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Itani MI, Farah B, Wasvary M, Wadehra A, Wilson T, Rutledge B, Naylor P, Beal EW, Mutchnick M. Impact of DAA Treatment for HCV on Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Predominately African American Population. J Gastrointest Cancer 2024; 55:1324-1332. [PMID: 38972941 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-024-01076-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study tested the hypothesis that our predominately AA medical center population would demonstrate a decline in HCV-driven HCC diagnosis following the initiation of DAA treatment in 2014. Also evaluated was whether achieving an SVR prior to diagnosis of HCC improved outcomes in patients who had an HCV diagnosis after completion of treatment. METHODS All patients with HCC seen at the Detroit Medical Center from 2009 to 2021 were identified using ICD-10 codes, and medical records were evaluated. Outcomes were evaluated as either alive or death/hospice as of December of 2022. RESULTS There were 461 patients with HCC of whom 433 (94%) had racial information in the database (AA = 351; non-AA = 82). HCC incidence regardless of race peaked in 2017, with a subsequent decline through 2021. HCV as a risk factor was higher in AA as compared to non-AA (85% vs. 53% p = 0.0001). Outcome (alive vs. death/hospice) was better for SVR patients compared to untreated patients (54% vs. 19%; p = 0.0009). HCC patients who achieved SVR also had better liver function at diagnosis as defined by Child-Pugh score (74% vs. 49% Class A p = 0.04) at the time of diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Racial disparity in HCC etiology was confirmed with AA more likely to have HCV than non-AA. The reduction in HCC patients with HCV confirms the impact of DAA treatment and prior successful treatment of HCV yields better outcomes. Increasing HCV treatment rates especially in AA patients will have a major impact on HCC development and treatment outcomes. WHAT IS KNOWN • African Americans are more likely to have HCV infection as compared to non-AA. • Hepatocellular carcinoma is increasing in incidence in the US. • The role of HCV in the development of HCC remains to be further investigated. WHAT IS NEW • HCC diagnosis in a single urban medical center study increased from 2009 as a result of HCV as a risk factor. • HCC declined post 2018 due primarily to a reduction in HCV infection as the risk factor. • African Americans were more likely to have HCV as the risk factor as compared to non-AA patients who were more likely to have no known risk factor on record (i.e., cryptogenic).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad I Itani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Bassem Farah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Margaret Wasvary
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Anshu Wadehra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Tj Wilson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Brian Rutledge
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Paul Naylor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Eliza W Beal
- Departments of Surgery and Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Milton Mutchnick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
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Gordan JD, Kennedy EB, Abou-Alfa GK, Beal E, Finn RS, Gade TP, Goff L, Gupta S, Guy J, Hoang HT, Iyer R, Jaiyesimi I, Jhawer M, Karippot A, Kaseb AO, Kelley RK, Kortmansky J, Leaf A, Remak WM, Sohal DPS, Taddei TH, Wilson Woods A, Yarchoan M, Rose MG. Systemic Therapy for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: ASCO Guideline Update. J Clin Oncol 2024; 42:1830-1850. [PMID: 38502889 DOI: 10.1200/jco.23.02745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To update an evidence-based guideline to assist in clinical decision-making for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS ASCO convened an Expert Panel to update the 2020 guideline on systemic therapy for HCC. The panel updated the systematic review to include randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published through October 2023 and updated recommendations. RESULTS Ten new RCTs met the inclusion criteria and were added to the evidence base. RECOMMENDATIONS Atezolizumab + bevacizumab (atezo + bev) or durvalumab + tremelimumab (durva + treme) may be offered first-line for patients with advanced HCC, Child-Pugh class A liver disease, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0-1. Where there are contraindications to these therapies, sorafenib, lenvatinib, or durvalumab may be offered first-line. Following first-line treatment with atezo + bev, second-line therapy with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), ramucirumab (for patients with alpha-fetoprotein [AFP] ≥400 ng/mL), durva + treme, or nivolumab + ipilimumab (nivo + ipi) may be recommended for appropriate candidates. Following first-line therapy with durva + treme, second-line therapy with a TKI is recommended. Following first-line treatment with sorafenib or lenvatinib, second-line therapy options include cabozantinib, regorafenib for patients who previously tolerated sorafenib, ramucirumab (AFP ≥400 ng/mL), nivo + ipi, or durvalumab; atezo + bev or durva + treme may be considered for patients who did not have access to these therapies in the first-line setting, and do not have contraindications. Pembrolizumab or nivolumab are also options for appropriate patients following sorafenib or lenvatinib. Third-line therapy may be considered in Child-Pugh class A patients with good PS, using one of the agents listed previously that has a nonidentical mechanism of action with previously received therapy. A cautious approach to systemic therapy is recommended for patients with Child-Pugh class B advanced HCC. Further guidance on choosing between options is included within the guideline.Additional information is available at www.asco.org/gastrointestinal-cancer-guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Gordan
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Ghassan K Abou-Alfa
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Medical College at Cornell University, New York, NY
- Trinity College Dublin Medical School, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Laura Goff
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | | | | | - Renuka Iyer
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
| | | | | | | | | | - R Kate Kelley
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Andrea Leaf
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY
| | - William M Remak
- California Hepatitis C Task Force, California Chronic Care Coalition, FAIR Foundation, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Tamar H Taddei
- Yale University School of Medicine and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | | | | | - Michal G Rose
- Yale Cancer Center and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
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Burden of liver cancer mortality by county, race, and ethnicity in the USA, 2000-19: a systematic analysis of health disparities. Lancet Public Health 2024; 9:e186-e198. [PMID: 38429018 PMCID: PMC10986755 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(24)00002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding how specific populations are affected by liver cancer is important for identifying priorities, policies, and interventions to mitigate health risks and reduce disparities. This study aims to provide comprehensive analysis of rates and trends in liver cancer mortality for different racial and ethnic populations in the USA nationally and at the county level from 2000 to 2019. METHODS We applied small-area estimation methods to death registration data from the US National Vital Statistics System and population data from the US National Center for Health Statistics to estimate liver cancer mortality rates by county, racial and ethnic population, and year (2000-19) in the USA. Race and ethnicity were categorised as non-Latino and non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native (AIAN), non-Latino and non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander (Asian), non-Latino and non-Hispanic Black (Black), Latino or Hispanic (Latino), and non-Latino and non-Hispanic White (White). Estimates were adjusted using published misclassification ratios to correct for inaccuracies in race or ethnicity as recorded on death certificates, and then age-standardised. Mortality rate estimates are presented for all county and racial and ethnic population combinations with a mean annual population greater than 1000. FINDINGS Nationally, the age-standardised liver cancer mortality rate increased between the years 2000 (4·2 deaths per 100 000 population [95% uncertainty interval 4·1-4·3]) and 2016 (6·0 per 100 000 [5·9-6·1]), followed by a stabilisation in rates from 2016 to 2019 (6·1 per 100 000 [6·0-6·2]). Similar trends were observed across the AIAN, Black, Latino, and White populations, whereas the Asian population showed an overall decrease across the 20-year study period. Qualitatively similar trends were observed in most counties; however, the mortality rate and the rate of change varied substantially across counties, both within and across racial and ethnic populations. For the 2016-19 period, mortality continued to increase at a substantial rate in some counties even while it stabilised nationally. Nationally, the White population had the lowest mortality rate in all years, while the racial and ethnic population with the highest rate changed from the Asian population in 2000 to the AIAN population in 2019. Racial and ethnic disparities were substantial: in 2019, mortality was highest in the AIAN population (10·5 deaths per 100 000 [9·1-12·0]), notably lower for the Asian (7·5 per 100 000 [7·1-7·9]), Black (7·6 per 100 000 [7·3-7·8]), and Latino (7·7 per 100 000 [7·5-8·0]) populations, and lowest for the White population (5·5 [5·4-5·6]). These racial and ethnic disparities in mortality were prevalent throughout the country: in 2019, mortality was higher in minoritised racial and ethnic populations than in the White population living in the same county in 408 (87·7%) of 465 counties with unmasked estimates for the AIAN population, 604 (90·6%) of 667 counties for the Asian population, 1207 (81·2%) of 1486 counties for the Black population, and 1073 (73·0%) of 1469 counties for the Latino population. INTERPRETATION Although the plateau in liver cancer mortality rates in recent years is encouraging, mortality remains too high in many locations throughout the USA, particularly for minoritised racial and ethnic populations. Addressing population-specific risk factors and differences in access to quality health care is essential for decreasing the burden and disparities in liver cancer mortality across racial and ethnic populations and locations. FUNDING US National Institutes of Health (Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Intramural Research Program, National Cancer Institute; National Institute on Aging; National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases; Office of Disease Prevention; and Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research).
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Park JE, Nguyen VH, Tsai PC, Toyoda H, Leong J, Guy JE, Yeh ML, Huang CF, Yasuda S, Abe H, Hsu YC, Tseng CH, Liu J, Chen YL, Lin PY, Jun DW, Yoshimaru Y, Ogawa E, Ishigami M, Enomoto M, Tamori A, Uojima H, Wang XZ, Xu Q, Takahashi H, Eguchi Y, Inoue K, Huang DQ, Zhao WJ, Chuang WL, Dai CY, Huang JF, Barnett S, Maeda M, Cheung R, Landis C, Tanaka Y, Roberts LR, Schwartz ME, Kumada T, Yu ML, Nguyen MH. Racial and ethnic disparities in untreated patients with hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma but not in those with sustained virologic response. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2024; 59:742-751. [PMID: 38173278 DOI: 10.1111/apt.17863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racial and ethnic disparities exist for hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) survival. AIM To evaluate the impact of HCV treatment on such disparities. METHODS In a retrospective cohort study, we analysed 6069 patients with HCV-related HCC (54.2% Asian, 30.1% White, 8.5% Black, and 7.3% Hispanic) from centres in the United States and Asia. RESULTS The mean age was 61, 60, 59 and 68, respectively, for White, Black, Hispanic and Asian patients. Black patients were most likely to have Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage D, vascular invasion and distant metastasis (23% vs. 5%-15%, 20% vs. 10%-17% and 10% vs. 5%-7%, respectively; all p < 0.0001). Treatment rate with direct-acting antiviral agents (DAA) was 35.9% for Asian, 34.9% for White, 30.3% for Hispanic (30.3%), and 18.7% for Black patients (p < 0.0001). Among those untreated or without sustained virologic response (SVR), 10-year survival rates were 35.4, 27.5, 19.3 and 14.0, respectively, for Asian, Hispanic, White and Black patients (p < 0.0001). There were no statistically significant differences among those with SVR (p = 0.44). On multivariable analysis adjusted for relevant confounders, there was no statistically significant association between survival and being Hispanic (aHR: 0.68, p = 0.26) or Black (aHR: 1.18, p = 0.60) versus White. There was a significant association between being Asian American and survival (aHR: 0.24, p = 0.001; non-U.S. Asian: aHR: 0.66, p = 0.05), and for SVR (aHR: 0.30, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION DAA treatment rates were suboptimal. Racial and ethnic disparities resolved with HCV cure. Early diagnosis and improved access to HCV treatment is needed for all patients with HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Park
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Vy H Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pei-Chien Tsai
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, School of Medicine and Doctoral Program of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hidenori Toyoda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
| | - Jennifer Leong
- Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer E Guy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ming-Lun Yeh
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, School of Medicine and Doctoral Program of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Feng Huang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, School of Medicine and Doctoral Program of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Satoshi Yasuda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Abe
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shinmatsudo Central General Hospital, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Yao-Chun Hsu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, E-Da Cancer Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hao Tseng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, E-Da Cancer Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Joanne Liu
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yao-Li Chen
- Department of Surgery, Liver Transplantation Center, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Yi Lin
- Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Dae Won Jun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoko Yoshimaru
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Eiichi Ogawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ishigami
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaru Enomoto
- Department of Hepatology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tamori
- Department of Hepatology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruki Uojima
- Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Xiao Zhong Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Liver Center, Saga University Hospital, Saga, Japan
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Eguchi
- Liver Center, Saga University Hospital, Saga, Japan
- Locomedical General Institute, Locomedical Eguchi Hospital, Saga, Japan
| | - Kaori Inoue
- Liver Center, Saga University Hospital, Saga, Japan
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Daniel Q Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wen Jing Zhao
- Department of Hepatology, Hepatobiliary Disease Hospital of Jilin Province, Jilin, China
| | - Wan-Long Chuang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yen Dai
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, School of Medicine and Doctoral Program of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jee-Fu Huang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, School of Medicine and Doctoral Program of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Scott Barnett
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Mayumi Maeda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Ramsey Cheung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | | | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Lewis R Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Myron E Schwartz
- Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, New York, USA
| | - Takashi Kumada
- Department of Nursing, Gifu Kyoritsu University, Ogaki, Japan
| | - Ming-Lung Yu
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, School of Medicine and Doctoral Program of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mindie H Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA
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VoPham T, Cravero A, Feld LD, Green P, Feng Z, Berry K, Kim NJ, Vutien P, Mendoza JA, Ioannou GN. Associations of Race and Ethnicity with Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Decompensation, and Mortality in US Veterans with Cirrhosis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023; 32:1069-1078. [PMID: 37255388 PMCID: PMC10390887 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-22-1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among patients with cirrhosis, it remains unclear whether there are racial/ethnic differences in cirrhosis complications and mortality. We examined the associations between race/ethnicity and risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cirrhosis decompensation, and all-cause mortality overall and by cirrhosis etiology. METHODS US Veterans diagnosed with cirrhosis from 2001 to 2014 (n = 120,992), due to hepatitis C virus (HCV; n = 55,814), alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD; n = 36,323), hepatitis B virus (HBV; n = 1,972), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD; n = 17,789), or other (n = 9,094), were followed through 2020 for incident HCC (n = 10,242), cirrhosis decompensation (n = 27,887), and mortality (n = 81,441). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS Compared with non-Hispanic White patients, Hispanic patients had higher risk for HCC overall (aHR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.24-1.41) and by cirrhosis etiology, particularly for ALD- (aHR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.42-1.87) and NAFLD-cirrhosis (aHR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.41-2.20), whereas non-Hispanic Black patients had lower HCC risk in ALD- (aHR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.63-0.98) and NAFLD-cirrhosis (aHR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.33-0.89). Asian patients had higher HCC risk (aHR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.29-2.23), driven by HCV- and HBV-cirrhosis. Non-Hispanic Black patients had lower risk for cirrhosis decompensation overall (aHR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.68-0.74) and by cirrhosis etiology. There was lower risk for mortality among all other racial/ethnic groups compared with non-Hispanic White patients. CONCLUSIONS Race/ethnicity is an important predictor for risk of developing HCC, decompensation, and mortality. IMPACT Future research should examine factors underlying these racial/ethnic differences to inform prevention, screening, and treatment for patients with cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang VoPham
- Epidemiology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anne Cravero
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lauren D. Feld
- Division of Gastroenterology, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Pamela Green
- Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ziding Feng
- Biostatistics Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kristin Berry
- Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nicole J. Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Philip Vutien
- Division of Gastroenterology, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jason A. Mendoza
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Pediatrics and Nutritional Sciences Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - George N. Ioannou
- Epidemiology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
- Division of Gastroenterology, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Gordan JD, Keenan BP, Lim HC, Yarchoan M, Kelley RK. New Opportunities to Individualize Frontline Therapy in Advanced Stages of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Drugs 2023; 83:1091-1109. [PMID: 37402062 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-023-01907-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer death globally and is rising in incidence. Until recently, treatment options for patients with advanced stages of HCC have been limited to antiangiogenic therapies with modest improvements in overall survival. The emerging role of immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in oncology has led to a rapid expansion in treatment options and improvements in outcomes for patients with advanced stages of HCC. Recent clinical trials have shown meaningful survival improvement in patients treated with the combination of bevacizumab and atezolizumab, as well as with the combination of tremelimumab with durvalumab, resulting in regulatory approvals of these regimens as frontline therapy. Beyond improvements in overall survival, ICI-based combination regimens achieve higher rates of durable treatment response than multikinase inhibitors and have favorable side effect profiles. With the emergence of doublet anti-angiogenic and immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) and dual ICI combinations, individualized therapy is now possible for patients based on co-morbidity profiles and other factors. These more potent systemic therapies are also being tested in earlier stages of disease and in combination with loco-regional therapies such as trans-arterial chemoembolization and stereotactic body radiotherapy. We summarize these advances and emerging therapeutic combinations currently in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Gordan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Bridget P Keenan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Cancer Immunotherapy Program, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Huat Chye Lim
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Yarchoan
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R Katie Kelley
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Cancer Immunotherapy Program, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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7
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Kim NJ, Cravero A, VoPham T, Vutien P, Carr R, Issaka RB, Johnston J, McMahon B, Mera J, Ioannou GN. Addressing racial and ethnic disparities in US liver cancer care. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e00190. [PMID: 37347221 PMCID: PMC10289716 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
HCC, the most common form of primary liver cancer, is the fastest rising cause of cancer-related death in the United States. HCC disproportionately affects racial and ethnic minorities in the United States. A practical framework is needed to organize the complex patient, provider, health system, and societal factors that drive these racial and ethnic disparities. In this narrative review, we adapted and applied the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) Research Framework to the HCC care continuum, as a step toward better understanding and addressing existing HCC-related disparities. We first summarize the literature on HCC-related disparities by race and ethnicity organized by the framework's 5 domains (biological, behavioral, physical/built environment, sociocultural environment, and health care system) and 4 levels (individual, interpersonal, community, and societal) of influence. We then offer strategies to guide future research initiatives toward promotion of health equity in HCC care. Clinicians and researchers may help mitigate further inequities and better address racial and ethnic disparities in HCC care by prioritizing the following in HCC research: (1) increasing racial and ethnic minority representation, (2) collecting and reporting HCC-related data by racial and ethnic subgroups, (3) assessing the patient experience of HCC care by race and ethnicity, and (4) evaluating HCC-specific social determinants of health by race and ethnicity. These 4 priorities will help inform the development of future programs and interventions that are tailored to the unique experiences of each racial and ethnic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J. Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anne Cravero
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Trang VoPham
- Epidemiology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Philip Vutien
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rotonya Carr
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rachel B. Issaka
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Janet Johnston
- Liver Disease and Hepatitis Program, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, Alaska
| | - Brian McMahon
- Liver Disease and Hepatitis Program, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, Alaska
| | - Jorge Mera
- Cherokee Nation Health Services, Tahlequah, Oklahoma
| | - George N. Ioannou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
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8
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Jean K, Tawheed A, Luong Nguyen LB, Heikal T, Eldaly U, Elhadidy N, Elghaieb A, Aboudonia A, Tondeur L, Dublineau A, Fontanet A, El-Kassas M. Changes in Presentation, Treatment, and Survival of Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Damietta, Egypt, 2007-2019: A Retrospective Monocentric Cohort Study. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2023; 10:99-111. [PMID: 36721637 PMCID: PMC9884455 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s391511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We aimed to assess temporal changes in the presentation and survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the northern Egypt region, one of the regions reporting the highest incidence of the disease globally. Methods We conducted a monocentric retrospective study. Patients presenting at the Damietta Oncology referral center between 2007 and 2019 with a diagnosed HCC were eligible. Individual, clinical and tumor characteristics at HCC diagnosis, including the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging, were retrieved from medical files and patients' final vital status was ascertained by combining various data sources. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on diagnosis period: pre- and post-2014. Survival was analysed based on Kaplan-Meier curves and differences in restricted mean survival time (RMST). Results Data from 5097 patients (among 5210 eligible, 97.8%) were analyzed. We observed a significant trend toward HCC diagnosed at earlier stage in the post- vs pre-2014 period (BCLC stage 0/A or B: 37.2% vs 27.1%, p<10-3). Overall patient's survival after the HCC diagnosis was poor, with a median of 8.1 months. The BCLC staging system performed well in predicting survival. Despite a trend toward HCC diagnosed at earlier stages, we did not observe a significant improvement in survival over time. Overall, treatments offered in this medical center were in line with international guidelines, and 16.1% of the patients who received a curative treatment had an improved survival (30.7 months in median). However, HCC recurrence was frequent among patients cured for HCC, with a median time to recurrence of 22 months. Discussion Overall survival after HCC diagnosis in Egypt remains poor but is significantly improved by curative therapy. Despite a trend toward earlier diagnosis of HCC, we did not observe a general improvement in survival over time, which remains to be clearly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Jean
- Laboratoire MESuRS, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, Paris, France,Unité PACRI, Institut Pasteur, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, Paris, France,Correspondence: Kévin Jean, Laboratoire MESuRS, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, 292 rue Saint Martin, Paris, 75003, France, Email
| | - Ahmed Tawheed
- Endemic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Liem Binh Luong Nguyen
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Tarek Heikal
- Medical Oncology Department, Damietta Oncology Center, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Usama Eldaly
- Medical Oncology Department, Damietta Oncology Center, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Neveen Elhadidy
- Pharmaceutical Services Department, Damietta Oncology Center, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elghaieb
- Radiology Department, Damietta Oncology Center, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Aboudonia
- Radiology Department, Damietta Oncology Center, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Laura Tondeur
- Laboratoire MESuRS, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, Paris, France
| | - Amélie Dublineau
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Fontanet
- Unité PACRI, Institut Pasteur, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, Paris, France,Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Mohamed El-Kassas
- Endemic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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9
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Shannon AH, Ruff SM, Pawlik TM. Expert Insights on Current Treatments for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Clinical and Molecular Approaches and Bottlenecks to Progress. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2022; 9:1247-1261. [PMID: 36514693 PMCID: PMC9741819 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s383922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary liver tumor that typically occurs in the setting of chronic liver disease/cirrhosis. Treatment modalities for HCC have evolved and given the variety of treatment options, a multi-disciplinary approach requiring input from surgical, medical, and radiation oncology, hepatology, and interventional radiology is necessary. Multiple advances have been made over the last decade regarding treatment of HCC, especially advanced disease. Resection and transplantation remain as cornerstone curative-intent treatment options. For patients who are not candidates for curative-intent therapy, exciting progress has been made in molecular and cellular approaches to systemic therapy for HCC including immunotherapies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Although the prognosis for advanced HCC remains poor, the armamentarium of therapies has increased, and valuable years of life can be gained with these therapies. While the main therapeutic modality for early-stage disease remains resection, multimodal immunotherapy has emerged as first-line treatment for advanced disease. We herein review different clinical and molecular treatment modalities related to the treatment of HCC, as well as provide insights into future directions for HCC treatment. We highlight how research and progress are needed to move into a new era of molecular and cellular treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Shannon
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Samantha M Ruff
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Timothy M Pawlik
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA,Correspondence: Timothy M Pawlik, Department of Surgery, The Urban Meyer III and Shelley Meyer Chair for Cancer Research, Professor of Surgery, Oncology, Health Services Management and Policy, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 395 W. 12th Ave., Suite 670, Columbus, OH, USA, Tel +1 614 293 8701, Fax +1 614 293 4063, Email
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10
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Wong RJ, Jayasekera C, Jones P, Kanwal F, Singal AG, Ahmed A, Taglienti R, Younossi Z, Kulik L, Mehta N. An Open-Access, Interactive Decision-Support Tool to Facilitate Guideline-Driven Care for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Gastroenterology Res 2022; 15:297-307. [PMID: 36660470 PMCID: PMC9822660 DOI: 10.14740/gr1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing in incidence and is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Adherence to HCC surveillance guidelines and appropriate treatment triage of liver lesions may improve receipt of curative-intent treatment and improved survival. Late-stage HCC diagnosis reflects sub-optimal implementation of effective HCC surveillance, whereas inappropriate treatment triage or linkage to care accounts for the non-receipt of curative-intent in close to half of early-stage HCC in the USA. A free, open-access decision-support tool for liver lesions that incorporates current guideline recommendations in a user-friendly interface could improve appropriate and timely triage of patients to appropriate care. This review provides a summary of gaps and disparities in linkage to HCC care and introduces a free, internet-based, interactive decision-support tool for managing liver lesions. This tool has been developed by the HCC Steering Committee of the Chronic Liver Disease Foundation and is targeted toward clinicians across specialties who may encounter liver lesions during routine care or as part of dedicated HCC surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Wong
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA,Corresponding Author: Robert J. Wong, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | | | | | - Fasiha Kanwal
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amit G. Singal
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Aijaz Ahmed
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Neil Mehta
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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11
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Ruffolo LI, Zambrano D, Dale BS, Nimmagadda SV, Hack M, Gaba H, Belt BA, Burchard PR, LanzDuret-Hernandez JM, Dokus MK, Aponte JP, Tomiyama K, Nair A, Pineda-Solis K, Hernandez-Alejandro R. Inferior Survival Is Associated With Socioeconomic Deprivation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Surg Res 2022; 279:228-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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12
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The closing survival gap after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. HPB (Oxford) 2022; 24:1994-2005. [PMID: 35981946 DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Socio-economic inequalities among different racial/ethnic groups have increased in many high-income countries. It is unclear, however, whether increasing socio-economic inequalities are associated with increasing differences in survival in liver transplant (LT) recipients. METHODS Adults undergoing first time LT for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) between 2002 and 2017 recorded in the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) were included and grouped into three cohorts. Patient survival and graft survival stratified by race/ethnicity were compared among the cohorts using unadjusted and adjusted analyses. RESULTS White/Caucasians comprised the largest group (n=9,006, 64.9%), followed by Hispanic/Latinos (n=2,018, 14.5%), Black/African Americans (n=1,379, 9.9%), Asians (n=1,265, 9.1%) and other ethnic/racial groups (n=188, 1.3%). Compared to Cohort I (2002-2007), the 5-year survival of Cohort III (2012-2017) increased by 18% for Black/African Americans, by 13% for Whites/Caucasians, by 10% for Hispanic/Latinos, by 9% for patients of other racial/ethnic groups and by 8% for Asians (All P values<0.05). Despite Black/African Americans experienced the highest survival improvement, their overall outcomes remained significantly lower than other ethnic∕racial groups (adjusted HR for death=1.20; 95%CI 1.05-1.36; P=0.005; adjusted HR for graft loss=1.21; 95%CI 1.08-1.37; P=0.002). CONCLUSION The survival gap between Black/African Americans and other ethnic/racial groups undergoing LT for HCC has significantly decreased over time. However, Black/African Americans continue to have the lowest survival among all racial/ethnic groups.
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13
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Rusu I, Pirlog R, Chiroi P, Nutu A, Puia VR, Fetti AC, Rusu DR, Berindan-Neagoe I, Al Hajjar N. The Implications of Noncoding RNAs in the Evolution and Progression of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)-Related HCC. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12370. [PMID: 36293225 PMCID: PMC9603983 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent liver pathology worldwide. Meanwhile, liver cancer represents the sixth most common malignancy, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as the primary, most prevalent subtype. Due to the rising incidence of metabolic disorders, NAFLD has become one of the main contributing factors to HCC development. However, although NAFLD might account for about a fourth of HCC cases, there is currently a significant gap in HCC surveillance protocols regarding noncirrhotic NAFLD patients, so the majority of NAFLD-related HCC cases were diagnosed in late stages when survival chances are minimal. However, in the past decade, the focus in cancer genomics has shifted towards the noncoding part of the genome, especially on the microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which have proved to be involved in the regulation of several malignant processes. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge regarding some of the main dysregulated, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and their implications for NAFLD and HCC development. A central focus of the review is on miRNA and lncRNAs that can influence the progression of NAFLD towards HCC and how they can be used as potential screening tools and future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Rusu
- Department of Pathology, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- 3rd Department of General Surgery, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400186 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Radu Pirlog
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Paul Chiroi
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andreea Nutu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vlad Radu Puia
- 3rd Department of General Surgery, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400186 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Surgery, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alin Cornel Fetti
- 3rd Department of General Surgery, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400186 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Surgery, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daniel Radu Rusu
- Department of Pathology, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Nadim Al Hajjar
- 3rd Department of General Surgery, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400186 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Surgery, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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14
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Mohamed EA, Giama NH, Abdalla AO, Shaleh HM, Oseini AM, Ali HA, Ahmed F, Taha W, Ahmed Mohammed H, Cvinar J, Waaeys IA, Ali H, Allotey LK, Ali AO, Mohamed SA, Harmsen WS, Ahmmad EM, Bajwa NA, Afgarshe MD, Shire AM, Balls-Berry JE, Roberts LR. High prevalence of chronic viral hepatitis B and C in Minnesota Somalis contributes to rising hepatocellular carcinoma incidence. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:5217-5229. [PMID: 36188718 PMCID: PMC9516675 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i35.5217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are known risk factors for liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There is substantial global variation in HBV and HCV prevalence resulting in variations in cirrhosis and HCC. We previously reported high prevalence of HBV and HCV infections in Somali immigrants seen at an academic medical center in Minnesota. AIM To determine the prevalence of chronic viral hepatitis in Somali immigrants in Minnesota through a community-based screening program. METHODS We conducted a prospective community-based participatory research study in the Somali community in Minnesota in partnership with community advisory boards, community clinics and local mosques between November 2010 and December 2015 (data was analyzed in 2020). Serum was tested for hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B core antibody, hepatitis B surface antibody and anti-HCV antibody. RESULTS Of 779 participants, 15.4% tested positive for chronic HBV infection, 50.2% for prior exposure to HBV and 7.6% for chronic HCV infection. Calculated age-adjusted frequencies in males and females for chronic HBV were 12.5% and 11.6%; for prior exposure to HBV were 44.8% and 41.3%; and for chronic HCV were 6.7% and 5.7%, respectively. Seven participants developed incident HCC during follow up. CONCLUSION Chronic HBV and HCV are major risk factors for liver disease and HCC among Somali immigrants, with prevalence of both infections substantially higher than in the general United States population. Community-based screening is essential for identifying and providing health education and linkage to care for diagnosed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essa A Mohamed
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Nasra H Giama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
- School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Abubaker O Abdalla
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Hassan M Shaleh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Abdul M Oseini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Hamdi A Ali
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Fowsiyo Ahmed
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Wesam Taha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing, NY 11355, United States
| | - Hager Ahmed Mohammed
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, United States
| | - Jessica Cvinar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Ibrahim A Waaeys
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Hawa Ali
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Loretta K Allotey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Abdiwahab O Ali
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Safra A Mohamed
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - William S Harmsen
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Eimad M Ahmmad
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Numra A Bajwa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Mohamud D Afgarshe
- Department of Medicine, Gargar Urgent Care and Clinic, Minneapolis, MN 55406, United States
| | - Abdirashid M Shire
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
- Office of the Director, Shire Scientific, Minneapolis, MN 55405, United States
| | - Joyce E Balls-Berry
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63130, United States
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - Lewis R Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
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15
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Lee RM, Darby R, Medin CR, Haser GC, Mason MC, Miller LS, Staley CA, Maithel SK, Russell MC. Implementation of a Hepatocellular Carcinoma Screening Program for At-risk Patients Safety-Net Hospital: A Model for National Dissemination. Ann Surg 2022; 276:545-553. [PMID: 35837969 PMCID: PMC9675906 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000005582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to enhance hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) screening to achieve earlier diagnosis of patients with hepatitis C (HCV) cirrhosis in our Safety-Net population. BACKGROUND Adherence to HCC screening guidelines at Safety-Net hospitals is poor. Only 23% of patients with HCC at our health system had a screening exam within 1-year of diagnosis and 46% presented with stage IV disease. HCV-induced cirrhosis remains the most common etiology of HCC (75%) in our patients. METHODS In the setting of an established HCV treatment clinic, an HCC screening quality improvement initiative was initiated for patients with stage 3 fibrosis or cirrhosis by transient elastography. The program consisted of semiannual imaging. Navigators scheduled imaging appointments and tracked compliance. RESULTS From April 2018 to April 2021, 318 patients were enrolled (mean age 61 years, 81% Black race, 38% uninsured). Adherence to screening was higher than previously reported: 94%, 75%, and 74% of patients completed their first, second, and third imaging tests. Twenty-two patients (7%) were diagnosed with HCC; 55% stage I and 14% stage IV. All patients were referred and 13 (59%) received treatment. Median time to receipt of treatment was 77 days (range, 32-282). Median overall survival for treated patients was 32 months. CONCLUSIONS Implementation of an HCC screening program at a safety-net hospital is feasible and facilitated earlier diagnosis in this study. Patient navigation and tracking completion of imaging tests were key components of the program's success. Next steps include expanding the program to additional at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Lee
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Rapheisha Darby
- Grady Liver Clinic, Primary Care Centers, Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA
| | - Caroline R Medin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Grace C Haser
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Meredith C Mason
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lesley S Miller
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Charles A Staley
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Shishir K Maithel
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Maria C Russell
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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16
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Vidal AC, Moylan CA, Wilder J, Grant DJ, Murphy SK, Hoyo C. Racial disparities in liver cancer: Evidence for a role of environmental contaminants and the epigenome. Front Oncol 2022; 12:959852. [PMID: 36072796 PMCID: PMC9441658 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.959852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer incidence has tripled since the early 1980s, making this disease one of the fastest rising types of cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In the US, incidence varies by geographic location and race, with the highest incidence in the southwestern and southeastern states and among racial minorities such as Hispanic and Black individuals. Prognosis is also poorer among these populations. The observed ethnic disparities do not fully reflect differences in the prevalence of risk factors, e.g., for cirrhosis that may progress to liver cancer or from genetic predisposition. Likely substantial contributors to risk are environmental factors, including chemical and non-chemical stressors; yet, the paucity of mechanistic insights impedes prevention efforts. Here, we review the current literature and evaluate challenges to reducing liver cancer disparities. We also discuss the hypothesis that epigenetic mediators may provide biomarkers for early detection to support interventions that reduce disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana C. Vidal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Cynthia A. Moylan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Julius Wilder
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Delores J. Grant
- Department of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Susan K. Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Research, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Cathrine Hoyo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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The Emerging Roles of circSMARCA5 in Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:3015818. [PMID: 35712125 PMCID: PMC9197613 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3015818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Circular RNAs have a unique covalent closed-loop structure, which is mainly formed by the reverse splicing of exons from a precursor mRNA. With the development of key technologies such as high-throughput sequencing and the advancement of bioinformatics in recent years, our understanding of circular RNAs has become increasingly more detailed, and their abnormal expression in a variety of cancers has attracted increasing attention. Studies have shown that circSNARCA5 not only plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of cancer but may also serve as a reliable indicator for tumor screening or a good marker for evaluating cancer prognosis. Nevertheless, there are no reviews focusing on the relationship between circSMARCA5 and cancer. Therefore, we will first explain the main biological characteristics of circSMARCA5, such as biogenesis and biological effects. Then, the focus will be on its role and significance in cancer. Finally, we will summarize the known information on circSMARCA5 in cancer and discuss future research prospects.
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18
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Gutierrez JA, Bresnahan LZ, Rios E, Wanchoo P, San Valentin A, Fisher ME. Closing the disparity gap and optimizing advanced hepatocellular carcinoma care in the hispanic community. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2022; 19:239-243. [PMID: 35795623 PMCID: PMC9248928 DOI: 10.1002/cld.1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Content available: Author Interview and Audio Recording.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A. Gutierrez
- Transplant HepatologistCenter for Organ and Cell TransplantScripps ClinicScripps MD Anderson Cancer CenterSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
- ProSciento, Inc.Chula VistaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Leticia Z. Bresnahan
- Continuing EducationUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Elena Rios
- National Hispanic Medical AssociationWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Priya Wanchoo
- Educational Strategy and Collaborative PartnershipsHaymarket Medical EducationParamusNew JerseyUSA
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19
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Are MELD and MELDNa Still Reliable Tools to Predict Mortality on the Liver Transplant Waiting List? Transplantation 2022; 106:2122-2136. [PMID: 35594480 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the only curative treatment for end-stage liver disease. Unfortunately, the scarcity of donor organs and the increasing pool of potential recipients limit access to this life-saving procedure. Allocation should account for medical and ethical factors, ensuring equal access to transplantation regardless of recipient's gender, race, religion, or income. Based on their short-term prognosis prediction, model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) and MELD sodium (MELDNa) have been widely used to prioritize patients on the waiting list for liver transplantation resulting in a significant decrease in waiting list mortality/removal. Recent concern has been raised regarding the prognostic accuracy of MELD and MELDNa due, in part, to changes in recipients' profile such as body mass index, comorbidities, and general condition, including nutritional status and cause of liver disease, among others. This review aims to provide a comprehensive view of the current state of MELD and MELDNa advantages and limitations and promising alternatives. Finally, it will explore future options to increase the donor pool and improve donor-recipient matching.
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20
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Chang TS, Hsu NT, Chen SC, Hsu IL, Lee MH, Lu SN. Non-B, Non-C Hepatocellular Carcinoma in an HBV- and HCV-Endemic Area: A Community-Based Prospective Longitudinal Study. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050984. [PMID: 35632726 PMCID: PMC9145519 DOI: 10.3390/v14050984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A large community cohort of adults who participated in a health screening program from 2003 to 2013 were prospectively analyzed for the risk factors of non-B, non-C (NBNC) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The serostatus of hepatitis B and C of 52,642 participants was linked to the mortality and cancer registration data of the Health and Welfare Data Science Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan. During a median follow-up of 6 years, 35 of the 43,545 participants who were negative for both HBsAg and anti-HCV antibody developed HCC. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that old age (hazard ratio, 95% CI: 1.058, 1.019−1.098, p = 0.003); male sex (2.446, 1.200−4.985, p = 0.014); high aspartate aminotransferase levels (6.816, 2.945−15.779, p < 0.001); fibrosis index based on four factor score (1.262, 1.154−1.381, p < 0.001); blood sugar (1.009, 1.002−1.015, p = 0.006); and alpha-fetoprotein ≥15 ng/mL (143.938, 43.094−480.760, p < 0.001) were independent risk factors for HCC. By contrast, triglyceride >150 mg/dL was associated with a decreased risk of HCC (0.216, 0.074−0.625, p = 0.005). This prospective community-based study provided insights into the potential HCC risk factors which may shed some light in HCC prevention and screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Sheng Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Division of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613016, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Tzu Hsu
- Biostatistics Center of Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833253, Taiwan;
| | - Shu-Chuan Chen
- Public Health Bureau, Tainan City Government, Tainan 701017, Taiwan; (S.-C.C.); (I.-L.H.)
| | - I-Lin Hsu
- Public Health Bureau, Tainan City Government, Tainan 701017, Taiwan; (S.-C.C.); (I.-L.H.)
| | - Mei-Hsuan Lee
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-H.L.); (S.-N.L.); Tel.: +886-2-28267248 (M.-H.L.); +886-7-7317123 (ext.6156) (S.-N.L.)
| | - Sheng-Nan Lu
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Division of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-H.L.); (S.-N.L.); Tel.: +886-2-28267248 (M.-H.L.); +886-7-7317123 (ext.6156) (S.-N.L.)
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21
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Fejerman L, Ramirez AG, Nápoles AM, Gomez SL, Stern MC. Cancer Epidemiology in Hispanic Populations: What Have We Learned and Where Do We Need to Make Progress? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022; 31:932-941. [PMID: 35247883 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hispanic/Latino(x) population (H/L) in the United States of America is heterogeneous and fast growing. Cancer is the number one cause of death among H/Ls, accounting for 21% of deaths. Whereas for the most common cancers, incidence rates are lower in H/Ls compared with non-H/L White (NHW) individuals, H/Ls have a higher incidence of liver, stomach, cervical, penile, and gallbladder cancers. H/L patients tend to be diagnosed at more advanced stages for breast, colorectal, prostate, and lung cancers, and melanoma compared with NHW individuals. Etiologic and cancer outcomes research among H/Ls lags other populations. In this review, we provide a summary of challenges, opportunities, and research priorities related to cancer etiology, cancer outcomes, and survivorship to make progress in addressing scientific gaps. Briefly, we prioritize the need for more research on determinants of obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its progression to liver cancer, stomach and gallbladder cancers, and pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. We emphasize the need to improve cancer screening, early detection of cancer, and survivorship care. We highlight critical resources needed to make progress in cancer epidemiologic studies among H/L populations, including the importance of training the next generation of cancer epidemiologists conducting research in H/Ls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fejerman
- Department of Public Health Sciences, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Amelie G Ramirez
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Anna María Nápoles
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Scarlett Lin Gomez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Mariana C Stern
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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22
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Wagle NS, Park S, Washburn D, Ohsfeldt RL, Rich NE, Singal AG, Kum H. Racial, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Disparities in Curative Treatment Receipt and Survival in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:1186-1197. [PMID: 34796703 PMCID: PMC9035560 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) disproportionately affects racial, ethnic, and low socioeconomic status (SES) populations. However, the interaction between race, ethnicity, and neighborhood SES in HCC prognosis is not well explored. This study evaluates the interaction between race and ethnicity and neighborhood SES on curative treatment utilization and overall survival among patients with HCC in the United States. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 13,874 patients aged ≥65 years diagnosed with HCC from 2001 through 2015 using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Medicare-linked database. We performed multivariable logistic regression to examine the association between race, ethnicity, and curative treatment receipt across SES. We also evaluated the association between curative treatment receipt and overall survival using a Cox proportional hazards model. Among 13,874 patients, only 2,617 (18.9%) patients received curative treatment. Overall, Black patients had lower odds of receiving curative treatment than White patients (odds ratio [OR], 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64-0.91). When stratified by neighborhood SES, Black patients living in high-poverty neighborhoods had lower odds of curative treatment receipt (OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.49-0.84) and worse survival (hazard ratio, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.02-1.25). Conversely, Hispanic and Asian patients had similar curative treatment receipt compared to White patients across all socioeconomic levels. Conclusion: Disparities in curative treatment receipt and overall survival are pronounced between Black and White patients. Black-White disparities appear to be moderated by neighborhood SES and are particularly evident among those living in high-poverty neighborhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Sandeep Wagle
- Population Informatics LabTexas A&M School of Public HealthCollege StationTXUSA
- Department of Health Policy and ManagementTexas A&M School of Public HealthCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Sulki Park
- Population Informatics LabTexas A&M School of Public HealthCollege StationTXUSA
- Department of Industrial and Systems EngineeringTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - David Washburn
- Population Informatics LabTexas A&M School of Public HealthCollege StationTXUSA
- Department of Health Policy and ManagementTexas A&M School of Public HealthCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Robert L. Ohsfeldt
- Population Informatics LabTexas A&M School of Public HealthCollege StationTXUSA
- Department of Health Policy and ManagementTexas A&M School of Public HealthCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Nicole E. Rich
- Division of Digestive and Liver DiseasesUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
| | - Amit G. Singal
- Division of Digestive and Liver DiseasesUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
| | - Hye‐Chung Kum
- Population Informatics LabTexas A&M School of Public HealthCollege StationTXUSA
- Department of Health Policy and ManagementTexas A&M School of Public HealthCollege StationTXUSA
- Department of Industrial and Systems EngineeringTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
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23
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Shiels MS, O’Brien TR. Declining US Hepatocellular Carcinoma Rates, 2014-2017. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20:e330-e334. [PMID: 33549870 PMCID: PMC8333245 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver cancer is a prominent cause of cancer death in the United States.1 Rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common histologic subtype,2 increased for decades,3 until recent years when rates flattened,4 and then potentially declined. Previously, we reported that US HCC rates in 2016 were 4% lower than 20155; however, it was unclear from those data whether that finding reflected a true downward trend. Here, we examine HCC rates through 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith S. Shiels
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Thomas R. O’Brien
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
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24
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A scoring model predicting overall survival for hepatocellular carcinoma patients who receive surgery and chemotherapy. Indian J Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12262-021-03224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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25
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Woolen SA, Singal AG, Davenport MS, Troost JP, Khalatbari S, Mittal S, Siddiqui S, Fobar A, Morris J, Odewole M, Tapper EB, Pillai A, Parikh ND. Patient Preferences for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Surveillance Parameters. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20:204-215.e6. [PMID: 33618022 PMCID: PMC9150784 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Professional societies recommend abdominal ultrasound (US) with or without alpha fetoprotein (AFP) for hepatocellular cancer (HCC) surveillance; however, there are several emerging surveillance modalities, including abbreviated MRI and blood-based biomarker panels. Most studies have focused on provider perspectives for surveillance logistics, but few have assessed patient preferences. We aimed to measure preferences among patients with cirrhosis regarding HCC surveillance modalities. METHODS We conducted a choice-based conjoint survey to patients with cirrhosis at four institutions. Participants were provided 15 scenarios in which they were asked to choose surveillance modalities based on five test attributes: benefits, i.e. sensitivity for early HCC (range: 35-95%), physical harm, i.e. false positives requiring additional testing (range: 10-40%), financial harm, i.e. out-of-pocket costs (range: $10-100), test logistics and convenience, i.e. duration of testing (range: 10-60 min). Hierarchical Bayes discrete choice conjoint analysis was used to derive attribute importance, and preference shares were determined by simulation. RESULTS In total 91% (182/199) of approached patients consented to participate in the study and 98% (n=179) successfully completed the survey. Surveillance benefits (importance: 51.3%, 95%CI: 49.0-53.4%) were valued more than risk of physical harm (importance: 7.6%, 95%CI 7.0-8.2%), financial harm (importance: 15.2%, 95%CI 14.0-16.3%), convenience (importance: 9.3%, 95%CI 8.5-10.1%) and test logistics (importance: 16.7%, 95%CI 15.4-18.1%). Based on simulations including all possible tests, patients preferred abbreviated MRI (29.0%), MRI (23.3%), or novel blood-based biomarkers (20.9%) to ultrasound alone (3.4%) or with AFP (8.8%). CONCLUSIONS Patients with cirrhosis prioritize early HCC detection over potential surveillance-related harms or inconvenience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A. Woolen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Amit G. Singal
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas,North American Liver Cancer Consortium
| | - Matthew S. Davenport
- Department of Radiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Urology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jonathan P. Troost
- Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shokoufeh Khalatbari
- Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sukul Mittal
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sehar Siddiqui
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Austin Fobar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jason Morris
- Center for Liver Disease, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mobolaji Odewole
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Elliot B. Tapper
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Anjana Pillai
- North American Liver Cancer Consortium,Center for Liver Disease, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Neehar D. Parikh
- North American Liver Cancer Consortium,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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26
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Malespin M, May EJ, Nephew LD, Paul S, McCary A, Kilaru S, Mukhtar NA, Hassan MA, Brady CW. AASLD Deepens Commitment to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion. Hepatology 2021; 74:2216-2225. [PMID: 34028073 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lauren D Nephew
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Sonali Paul
- Section of Gastroenterology Center for Liver Diseases, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Alexis McCary
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mid-Atlantic Permanente Medical Group, Upper Marlboro, MD
| | - Saikiran Kilaru
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Nizar A Mukhtar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kaiser Permanente San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Mohamed A Hassan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Carla W Brady
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, NC
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Clinical Presentation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in African Americans vs. Caucasians: A Retrospective Analysis. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2021; 28:387-399. [PMID: 35366282 PMCID: PMC8830457 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology28030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains an important form of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in the U.S. and worldwide. Previous U.S.-based studies on survival suggest ethnic disparities in HCC patients, but the complex interplay of multiple factors that contribute are still incompletely understood. Here we considered the influences of risk factors contributing towards HCC survival, including ethnic background, over ten years at a premier academic medical center with a majority (57.20%) African American (AA) population. Retrospective HCC data were collected from 2008–2018 at LSUHSC-Shreveport, an urban tertiary medical center. Data included demographics, comorbidities, liver disease characteristics, and tumor parameters. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi Square and one-way ANOVA. Results: 229 HCC patients were identified (male 78.6%). The mean HCC age at diagnosis was 61 years (SD = 7.3). Compared to non-Hispanic Caucasians (42.7%), AA patients (57.2% of total) were older at presentation, had more frequent diabetes/dyslipidemia/NAFLD (45 (34.3%) compared with 19 (19.3%) in non-Hispanic Caucasians, p = 0.02), and had a larger HCC burden at diagnosis. We conclude that compared to white patients, despite having similar BMI and MELD scores and rates of portal vein thrombosis, AA patients with HCC in our cohort were older at presentation, had a significantly increased incidence of modifiable metabolic risk factors including diabetes, higher AFP values, increased incidence of gallstones, and larger sized HCCs, and were more likely to be outside Milan criteria. These findings have important prognostic and diagnostic implications for developing a more targeted HCC surveillance program.
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Muhimpundu S, Conway RBN, Warren Andersen S, Lipworth L, Steinwandel MD, Blot WJ, Shu XO, Sudenga SL. Racial Differences in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Incidence and Risk Factors among a Low Socioeconomic Population. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153710. [PMID: 34359611 PMCID: PMC8345125 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Liver cancer incidence in the United States is higher among African Americans compared to White Americans. The determinants of racial disparities in liver cancer incidence are not clear. Using data from White and African Americans from low socioeconomic backgrounds, we compared the prevalence of known liver cancer risk factors by race and assessed factors associated with liver cancer incidence. Understanding liver cancer risk differences can assist prevention strategies that target people at high risk, potentially based on risk factors that differ by race. Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine differences in risk factors associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among White and African Americans from low socioeconomic backgrounds in the Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS). The SCCS is a prospective cohort study with participants from the southeastern US. HCC incidence rates were calculated. Multivariable Cox regression was used to calculate HCC-adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) associated with known baseline HCC risk factors for White and African Americans, separately. There were 294 incident HCC. The incidence rate ratio for HCC was higher (IRR = 1.4, 95%CI: 1.1–1.9) in African Americans compared to White Americans. White Americans saw a stronger association between self-reported hepatitis C virus (aHR = 19.24, 95%CI: 10.58–35.00) and diabetes (aHR = 3.55, 95%CI: 1.96–6.43) for the development of HCC compared to African Americans (aHR = 7.73, 95%CI: 5.71–10.47 and aHR = 1.48, 95%CI: 1.06–2.06, respectively) even though the prevalence of these risk factors was similar between races. Smoking (aHR = 2.91, 95%CI: 1.87–4.52) and heavy alcohol consumption (aHR = 1.59, 95%CI: 1.19–2.11) were significantly associated with HCC risk among African Americans only. In this large prospective cohort, we observed racial differences in HCC incidence and risk factors associated with HCC among White and African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Muhimpundu
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (S.M.); (L.L.); (W.J.B.); (X.-O.S.)
| | - Rebecca Baqiyyah N. Conway
- School of Community and Rural Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA;
- American Academy of Epidemiology, Inc., Tyler, TX 75701, USA
| | - Shaneda Warren Andersen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- Cancer Prevention and Control, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Loren Lipworth
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (S.M.); (L.L.); (W.J.B.); (X.-O.S.)
| | | | - William J. Blot
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (S.M.); (L.L.); (W.J.B.); (X.-O.S.)
- International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA;
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (S.M.); (L.L.); (W.J.B.); (X.-O.S.)
| | - Staci L. Sudenga
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (S.M.); (L.L.); (W.J.B.); (X.-O.S.)
- Correspondence:
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29
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Barzi A, Zhou K, Wang S, Dodge JL, El-Khoueiry A, Setiawan VW. Etiology and Outcomes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in an Ethnically Diverse Population: The Multiethnic Cohort. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3476. [PMID: 34298690 PMCID: PMC8305188 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS HCC incidence varies by race/ethnicity. We characterized racial differences in underlying etiology, presentation, and survival in the linkage of Multiethnic Cohort Study with SEER and Medicare claims. METHODS HCC characteristics, treatment, and underlying etiology in participants were obtained. Deaths were ascertained using state death certificates and the National Death Index. Risk factors were collected via questionnaires. Cox models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for death. RESULTS Among 359 cases, the average age at diagnosis was 75.1. The most common etiology was hepatitis C (HCV) (33%), followed by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (31%), and different by ethnicity (p < 0.0001). African Americans (AA) (59.5%) and Latinos (40.6%) were more likely to be diagnosed with HCV-related HCC. In Japanese Americans (33.1%), Native Hawaiians (39.1%), and whites (34.8%), NAFLD was the most common etiology. Receipt of treatment varied across ethnic groups (p = 0.0005); AA had the highest proportion of no treatment (50.0%), followed by Latinos (45.3%), vs. whites (15.2%). HCC (72.2%) was the most common cause of death. In a multivariate analysis, AA (HR = 1.87; 95% CI: 1.06-3.28) had significantly higher mortality compared to whites. CONCLUSIONS We found significant ethnic differences in HCC underlying etiology, receipt of treatment, and outcome. The findings are important for reducing disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Barzi
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
| | - Kali Zhou
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (K.Z.); (J.L.D.)
| | - Songren Wang
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;
| | - Jennifer L. Dodge
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (K.Z.); (J.L.D.)
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;
| | - Anthony El-Khoueiry
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;
| | - Veronica Wendy Setiawan
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (K.Z.); (J.L.D.)
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;
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Saung MT, Pelosof L, Casak S, Donoghue M, Lemery S, Yuan M, Rodriguez L, Schotland P, Chuk M, Davis G, Goldberg KB, Theoret MR, Pazdur R, Fashoyin-Aje L. FDA Approval Summary: Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab for the Treatment of Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Previously Treated with Sorafenib. Oncologist 2021; 26:797-806. [PMID: 33973307 DOI: 10.1002/onco.13819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
On March 10, 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted accelerated approval to nivolumab in combination with ipilimumab for the treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) previously treated with sorafenib. The recommended approved dosage was nivolumab 1 mg/kg i.v. plus ipilimumab 3 mg/kg i.v. every 3 weeks for four cycles, followed by nivolumab 240 mg i.v. every 2 weeks. The approval was based on data from cohort 4 of CheckMate 040, which randomized patients with advanced unresectable or metastatic HCC previously treated with or who were intolerant to sorafenib to receive one of three different dosing regimens of nivolumab in combination with ipilimumab. Investigator-assessed overall response rate (ORR) was the primary endpoint, and ORR assessed by blinded independent central review (BICR) was an exploratory endpoint. BICR-assessed ORR and duration of response (DoR) form the primary basis of the FDA's regulatory decision, and BICR-assessed ORR was comparable in all three arms at 31%-32% with 95% confidence interval [CI] 18%-47%. The DoR ranged from 17.5 to 22.2 months across the three arms, with overlapping 95% CIs. Adverse events (AEs) were generally consistent with the known AE profiles of nivolumab and ipilimumab, and no new safety events were identified. This article summarizes the FDA review of the data supporting the approval of nivolumab and ipilimumab for the treatment of HCC. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Nivolumab and ipilimumab combination therapy is another option for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma who experience radiographic progression during or after sorafenib or sorafenib intolerance. No new toxicities were identified, but, as expected, increased toxicity was observed with the addition of ipilimumab to nivolumab as compared with nivolumab alone, which is also approved for the same indication. Whether to administer nivolumab as a single agent or in combination with ipilimumab is expected to be a joint decision between the oncologist and patient, taking into consideration the potential for a higher likelihood of response and the potentially higher rate of toxicity with the combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Tun Saung
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Lorraine Pelosof
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Sandra Casak
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Martha Donoghue
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven Lemery
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Oncology Center of Excellence, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Mengdie Yuan
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Lisa Rodriguez
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter Schotland
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Meredith Chuk
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Gina Davis
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kirsten B Goldberg
- Oncology Center of Excellence, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Marc R Theoret
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Oncology Center of Excellence, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard Pazdur
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Oncology Center of Excellence, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Lola Fashoyin-Aje
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Kronenfeld JP, Ryon EL, Goldberg D, Lee RM, Yopp A, Wang A, Lee AY, Luu S, Hsu C, Silberfein E, Russell MC, Merchant NB, Goel N. Survival inequity in vulnerable populations with early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: a United States safety-net collaborative analysis. HPB (Oxford) 2021; 23:868-876. [PMID: 33487553 PMCID: PMC8205960 DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2020.11.1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Access to health insurance and curative interventions [surgery/liver-directed-therapy (LDT)] affects survival for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this multi-institutional study of high-volume safety-net hospitals (SNHs) and their tertiary-academic-centers (AC) was to identify the impact of type/lack of insurance on survival disparities across hospitals, particularly SNHs whose mission is to minimize insurance related access-to-care barriers for vulnerable populations. METHODS Early-stage HCC patients (2012-2014) from the US Safety-Net Collaborative were propensity-score matched by treatment at SNH/AC. Overall survival (OS) was the primary outcome. Multivariable Cox proportional-hazard analysis was performed accounting for sociodemographic/clinical parameters. RESULTS Among 925 patients, those with no insurance (NI) had decreased curative surgery, compared to those with government insurance (GI) and private insurance [PI, (PI-SNH:60.5% vs. GI-SNH:33.1% vs. NI-SNH:13.6%, p < 0.001)], and decreased median OS (PI-SNH:32.1 vs. GI-SNH:22.8 vs. NI-SNH:9.4 months, p = 0.002). On multivariable regression controlling for sociodemographic/clinical parameters, NI-SNH (HR:2.5, 95% CI:1.3-4.9, p = 0.007) was the only insurance type/hospital system combination with significantly worse OS. CONCLUSION NI-SNH patients received less curative treatment than other insurance/hospitals types suggesting that treatment barriers, beyond access-to-care, need to be identified and addressed to achieve survival equity in early-stage HCC for vulnerable populations (NI-SNH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Kronenfeld
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th Street, Suite 410, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Emily L Ryon
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th Street, Suite 410, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - David Goldberg
- Division of Digestive Health and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1475 NW 12th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Rachel M Lee
- Winship Cancer Institute, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Emory University, 1365-C Clifton Road NE Atlanta, 30322, Georgia
| | - Adam Yopp
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, 2201 Inwood Rd 3rd Floor Suite 500, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Annie Wang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, NYU Langone Health, 160 East 34th Street, 3rd Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ann Y Lee
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, NYU Langone Health, 160 East 34th Street, 3rd Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Sommer Luu
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Cary Hsu
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Eric Silberfein
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Maria C Russell
- Winship Cancer Institute, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Emory University, 1365-C Clifton Road NE Atlanta, 30322, Georgia
| | - Nipun B Merchant
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th Street, Suite 410, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Neha Goel
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th Street, Suite 410, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Nephew LD, Serper M. Racial, Gender, and Socioeconomic Disparities in Liver Transplantation. Liver Transpl 2021; 27:900-912. [PMID: 33492795 DOI: 10.1002/lt.25996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplantation (LT) is a life-saving therapy; therefore, equitable distribution of this scarce resource is of paramount importance. We searched contemporary literature on racial, gender, and socioeconomic disparities across the LT care cascade in referral, waitlist practices, allocation, and post-LT care. We subsequently identified gaps in the literature and future research priorities. Studies found that racial and ethnic minorities (Black and Hispanic patients) have lower rates of LT referral, more advanced liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma at diagnosis, and are less likely to undergo living donor LT (LDLT). Gender-based disparities were observed in waitlist mortality and LT allocation. Women have lower LT rates after waitlisting, with size mismatch accounting for much of the disparity. Medicaid insurance has been associated with higher rates of chronic liver disease and poor waitlist outcomes. After LT, some studies found lower overall survival among Black compared with White recipients. Studies have also shown lower literacy and limited educational attainment were associated with increased posttransplant complications and lower use of digital technology. However, there are notable gaps in the literature on disparities in LT. Detailed population-based estimates of the advanced liver disease burden and LT referral and evaluation practices, including for LDLT, are lacking. Similarly, little is known about LT disparities worldwide. Evidence-based strategies to improve access to care and reduce disparities have not been comprehensively identified. Prospective registries and alternative "real-world" databases can provide more detailed information on disease burden and clinical practices. Modeling and simulation studies can identify ways to reduce gender disparities attributed to size or inaccurate estimation of renal function. Mixed-methods studies and clinical trials should be conducted to reduce care disparities across the transplant continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren D Nephew
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Marina Serper
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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Asemota J, Oladunjoye O, Babalola A, Nwosu U, Liu PHS, Oladunjoye AO, Castro-Webb N, Miksad RA. Comparison of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Patients. Cureus 2021; 13:e14884. [PMID: 34104609 PMCID: PMC8180179 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fastest growing cancer in the United States. Studies have shown that compared to Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics have a higher HCC incidence and mortality rate. Most studies investigating HCC in Hispanics have been conducted utilizing data largely from the Western and Southern United States. These findings may, however, not be highly representative of Hispanics in the Northeast, given the nonhomogenous distribution and diversity of Hispanics across the United States. METHODS Some 148 HCC patients diagnosed between 1996 and 2012 were identified from a tertiary center in the northeastern United States. Hispanic patients were randomly matched to non-Hispanic White patients by year of diagnosis. Patient characteristics, HCC risk factors, treatment, and outcome were recorded. A Kaplan-Meier (KM) plot with log-rank tests was used for survival analysis. RESULTS Compared to non-Hispanic White patients (n=89), Hispanic HCC patients (n=59) were more likely to have chronic hepatitis C infection (69.5% vs. 38.2%, p < 0.01), alcoholic liver disease (37.3% vs. 21.4%, p = 0.04) and were less likely to have chronic hepatitis B infection (6.8% vs. 24.7%, p = 0.01), and private insurance (37.3% vs. 57.3%, p = 0.02). Hispanics were more likely to be diagnosed with an earlier stage disease (Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer, BCLC stages A and B) compared to non-Hispanic patients (71.7% vs. 36.8%, p < 0.01) and were more likely to receive locoregional treatment. Although Hispanics trended towards improved overall survival, this finding did not hold when stratified by the BCLC stage. CONCLUSION Risk factors for HCC in the northeastern Hispanic population are like those found among Hispanics in other US regions. Other research suggests Hispanics are at increased risk for hepatic injury and HCC. However, HCC in this northeastern Hispanic population appears to be less aggressive (earlier stage and trend towards better overall survival) than non-Hispanics. Further research may be needed to identify potential differences by ethnic group for HCC risk factors, presentation, and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Asemota
- Internal Medicine, Howard University Hospital, Washington DC, USA
- Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Clinical Anatomy, St. George's University School of Medicine, True Blue, GRD
| | - Olubunmi Oladunjoye
- Internal Medicine, Tower Health-Reading Hospital, West Reading, USA
- Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Atinuke Babalola
- Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Ugonna Nwosu
- Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Po-Hong S Liu
- Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
- Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | | | - Nelsy Castro-Webb
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
- Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Rebecca A Miksad
- Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
- Oncology, Flatiron Health, New York, USA
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Toy M, Hutton D, Harris AM, Nelson N, Salomon JA, So S. Cost-Effectiveness of One-Time Universal Screening for Chronic Hepatitis B Infection in Adults in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 74:210-217. [PMID: 33956937 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An estimated 862,000 to 2.4 million people have chronic hepatitis B infection (CHB). Left undiagnosed and untreated CHB increases risk of death from liver cirrhosis or liver cancer. Hepatitis B screening is recommended for pregnant women and populations with increased CHB risk, but diagnosis rates remain low with only 33% of people with CHB aware of their infection.. This study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of universal adult screening for CHB. METHODS We used a Markov model to calculate the costs, population health impact and cost-effectiveness of one-time universal screening and CHB monitoring and treatment compared to current practice. Sensitivity analysis was performed on model parameters to identify thresholds for cost-savings or cost-effectiveness based on willinness-to-pay of $50,000/QALY . The analysis assumed testing would be performed during routine healthcare visits, and generic tenofovir or entecavir would be dispensed for treatment. Testing costs were based on Medicare reimbursement rates. RESULTS At an estimated 0.24% prevalence of undiagnosed CHB, universal HBsAg screening in adults 18-69 years old is cost-saving compared with current practice if antiviral treatment drug costs remain below $894 per year. Compared with current practice, universal screening would avert an additional 7.4 cases of compensated cirrhosis, 3.3 cases of decompensated cirrhosis, 5.5 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, 1.9 liver transplants, and 10.3 HBV related deaths at a savings of $263,000 per 100,000 adults screened. CONCLUSION Universal HBsAg screening of adults in the US general population for CHB is cost-effective and likely cost-saving compared to current CHB screening recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehlika Toy
- Asian Liver Center, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - David Hutton
- Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Harbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Aaron M Harris
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Noele Nelson
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joshua A Salomon
- Center for Health Policy/Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, California, USA
| | - Samuel So
- Asian Liver Center, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
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Gordan JD, Kennedy EB, Abou-Alfa GK, Beg MS, Brower ST, Gade TP, Goff L, Gupta S, Guy J, Harris WP, Iyer R, Jaiyesimi I, Jhawer M, Karippot A, Kaseb AO, Kelley RK, Knox JJ, Kortmansky J, Leaf A, Remak WM, Shroff RT, Sohal DPS, Taddei TH, Venepalli NK, Wilson A, Zhu AX, Rose MG. Systemic Therapy for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: ASCO Guideline. J Clin Oncol 2020; 38:4317-4345. [PMID: 33197225 DOI: 10.1200/jco.20.02672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop an evidence-based clinical practice guideline to assist in clinical decision making for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS ASCO convened an Expert Panel to conduct a systematic review of published phase III randomized controlled trials (2007-2020) on systemic therapy for advanced HCC and provide recommended care options for this patient population. RESULTS Nine phase III randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria. RECOMMENDATIONS Atezolizumab + bevacizumab (atezo + bev) may be offered as first-line treatment of most patients with advanced HCC, Child-Pugh class A liver disease, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG PS) 0-1, and following management of esophageal varices, when present, according to institutional guidelines. Where there are contraindications to atezolizumab and/or bevacizumab, tyrosine kinase inhibitors sorafenib or lenvatinib may be offered as first-line treatment of patients with advanced HCC, Child-Pugh class A liver disease, and ECOG PS 0-1. Following first-line treatment with atezo + bev, and until better data are available, second-line therapy with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor may be recommended for appropriate candidates. Following first-line therapy with sorafenib or lenvatinib, second-line therapy options for appropriate candidates include cabozantinib, regorafenib for patients who previously tolerated sorafenib, or ramucirumab (for patients with α-fetoprotein ≥ 400 ng/mL), or atezo + bev where patients did not have access to this option as first-line therapy. Pembrolizumab or nivolumab are also reasonable options for appropriate patients following sorafenib or lenvatinib. Consideration of nivolumab + ipilimumab as an option for second-line therapy and third-line therapy is discussed. Further guidance on choosing between therapy options is included within the guideline. Additional information is available at www.asco.org/gastrointestinal-cancer-guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Gordan
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Ghassan K Abou-Alfa
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Medical College at Cornell University, New York, NY
| | | | - Steven T Brower
- Lefcourt Family Cancer Treatment and Wellness Center, Englewood, NJ
| | | | - Laura Goff
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | | | | | - Renuka Iyer
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
| | | | | | | | | | - R Kate Kelley
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | - Andrea Leaf
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY
| | - William M Remak
- California Hepatitis C Task Force, California Chronic Care Coalition, FAIR Foundation, San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | - Tamar H Taddei
- Yale University School of Medicine and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | | | - Andrea Wilson
- Blue Faery: The Adrienne Wilson Liver Cancer Association, Birmingham, AL
| | - Andrew X Zhu
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Michal G Rose
- Yale Cancer Center and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
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Sempokuya T, Wien EA, Pattison RJ, Ma J, Wong LL. Factors associated with 5-year survival of combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma. World J Hepatol 2020; 12:1020-1030. [PMID: 33312426 PMCID: PMC7701962 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v12.i11.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma (HCC/CC) is a rare primary hepatic malignancy which carries a poor prognosis due to its aggressive nature. Few centers have enough cases to draw definitive conclusions and there is limited understanding of prognosis. Given the rarity of HCC/CC, an analysis of large national cancer database was needed to obtain larger number of HCC/CC cases.
AIM To identify associated factors for 5-year survival of HCC/CC.
METHODS We conducted a retrospective study of The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database obtained from SEER*Stat 8.3.6 software. Previously defined histology code 8180 for the International Classification of Disease for Oncology, 3rd edition was used to identify HCC/CC cases from 2004 to 2015. We collected demographics, American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage, treatment, tumor size, and survival data. These data were converted to categorical variables. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test was used to assess normal distribution. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare continuous variables without normal distribution, and t-test was used to compare continuous variables with a normal distribution. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve analyzed 5-year survival. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze factors associated with 5-year survival. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression was done on 5-year survival. We defined P < 0.05 was statistically significant.
RESULTS We identified 497 patients with the following characteristics: Mean age 62.4 years (SD: 11.3), 149 (30.0%) were female, racial distribution was: 276 (55.5%) white, 53 (10.7%) black, 84 (16.9%) Asian and Pacific Islander (API), 77 (15.5%) Hispanic, and 7 (1.4%) others or unknown. Stage I/II disease occurred in 41.5% and tumor size < 50 mm was seen in 35.6% of patients. Twenty-four (4.8%) received locoregional therapy (LRT), 119 (23.9%) underwent resection, and 50 (10.1%) underwent liver transplantation. The overall median survival was 6 mo [Interquartile range (IQR): 1-22]. After multivariate logistic regression, tumor size < 50 mm [Odds ratios (OR): 2.415, P = 0.05], resection (OR: 12.849, P < 0.01), and transplant (OR: 27.129, P < 0.01) showed significance for 5-year survival. Age > 60, sex, race, AJCC stages, metastasis, and LRT were not significant. However, API vs white showed significant OR of 2.793 (CI: 1.120-6.967). Cox proportional hazard regression showed AJCC stages, tumor size < 50 mm, LRT, resection, and transplant showed significant hazard ratio.
CONCLUSION HCC/CC patients with tumor size < 50 mm, resection, and transplant were associated with an increase in 5-year survival. API showed advantageous OR and hazard ratios over white, black.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Sempokuya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Eric A Wien
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States
| | - Robert J Pattison
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States
| | - Jihyun Ma
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Linda L Wong
- Department of Surgery, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96817, United States
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Understanding Gaps in the Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cascade of Care: Opportunities to Improve Hepatocellular Carcinoma Outcomes. J Clin Gastroenterol 2020; 54:850-856. [PMID: 33030855 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Existing studies have highlighted significant disparities in HCC outcomes, particularly among vulnerable populations, including ethnic minorities, safety-net populations, underinsured patients, and those with low socioeconomic status and high risk behaviors. The majority of these studies have focused on HCC surveillance. Although HCC surveillance is one of the most important first steps in HCC monitoring and management, it is only one step in the complex HCC cascade of care that evolves from surveillance to diagnosis and tumor staging that leads to access to HCC therapies. In this current review, we explore the disparities that exist along this complex HCC cascade of care and further highlight potential interventions that have been implemented to improve HCC outcomes. These interventions focus on patient, provider, and system level factors and provide a potential framework for health systems to implement quality improvement initiatives to improve HCC monitoring and management.
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Lee RM, Gamboa AC, Turgeon MK, Yopp A, Ryon EL, Kronenfeld JP, Goel N, Wang A, Lee AY, Luu S, Hsu C, Silberfein E, Maithel SK, Russell MC. Dissecting disease, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: An analysis from the United States Safety Net Collaborative. Surg Oncol 2020; 35:120-125. [PMID: 32871546 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities are assumed to negatively affect treatment and outcomes for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our aim was to investigate the interaction of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic factors with stage of disease and type of treatment facility in receipt of treatment and overall survival (OS) of patients with HCC. METHODS All patients with primary HCC in the US Safety-Net Collaborative database (2012-2014) were included. Patients were categorized into "safety-net" or "tertiary referral center" based on where they received treatment. Socioeconomic factors were determined at the zip-code level and included median income and percent of adults who graduated from high-school. Primary outcomes were receipt of treatment and OS. RESULTS On MV Cox regression, neither race/ethnicity, median income, nor care provided at a SNH were associated with decreased OS (all p > 0.05). Independent predictors of decreased OS included lack of insurance (HR 1.34), less educational attainment (HR 1.59) higher MELD score (HR 1.07), higher stage at diagnosis (II:HR 1.34, III:HR 2.87, IV:HR 3.23), and not receiving treatment (HR 3.94) (all p < 0.05). Factors associated with not receiving treatment included history of alcohol abuse (OR 0.682), increasing MELD (OR 0.874), higher stage at diagnosis (III: OR 0.234, IV: OR 0.210) and care at a safety net facility (OR 0.424) There were no racial/ethnic or socioeconomic disparities in receipt of treatment. CONCLUSIONS There is no intrinsic or direct association of race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, or being treated at select safety-net hospitals with worse outcomes. Poor liver function, no insurance, and advanced stage of presentation are the main determinants of not receiving treatment and decreased survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Lee
- Winship Cancer Institute, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Adriana C Gamboa
- Winship Cancer Institute, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael K Turgeon
- Winship Cancer Institute, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adam Yopp
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Emily L Ryon
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Joshua P Kronenfeld
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Neha Goel
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Annie Wang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ann Y Lee
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sommer Luu
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cary Hsu
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eric Silberfein
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shishir K Maithel
- Winship Cancer Institute, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maria C Russell
- Winship Cancer Institute, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Aly A, Ronnebaum S, Patel D, Doleh Y, Benavente F. Epidemiologic, humanistic and economic burden of hepatocellular carcinoma in the USA: a systematic literature review. Hepat Oncol 2020; 7:HEP27. [PMID: 32774837 PMCID: PMC7399607 DOI: 10.2217/hep-2020-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To describe the epidemiologic, humanistic and economic burdens of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the USA. MATERIALS & METHODS Studies describing the epidemiology and economic burden from national cohorts, any economic models, or any humanistic burden studies published 2008-2018 were systematically searched. RESULTS HCC incidence was 9.5 per 100,000 person-years in most recent data, but was ∼100-times higher among patients with hepatitis/cirrhosis. Approximately a third of patients were diagnosed with advanced disease. Patients with HCC experienced poor quality of life. Direct costs were substantial and varied based on underlying demographics, disease stage and treatment received. Between 25-77% of patients did not receive surgical, locoregional or systemic treatment. CONCLUSION Better treatments are needed to extend survival and improve quality of life for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dipen Patel
- Pharmerit – an OPEN Health Company, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Ma L, Liu W, Xu A, Ji Q, Ma Y, Tai Y, Wang Y, Shen C, Liu Y, Wang T, Han J, Zhao C. Activator of thyroid and retinoid receptor increases sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma by facilitating the Warburg effect. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:2028-2040. [PMID: 32279388 PMCID: PMC7293092 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib resistance is a major challenge in the therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of HCC resistance to sorafenib remain unclear. Activator of thyroid and retinoid receptor (ACTR, also known as SRC‐3), overexpressed in HCC patients, plays an important oncogenic role in HCC; however, the link between ACTR and sorafenib resistance in HCC is unknown. Our study demonstrated that ACTR was one of the most upregulated genes in sorafenib‐resistant HCC xenografts. ACTR increases sorafenib resistance through regulation of the Warburg effect. ACTR promotes glycolysis through upregulation of glucose uptake, ATP and lactate production, and reduction of the extracellular acidification and the oxygen consumption rates. Glycolysis regulated by ACTR is vital for the susceptibility of HCC to sorafenib in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, ACTR knockout or knockdown decreases the expression of glycolytic enzymes. In HCC patients, ACTR expression is positively correlated with glycolytic gene expression and is associated with poorer outcome. Furthermore, ACTR interacts with the central regulator of the Warburg effect, c‐Myc, and promotes its recruitment to glycolytic gene promoters. Our findings provide new clues regarding the role of ACTR as a prospective sensitizing target for sorafenib therapy in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyuan Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenpeng Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - An Xu
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Quanbo Ji
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Yongfu Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Tai
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chuan Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Juqiang Han
- Department of Liver Disease, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Caiyan Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Disparities in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Surveillance: Dissecting the Roles of Patient, Provider, and Health System Factors. J Clin Gastroenterol 2020; 54:218-226. [PMID: 31913877 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide and remains one of the most rapidly rising cancers among the US adults. While overall HCC survival is poor, early diagnosis via timely and consistent implementation of routine HCC surveillance among at-risk individuals leads to earlier tumor stage at diagnosis, which is directly correlated with improved options for potentially curative therapies, translating into improved overall survival. Despite this well-established understanding of the benefits of HCC surveillance, surveillance among cirrhosis patients remains suboptimal in a variety of practice settings. While the exact reasons underlying the unacceptably low rates of routine HCC surveillance are complex, it likely reflects multifactorial contributions at the patient, provider, and health care system levels. Furthermore, these multilevel challenges affect ethnic minorities disproportionately, which is particularly concerning given that ethnic minorities already experience existing barriers in timely access to consistent medical care, and these populations are disproportionately affected by HCC burden in the United States. In this review, we provide an updated evaluation of the existing literature on rates of HCC surveillance in the United States. We specifically highlight the existing literature on the impact of patient-specific, provider-specific, and health care system-specific factors in contributing to challenges in effective implementation of HCC surveillance.
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Wan S, Nie Y, Zhu X. Development of a prognostic scoring model for predicting the survival of elderly patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8497. [PMID: 32117619 PMCID: PMC7006515 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The number of elderly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients is increasing, and precisely assessing of the prognosis of these patients is necessary. We developed a prognostic scoring model to predict survival in elderly HCC patients. Methods We extracted data from 4,076 patients ≥65 years old from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database and randomly divided them into training and validation groups. Cox regression analysis was used to screen for meaningful independent prognostic factors. The receiver operating characteristic curve reflected the model's discrimination power. Results Age, race, American Joint Committee on Cancer stage, degree of tumour differentiation, tumour size, alpha-fetoprotein and tumour therapy were independent prognostic factors for survival in elderly HCC patients. We developed a prognostic scoring model based on the seven meaningful variables to predict survival in elderly HCC patients. The AUCs of the model were 0.805 (95% CI [0.788-0.821]) and 0.788 (95% CI [0.759-0.816]) in the training and validation groups, respectively. We divided the patients into low-risk groups and high-risk groups according to the optimal cut-off value. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that in the training and validation groups, the survival rate of the low-risk group was significantly higher than that of the high-risk group (P < 0.001). Conclusion Based on a large population, we constructed a prognostic scoring model for predicting survival in elderly HCC patients. The model may provide a reference for clinicians for preoperative and postoperative evaluations of elderly HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhe Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuan Nie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xuan Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Adler Jaffe S, Myers O, Meisner ALW, Wiggins CL, Hill DA, McDougall JA. Relationship between Insurance Type at Diagnosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Survival. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:300-307. [PMID: 31796525 PMCID: PMC7992905 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-0902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For individuals with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), type of insurance may be an important prognostic factor because of its impact on access to care. This study investigates the relationship between insurance type at diagnosis and stage-specific survival. METHODS This retrospective cohort analysis used data from 18 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program cancer registries. Individuals ages 20 to 64 years, diagnosed with primary HCC between 2010 and 2015, with either private, Medicaid, or no insurance were eligible for cohort inclusion. Adjusted Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to generate HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between insurance type at diagnosis and overall survival. All models were stratified by stage at diagnosis. RESULTS This analysis included 14,655 cases. Compared with privately insured individuals with the same stage of disease, those with Medicaid had a 43% (HR = 1.43; 95% CI, 1.13-1.32), 22% (HR = 1.22; 95% CI, 1.13-1.32), and 7% higher risk of death for localized, regional, and distant stage, respectively. Uninsured individuals had an 88% (HR = 1.88; 95% CI, 1.65-2.14), 59% (HR = 1.59; 95% CI, 1.41-1.80), and 35% (HR = 1.35; 95% CI, 1.18-1.55) higher risk of death for localized, regional, and distant stage, respectively, compared with privately insured individuals. CONCLUSIONS Disparities in survival exist by the type of insurance that individuals with HCC have at the time of diagnosis. IMPACT These findings support the need for additional research on access to and quality of cancer care for Medicaid and uninsured patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Orrin Myers
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Angela L W Meisner
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- New Mexico Tumor Registry, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Charles L Wiggins
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- New Mexico Tumor Registry, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Deirdre A Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Jean A McDougall
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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Le VQ, Nguyen VH, Nguyen VH, Nguyen TL, Sudenga SL, Trinh LH, Nguyen VT, Nguyen TTH. Epidemiological Characteristics of Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the Northern Region of Vietnam. Cancer Control 2019; 26:1073274819862793. [PMID: 31290350 PMCID: PMC6620729 DOI: 10.1177/1073274819862793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Southern Vietnam has been well reported as in Globocan 2018 while data from the North has still not been fully presented. Therefore, we conducted this retrospective descriptive study on 198 advanced HCC patients treated at 3 major hospitals in Northern Vietnam to describe demographic features, HCC risk factors, and correlation among them in patients with advanced HCC. This information will lead to prevention efforts and provide information for allocating funds for treatment. The median age at diagnosis was 57 years (range: 19-86) and the male/female ratio was 8.9/1. The proportions of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection were 81.3% and 5.6%, respectively. Hepatitis C virus infection rate was significantly higher in patients <50 years old (12.5% vs 3.3%, P = .016). There was no significant difference in age or viral hepatitis infection status by gender. Only 7.6% of patients diagnosed with advanced HCC were asymptomatic. In conclusion, with the high rate of HBV infection among patients with advanced HCC, it is necessary for increasing prevention efforts in HBV screening. Furthermore, HCV infection should be noticed in patients with advanced HCC younger than 50 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Quang Le
- 1 Department of Oncology, Hanoi Medical University, Ton That Tung, Hanoi, Vietnam.,2 Department of Oncology and Palliative care, Hanoi Medical University Hospital, Ton That Tung, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Van Hieu Nguyen
- 1 Department of Oncology, Hanoi Medical University, Ton That Tung, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Van Hung Nguyen
- 1 Department of Oncology, Hanoi Medical University, Ton That Tung, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Long Nguyen
- 1 Department of Oncology, Hanoi Medical University, Ton That Tung, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Staci L Sudenga
- 3 Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Le Huy Trinh
- 1 Department of Oncology, Hanoi Medical University, Ton That Tung, Hanoi, Vietnam.,2 Department of Oncology and Palliative care, Hanoi Medical University Hospital, Ton That Tung, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Van Tung Nguyen
- 4 Department of General Medical Oncology, Quan Su Campus, Vietnam National Cancer Hospital, Quan Su, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thu Huong Nguyen
- 1 Department of Oncology, Hanoi Medical University, Ton That Tung, Hanoi, Vietnam.,4 Department of General Medical Oncology, Quan Su Campus, Vietnam National Cancer Hospital, Quan Su, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Rutledge B, Jan J, Benjaram S, Sahni N, Naylor P, Philip P, Ehrinpreis M, Mutchnick M. Racial Diversity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Predominately African-American Population at an Urban Medical Center. J Gastrointest Cancer 2019; 51:972-979. [PMID: 31792736 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-019-00342-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Surveillance, treatment, and outcomes for African-American (AA) populations with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain under evaluated. This study evaluated demographics, surveillance, therapy, and outcomes for a predominately AA population. METHODS The electronic medical records of a large health-care provider were used to identify 274 patients with visits for HCC between 2010 and 2017. Tumor size at diagnosis was defined by imaging with ≤ 5 cm being defined as "small." Surveillance for HCC was defined based on ultrasound (US) assessments. RESULTS Patients were primarily AA (78%) and male (76%) with an average age at diagnosis of 62 years. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) was more likely to be a risk factor for the development of HCC in AA as compared to non-AA (92% vs 67%; p < 0.005). Surveillance rates were low (16% for AA vs 7% for non-AA). An aspartate aminotransferase platelet ratio index (APRI) value > 0.7 within 2 years of tumor diagnosis was a strong predictor for the risk of the development of HCC (86% AA vs 79 % non-AA). In this study, race was not a factor in treatment or outcomes, and most patients received tumor ablative treatment. CONCLUSION Given the low surveillance rates and the demonstrated increased survival for patients with small tumors, ways to increase surveillance must be initiated. The results of this study demonstrate the need for physician/patient education on the importance of surveillance US. Further, this study supports routine assessment of APRI in AA patients in an effort to identify patients in whom intensive surveillance will significantly improve earlier detection of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Rutledge
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3990 John R St 6 Hudson Room 6938, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Jenny Jan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3990 John R St 6 Hudson Room 6938, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Sindhuri Benjaram
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3990 John R St 6 Hudson Room 6938, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Neha Sahni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3990 John R St 6 Hudson Room 6938, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Paul Naylor
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3990 John R St 6 Hudson Room 6938, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Philip Philip
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute/Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Murray Ehrinpreis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3990 John R St 6 Hudson Room 6938, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Milton Mutchnick
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3990 John R St 6 Hudson Room 6938, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
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Jones PD, Scheinberg AR, Muenyi V, Gonzalez-Diaz J, Martin PM, Kobetz E. Socioeconomic And Survival Differences Among Minorities With Hepatocellular Carcinoma In Florida. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2019; 6:167-181. [PMID: 31815112 PMCID: PMC6863179 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s212401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Disparities in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been partly attributed to low socioeconomic status among minorities. We investigated associations between race, socioeconomic characteristics, geographic characteristics and survival in HCC patients in Florida. Methods Using the Florida Cancer Data System (FCDS), we analyzed HCC cases diagnosed between 1/1/2004 and 12/31/2013. To ascertain population-level socioeconomic characteristics, we linked FCDS to the 2010–2014 US Census American Community Survey and the 2013 Florida Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. We also estimated patient distance to liver transplant and academic cancer centers. Using Cox proportional hazards, we modeled the association between race and survival. Results Of 10,852 patients, 13.1% were Black, 67.1% White, 15.7% Hispanic, and 3.2% Asian. At diagnosis, Blacks were younger with more extensive disease, p <0.001. Transplants were performed in 9.3% of Hispanics, 7.5% of Whites, 5.8% of Asians and 4.2% of Blacks, p <0.001. Median survival was longest in Hispanics and shortest in Blacks, p<0.001 When adjusted for gender, age, payer, SEER stage, surgery type, and receipt of treatment, Blacks had a 17% increased risk of death [hazard ratio (HR) 1.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07–1.29] and Whites a 9% increased risk of death [HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02–1.17] compared to Hispanics. As a group, Hispanics lived closest to any transplant or academic cancer center, p <0.001. Neighborhood poverty level was highest where Hispanic patients lived, p <0.001. Conclusion Though socioeconomic differences may contribute to disparities, Hispanics survived longer than Blacks and Whites in Florida despite living in the most socioeconomically depressed neighborhoods. Increased access to transplant likely contributed to improved survival. Additional research is needed to identify which individual socioeconomic and geographic determinants contribute most to disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia D Jones
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Andrew R Scheinberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Valery Muenyi
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Joselin Gonzalez-Diaz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Paul M Martin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Erin Kobetz
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Computational Medicine and Population Health, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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Sangaramoorthy M, Yang J, DeRouen MC, Ho C, Somsouk M, Tana MM, Thompson CA, Gibbons J, Gomez SL, Shariff-Marco S. Disparities in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Incidence in California: An Update. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019; 29:79-87. [PMID: 31719066 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-0560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given changes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence and the ethnodemographic landscape, we analyzed recent HCC incidence patterns and trends in California. METHODS Using 47,992 primary, invasive HCC cases diagnosed from 1988 to 2014 from the California Cancer Registry, we calculated age-adjusted incidence rates (IR), annual percent change (APC), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) by sex, race/ethnicity, and nativity among Hispanics and Asian ethnic groups. RESULTS Compared with non-Hispanic Whites (NHW), all other racial/ethnic groups had higher HCC incidence. Vietnamese had the highest IRs (males: 47.4, 95% CI, 45.3-49.5; females: 14.1, 95% CI, 13.0-15.3). Foreign-born Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese had higher incidence than U.S.-born. The reverse was observed for Hispanic males, whereas no differences by nativity were seen for Hispanic females. IRs increased most for NHWs. Among Asians, male and female Filipinos and Japanese males experienced rate increases, whereas male and female Koreans and Chinese males experienced rate decreases. U.S.-born male and female Hispanics and Japanese had higher APCs than foreign-born, as did Filipino males, whereas Chinese males had a reverse pattern. Annual increases in HCC incidence slowed down in recent years for U.S.-born Hispanic males and females and stabilized among male NHWs and non-Hispanic Blacks. For some Asian groups, early time periods exhibited increasing/stable APCs, whereas later time periods showed decreasing APCs. CONCLUSIONS We found significant racial/ethnic and nativity differences in HCC IRs and trends. IMPACT With changing trends, closer surveillance of HCC incidence by disaggregated race/ethnicity and nativity is warranted among Hispanics and Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Sangaramoorthy
- Greater Bay Area Cancer Registry, San Francisco, California.,University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, San Francisco, California
| | - Juan Yang
- Greater Bay Area Cancer Registry, San Francisco, California.,University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, San Francisco, California
| | - Mindy C DeRouen
- Greater Bay Area Cancer Registry, San Francisco, California.,University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, San Francisco, California.,UCSF, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Chanda Ho
- Department of Transplantation, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Ma Somsouk
- UCSF, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California.,UCSF, Division of Gastroenterology at Zuckerberg San Francisco General, San Francisco, California
| | - Michele M Tana
- UCSF, Division of Gastroenterology at Zuckerberg San Francisco General, San Francisco, California
| | - Caroline A Thompson
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California.,Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Joseph Gibbons
- Department of Sociology, College of Arts & Letters, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Scarlett Lin Gomez
- Greater Bay Area Cancer Registry, San Francisco, California.,University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, San Francisco, California.,UCSF, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Salma Shariff-Marco
- Greater Bay Area Cancer Registry, San Francisco, California. .,University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, San Francisco, California.,UCSF, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
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Yu W, Roy SK, Ma Y, LaVeist TA, Shankar S, Srivastava RK. Higher expression of SATB2 in hepatocellular carcinoma of African Americans determines more aggressive phenotypes than those of Caucasian Americans. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:7999-8009. [PMID: 31602781 PMCID: PMC6850930 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) incidence has tripled over the past two decades. The disease has disproportionately affected minority and disadvantaged populations. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of SATB2 gene in HCC cells derived from African Americans (AA) and Caucasian Americans (CA) and assess its oncogenic potential by measuring cell viability, spheroid formation, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), stem cell markers and pluripotency maintaining factors in cancer stem cells (CSCs). We compared the expression of SATB2 in human primary hepatocytes, HCC cells derived from AA and CA, and HCC CSCs. Hepatocellular carcinoma cells derived from AA expressed the higher level of SATB2 than those from CA. By comparison, normal human hepatocytes did not express SATB2. Higher expression of SATB2 in HCC cells from AA was associated with greater growth rate, cell viability, colony formation and EMT characteristics than those from CA. Knockout of SATB2 in CSCs by Crispr/Cas9 technique significantly inhibited the expression of SATB2 gene, stem cell markers (CD24, CD44 and CD133), pluripotency maintaining factors (c‐Myc, KLF4, SOX2 and OCT4), and EMT compared with non‐targeting control group. The expression of SATB2 was negatively correlated with miR34a. SATB2 rescued the miR‐34a‐mediated inhibition of CSC's viability. These data suggest that SATB2 is an oncogenic factor, and its higher expression may explain the disparity in HCC outcomes among AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Sanjit K Roy
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health-New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yiming Ma
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Thomas A LaVeist
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Sharmila Shankar
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health-New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Rakesh K Srivastava
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health-New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Wu SJ, Zhang ZZ, Cheng NS, Xiong XZ, Yang L. Preoperative serum ferritin is an independent prognostic factor for liver cancer after hepatectomy. Surg Oncol 2019; 29:159-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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50
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Li Z, Zhou Y, Yang G, He S, Qiu X, Zhang L, Deng Q, Zheng F. Using circular RNA SMARCA5 as a potential novel biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 492:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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