1
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Borner T, Tinsley IC, Doyle RP, Hayes MR, De Jonghe BC. GLP-1 in diabetes care: Can glycemic control be achieved without nausea and vomiting? Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:542-556. [PMID: 34363224 PMCID: PMC8810668 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduced less than two decades ago, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) rapidly re-shaped the field of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) care by providing glycemic control in tandem with weight loss. However, FDA-approved GLP-1RAs are often accompanied by nausea and emesis, and in some lean T2DM patients, by undesired anorexia. Importantly, the hypophagic and emetic effects of GLP-1RAs are caused by central GLP-1R activation. This review summarizes two different approaches to mitigate the incidence/severity of nausea and emesis related to GLP-1RAs: conjugation with vitamin B12, or related corrin-ring containing compounds ("corrination"), and development of dual-agonists of the GLP-1R with glucose dependent-insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Such approaches could lead to the generation of GLP-1RAs with improved therapeutic efficacy thus, decreasing treatment attrition, increasing patient compliance, and extending treatment to a broader population of T2DM patients. The data reviewed show that it is possible to pharmacologically separate emetic effects of GLP-1RAs from glucoregulatory action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tito Borner
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ian C Tinsley
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States
| | - Robert P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States.,Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bart C De Jonghe
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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2
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Borner T, Workinger JL, Tinsley IC, Fortin SM, Stein LM, Chepurny OG, Holz GG, Wierzba AJ, Gryko D, Nexø E, Shaulson ED, Bamezai A, Da Silva VAR, De Jonghe BC, Hayes MR, Doyle RP. Corrination of a GLP-1 Receptor Agonist for Glycemic Control without Emesis. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107768. [PMID: 32553160 PMCID: PMC7376604 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus often produce nausea, vomiting, and in some patients, undesired anorexia. Notably, these behavioral effects are caused by direct central GLP-1R activation. Herein, we describe the creation of a GLP-1R agonist conjugate with modified brain penetrance that enhances GLP-1R-mediated glycemic control without inducing vomiting. Covalent attachment of the GLP-1R agonist exendin-4 (Ex4) to dicyanocobinamide (Cbi), a corrin ring containing precursor of vitamin B12, produces a "corrinated" Ex4 construct (Cbi-Ex4). Data collected in the musk shrew (Suncus murinus), an emetic mammal, reveal beneficial effects of Cbi-Ex4 relative to Ex4, as evidenced by improvements in glycemic responses in glucose tolerance tests and a profound reduction of emetic events. Our findings highlight the potential for clinical use of Cbi-Ex4 for millions of patients seeking improved glycemic control without common side effects (e.g., emesis) characteristic of current GLP-1 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tito Borner
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Ian C Tinsley
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Samantha M Fortin
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lauren M Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- Department of Medicine, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - George G Holz
- Department of Medicine, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Dorota Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ebba Nexø
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Evan D Shaulson
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ankur Bamezai
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Valentina A Rodriguez Da Silva
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bart C De Jonghe
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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3
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Drug discovery approaches targeting the incretin pathway. Bioorg Chem 2020; 99:103810. [PMID: 32325333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Incretin pathway plays an important role in the development of diabetes medications. Interventions in DPP-4 and GLP-1 receptor have shown remarkable efficacy in experimental and clinical studies and imperatively become one of the most promising therapeutic approaches in the T2DM drug discovery pipeline. Herein, we analyzed the actionmechanismsof DPP-4 and GLP-1 receptor targeting the incretin pathway in T2DM treatment. We gave an insight into the structural requirements for the potent DPP-4 inhibitors and revealed a classification of DPP-4 inhibitors by stressing on the binding modes of these ligands to the enzyme. We then reviewed the drug discovery strategies for the development of peptide and non-peptide GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs). Furthermore, the drug design strategies for DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1R agonists were detailed accurately. This review might provide an efficient evidence for the highly potent and selective DPP-4 inhibitors and the GLP-1 RAs, as novel medicines for patients suffering from T2DM.
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra J. Wierzba
- Institute of Organic ChemistryPolish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Sidra Hassan
- Institute of Organic ChemistryPolish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Dorota Gryko
- Institute of Organic ChemistryPolish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
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5
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Mutti E, Hunger M, Fedosov S, Nexo E, Kräutler B. Organometallic DNA-B 12 Conjugates as Potential Oligonucleotide Vectors: Synthesis and Structural and Binding Studies with Human Cobalamin-Transport Proteins. Chembiochem 2017; 18:2280-2291. [PMID: 28881087 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and structural characterization of Co-(dN)25 -Cbl (Cbl: cobalamin; dN: deoxynucleotide) and Co-(dN)39 -Cbl, which are organometallic DNA-B12 conjugates with single DNA strands consisting of 25 and 39 deoxynucleotides, respectively, and binding studies of these two DNA-Cbl conjugates to three homologous human Cbl transporting proteins, transcobalamin (TC), intrinsic factor (IF), and haptocorrin (HC), are reported. This investigation tests the suitability of such DNA-Cbls for the task of eventual in vivo oligonucleotide delivery. The binding of DNA-Cbl to TC, IF, and HC was investigated in competition with either a fluorescent Cbl derivative and Co-(dN)25 -Cbl, or radiolabeled vitamin B12 (57 Co-CNCbl) and Co-(dN)25 -Cbl or Co-(dN)39 -Cbl. Binding of the new DNA-Cbl conjugates was fast and tight with TC, but poorer with HC and IF, which extends a similar original finding with the simpler DNA-Cbl, Co-(dN)18 -Cbl. The contrasting affinities of TC versus IF and HC for the DNA-Cbl conjugates are rationalized herein by a stepwise mechanism of Cbl binding. Critical contributions to overall affinity result from gradual conformational adaptations of the Cbl-binding proteins to the DNA-Cbl, which is first bound to the respective β domains. This transition is fast with TC, but slow with IF and HC, with which weaker binding results. The invariably tight interaction of the DNA-Cbl conjugates with TC makes the Cbl moiety a potential natural vector for the specific delivery of oligonucleotide loads from the blood into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Mutti
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Miriam Hunger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sergey Fedosov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Science Park Gustav WiedsVej 10C, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ebba Nexo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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6
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Recent advances in oral delivery of macromolecular drugs and benefits of polymer conjugation. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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7
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Henry KE, Kerwood DJ, Allis DG, Workinger JL, Bonaccorso RL, Holz GG, Roth CL, Zubieta J, Doyle RP. Solution Structure and Constrained Molecular Dynamics Study of Vitamin B12 Conjugates of the Anorectic Peptide PYY(3-36). ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1015-21. [PMID: 27027248 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B12 -peptide conjugates have considerable therapeutic potential through improved pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic properties imparted on the peptide upon covalent attachment to vitamin B12 (B12 ). There remains a lack of structural studies investigating the effects of B12 conjugation on peptide secondary structure. Determining the solution structure of a B12 -peptide conjugate or conjugates and measuring functions of the conjugate(s) at the target peptide receptor may offer considerable insight concerning the future design of fully optimized conjugates. This methodology is especially useful in tandem with constrained molecular dynamics (MD) studies, such that predictions may be made about conjugates not yet synthesized. Focusing on two B12 conjugates of the anorectic peptide PYY(3-36), one of which was previously demonstrated to have improved food intake reduction compared with PYY(3-36), we performed NMR structural analyses and used the information to conduct MD simulations. The study provides rare structural insight into vitamin B12 conjugates and validates the fact that B12 can be conjugated to a peptide without markedly affecting peptide secondary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Deborah J Kerwood
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Damian G Allis
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Jayme L Workinger
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Ron L Bonaccorso
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - George G Holz
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute for Human Performance, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Christian L Roth
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, 1900 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Jon Zubieta
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Robert P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA. .,Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute for Human Performance, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
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8
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Gilroy CA, Luginbuhl KM, Chilkoti A. Controlled release of biologics for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. J Control Release 2015; 240:151-164. [PMID: 26655062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a rapidly growing disease that poses a significant burden to the United States healthcare system. Despite the many available treatments for the disease, close to half of diagnosed type 2 diabetes cases are not properly managed, largely due to inadequate patient adherence to prescribed treatment regimens. Methods for improving delivery - and thereby easing administration - of type 2 drugs have the potential to greatly improve patient health. This review focuses on two peptide drugs - insulin and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) - for treatment of type 2 diabetes. Peptide drugs offer the benefits of high potency and specificity but pose a significant delivery challenge due to their inherent instability and short half-life. The development of insulin and GLP-1 analogs highlights the broad spectrum of drug delivery strategies that have been used to solve these problems. Numerous structural modifications and formulations have been introduced to optimize absorption, residence time, stability, route of delivery and frequency of administration. Continual improvements in delivery methods for insulin and GLP-1 receptor agonists are paving the way towards better patient compliance and improved disease management, and thereby enhanced patient quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caslin A Gilroy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 136 Hudson Hall, Box 90281, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Kelli M Luginbuhl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 136 Hudson Hall, Box 90281, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ashutosh Chilkoti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 136 Hudson Hall, Box 90281, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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9
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Rational, computer-enabled peptide drug design: principles, methods, applications and future directions. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:2173-93. [PMID: 26510691 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides provide promising templates for developing drugs to occupy a middle space between small molecules and antibodies and for targeting 'undruggable' intracellular protein-protein interactions. Importantly, rational or in cerebro design, especially when coupled with validated in silico tools, can be used to efficiently explore chemical space and identify islands of 'drug-like' peptides to satisfy diverse drug discovery program objectives. Here, we consider the underlying principles of and recent advances in rational, computer-enabled peptide drug design. In particular, we consider the impact of basic physicochemical properties, potency and ADME/Tox opportunities and challenges, and recently developed computational tools for enabling rational peptide drug design. Key principles and practices are spotlighted by recent case studies. We close with a hypothetical future case study.
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10
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Bonaccorso RL, Chepurny OG, Becker-Pauly C, Holz GG, Doyle RP. Enhanced Peptide Stability Against Protease Digestion Induced by Intrinsic Factor Binding of a Vitamin B12 Conjugate of Exendin-4. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:3502-6. [PMID: 26260673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peptide digestion from proteases is a significant limitation in peptide therapeutic development. It has been hypothesized that the dietary pathway of vitamin B12 (B12) may be exploited in this area, but an open question is whether B12-peptide conjugates bound to the B12 gastric uptake protein intrinsic factor (IF) can provide any stability against proteases. Herein, we describe a new conjugate of B12 with the incretin peptide exendin 4 that demonstrates picomolar agonism of the glugacon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1-R). Stability studies reveal that Ex-4 is digested by pancreatic proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin and by the kidney endopeptidase meprin β. Prebinding the B12 conjugate to IF, however, resulted in up to a 4-fold greater activity of the B12-Ex-4 conjugate relative to Ex-4, when the IF-B12-Ex-4 complex was exposed to 22 μg/mL of trypsin, 2.3-fold greater activity when exposed to 1.25 μg/mL of chymotrypsin, and there was no decrease in function at up to 5 μg/mL of meprin β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron L Bonaccorso
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University , 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | | | - George G Holz
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, New York 13210, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Robert P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University , 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States.,Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
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11
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Henry KE, Elfers CT, Burke RM, Chepurny OG, Holz GG, Blevins JE, Roth CL, Doyle RP. Vitamin B12 conjugation of peptide-YY(3-36) decreases food intake compared to native peptide-YY(3-36) upon subcutaneous administration in male rats. Endocrinology 2015; 156:1739-49. [PMID: 25658456 PMCID: PMC4398759 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Challenges to peptide-based therapies include rapid clearance, ready degradation by hydrolysis/proteolysis, and poor intestinal uptake and/or a need for blood brain barrier transport. This work evaluates the efficacy of conjugation of vitamin B12 (B12) on sc administered peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY)(3-36) function. In the current experiments, a B12-PYY(3-36) conjugate was tested against native PYY(3-36), and an inactive conjugate B12-PYYC36 (null control) in vitro and in vivo. In vitro experiments demonstrated similar agonism for the neuropeptide Y2 receptor by the B12-PYY(3-36) conjugate (EC50 26.5 nM) compared with native PYY(3-36) (EC50 16.0 nM), with the null control having an EC50 of 1.8 μM. In vivo experiments were performed in young adult male Sprague Dawley rats (9 wk). Daily treatments were delivered sc in five 1-hour pulses, each pulse delivering 5-10 nmol/kg, by implanted microinfusion pumps. Increases in hindbrain Fos expression were comparable 90 minutes after B12-PYY(3-36) or PYY3-36 injection relative to saline or B12-PYYC36. Food intake was reduced during a 5-day treatment for both B12-PYY(3-36)- (24%, P = .001) and PYY(3-36)-(13%, P = .008) treated groups relative to baseline. In addition, reduction of food intake after the three dark cycle treatment pulses was more consistent with B12-PYY(3-36) treatment (-26%, -29%, -27%) compared with the PYY(3-36) treatment (-3%, -21%, -16%), and B12-PYY(3-36) generated a significantly longer inhibition of food intake vs. PYY(3-36) treatment after the first two pulses (P = .041 and P = .036, respectively). These findings demonstrate a stronger, more consistent, and longer inhibition of food intake after the pulses of B12-PYY(3-36) conjugate compared with the native PYY(3-36).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Henry
- Department of Chemistry (K.E.H., R.M.B., R.P.D.), Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244; Center for Integrative Brain Research (C.T.E., C.L.R.), Division of Endocrinology, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101; Departments of Medicine (O.G.C., G.G.H., R.P.D.) and Pharmacology (G.G.H.), State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210; Research and Development Service (J.E.B.), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington 98108; Department of Medicine (J.E.B.), Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; and Division of Endocrinology (C.L.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
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12
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Di L. Strategic approaches to optimizing peptide ADME properties. AAPS J 2015; 17:134-43. [PMID: 25366889 PMCID: PMC4287298 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9687-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of peptide drugs is challenging but also quite rewarding. Five blockbuster peptide drugs are currently on the market, and six new peptides received first marketing approval as new molecular entities in 2012. Although peptides only represent 2% of the drug market, the market is growing twice as quickly and might soon occupy a larger niche. Natural peptides typically have poor absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties with rapid clearance, short half-life, low permeability, and sometimes low solubility. Strategies have been developed to improve peptide drugability through enhancing permeability, reducing proteolysis and renal clearance, and prolonging half-life. In vivo, in vitro, and in silico tools are available to evaluate ADME properties of peptides, and structural modification strategies are in place to improve peptide developability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA,
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13
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Scott RV, Tan TM, Bloom SR. Can Bayliss and Starling gut hormones cure a worldwide pandemic? J Physiol 2014; 592:5153-67. [PMID: 25217372 PMCID: PMC4262331 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.272955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bayliss and Starling first coined the term 'hormone' with reference to secretin, a substance they found that was produced by the gut, but released into the blood stream to act at a distance. The intestine is now known as the largest endocrine organ in the body, and it produces numerous hormones with a wide range of functions. These include controlling appetite and energy homeostasis. Obesity is one of the greatest health threats facing the world today. At present, the only successful treatment is surgery. Bariatric procedures such as the Roux-en-Y bypass work by elevating gut hormones that induce satiety. Significant research has gone into producing versions of these hormones that can be delivered therapeutically to treat obesity. This review looks at the role of gut hormones in obesity, and the development of gut hormone-derived obesity treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Scott
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - T M Tan
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - S R Bloom
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
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14
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Hunger M, Mutti E, Rieder A, Enders B, Nexo E, Kräutler B. Organometallic B12-DNA conjugate: synthesis, structure analysis, and studies of binding to human B12-transporter proteins. Chemistry 2014; 20:13103-7. [PMID: 25168390 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Design, synthesis, and structural characterization of a B12-octadecanucleotide are presented herein, a new organometallic B12-DNA conjugate. In such covalent conjugates, the natural B12 moiety may be a versatile vector for controlled in vivo delivery of oligonucleotides to cellular targets in humans and animals, through the endogenous B12 transport systems. Binding of the organometallic B12 octadecanucleotide to the three important human proteins of B12 transport was studied, to examine its structural suitability for the task of eventual in vivo oligonucleotide delivery. Binding was efficient with transcobalamin (TC), but not so efficient with the homologous glycoproteins intrinsic factor and haptocorrin. Binding of the B12 octadecanucleotide to TC suggests the capacity of the B12 moiety to serve as a natural vector for specific transport of single stranded, organometallic oligonucleotide loads from the blood stream into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Hunger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), Innrain 80/82, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck (Austria)
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15
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Holz GG, Leech CA, Chepurny OG. New insights concerning the molecular basis for defective glucoregulation in soluble adenylyl cyclase knockout mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:2593-600. [PMID: 24980705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently published findings indicate that a knockout (KO) of soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC, also known as AC-10) gene expression in mice leads to defective glucoregulation that is characterized by reduced pancreatic insulin secretion and reduced intraperitoneal glucose tolerance. Summarized here are current concepts regarding the molecular basis for this phenotype, with special emphasis on the potential role of sAC as a determinant of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Highlighted is new evidence that in pancreatic beta cells, oxidative glucose metabolism stimulates mitochondrial CO₂production that in turn generates bicarbonate ion (HCO(3)(-)). Since HCO(3)(-) binds to and directly stimulates the activity of sAC, we propose that glucose-stimulated cAMP production in beta cells is mediated not simply by transmembrane adenylyl cyclases (TMACs), but also by sAC. Based on evidence that sAC is expressed in mitochondria, there exists the possibility that beta-cell glucose metabolism is linked to mitochondrial cAMP production with consequent facilitation of oxidative phosphorylation. Since sAC is also expressed in the cytoplasm, sAC catalyzed cAMP production may activate cAMP sensors such as PKA and Epac2 to control ion channel function, intracellular Ca²⁺ handling, and Ca²⁺-dependent exocytosis. Thus, we propose that the existence of sAC in beta cells provides a new and unexpected explanation for previously reported actions of glucose metabolism to stimulate cAMP production. It seems possible that alterations of sAC activity might be of importance when evaluating new strategies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), or when evaluating why glucose metabolism fails to stimulate insulin secretion in patients diagnosed with T2DM. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The role of soluble adenylyl cyclase in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- George G Holz
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| | - Colin A Leech
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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16
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Li X, Yu M, Fan W, Gan Y, Hovgaard L, Yang M. Orally active-targeted drug delivery systems for proteins and peptides. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:1435-47. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.924500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Ikotun OF, Marquez BV, Fazen CH, Kahkoska AR, Doyle RP, Lapi SE. Investigation of a vitamin B12 conjugate as a PET imaging probe. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:1244-51. [PMID: 24753453 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201400048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient demand is a fundamental characteristic of rapidly proliferating cells. Vitamin B12 is vital for cell proliferation; thus neoplastic cells have an increased demand for this essential nutrient. In this study we exploited the vitamin B12 uptake pathway to probe the nutritional demand of proliferating cells with a radiolabeled B12 derivative in various preclinical tumor models. We describe the synthesis and biological evaluations of copper-64-labeled B12 -ethylenediamine-benzyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N''-triacetic acid (B12 -en-Bn-NOTA-(64) Cu), the first example of a B12 derivative for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Small-animal imaging and pharmacological evaluation show high tumor uptake ranging from 2.20 to 4.84% ID g(-1) at 6 h post-administration. Competition studies with excess native B12 resulted in a 95% decrease in tumor accumulation, indicating the specificity of this radiopharmaceutical for B12 endocytotic transport proteins. These results show that a vitamin B12 PET radiopharmaceutical has potential utility for non-invasive imaging of enhanced nutrient demand in proliferating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatayo F Ikotun
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd., Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, MO 63110 (USA), Fax: (+1) 315-362-4696
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Nadkarni P, Chepurny OG, Holz GG. Regulation of glucose homeostasis by GLP-1. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014. [PMID: 24373234 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800101-1.00002-8.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide (GLP-1) is a secreted peptide that acts as a key determinant of blood glucose homeostasis by virtue of its abilities to slow gastric emptying, to enhance pancreatic insulin secretion, and to suppress pancreatic glucagon secretion. GLP-1 is secreted from L cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa in response to a meal, and the blood glucose-lowering action of GLP-1 is terminated due to its enzymatic degradation by dipeptidyl-peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). Released GLP-1 activates enteric and autonomic reflexes while also circulating as an incretin hormone to control endocrine pancreas function. The GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is activated directly or indirectly by blood glucose-lowering agents currently in use for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). These therapeutic agents include GLP-1R agonists (exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, albiglutide, dulaglutide, and langlenatide) and DPP-IV inhibitors (sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, and alogliptin). Investigational agents for use in the treatment of T2DM include GPR119 and GPR40 receptor agonists that stimulate the release of GLP-1 from L cells. Summarized here is the role of GLP-1 to control blood glucose homeostasis, with special emphasis on the advantages and limitations of GLP-1-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Nadkarni
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA; Joslin Diabetes Center, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - George G Holz
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA; Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
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Nadkarni P, Chepurny OG, Holz GG. Regulation of glucose homeostasis by GLP-1. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 121:23-65. [PMID: 24373234 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800101-1.00002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide (GLP-1) is a secreted peptide that acts as a key determinant of blood glucose homeostasis by virtue of its abilities to slow gastric emptying, to enhance pancreatic insulin secretion, and to suppress pancreatic glucagon secretion. GLP-1 is secreted from L cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa in response to a meal, and the blood glucose-lowering action of GLP-1 is terminated due to its enzymatic degradation by dipeptidyl-peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). Released GLP-1 activates enteric and autonomic reflexes while also circulating as an incretin hormone to control endocrine pancreas function. The GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is activated directly or indirectly by blood glucose-lowering agents currently in use for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). These therapeutic agents include GLP-1R agonists (exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, albiglutide, dulaglutide, and langlenatide) and DPP-IV inhibitors (sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, and alogliptin). Investigational agents for use in the treatment of T2DM include GPR119 and GPR40 receptor agonists that stimulate the release of GLP-1 from L cells. Summarized here is the role of GLP-1 to control blood glucose homeostasis, with special emphasis on the advantages and limitations of GLP-1-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Nadkarni
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA; Joslin Diabetes Center, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - George G Holz
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA; Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
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A permeation enhancer for increasing transport of therapeutic macromolecules across the intestine. J Control Release 2013; 172:541-9. [PMID: 23680288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of therapeutic macromolecules is limited by the physiological limitations of the gastrointestinal tract including poor intestinal permeability, low pH and enzymatic activity. Several permeation enhancers have been proposed to enhance intestinal permeability of macromolecules; however their utility is often hindered by toxicity and limited potency. Here, we report on a novel permeation enhancer, Dimethyl palmitoyl ammonio propanesulfonate (PPS), with excellent enhancement potential and minimal toxicity. PPS was tested for dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity, delivery of two model fluorescent molecules, sulforhodamine-B and FITC-insulin in vitro, and absorption enhancement of salmon calcitonin (sCT) in vivo. Caco-2 studies revealed that PPS is an effective enhancer of macromolecular transport while being minimally toxic. TEER measurements in Caco-2 monolayers confirmed the reversibility of the effect of PPS. Confocal microscopy studies revealed that molecules permeate via both paracellular and transcellular pathways in the presence of PPS. In vivo studies in rats showed that PPS enhanced relative bioavailability of sCT by 45-fold after intestinal administration. Histological studies showed that PPS does not induce damage to the intestine. PPS is an excellent permeation enhancer which provides new opportunities for developing efficacious oral/intestinal delivery systems for therapeutic macromolecules.
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Kurcoń S, Proinsias KÓ, Gryko D. Cobryketone Derived from Vitamin B12via Palladium-Catalyzed Cleavage of the sp3–sp3 Carbon–Carbon Bond. J Org Chem 2013; 78:4115-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4004629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwester Kurcoń
- Institute of Organic Chemistry PAS, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Keith ó Proinsias
- Institute of Organic Chemistry PAS, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry PAS, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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Oral GLP-1 Modulators for the Treatment of Diabetes. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417150-3.00009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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