protein expression through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) activation. This novel gene regulation mechanism was demonstrated through: (i) pharmacological PPAR-α manipulation, (ii) PPAR-α mRNA silencing, (iii) chromatin immunoprecipitation. Moreover, exposure to PEA induced morphological changes associated with a reactive microglial phenotype, including increased phagocytosis and migratory activity. Our findings suggest indirect regulation of microglial CB2R expression as a new possible mechanism underlying the effects of PEA. PEA can be explored as a useful tool for preventing/treating the symptoms associated with neuroinflammation in CNS disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Guida
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy.,Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - L Luongo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy.,Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - S Boccella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - M E Giordano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - R Romano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - G Bellini
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialistic Surgery, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - I Manzo
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialistic Surgery, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - A Furiano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - A Rizzo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - R Imperatore
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - F A Iannotti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - E D'Aniello
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - F Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - F Sca Rossi
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialistic Surgery, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - L Cristino
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - V Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - V de Novellis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy.,Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - S Maione
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy. .,Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kinetic target-guided synthesis in drug discovery and chemical biology: a comprehensive facts and figures survey. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:381-404. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2015-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
For the last 15 years, kinetic target-guided syntheses, including in situ click chemistry, have been used as alternative methods to find ligands to therapeutically relevant proteins. In this review, a comprehensive survey of biological targets used in kinetic target-guided synthesis covers historical and recent examples. The chemical reactions employed and practical aspects, including controls, library sizes and product detection, are presented. A particular focus is on the reagents and warhead selection and design with a critical overview of the challenges encountered. As protein supply remains a key success factor, it appears that increased efforts should be taken toward miniaturization in order to expand the scope of this strategy and qualify it as a fully fledged drug discovery tool.
Collapse
|
19
|
Mugnaini C, Brizzi A, Ligresti A, Allarà M, Lamponi S, Vacondio F, Silva C, Mor M, Di Marzo V, Corelli F. Investigations on the 4-Quinolone-3-carboxylic Acid Motif. 7. Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of 4-Quinolone-3-carboxamides and 4-Hydroxy-2-quinolone-3-carboxamides as High Affinity Cannabinoid Receptor 2 (CB2R) Ligands with Improved Aqueous Solubility. J Med Chem 2016; 59:1052-67. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mugnaini
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Antonella Brizzi
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alessia Ligresti
- Endocannabinoid
Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via dei Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - Marco Allarà
- Endocannabinoid
Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via dei Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - Stefania Lamponi
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Federica Vacondio
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area
delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Claudia Silva
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area
delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area
delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid
Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via dei Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - Federico Corelli
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Singh MK, Gao H, Sun W, Song Z, Schmalzigaug R, Premont RT, Zhang Q. Structure-activity relationship studies of QS11, a small molecule Wnt synergistic agonist. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4838-4842. [PMID: 26152429 PMCID: PMC4607626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Both the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and small GTPases of the ADP-ribosylation factors (ARF) family play important roles in regulating cell development, homeostasis and fate. The previous report of QS11, a small molecule Wnt synergist that binds to ARF GTPase-activating protein 1 (ARFGAP1), suggests a role for ARFGAP1 in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. However, direct inhibition of enzymatic activity of ARFGAP1 by QS11 has not been established. Whether ARFGAP1 is the only target that contributes to QS11's Wnt synergy is also not clear. Here we present structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of QS11 analogs in two assays: direct inhibition of enzymatic activity of purified ARFGAP1 protein and cellular activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The results confirm the direct inhibition of ARFGAP1 by QS11, and also suggest the presence of other potential cellular targets of QS11.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish K Singh
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Huanyao Gao
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Wei Sun
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zhiquan Song
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert Schmalzigaug
- Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Richard T Premont
- Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Qisheng Zhang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nettekoven M, Adam JM, Bendels S, Bissantz C, Fingerle J, Grether U, Grüner S, Guba W, Kimbara A, Ottaviani G, Püllmann B, Rogers-Evans M, Röver S, Rothenhäusler B, Schmitt S, Schuler F, Schulz-Gasch T, Ullmer C. Novel Triazolopyrimidine-Derived Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Agonists as Potential Treatment for Inflammatory Kidney Diseases. ChemMedChem 2015; 11:179-89. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Nettekoven
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Small-Molecule Research; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Jean-Michel Adam
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Small-Molecule Research; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Bendels
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Small-Molecule Research; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Catarina Bissantz
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Small-Molecule Research; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Fingerle
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Discovery Biology; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Uwe Grether
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Small-Molecule Research; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Sabine Grüner
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Discovery Biology; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Guba
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Small-Molecule Research; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Atsushi Kimbara
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Small-Molecule Research; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Ottaviani
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, DMPK; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Bernd Püllmann
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Small-Molecule Research; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Mark Rogers-Evans
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Small-Molecule Research; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Stephan Röver
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Small-Molecule Research; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Benno Rothenhäusler
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, DMPK; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Sebastien Schmitt
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Small-Molecule Research; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Franz Schuler
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, DMPK; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Tanja Schulz-Gasch
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Small-Molecule Research; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Christoph Ullmer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Discovery Biology; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Batalha PN, Gomes ATPC, Forezi LSM, Costa L, de Souza MCBV, Boechat FDCS, Ferreira VF, Almeida A, Faustino MAF, Neves MGPMS, Cavaleiro JAS. Synthesis of new porphyrin/4-quinolone conjugates and evaluation of their efficiency in the photoinactivation of Staphylococcus aureus. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra11070j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of new porphyrin/4-quinolone conjugates and their evaluation as potential photosensitizers in the photoinactivation of Staphylococcus aureus is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro N. Batalha
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química
| | - Ana T. P. C. Gomes
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - Luana S. M. Forezi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Federal Fluminense
- Rio de Janeiro
- Brazil
| | - Liliana Costa
- Department of Biology and CESAM
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | | | - Fernanda da C. S. Boechat
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Federal Fluminense
- Rio de Janeiro
- Brazil
| | - Vitor F. Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Federal Fluminense
- Rio de Janeiro
- Brazil
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology and CESAM
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Laali KK, Insuasty D, Abonia R, Insuasty B, Bunge SD. Novel quinoline–imidazolium adducts via the reaction of 2-oxoquinoline-3-carbaldehyde and quinoline-3-carbaldehydes with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [BMIM][Cl]. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
24
|
Mugnaini C, Pedani V, Giunta D, Sechi B, Solinas M, Casti A, Castelli MP, Giorgi G, Corelli F. Synthesis, structural properties, and pharmacological evaluation of 2-(acylamino)thiophene-3-carboxamides and analogues thereof. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45546g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
25
|
Sheremetev AB, Kozeev AM, Aleksandrova NS, Struchkova MI, Suponitsky KY. 3-(1-Adamantyl)Furazans. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-013-1385-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
26
|
Nettekoven M, Fingerle J, Grether U, Grüner S, Kimbara A, Püllmann B, Rogers-Evans M, Röver S, Schuler F, Schulz-Gasch T, Ullmer C. Highly potent and selective cannabinoid receptor 2 agonists: Initial hit optimization of an adamantyl hit series identified from high-through-put screening. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1177-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
27
|
Pasquini S, De Rosa M, Ligresti A, Mugnaini C, Brizzi A, Caradonna NP, Cascio MG, Bolognini D, Pertwee RG, Di Marzo V, Corelli F. Investigations on the 4-quinolone-3-carboxylic acid motif. 6. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 7-substituted quinolone-3-carboxamide derivatives as high affinity ligands for cannabinoid receptors. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 58:30-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|