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Liu YS, Baxi M, Madan CR, Zhan K, Makris N, Rosene DL, Killiany RJ, Cetin-Karayumak S, Pasternak O, Kubicki M, Cao B. Brain age of rhesus macaques over the lifespan. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 139:73-81. [PMID: 38643691 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2024.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Through the application of machine learning algorithms to neuroimaging data the brain age methodology was shown to provide a useful individual-level biological age prediction and identify key brain regions responsible for the prediction. In this study, we present the methodology of constructing a rhesus macaque brain age model using a machine learning algorithm and discuss the key predictive brain regions in comparison to the human brain, to shed light on cross-species primate similarities and differences. Structural information of the brain (e.g., parcellated volumes) from brain magnetic resonance imaging of 43 rhesus macaques were used to develop brain atlas-based features to build a brain age model that predicts biological age. The best-performing model used 22 selected features and achieved an R2 of 0.72. We also identified interpretable predictive brain features including Right Fronto-orbital Cortex, Right Frontal Pole, Right Inferior Lateral Parietal Cortex, and Bilateral Posterior Central Operculum. Our findings provide converging evidence of the parallel and comparable brain regions responsible for both non-human primates and human biological age prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang S Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Madhura Baxi
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Kevin Zhan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Nikolaos Makris
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Morphometric Analysis, A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas L Rosene
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ronald J Killiany
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Suheyla Cetin-Karayumak
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Laboratory of Mathematics in Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ofer Pasternak
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marek Kubicki
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Center for Morphometric Analysis, A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Laboratory of Mathematics in Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bo Cao
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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2
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Ritz H, Shenhav A. Orthogonal neural encoding of targets and distractors supports multivariate cognitive control. Nat Hum Behav 2024; 8:945-961. [PMID: 38459265 PMCID: PMC11219097 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-01826-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The complex challenges of our mental life require us to coordinate multiple forms of neural information processing. Recent behavioural studies have found that people can coordinate multiple forms of attention, but the underlying neural control process remains obscure. We hypothesized that the brain implements multivariate control by independently monitoring feature-specific difficulty and independently prioritizing feature-specific processing. During functional MRI, participants performed a parametric conflict task that separately tags target and distractor processing. Consistent with feature-specific monitoring, univariate analyses revealed spatially segregated encoding of target and distractor difficulty in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. Consistent with feature-specific attentional priority, our encoding geometry analysis revealed overlapping but orthogonal representations of target and distractor coherence in the intraparietal sulcus. Coherence representations were mediated by control demands and aligned with both performance and frontoparietal activity, consistent with top-down attention. Together, these findings provide evidence for the neural geometry necessary to coordinate multivariate cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Ritz
- Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Amitai Shenhav
- Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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3
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Barbeau EB, Badhwar A, Kousaie S, Bellec P, Descoteaux M, Klein D, Petrides M. Dissection of the Temporofrontal Extreme Capsule Fasciculus Using Diffusion MRI Tractography and Association with Lexical Retrieval. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0363-23.2023. [PMID: 38164578 PMCID: PMC10849018 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0363-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The well-known arcuate fasciculus that connects the posterior superior temporal region with the language production region in the ventrolateral frontal cortex constitutes the classic peri-Sylvian dorsal stream of language. A second temporofrontal white matter tract connects ventrally the anterior to intermediate lateral temporal cortex with frontal areas via the extreme capsule. This temporofrontal extreme capsule fasciculus (TFexcF) constitutes the ventral stream of language processing. The precise origin, course, and termination of this pathway has been examined in invasive tract tracing studies in macaque monkeys, but there have been no standard protocols for its reconstruction in the human brain using diffusion imaging tractography. Here we provide a protocol for the dissection of the TFexcF in vivo in the human brain using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tractography which provides a solid basis for exploring its functional role. A key finding of the current dissection protocol is the demonstration that the TFexcF is left hemisphere lateralized. Furthermore, using the present dissection protocol, we demonstrate that the TFexcF is related to lexical retrieval scores measured with the category fluency test, in contrast to the classical arcuate fasciculus (the dorsal language pathway) that was also dissected and was related to sentence repetition.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Barbeau
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
- Center for Research on Brain, Language and Music (CRBLM), Montreal, Quebec H3G 2A8, Canada
| | - A Badhwar
- Département de pharmacologie et physiologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
- Institut de génie biomédical, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montreal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - S Kousaie
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - P Bellec
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montreal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - M Descoteaux
- Sherbrooke Connectivity Imaging Lab (SCIL), Computer Science Department, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - D Klein
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
- Center for Research on Brain, Language and Music (CRBLM), Montreal, Quebec H3G 2A8, Canada
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery
| | - M Petrides
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
- Center for Research on Brain, Language and Music (CRBLM), Montreal, Quebec H3G 2A8, Canada
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery
- Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada
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4
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Makris N, Rushmore R, Yeterian E. A proposed structural connectivity matrices approach for the superior fronto-occipital fascicle in the Harvard-Oxford Atlas comparative framework following the Pandya comparative extrapolation principle. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:2172-2184. [PMID: 38010231 PMCID: PMC11019921 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
A key set of connections necessary for the most complex brain functions are the long association cortico-cortical fiber tracts. These pathways have been described by the Dejerines and others using post mortem histological or brain dissection techniques. Given methodological limitations, these fiber connections have not been delineated completely in humans. Although the stem portions of fiber tracts have been identified in humans, their precise origins and terminations remain to be determined. By contrast, the origins and terminations as well as the stems of long cortico-cortical association fiber pathways in monkeys have been detailed in the macaque monkey brain using experimental tract tracing methods. Deepak Pandya made major contributions to the delineation of fiber tracts in the monkey brain. In the early 1990s, he compared his observations in monkeys with the original descriptions in humans by the Dejerines. With the advent of diffusion-weighted imaging, Dr. Pandya extended this line of investigation to the human brain with Dr. Nikos Makris. In this translational analysis of long association cortico-cortical fiber tracts, they applied a principle of extrapolation from monkey to human. In the present study, we addressed the reasoning and the complex methodology in translating brain structural connectivity from monkey to human in one cortico-cortical fiber tract, namely the superior fronto-occipital fascicle, which was delineated in both species by Dr. Pandya and colleagues. Furthermore, we represented this information in the form of connectional matrices in the context of the HOA2.0-ComPaRe framework, a homological monkey-to-human translational system used in neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Makris
- Center for Morphometric Analysis, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Rushmore
- Center for Morphometric Analysis, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Yeterian
- Center for Morphometric Analysis, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychology, Colby College, Waterville, ME, USA
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5
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Xie J, Li L, Lu Y, Zhuang J, Wu Y, Li P, Zheng L. Learning from in-group and out-group models induces separative effects on human mate copying. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2023; 18:nsad051. [PMID: 37757743 PMCID: PMC10547020 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsad051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mate copying is a social learning process in which individuals gather public information about potential mates by observing models' choices. Previous studies have reported that individual attributes of female models affect mate copying, yet little is known about whether and how the group attributes of models influence mate copying. In the current behavioral and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies, female participants were asked to rate their willingness to choose the depicted males as potential romantic partners before and after observing in-group or out-group female models accepting, rejecting or being undecided (baseline) about the males. Results showed that participants changed their ratings to align with the models' acceptance or rejection choices. Compared to rejection copying, the effect of acceptance copying was stronger and regulated by in- and out-group models, manifesting a discounting copying effect when learning from out-group models. At the neural level, for acceptance copying, stronger temporoparietal junction (TPJ) activity and connectivity between TPJ and anterior medial prefrontal cortex (amPFC) were observed when female models belonged to out-group members; meanwhile, the functional connection of TPJ and amPFC positively predicted the rating changes when learning from out-group models. The results indicated that participants might need more resources to infer out-group members' intentions to overcome the in-group bias during acceptance copying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Xie
- Department of Psychology, Normal College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Fudan Institute on Ageing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- MOE Laboratory for National Development and Intelligent Governance, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jinying Zhuang
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yuyan Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Peng Li
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Fudan Institute on Ageing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- MOE Laboratory for National Development and Intelligent Governance, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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6
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Shi W, Meisner OC, Blackmore S, Jadi MP, Nandy AS, Chang SWC. The orbitofrontal cortex: A goal-directed cognitive map framework for social and non-social behaviors. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2023; 203:107793. [PMID: 37353191 PMCID: PMC10527225 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is regarded as one of the core brain areas in a variety of value-based behaviors. Over the past two decades, tremendous knowledge about the OFC function was gained from studying the behaviors of single subjects. As a result, our previous understanding of the OFC's function of encoding decision variables, such as the value and identity of choices, has evolved to the idea that the OFC encodes a more complex representation of the task space as a cognitive map. Accumulating evidence also indicates that the OFC importantly contributes to behaviors in social contexts, especially those involved in cooperative interactions. However, it remains elusive how exactly OFC neurons contribute to social functions and how non-social and social behaviors are related to one another in the computations performed by OFC neurons. In this review, we aim to provide an integrated view of the OFC function across both social and non-social behavioral contexts. We propose that seemingly complex functions of the OFC may be explained by its role in providing a goal-directed cognitive map to guide a wide array of adaptive reward-based behaviors in both social and non-social domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Shi
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Olivia C Meisner
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Sylvia Blackmore
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Monika P Jadi
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Anirvan S Nandy
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Steve W C Chang
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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7
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Rapan L, Froudist-Walsh S, Niu M, Xu T, Zhao L, Funck T, Wang XJ, Amunts K, Palomero-Gallagher N. Cytoarchitectonic, receptor distribution and functional connectivity analyses of the macaque frontal lobe. eLife 2023; 12:e82850. [PMID: 37578332 PMCID: PMC10425179 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on quantitative cyto- and receptor architectonic analyses, we identified 35 prefrontal areas, including novel subdivisions of Walker's areas 10, 9, 8B, and 46. Statistical analysis of receptor densities revealed regional differences in lateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Indeed, structural and functional organization of subdivisions encompassing areas 46 and 12 demonstrated significant differences in the interareal levels of α2 receptors. Furthermore, multivariate analysis included receptor fingerprints of previously identified 16 motor areas in the same macaque brains and revealed 5 clusters encompassing frontal lobe areas. We used the MRI datasets from the non-human primate data sharing consortium PRIME-DE to perform functional connectivity analyses using the resulting frontal maps as seed regions. In general, rostrally located frontal areas were characterized by bigger fingerprints, that is, higher receptor densities, and stronger regional interconnections. Whereas more caudal areas had smaller fingerprints, but showed a widespread connectivity pattern with distant cortical regions. Taken together, this study provides a comprehensive insight into the molecular structure underlying the functional organization of the cortex and, thus, reconcile the discrepancies between the structural and functional hierarchical organization of the primate frontal lobe. Finally, our data are publicly available via the EBRAINS and BALSA repositories for the entire scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Rapan
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-1, Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
| | - Sean Froudist-Walsh
- Center for Neural Science, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Bristol Computational Neuroscience Unit, Faculty of Engineering, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Meiqi Niu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-1, Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
| | - Ting Xu
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind InstituteNew YorkUnited States
| | - Ling Zhao
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-1, Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
| | - Thomas Funck
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-1, Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Center for Neural Science, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-1, Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
- C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Nicola Palomero-Gallagher
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-1, Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
- C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
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8
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Barbeau EB, Kousaie S, Brass K, Descoteaux M, Petrides M, Klein D. The importance of the dorsal branch of the arcuate fasciculus in phonological working memory. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:9554-9565. [PMID: 37386707 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phonological working memory (PWM) is important for language learning and processing. The most studied language brain regions are the classical Broca's area on the inferior frontal gyrus and Wernicke's area on the posterior temporal region and their anatomical connection via the classic arcuate fasciculus (AF) referred to here as the ventral AF (AFv). However, areas on the middle frontal gyrus (MFG) are essential for PWM processes. There is also a dorsal branch of the AF (AFd) that specifically links the posterior temporal region with the MFG. Furthermore, there is the temporo-frontal extreme capsule fasciculus (TFexcF) that courses ventrally and links intermediate temporal areas with the lateral prefrontal cortex. The AFv, AFd and TFexcF were dissected virtually in the same participants who performed a PWM task in a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. The results showed that good performance on the PWM task was exclusively related to the properties of the left AFd, which specifically links area 8A (known to be involved in attentional aspects of executive control) with the posterior temporal region. The TFexcF, consistent with its known anatomical connection, was related to brain activation in area 9/46v of the MFG that is critical for monitoring the information in memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise B Barbeau
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
- Center for Research on Brain, Language and Music (CRBLM), Montreal, QC, H3G 2A8, Canada
| | - Shanna Kousaie
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
- Center for Research on Brain, Language and Music (CRBLM), Montreal, QC, H3G 2A8, Canada
- Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Kanontienentha Brass
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Canada
| | - Maxime Descoteaux
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 0A5, Canada
| | - Michael Petrides
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
- Center for Research on Brain, Language and Music (CRBLM), Montreal, QC, H3G 2A8, Canada
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 Avenue McGill College, Montreal, QC, H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Denise Klein
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
- Center for Research on Brain, Language and Music (CRBLM), Montreal, QC, H3G 2A8, Canada
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9
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Shekari E, Nozari N. A narrative review of the anatomy and function of the white matter tracts in language production and comprehension. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1139292. [PMID: 37051488 PMCID: PMC10083342 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1139292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Much is known about the role of cortical areas in language processing. The shift towards network approaches in recent years has highlighted the importance of uncovering the role of white matter in connecting these areas. However, despite a large body of research, many of these tracts’ functions are not well-understood. We present a comprehensive review of the empirical evidence on the role of eight major tracts that are hypothesized to be involved in language processing (inferior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, extreme capsule, middle longitudinal fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus, arcuate fasciculus, and frontal aslant tract). For each tract, we hypothesize its role based on the function of the cortical regions it connects. We then evaluate these hypotheses with data from three sources: studies in neurotypical individuals, neuropsychological data, and intraoperative stimulation studies. Finally, we summarize the conclusions supported by the data and highlight the areas needing further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Shekari
- Department of Neuroscience, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazbanou Nozari
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition (CNBC), Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Nazbanou Nozari
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10
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Charvet CJ. Mapping Human Brain Pathways: Challenges and Opportunities in the Integration of Scales. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2023; 98:194-209. [PMID: 36972574 DOI: 10.1159/000530317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The human brain is composed of a complex web of pathways. Diffusion magnetic resonance (MR) tractography is a neuroimaging technique that relies on the principle of diffusion to reconstruct brain pathways. Its tractography is broadly applicable to a range of problems as it is amenable for study in individuals of any age and from any species. However, it is well known that this technique can generate biologically implausible pathways, especially in regions of the brain where multiple fibers cross. This review highlights potential misconnections in two cortico-cortical association pathways with a focus on the aslant tract and inferior frontal occipital fasciculus. The lack of alternative methods to validate observations from diffusion MR tractography means there is a need to develop new integrative approaches to trace human brain pathways. This review discusses integrative approaches in neuroimaging, anatomical, and transcriptional variation as having much potential to trace the evolution of human brain pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine J Charvet
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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11
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Niu M, Palomero-Gallagher N. Architecture and connectivity of the human angular gyrus and of its homolog region in the macaque brain. Brain Struct Funct 2023; 228:47-61. [PMID: 35695934 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02509-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The angular gyrus roughly corresponds to Brodmann's area 39, which is a multimodal association brain region located in the posterior apex of the human inferior parietal lobe, at its interface with the temporal and occipital lobes. It encompasses two cyto- and receptor architectonically distinct areas: caudal PGp and rostral PGa. The macaque brain does not present an angular gyrus in the strict sense, and the establishment of homologies was further hindered by the fact that Brodmann defined a single cytoarchitectonic area covering the entire guenon inferior parietal lobule in the monkey brain, i.e. area 7. Latter architectonic studies revealed the existence of 6 architectonically distinct areas within macaque area 7, further connectivity and functional imaging studies supported the hypothesis that the most posterior of these macaque areas, namely Opt and PG, may constitute the homologs of human areas PGp and PGa, respectively. The present review provides an overview of the cyto-, myelo and receptor architecture of human areas PGp and PGa, as well as of their counterparts in the macaque brain, and summarizes current knowledge on the connectivity of these brain areas. Finally, the present study elaborates on the rationale behind the definition of these homologies and their importance in translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Niu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Nicola Palomero-Gallagher
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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12
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Musso M, Altenmüller E, Reisert M, Hosp J, Schwarzwald R, Blank B, Horn J, Glauche V, Kaller C, Weiller C, Schumacher M. Speaking in gestures: Left dorsal and ventral frontotemporal brain systems underlie communication in conducting. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:324-350. [PMID: 36509461 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Conducting constitutes a well-structured system of signs anticipating information concerning the rhythm and dynamic of a musical piece. Conductors communicate the musical tempo to the orchestra, unifying the individual instrumental voices to form an expressive musical Gestalt. In a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment, 12 professional conductors and 16 instrumentalists conducted real-time novel pieces with diverse complexity in orchestration and rhythm. For control, participants either listened to the stimuli or performed beat patterns, setting the time of a metronome or complex rhythms played by a drum. Activation of the left superior temporal gyrus (STG), supplementary and premotor cortex and Broca's pars opercularis (F3op) was shared in both musician groups and separated conducting from the other conditions. Compared to instrumentalists, conductors activated Broca's pars triangularis (F3tri) and the STG, which differentiated conducting from time beating and reflected the increase in complexity during conducting. In comparison to conductors, instrumentalists activated F3op and F3tri when distinguishing complex rhythm processing from simple rhythm processing. Fibre selection from a normative human connectome database, constructed using a global tractography approach, showed that the F3op and STG are connected via the arcuate fasciculus, whereas the F3tri and STG are connected via the extreme capsule. Like language, the anatomical framework characterising conducting gestures is located in the left dorsal system centred on F3op. This system reflected the sensorimotor mapping for structuring gestures to musical tempo. The ventral system centred on F3Tri may reflect the art of conductors to set this musical tempo to the individual orchestra's voices in a global, holistic way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariacristina Musso
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eckart Altenmüller
- Institute of Music Physiology and Musician's Medicine, Hannover University of Music Drama and Media, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marco Reisert
- Department of Medical Physics, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Hosp
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Schwarzwald
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Blank
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Horn
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Volkmar Glauche
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Kaller
- Department of Medical Physics, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cornelius Weiller
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Schumacher
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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13
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Tanigawa H, Majima K, Takei R, Kawasaki K, Sawahata H, Nakahara K, Iijima A, Suzuki T, Kamitani Y, Hasegawa I. Decoding distributed oscillatory signals driven by memory and perception in the prefrontal cortex. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110676. [PMID: 35417680 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory perception and memory recall generate different conscious experiences. Although externally and internally driven neural activities signifying the same perceptual content overlap in the sensory cortex, their distribution in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), an area implicated in both perception and memory, remains elusive. Here, we test whether the local spatial configurations and frequencies of neural oscillations driven by perception and memory recall overlap in the macaque PFC using high-density electrocorticography and multivariate pattern analysis. We find that dynamically changing oscillatory signals distributed across the PFC in the delta-, theta-, alpha-, and beta-band ranges carry significant, but mutually different, information predicting the same feature of memory-recalled internal targets and passively perceived external objects. These findings suggest that the frequency-specific distribution of oscillatory neural signals in the PFC serves cortical signatures responsible for distinguishing between different types of cognition driven by external perception and internal memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Tanigawa
- Department of Neurosurgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China; Department of Physiology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Niigata 951-8501, Japan; Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata 951-8501, Japan
| | - Kei Majima
- Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Keihanna Science City, Kyoto 619-0288, Japan
| | - Ren Takei
- Department of Bio-cybernetics, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kawasaki
- Department of Physiology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Niigata 951-8501, Japan
| | - Hirohito Sawahata
- Department of Physiology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Niigata 951-8501, Japan; Department of Industrial Engineering, Mechanical and Control Engineering Course, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Ibaraki College, Hitachinaka, Ibaraki 312-8508, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Nakahara
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata 951-8501, Japan; Research Center for Brain Communication, Kochi University of Technology, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Iijima
- Department of Bio-cybernetics, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Takafumi Suzuki
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yukiyasu Kamitani
- Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Keihanna Science City, Kyoto 619-0288, Japan
| | - Isao Hasegawa
- Department of Physiology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Niigata 951-8501, Japan; Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata 951-8501, Japan.
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14
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Koppel L, Novembre G, Kämpe R, Savallampi M, Morrison I. Prediction and action in cortical pain processing. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:794-810. [PMID: 35289367 PMCID: PMC9890457 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting that a stimulus is painful facilitates action to avoid harm. But how distinct are the neural processes underlying the prediction of upcoming painful events vis-à-vis those taking action to avoid them? Here, we investigated brain activity as a function of current and predicted painful or nonpainful thermal stimulation, as well as the ability of voluntary action to affect the duration of upcoming stimulation. Participants performed a task which involved the administration of a painful or nonpainful stimulus (S1), which predicted an immediately subsequent very painful or nonpainful stimulus (S2). Pressing a response button within a specified time window during S1 either reduced or did not reduce the duration of the upcoming stimulation. Predicted pain increased activation in several regions, including anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), midcingulate cortex (MCC), and insula; however, activation in ACC and MCC depended on whether a meaningful action was performed, with MCC activation showing a direct relationship with motor output. Insula's responses for predicted pain were also modulated by potential action consequences, albeit without a direct relationship with motor output. These findings suggest that cortical pain processing is not specifically tied to the sensory stimulus, but instead, depends on the consequences of that stimulus for sensorimotor control of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Koppel
- Corresponding author: Department of Management and Engineering, Division of Economics, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Giovanni Novembre
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden,Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University Hospital, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Robin Kämpe
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden,Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University Hospital, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mattias Savallampi
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - India Morrison
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden,Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University Hospital, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
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15
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Bullock DN, Hayday EA, Grier MD, Tang W, Pestilli F, Heilbronner SR. A taxonomy of the brain's white matter: twenty-one major tracts for the 21st century. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:4524-4548. [PMID: 35169827 PMCID: PMC9574243 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional and computational properties of brain areas are determined, in large part, by their connectivity profiles. Advances in neuroimaging and network neuroscience allow us to characterize the human brain noninvasively, but a comprehensive understanding of the human brain demands an account of the anatomy of brain connections. Long-range anatomical connections are instantiated by white matter, which itself is organized into tracts. These tracts are often disrupted by central nervous system disorders, and they can be targeted by neuromodulatory interventions, such as deep brain stimulation. Here, we characterized the connections, morphology, traversal, and functions of the major white matter tracts in the brain. There are major discrepancies across different accounts of white matter tract anatomy, hindering our attempts to accurately map the connectivity of the human brain. However, we are often able to clarify the source(s) of these discrepancies through careful consideration of both histological tract-tracing and diffusion-weighted tractography studies. In combination, the advantages and disadvantages of each method permit novel insights into brain connectivity. Ultimately, our synthesis provides an essential reference for neuroscientists and clinicians interested in brain connectivity and anatomy, allowing for the study of the association of white matter's properties with behavior, development, and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Bullock
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA,Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Elena A Hayday
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mark D Grier
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | | | - Sarah R Heilbronner
- Address correspondence to Sarah R. Heilbronner, Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 2-164 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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16
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Shi W, Ballesta S, Padoa-Schioppa C. Neuronal origins of reduced accuracy and biases in economic choices under sequential offers. eLife 2022; 11:75910. [PMID: 35416775 PMCID: PMC9045815 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Economic choices are characterized by a variety of biases. Understanding their origins is a long-term goal for neuroeconomics, but progress on this front has been limited. Here, we examined choice biases observed when two goods are offered sequentially. In the experiments, rhesus monkeys chose between different juices offered simultaneously or in sequence. Choices under sequential offers were less accurate (higher variability). They were also biased in favor of the second offer (order bias) and in favor of the preferred juice (preference bias). Analysis of neuronal activity recorded in the orbitofrontal cortex revealed that these phenomena emerged at different computational stages. Lower choice accuracy reflected weaker offer value signals (valuation stage), the order bias emerged during value comparison (decision stage), and the preference bias emerged late in the trial (post-comparison). By neuronal measures, each phenomenon reduced the value obtained on average in each trial and was thus costly to the monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Shi
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. LouisSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Sebastien Ballesta
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. LouisSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Camillo Padoa-Schioppa
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. LouisSt. LouisUnited States,Department of Economics, Washington University in St. LouisSt. LouisUnited States,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. LouisSt. LouisUnited States
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17
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Haber SN, Liu H, Seidlitz J, Bullmore E. Prefrontal connectomics: from anatomy to human imaging. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:20-40. [PMID: 34584210 PMCID: PMC8617085 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The fundamental importance of prefrontal cortical connectivity to information processing and, therefore, disorders of cognition, emotion, and behavior has been recognized for decades. Anatomic tracing studies in animals have formed the basis for delineating the direct monosynaptic connectivity, from cells of origin, through axon trajectories, to synaptic terminals. Advances in neuroimaging combined with network science have taken the lead in developing complex wiring diagrams or connectomes of the human brain. A key question is how well these magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived networks and hubs reflect the anatomic "hard wiring" first proposed to underlie the distribution of information for large-scale network interactions. In this review, we address this challenge by focusing on what is known about monosynaptic prefrontal cortical connections in non-human primates and how this compares to MRI-derived measurements of network organization in humans. First, we outline the anatomic cortical connections and pathways for each prefrontal cortex (PFC) region. We then review the available MRI-based techniques for indirectly measuring structural and functional connectivity, and introduce graph theoretical methods for analysis of hubs, modules, and topologically integrative features of the connectome. Finally, we bring these two approaches together, using specific examples, to demonstrate how monosynaptic connections, demonstrated by tract-tracing studies, can directly inform understanding of the composition of PFC nodes and hubs, and the edges or pathways that connect PFC to cortical and subcortical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne N. Haber
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642 USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478 USA
| | - Hesheng Liu
- grid.259828.c0000 0001 2189 3475Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Jakob Seidlitz
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Ed Bullmore
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ UK
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18
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Becker Y, Loh KK, Coulon O, Meguerditchian A. The Arcuate Fasciculus and language origins: Disentangling existing conceptions that influence evolutionary accounts. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 134:104490. [PMID: 34914937 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Arcuate Fasciculus (AF) is of considerable interdisciplinary interest, because of its major implication in language processing. Theories about language brain evolution are based on anatomical differences in the AF across primates. However, changing methodologies and nomenclatures have resulted in conflicting findings regarding interspecies AF differences: Historical knowledge about the AF originated from human blunt dissections and later from monkey tract-tracing studies. Contemporary tractography studies reinvestigate the fasciculus' morphology, but remain heavily bound to unclear anatomical priors and methodological limitations. First, we aim to disentangle the influences of these three epistemological steps on existing AF conceptions, and to propose a contemporary model to guide future work. Second, considering the influence of various AF conceptions, we discuss four key evolutionary changes that propagated current views about language evolution: 1) frontal terminations, 2) temporal terminations, 3) greater Dorsal- versus Ventral Pathway expansion, 4) lateralisation. We conclude that new data point towards a more shared AF anatomy across primates than previously described. Language evolution theories should incorporate this continuous AF evolution across primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Becker
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS UMR 7290, Marseille, France; Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS UMR 7289, Marseille, France.
| | - Kep Kee Loh
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS UMR 7290, Marseille, France; Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS UMR 7289, Marseille, France; Institute for Language, Communication, and the Brain, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Coulon
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS UMR 7289, Marseille, France; Institute for Language, Communication, and the Brain, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Adrien Meguerditchian
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS UMR 7290, Marseille, France; Institute for Language, Communication, and the Brain, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France; Station de Primatologie CNRS, Rousset, France
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19
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Sander K, Barbeau EB, Chai X, Kousaie S, Petrides M, Baum S, Klein D. Frontoparietal Anatomical Connectivity Predicts Second Language Learning Success. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:2602-2610. [PMID: 34607363 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable individual variability in second language (L2) learning abilities in adulthood. The inferior parietal lobule, important in L2 learning success, is anatomically connected to language areas in the frontal lobe via the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF). The second and third branches of the SLF (SLF II and III) have not been examined separately in the context of language, yet they are known to have dissociable frontoparietal connections. Studying these pathways and their functional contributions to L2 learning is thus of great interest. Using diffusion MRI tractography, we investigated individuals undergoing language training to explore brain structural predictors of L2 learning success. We dissected SLF II and III using gold-standard anatomical definitions and related prelearning white matter integrity to language improvements corresponding with hypothesized tract functions. SLF II properties predicted improvement in lexical retrieval, while SLF III properties predicted improvement in articulation rate. Finer grained separation of these pathways enables better understanding of their distinct roles in language, which is essential for studying how anatomical connectivity relates to L2 learning abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaija Sander
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.,Centre for Research on Brain, Language, and Music (CRBLM), Montreal, QC H3G 2A8, Canada
| | - Elise B Barbeau
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.,Centre for Research on Brain, Language, and Music (CRBLM), Montreal, QC H3G 2A8, Canada
| | - Xiaoqian Chai
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.,Centre for Research on Brain, Language, and Music (CRBLM), Montreal, QC H3G 2A8, Canada
| | - Shanna Kousaie
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.,School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Michael Petrides
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.,Centre for Research on Brain, Language, and Music (CRBLM), Montreal, QC H3G 2A8, Canada.,Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Shari Baum
- Centre for Research on Brain, Language, and Music (CRBLM), Montreal, QC H3G 2A8, Canada.,School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Denise Klein
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.,Centre for Research on Brain, Language, and Music (CRBLM), Montreal, QC H3G 2A8, Canada
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20
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Hori Y, Cléry JC, Schaeffer DJ, Menon RS, Everling S. Functional Organization of Frontoparietal Cortex in the Marmoset Investigated with Awake Resting-State fMRI. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:1965-1977. [PMID: 34515315 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontoparietal networks contribute to complex cognitive functions in humans and macaques, such as working memory, attention, task-switching, response suppression, grasping, reaching, and eye movement control. However, there has been no comprehensive examination of the functional organization of frontoparietal networks using functional magnetic resonance imaging in the New World common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus), which is now widely recognized as a powerful nonhuman primate experimental animal. In this study, we employed hierarchical clustering of interareal blood oxygen level-dependent signals to investigate the hypothesis that the organization of the frontoparietal cortex in the marmoset follows the organizational principles of the macaque frontoparietal system. We found that the posterior part of the lateral frontal cortex (premotor regions) was functionally connected to the anterior parietal areas, while more anterior frontal regions (frontal eye field [FEF]) were connected to more posterior parietal areas (the region around the lateral intraparietal area [LIP]). These overarching patterns of interareal organization are consistent with a recent macaque study. These findings demonstrate parallel frontoparietal processing streams in marmosets and support the functional similarities of FEF-LIP and premotor-anterior parietal pathways between marmoset and macaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hori
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Justine C Cléry
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - David J Schaeffer
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ravi S Menon
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Stefan Everling
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
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21
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Giarrocco F, Averbeck B. Organization of Parieto-Prefrontal and Temporo-Prefrontal Networks in the Macaque. J Neurophysiol 2021; 126:1289-1309. [PMID: 34379536 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00092.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The connectivity among architectonically defined areas of the frontal, parietal, and temporal cortex of the macaque has been extensively mapped through tract tracing methods. To investigate the statistical organization underlying this connectivity, and identify its underlying architecture, we performed a hierarchical cluster analysis on 69 cortical areas based on their anatomically defined inputs. We identified 10 frontal, 4 parietal, and 5 temporal hierarchically related sets of areas (clusters), defined by unique sets of inputs and typically composed of anatomically contiguous areas. Across cortex, clusters that share functional properties were linked by dominant information processing circuits in a topographically organized manner that reflects the organization of the main fiber bundles in the cortex. This led to a dorsal-ventral subdivision of the frontal cortex, where dorsal and ventral clusters showed privileged connectivity with parietal and temporal areas, respectively. Ventrally, temporo-frontal circuits encode information to discriminate objects in the environment, their value, emotional properties, and functions such as memory and spatial navigation. Dorsal parieto-frontal circuits encode information for selecting, generating, and monitoring appropriate actions based on visual-spatial and somatosensory information. This organization may reflect evolutionary antecedents, in which the vertebrate pallium, which is the ancestral cortex, was defined by a ventral and lateral olfactory region and a medial hippocampal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Giarrocco
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Bruno Averbeck
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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22
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Pasternak T, Tadin D. Linking Neuronal Direction Selectivity to Perceptual Decisions About Visual Motion. Annu Rev Vis Sci 2021; 6:335-362. [PMID: 32936737 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-121219-081816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Psychophysical and neurophysiological studies of responses to visual motion have converged on a consistent set of general principles that characterize visual processing of motion information. Both types of approaches have shown that the direction and speed of target motion are among the most important encoded stimulus properties, revealing many parallels between psychophysical and physiological responses to motion. Motivated by these parallels, this review focuses largely on more direct links between the key feature of the neuronal response to motion, direction selectivity, and its utilization in memory-guided perceptual decisions. These links were established during neuronal recordings in monkeys performing direction discriminations, but also by examining perceptual effects of widespread elimination of cortical direction selectivity produced by motion deprivation during development. Other approaches, such as microstimulation and lesions, have documented the importance of direction-selective activity in the areas that are active during memory-guided direction comparisons, area MT and the prefrontal cortex, revealing their likely interactions during behavioral tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Pasternak
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA; , .,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.,Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.,Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Duje Tadin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA; , .,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.,Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.,Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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23
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Pinto M, Pellegrino M, Lasaponara S, Scozia G, D'Onofrio M, Raffa G, Nigro S, Arnaud CR, Tomaiuolo F, Doricchi F. Number space is made by response space: Evidence from left spatial neglect. Neuropsychologia 2021; 154:107773. [PMID: 33567295 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Whether the semantic representation of numbers is endowed with an intrinsic spatial component, so that smaller numbers are inherently represented to the left of larger ones on a Mental Number Line (MNL), is a central matter of debate in numerical cognition. To gain an insight into this issue, we investigated the performance of right brain damaged patients with left spatial neglect (N+) in a bimanual Magnitude Comparison SNARC task and in a uni-manual Magnitude Comparison Go/No-Go task (i.e. "is the number smaller or larger than 5?"). While the first task requires the use of contrasting left/right spatial codes for response selection, the second task does not require the use of these codes. In line with previous evidence, in the SNARC task N+ patients displayed a significant asymmetry in Reaction Times (RTs), with slower RTs to number "4", that was immediately precedent to the numerical reference "5", with respect to the number "6", that immediately followed the same reference. This RTs asymmetry was correlated with lesion of white matter tracts, i.e. Fronto-Occipital-Fasciculus, that allows prefrontal Ba 8 and 46 to regulate the distribution of attention on sensory and memory traces in posterior occipital, temporal and parietal areas. In contrast, no similar RTs asymmetry was found in the Go/No-Go task. These findings suggest that while in the SNARC task numbers get mentally organised from left-to-right as a function of their increasing magnitude, so that N+ patients display a delay in the processing of number-magnitudes that are immediately smaller than a given numerical reference, in the Go/No-Go task no left-to-right organization is activated. These results support the idea that it is the use of contrasting left/right spatial codes, whether motor or conceptual, that triggers the generation of a spatially left-to-right organised MNL and that the representation of number magnitude is not endowed with an inherent spatial component.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Pellegrino
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza', Roma, Italy; Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Stefano Lasaponara
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza', Roma, Italy; Libera Università Maria Santissima Assunta - LUMSA, Roma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Scozia
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza', Roma, Italy
| | - Marianna D'Onofrio
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza', Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Raffa
- Division of Neurosurgery, Dept. BIOMORF, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Nigro
- Institute of Nanotechnology (NANOTEC), National Research Council, Lecce, Italy
| | - Clelia Rossi Arnaud
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza', Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Tomaiuolo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Doricchi
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza', Roma, Italy; Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Roma, Italy.
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24
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Rapan L, Froudist-Walsh S, Niu M, Xu T, Funck T, Zilles K, Palomero-Gallagher N. Multimodal 3D atlas of the macaque monkey motor and premotor cortex. Neuroimage 2021; 226:117574. [PMID: 33221453 PMCID: PMC8168280 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study we reevaluated the parcellation scheme of the macaque frontal agranular cortex by implementing quantitative cytoarchitectonic and multireceptor analyses, with the purpose to integrate and reconcile the discrepancies between previously published maps of this region. We applied an observer-independent and statistically testable approach to determine the position of cytoarchitectonic borders. Analysis of the regional and laminar distribution patterns of 13 different transmitter receptors confirmed the position of cytoarchitectonically identified borders. Receptor densities were extracted from each area and visualized as its "receptor fingerprint". Hierarchical and principal components analyses were conducted to detect clusters of areas according to the degree of (dis)similarity of their fingerprints. Finally, functional connectivity pattern of each identified area was analyzed with areas of prefrontal, cingulate, somatosensory and lateral parietal cortex and the results were depicted as "connectivity fingerprints" and seed-to-vertex connectivity maps. We identified 16 cyto- and receptor architectonically distinct areas, including novel subdivisions of the primary motor area 4 (i.e. 4a, 4p, 4m) and of premotor areas F4 (i.e. F4s, F4d, F4v), F5 (i.e. F5s, F5d, F5v) and F7 (i.e. F7d, F7i, F7s). Multivariate analyses of receptor fingerprints revealed three clusters, which first segregated the subdivisions of area 4 with F4d and F4s from the remaining premotor areas, then separated ventrolateral from dorsolateral and medial premotor areas. The functional connectivity analysis revealed that medial and dorsolateral premotor and motor areas show stronger functional connectivity with areas involved in visual processing, whereas 4p and ventrolateral premotor areas presented a stronger functional connectivity with areas involved in somatomotor responses. For the first time, we provide a 3D atlas integrating cyto- and multi-receptor architectonic features of the macaque motor and premotor cortex. This atlas constitutes a valuable resource for the analysis of functional experiments carried out with non-human primates, for modeling approaches with realistic synaptic dynamics, as well as to provide insights into how brain functions have developed by changes in the underlying microstructure and encoding strategies during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Rapan
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Meiqi Niu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ting Xu
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York
| | - Thomas Funck
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl Zilles
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nicola Palomero-Gallagher
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, and JARA - Translational Brain Medicine, Aachen, Germany; C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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25
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Abstract
Working memory (WM) is a fundamental construct of human cognition. The neural basis of auditory WM is thought to reflect a distributed brain network consisting of canonical memory and central executive brain regions including frontal lobe and hippocampus. Yet, the role of auditory (sensory) cortex in supporting active memory representations remains controversial. Here, we recorded neuroelectric activity via electroencephalogram as listeners actively performed an auditory version of the Sternberg memory task. Memory load was taxed by parametrically manipulating the number of auditory tokens (letter sounds) held in memory. Source analysis of scalp potentials showed that sustained neural activity maintained in auditory cortex (AC) prior to memory retrieval closely scaled with behavioral performance. Brain-behavior correlations revealed that lateralized modulations in left (but not right) AC were predictive of individual differences in auditory WM capacity. Our findings confirm a prominent role of AC, traditionally viewed as a sensory-perceptual processor, in actively maintaining memory traces and dictating individual differences in behavioral WM limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin M. Bidelman
- School of Communication Sciences & Disorders, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
- Institute for Intelligent Systems, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
- University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jane A. Brown
- School of Communication Sciences & Disorders, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
- Institute for Intelligent Systems, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pouya Bashivan
- University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms (MILA), Montreal, QC, Canada
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26
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Area 8A within the Posterior Middle Frontal Gyrus Underlies Cognitive Selection between Competing Visual Targets. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0102-20.2020. [PMID: 32817199 PMCID: PMC7540933 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0102-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There are several distinct areas in the granular part of the lateral frontal cortex, and these areas provide high-level regulation of cognitive processing. Lesions of the dorsolateral frontal cortex that include area 8A in the human brain and lesions restricted to area 8A in the macaque monkey have demonstrated impairments in tasks requiring selection between visual targets based on rules, such as conditional if/then rules. These same subjects show no impairment in the ability to discriminate between visual stimuli nor in the ability to learn selection rules in general. Area 8A can be considered as a key area for the top-down control of attentional selection. The present functional neuroimaging study demonstrates that activity in area 8A that lies on the posterior part of the middle frontal gyrus underlies the trial-to-trial selection between competing visual targets based on previously acquired conditional rules. Critically, the activity of area 8A could clearly be dissociated from activity related to the performance of eye movements per se that lies posterior to it. Thus, area 8A with its rich corticocortical connections with the posterior parietal region involved in spatial processing and the multisensory temporal cortex appears to be the key prefrontal area for the higher order selection between competing stimuli in the environment, most likely by the allocation of attention.
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27
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Contreras-Huerta LS, Pisauro MA, Apps MAJ. Effort shapes social cognition and behaviour: A neuro-cognitive framework. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 118:426-439. [PMID: 32818580 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical accounts typically posit that variability in social behaviour is a function of capacity limits. We argue that many social behaviours are goal-directed and effortful, and thus variability is not just a function of capacity, but also motivation. Leveraging recent work examining the cognitive, computational and neural basis of effort processing, we put forward a framework for motivated social cognition. We argue that social cognition is demanding, people avoid its effort costs, and a core-circuit of brain areas that guides effort-based decisions in non-social situations may similarly evaluate whether social behaviours are worth the effort. Thus, effort sensitivity dissociates capacity limits from social motivation, and may be a driver of individual differences and pathological impairments in social cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Sebastian Contreras-Huerta
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, UK.
| | - M Andrea Pisauro
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, UK; Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK.
| | - Matthew A J Apps
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, UK; Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK; Christ Church College, University of Oxford, UK.
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28
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The Ventral Part of Dorsolateral Frontal Area 8A Regulates Visual Attentional Selection and the Dorsal Part Auditory Attentional Selection. Neuroscience 2020; 441:209-216. [PMID: 32512135 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The allocation of attention to specific target stimuli is key to pursue a task successfully and attain a goal in an environment that is full of distractions and competing stimuli. Area 8A in the caudal dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is considered a central area for the top-down control of attention and lesion studies in both human and non-human primates have demonstrated that this area is critical for the successful selection of targets according to internal rules. Area 8A can be subdivided into a dorsal part (8Ad) that has unique connections to auditory regions, and a ventral part (8Av) connected with higher-order visual areas. Both parts of area 8A share connections with the parietal multimodal higher order spatial processing region. The present functional neuroimaging study demonstrates that (a) frontal area 8A is critical for the rule-based attentional selection between alternative stimuli that face the individual and (b) that there is a functional dissociation between dorsal area 8A involved in the attentional selection of auditory stimuli and ventral area 8A in the selection of visual stimuli.
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29
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Dissociating the white matter tracts connecting the temporo-parietal cortical region with frontal cortex using diffusion tractography. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8186. [PMID: 32424290 PMCID: PMC7235086 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64124-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Three major white matter pathways connect the posterior temporal region and the adjacent inferior parietal lobule with the lateral frontal cortex: the arcuate fasciculus (AF), and the second and third branches of the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF II and SLF III). These pathways are found also in nonhuman primate brains where they play specific roles in auditory and spatial processing. The precise origin, course, and termination of these pathways has been examined in invasive tract tracing studies in macaque monkeys. Here we use this prior knowledge to improve dissections of these pathways in vivo in the human brain using diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) tractography. In this study, the AF, originating from the posterior temporal cortex, has been successfully separated from the SLF II and SLF III tracts originating from the angular and supramarginal gyri of the inferior parietal lobule, respectively. The latter two pathways, i.e. SLF II and SLF III, have also been clearly separated from each other. Furthermore, we report for the first time in the human brain the dorsal branch of the AF that targets the posterior dorsolateral frontal region. These improved dissection protocols provide a solid basis for exploring the respective functional roles of these major fasciculi.
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30
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Why do we move to the beat? A multi-scale approach, from physical principles to brain dynamics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 112:553-584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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31
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The lateral prefrontal cortex of primates encodes stimulus colors and their behavioral relevance during a match-to-sample task. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4216. [PMID: 32144331 PMCID: PMC7060344 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The lateral prefrontal cortex of primates (lPFC) plays a central role in complex cognitive behavior, in decision-making as well as in guiding top-down attention. However, how and where in lPFC such behaviorally relevant signals are computed is poorly understood. We analyzed neural recordings from chronic microelectrode arrays implanted in lPFC region 8Av/45 of two rhesus macaques. The animals performed a feature match-to-sample task requiring them to match both motion and color information in a test stimulus. This task allowed to separate the encoding of stimulus motion and color from their current behavioral relevance on a trial-by-trial basis. We found that upcoming motor behavior can be robustly predicted from lPFC activity. In addition, we show that 8Av/45 encodes the color of a visual stimulus, regardless of its behavioral relevance. Most notably, whether a color matches the searched-for color can be decoded independent of a trial's motor outcome and while subjects detect unique feature conjunctions of color and motion. Thus, macaque area 8Av/45 computes, among other task-relevant information, the behavioral relevance of visual color features. Such a signal is most critical for both the selection of responses as well as the deployment of top-down modulatory signals, like feature-based attention.
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32
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Góngora D, Vega‐Hernández M, Jahanshahi M, Valdés‐Sosa PA, Bringas‐Vega ML. Crystallized and fluid intelligence are predicted by microstructure of specific white-matter tracts. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:906-916. [PMID: 32026600 PMCID: PMC7267934 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of the neural basis of intelligence have focused on comparing brain imaging variables with global scales instead of the cognitive domains integrating these scales or quotients. Here, the relation between mean tract-based fractional anisotropy (mTBFA) and intelligence indices was explored. Deterministic tractography was performed using a regions of interest approach for 10 white-matter fascicles along which the mTBFA was calculated. The study sample included 83 healthy individuals from the second wave of the Cuban Human Brain Mapping Project, whose WAIS-III intelligence quotients and indices were obtained. Inspired by the "Watershed model" of intelligence, we employed a regularized hierarchical Multiple Indicator, Multiple Causes model (MIMIC), to assess the association of mTBFA with intelligence scores, as mediated by latent variables summarizing the indices. Regularized MIMIC, used due to the limited sample size, selected relevant mTBFA by means of an elastic net penalty and achieved good fits to the data. Two latent variables were necessary to describe the indices: Fluid intelligence (Perceptual Organization and Processing Speed indices) and Crystallized Intelligence (Verbal Comprehension and Working Memory indices). Regularized MIMIC revealed effects of the forceps minor tract on crystallized intelligence and of the superior longitudinal fasciculus on fluid intelligence. The model also detected the significant effect of age on both latent variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daylín Góngora
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroinformationUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
- Cuban Neuroscience CenterHavanaCuba
| | | | - Marjan Jahanshahi
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroinformationUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
- UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Pedro A. Valdés‐Sosa
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroinformationUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
- Cuban Neuroscience CenterHavanaCuba
| | - Maria L. Bringas‐Vega
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroinformationUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
- Cuban Neuroscience CenterHavanaCuba
| | - CHBMP
- Cuban Neuroscience CenterHavanaCuba
- Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment of CubaHavanaCuba
- Ministry of Public Health of Republic of CubaHavanaCuba
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33
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Lee JK, Koppelmans V, Riascos RF, Hasan KM, Pasternak O, Mulavara AP, Bloomberg JJ, Seidler RD. Spaceflight-Associated Brain White Matter Microstructural Changes and Intracranial Fluid Redistribution. JAMA Neurol 2020; 76:412-419. [PMID: 30673793 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.4882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Importance Spaceflight results in transient balance declines and brain morphologic changes; to our knowledge, the effect on brain white matter as measured by diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI), after correcting for extracellular fluid shifts, has not been examined. Objective To map spaceflight-induced intracranial extracellular free water (FW) shifts and to evaluate changes in brain white matter diffusion measures in astronauts. Design, Setting and Participants We performed retrospective, longitudinal analyses on dMRI data collected between 2010 and 2015. Of the 26 astronauts' dMRI scans released by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lifetime Surveillance of Astronaut Health, 15 had both preflight and postflight dMRI scans and were included in the final analyses. Data were analyzed between 2015 and 2018. Interventions or Exposures Seven astronauts completed a space shuttle mission (≤30 days) and 8 completed a long-duration International Space Station mission (≤200 days). Main Outcomes and Measures The dMRI scans were acquired for clinical monitoring; in this retrospective analysis, we analyzed brain FW and white matter diffusion metrics corrected for FW. We also obtained scores from computerized dynamic posturography tests of balance to assess brain-behavior associations. Results Of the 15 astronauts included, the median (SD) age was 47.2 (1.5) years; 12 were men, and 3 were women. We found a significant, widespread increase in FW volume in the frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes from before spaceflight to after spaceflight. There was also a significant decrease in FW in the posterior aspect of the vertex. All FW changes were significant and ranged from approximately 2.5% to 4.0% across brain regions. We observed white matter changes in the right superior and inferior longitudinal fasciculi, the corticospinal tract, and cerebellar peduncles. All white matter changes were significant and ranged from approximately 0.75% to 1.25%. Spaceflight mission duration was associated with cerebellar white matter change, and white matter changes in the superior longitudinal fasciculus were associated with the balance changes seen in the astronauts from before spaceflight to after spaceflight. Conclusions and Relevance Free water redistribution with spaceflight likely reflects headward fluid shifts occurring in microgravity as well as an upward shift of the brain within the skull. White matter changes were of a greater magnitude than those typically seen during the same period with healthy aging. Future, prospective assessments are required to better understand the recovery time and behavioral consequences of these brain changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Lee
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | | | - Roy F Riascos
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston
| | - Khader M Hasan
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston
| | - Ofer Pasternak
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Jacob J Bloomberg
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rachael D Seidler
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville.,Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville
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34
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Haber SN, Tang W, Choi EY, Yendiki A, Liu H, Jbabdi S, Versace A, Phillips M. Circuits, Networks, and Neuropsychiatric Disease: Transitioning From Anatomy to Imaging. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 87:318-327. [PMID: 31870495 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the development of cellular and myelin stains, anatomy has formed the foundation for understanding circuitry in the human brain. However, recent functional and structural studies using magnetic resonance imaging have taken the lead in this endeavor. These innovative and noninvasive approaches have the advantage of studying connectivity patterns under different conditions directly in the human brain. They demonstrate dynamic and structural changes within and across networks linked to normal function and to a wide range of psychiatric illnesses. However, these indirect methods are unable to link networks to the hardwiring that underlies them. In contrast, anatomic invasive experimental studies can. Following a brief review of prefrontal cortical, anterior cingulate, and striatal connections and the different methodologies used, this article discusses how data from anatomic studies can help inform how hardwired connections are linked to the functional and structural networks identified in imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne N Haber
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Eun Young Choi
- Department of Neuroscience, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Anastasia Yendiki
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard University & Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hesheng Liu
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Saad Jbabdi
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia Versace
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mary Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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35
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Cipolotti L, Molenberghs P, Dominguez J, Smith N, Smirni D, Xu T, Shallice T, Chan E. Fluency and rule breaking behaviour in the frontal cortex. Neuropsychologia 2020; 137:107308. [PMID: 31866432 PMCID: PMC6996283 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Design (DF) and phonemic fluency tests (FAS; D-KEFS, 2001) are commonly used to investigate voluntary generation. Despite this, several important issues remain poorly investigated. In a sizeable sample of patients with focal left or right frontal lesion we established that voluntary generation performance cannot be accounted for by fluid intelligence. For DF we found patients performed significantly worse than healthy controls (HC) only on the switch condition. However, no significant difference between left and right frontal patients was found. In contrast, left frontal patients were significantly impaired when compared with HC and right frontal patients on FAS. These lateralization findings were complemented, for the first time, by three neuroimaging; investigations. A traditional frontal subgrouping method found significant differences on FAS between patients with or without Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus lesions involving BA 44 and/or 45. Parcel Based Lesion Symptom Mapping (PLSM) found lower scores on FAS were significantly associated with damage to posterior Left Middle Frontal Gyrus. An increase in rule break errors, so far only anecdotally reported, was associated with damage to the left dorsal anterior cingulate and left body of the corpus callosum, supporting the idea that conflict resolution and monitoring impairments may play a role. Tractwise statistical analysis (TSA) revealed that patients with disconnection; in the left anterior thalamic projections, frontal aslant tract, frontal; orbitopolar tract, pons, superior longitudinal fasciculus I and II performed significantly worse than patients without disconnection in these tracts on FAS. In contrast, PLSM and TSA analyses did not reveal any significant relationship between lesion location and performance on the DF switch condition. Overall, these findings suggest DF may have limited utility as a tool in detecting lateralized frontal executive dysfunction, whereas FAS and rule break behavior appears to be linked to a set of well localized left frontal grey matter regions and white matter tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Cipolotti
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
| | | | - Juan Dominguez
- School of Psychology and Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Australia
| | - Nicola Smith
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Daniela Smirni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e della Formazione, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Tianbo Xu
- Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Tim Shallice
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK; International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA-ISAS), Trieste, Italy
| | - Edgar Chan
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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Sugiura A, Silverstein BH, Jeong JW, Nakai Y, Sonoda M, Motoi H, Asano E. Four-dimensional map of direct effective connectivity from posterior visual areas. Neuroimage 2020; 210:116548. [PMID: 31958582 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower- and higher-order visual cortices in the posterior brain, ranging from the medial- and lateral-occipital to fusiform regions, are suggested to support visual object recognition, whereas the frontal eye field (FEF) plays a role in saccadic eye movements which optimize visual processing. Previous studies using electrophysiology and functional MRI techniques have reported that tasks requiring visual object recognition elicited cortical activation sequentially in the aforementioned posterior visual regions and FEFs. The present study aims to provide unique evidence of direct effective connectivity outgoing from the posterior visual regions by measuring the early component (10-50 ms) of cortico-cortical spectral responses (CCSRs) elicited by weak single-pulse direct cortical electrical stimulation. We studied 22 patients who underwent extraoperative intracranial EEG recording for clinical localization of seizure foci and functionally-important brain regions. We used animations to visualize the spatiotemporal dynamics of gamma band CCSRs elicited by stimulation of three different posterior visual regions. We quantified the strength of CCSR-defined effective connectivity between the lower- and higher-order posterior visual regions as well as from the posterior visual regions to the FEFs. We found that effective connectivity within the posterior visual regions was larger in the feedforward (i.e., lower-to higher-order) direction compared to the opposite direction. Specifically, connectivity from the medial-occipital region was largest to the lateral-occipital region, whereas that from the lateral-occipital region was largest to the fusiform region. Among the posterior visual regions, connectivity to the FEF was largest from the lateral-occipital region and the mean peak latency of CCSR propagation from the lateral-occipital region to FEF was 26 ms. Our invasive study of the human brain using a stimulation-based intervention supports the model that the posterior visual regions have direct cortico-cortical connectivity pathways in which neural activity is transferred preferentially from the lower-to higher-order areas. The human brain has direct cortico-cortical connectivity allowing a rapid transfer of neural activity from the lateral-occipital region to the FEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Sugiura
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Brian H Silverstein
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Jeong-Won Jeong
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA; Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Yasuo Nakai
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama-shi, 6418509, Japan
| | - Masaki Sonoda
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Hirotaka Motoi
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Eishi Asano
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA; Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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Abstract
The effect of the eyes closed and eyes open states on transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-induced motor cortex response remains unclear. This study evaluated the difference in TMS-induced motor cortical responses between the eyes open and eyes closed states. Ten healthy right-handed participants participated in three experiments. The stimulation-response curve of motor-evoked potential, short-interval intracortical inhibition, intracortical facilitation, and cortical silent period were determined in both the eyes open and eyes closed states, in random order. The order of performance of the eyes open and eyes closed states was also random. The stimulation-response curve obtained in the eyes open state was steeper than that obtained in the eyes closed state. The resting and active motor thresholds, cortical silent period, short-interval intracortical inhibition, and intracortical facilitation were similar in the eyes open and eyes closed states. These data demonstrate that the eyes closed state may affect the recruitment of cortical circuits and thus diminish the TMS-evoked motor output.
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The Effects of Methylphenidate (Ritalin) on the Neurophysiology of the Monkey Caudal Prefrontal Cortex. eNeuro 2019; 6:eN-NWR-0371-18. [PMID: 30847388 PMCID: PMC6402537 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0371-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH), commonly known as Ritalin, is the most widely prescribed drug worldwide to treat patients with attention deficit disorders. Although MPH is thought to modulate catecholamine neurotransmission in the brain, it remains unclear how these neurochemical effects influence neuronal activity and lead to attentional enhancements. Studies in rodents overwhelmingly point to the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) as a main site of action of MPH. To understand the mechanism of action of MPH in a primate brain, we recorded the responses of neuronal populations using chronic multielectrode arrays implanted in the caudal LPFC of two macaque monkeys while the animals performed an attention task (N = 2811 neuronal recordings). Over different recording sessions (N = 55), we orally administered either various doses of MPH or a placebo to the animals. Behavioral analyses revealed positive effects of MPH on task performance at specific doses. However, analyses of individual neurons activity, noise correlations, and neuronal ensemble activity using machine learning algorithms revealed no effects of MPH. Our results suggest that the positive behavioral effects of MPH observed in primates (including humans) may not be mediated by changes in the activity of caudal LPFC neurons. MPH may enhance cognitive performance by modulating neuronal activity in other regions of the attentional network in the primate brain.
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Müller T, Apps MA. Motivational fatigue: A neurocognitive framework for the impact of effortful exertion on subsequent motivation. Neuropsychologia 2019; 123:141-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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40
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Chen LL, Li H, Chen XH, Jin S, Chen QH, Chen MR, Li N. Effects of Hand Exercise on Eating Action in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2019; 34:57-62. [PMID: 30301358 PMCID: PMC10852483 DOI: 10.1177/1533317518803722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We aim to investigate whether a popular hand exercise could be used to improve the action of eating in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). A 6-month intervention was conducted in 60 patients with AD who live in a nursing home. They were divided into hand exercise and control groups. Patients of the control group maintained their daily routine. The improvement of Edinburgh Feeding Evaluation in Dementia scale in hand exercise group was significantly greater than in the control group ( P = .003). Significant differences in time of autonomous eating and time of simulated eating between patients in the hand exercise and control groups ( P < .05) were noted. The improvements in accuracy of eating action and coordination of eating action from baseline were significant in hand exercise group compared to the control group ( P = .020 and .014, respectively). Hand exercise is a safe and effective intervention to improve the feeding and eating of people with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Chen
- Fujian Medical University Affiliated Clinical Provincial Medical Institute, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Nursing School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Province, China
| | - Hong Li
- Fujian Medical University Affiliated Clinical Provincial Medical Institute, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Nursing School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiao-Huan Chen
- Fujian Medical University Affiliated Clinical Provincial Medical Institute, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Nursing School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shuang Jin
- Fujian Medical University Affiliated Clinical Provincial Medical Institute, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Nursing School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Province, China
| | - Qiu-Hua Chen
- Fujian Medical University Affiliated Clinical Provincial Medical Institute, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Nursing School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Province, China
| | - Mei-Rong Chen
- Fujian Medical University Affiliated Clinical Provincial Medical Institute, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Nursing School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Province, China
| | - Na Li
- Fujian Medical University Affiliated Clinical Provincial Medical Institute, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Nursing School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Province, China
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41
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Propofol inhibited the excitability of pyramidal neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex by influencing the delayed rectifier K+ channels and γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors. Neuroreport 2019; 30:102-107. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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42
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Sani I, McPherson BC, Stemmann H, Pestilli F, Freiwald WA. Functionally defined white matter of the macaque monkey brain reveals a dorso-ventral attention network. eLife 2019; 8:e40520. [PMID: 30601116 PMCID: PMC6345568 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical studies of attention have identified areas of parietal and frontal cortex as sources of attentional control. Recently, a ventral region in the macaque temporal cortex, the posterior infero-temporal dorsal area PITd, has been suggested as a third attentional control area. This raises the question of whether and how spatially distant areas coordinate a joint focus of attention. Here we tested the hypothesis that parieto-frontal attention areas and PITd are directly interconnected. By combining functional MRI with ex-vivo high-resolution diffusion MRI, we found that PITd and dorsal attention areas are all directly connected through three specific fascicles. These results ascribe a new function, the communication of attention signals, to two known fiber-bundles, highlight the importance of vertical interactions across the two visual streams, and imply that the control of endogenous attention, hitherto thought to reside in macaque dorsal cortical areas, is exerted by a dorso-ventral network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Sani
- Laboratory of Neural SystemsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Brent C McPherson
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesIndiana UniversityBloomingtonUnited States
| | - Heiko Stemmann
- Institute for Brain Research and Center for Advanced ImagingUniversity of BremenBremenGermany
| | - Franco Pestilli
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesIndiana UniversityBloomingtonUnited States
| | - Winrich A Freiwald
- Laboratory of Neural SystemsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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Gray DT, Umapathy L, Burke SN, Trouard TP, Barnes CA. Tract-Specific White Matter Correlates of Age-Related Reward Devaluation Deficits in Macaque Monkeys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 3:13-26. [PMID: 30198011 PMCID: PMC6126381 DOI: 10.17756/jnpn.2018-023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Cognitive aging is known to alter reward-guided behaviors that require interactions between the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and amygdala. In macaques, OFC, but not amygdala volumes decline with age and correlate with performance on a reward devaluation (RD) task. The present study used diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) methods to investigate whether the condition of the white matter associated with amygdala-OFC connectivity changes with age and relates to reward devaluation. Methods: Diffusion-, T1- and T2-weighted MRIs were acquired from adult and aged bonnet macaques. Using probabilistic tractography, fractional anisotropy (FA) estimates from two separate white matter tracts associated with amygdala-OFC connectivity, the uncinate fasciculus (UF) and amygdalofugal (AF) pathways, were obtained. Performance measures on RD and reversal learning (RL) tasks were also acquired and related to FA indices from each anatomical tract. Results: Aged monkeys were impaired on both the RD and RL tasks and had lower FA indices in the AF pathway. Higher FA indices from the right hemisphere UF pathway correlated with better performance on an object-based RD task, whereas higher FA indices from the right hemisphere AF were associated with better performance on an object-free version of the task. FA measures from neither tract correlated with RL performance. Conclusions: These results suggest that the condition of the white matter connecting the amygdala and OFC may impact reward devaluation behaviors. Furthermore, the observation that FA indices from the UF and AF differentially relate to reward devaluation suggests that the amygdala-OFC interactions that occur via these separate tracts are partially independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Gray
- Division of Neural System, Memory & Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Evelyn F McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lavanya Umapathy
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sara N Burke
- Evelyn F McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Theodore P Trouard
- Evelyn F McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Carol A Barnes
- Division of Neural System, Memory & Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Evelyn F McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Departments of Psychology, Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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44
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Mapping functional brain organization: Rethinking lesion symptom mapping and advanced neuroimaging methods in the understanding of human cognition. Neuropsychologia 2018; 115:1-4. [PMID: 29704522 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Apps MAJ, Ramnani N. Contributions of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex to Social Influence in Economic Decision-Making. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:4635-4648. [PMID: 28922858 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Economic decisions are guided by highly subjective reward valuations (SVs). Often these SVs are over-ridden when individuals conform to social norms. Yet, the neural mechanisms that underpin the distinct processing of such normative reward valuations (NVs) are poorly understood. The dorsomedial and ventromedial portions of the prefrontal cortex (dmPFC/vmPFC) are putatively key regions for processing social and economic information respectively. However, the contribution of these regions to economic decisions guided by social norms is unclear. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and computational modeling we examine the neural mechanisms underlying the processing of SVs and NVs. Subjects (n = 15) indicated either their own economic preferences or made similar choices based on a social norm-learnt during a training session. We found that that the vmPFC and dmPFC make dissociable contributions to the processing of SV and NV. Regions of the dmPFC processed "only" the value of rewards when making normative choices. In contrast, we identify a novel mechanism in the vmPFC for the coding of value. This region signaled both subjective and normative valuations, but activity was scaled positively for SV and negatively for NV. These results highlight some of the key mechanisms that underpin conformity and social influence in economic decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A J Apps
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.,Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London TWO 0EX, UK
| | - N Ramnani
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London TWO 0EX, UK
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46
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Loh KK, Hadj-Bouziane F, Petrides M, Procyk E, Amiez C. Rostro-Caudal Organization of Connectivity between Cingulate Motor Areas and Lateral Frontal Regions. Front Neurosci 2018; 11:753. [PMID: 29375293 PMCID: PMC5769030 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
According to contemporary views, the lateral frontal cortex is organized along a rostro-caudal functional axis with increasingly complex cognitive/behavioral control implemented rostrally, and increasingly detailed motor control implemented caudally. Whether the medial frontal cortex follows the same organization remains to be elucidated. To address this issue, the functional connectivity of the 3 cingulate motor areas (CMAs) in the human brain with the lateral frontal cortex was investigated. First, the CMAs and their representations of hand, tongue, and eye movements were mapped via task-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Second, using resting-state fMRI, their functional connectivity with lateral prefrontal and lateral motor cortical regions of interest (ROIs) were examined. Importantly, the above analyses were conducted at the single-subject level to account for variability in individual cingulate morphology. The results demonstrated a rostro-caudal functional organization of the CMAs in the human brain that parallels that in the lateral frontal cortex: the rostral CMA has stronger functional connectivity with prefrontal regions and weaker connectivity with motor regions; conversely, the more caudal CMAs have weaker prefrontal and stronger motor connectivity. Connectivity patterns of the hand, tongue and eye representations within the CMAs are consistent with that of their parent CMAs. The parallel rostral-to-caudal functional organization observed in the medial and lateral frontal cortex could likely contribute to different hierarchies of cognitive-motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kep Kee Loh
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron, France
| | - Fadila Hadj-Bouziane
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, U1028, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team - University UCBL Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Michael Petrides
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Procyk
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron, France
| | - Céline Amiez
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron, France
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47
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Choi EY, Drayna GK, Badre D. Evidence for a Functional Hierarchy of Association Networks. J Cogn Neurosci 2018; 30:722-736. [PMID: 29308987 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Patient lesion and neuroimaging studies have identified a rostral-to-caudal functional gradient in the lateral frontal cortex (LFC) corresponding to higher-order (complex or abstract) to lower-order (simple or concrete) cognitive control. At the same time, monkey anatomical and human functional connectivity studies show that frontal regions are reciprocally connected with parietal and temporal regions, forming parallel and distributed association networks. Here, we investigated the link between the functional gradient of LFC regions observed during control tasks and the parallel, distributed organization of association networks. Whole-brain fMRI task activity corresponding to four orders of hierarchical control [Badre, D., & D'Esposito, M. Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence for a hierarchical organization of the prefrontal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 2082-2099, 2007] was compared with a resting-state functional connectivity MRI estimate of cortical networks [Yeo, B. T., Krienen, F. M., Sepulcre, J., Sabuncu, M. R., Lashkari, D., Hollinshead, M., et al. The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity. Journal of Neurophysiology, 106, 1125-1165, 2011]. Critically, at each order of control, activity in the LFC and parietal cortex overlapped onto a common association network that differed between orders. These results are consistent with a functional organization based on separable association networks that are recruited during hierarchical control. Furthermore, corticostriatal functional connectivity MRI showed that, consistent with their participation in functional networks, rostral-to-caudal LFC and caudal-to-rostral parietal regions had similar, order-specific corticostriatal connectivity that agreed with a striatal gating model of hierarchical rule use. Our results indicate that hierarchical cognitive control is subserved by parallel and distributed association networks, together forming multiple localized functional gradients in different parts of association cortex. As such, association networks, while connectionally organized in parallel, may be functionally organized in a hierarchy via dynamic interaction with the striatum.
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48
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Electrical stimulation of macaque lateral prefrontal cortex modulates oculomotor behavior indicative of a disruption of top-down attention. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17715. [PMID: 29255155 PMCID: PMC5735183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) of primates is hypothesized to be heavily involved in decision-making and selective visual attention. Recent neurophysiological evidence suggests that information necessary for an orchestration of those high-level cognitive factors are indeed represented in the lPFC. However, we know little about the specific contribution of sub-networks within lPFC to the deployment of top-down influences that can be measured in extrastriate visual cortex. Here, we systematically applied electrical stimulations to areas 8Av and 45 of two macaque monkeys performing a concurrent goal-directed saccade task. Despite using currents well above saccadic thresholds of the directly adjacent Frontal Eye Fields (FEF), saccades were only rarely evoked by the stimulation. Instead, two types of behavioral effects were observed: Stimulations of caudal sites in 8Av (close to FEF) shortened or prolonged saccadic reaction times, depending on the task-instructed saccade, while rostral stimulations of 8Av/45 seem to affect the relative attentional weighting of saccade targets as well as saccadic reaction times. These results illuminate important differences in the causal involvement of different sub-networks within the lPFC and are most compatible with a stimulation-induced biasing of stimulus processing that accelerates the detection of saccade targets presented ipsilateral to stimulation through a disruption of contralaterally deployed top-down attention.
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49
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Peng K, Steele SC, Becerra L, Borsook D. Brodmann area 10: Collating, integrating and high level processing of nociception and pain. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 161:1-22. [PMID: 29199137 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple frontal cortical brain regions have emerged as being important in pain processing, whether it be integrative, sensory, cognitive, or emotional. One such region, Brodmann Area 10 (BA 10), is the largest frontal brain region that has been shown to be involved in a wide variety of functions including risk and decision making, odor evaluation, reward and conflict, pain, and working memory. BA 10, also known as the anterior prefrontal cortex, frontopolar prefrontal cortex or rostral prefrontal cortex, is comprised of at least two cytoarchitectonic sub-regions, medial and lateral. To date, the explicit role of BA 10 in the processing of pain hasn't been fully elucidated. In this paper, we first review the anatomical pathways and functional connectivity of BA 10. Numerous functional imaging studies of experimental or clinical pain have also reported brain activations and/or deactivations in BA 10 in response to painful events. The evidence suggests that BA 10 may play a critical role in the collation, integration and high-level processing of nociception and pain, but also reveals possible functional distinctions between the subregions of BA 10 in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Peng
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States.
| | - Sarah C Steele
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Lino Becerra
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Mclean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - David Borsook
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Mclean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
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50
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Padoa-Schioppa C, Conen KE. Orbitofrontal Cortex: A Neural Circuit for Economic Decisions. Neuron 2017; 96:736-754. [PMID: 29144973 PMCID: PMC5726577 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Economic choice behavior entails the computation and comparison of subjective values. A central contribution of neuroeconomics has been to show that subjective values are represented explicitly at the neuronal level. With this result at hand, the field has increasingly focused on the difficult question of where in the brain and how exactly subjective values are compared to make a decision. Here, we review a broad range of experimental and theoretical results suggesting that good-based decisions are generated in a neural circuit within the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). The main lines of evidence supporting this proposal include the fact that goal-directed behavior is specifically disrupted by OFC lesions, the fact that different groups of neurons in this area encode the input and the output of the decision process, the fact that activity fluctuations in each of these cell groups correlate with choice variability, and the fact that these groups of neurons are computationally sufficient to generate decisions. Results from other brain regions are consistent with the idea that good-based decisions take place in OFC and indicate that value signals inform a variety of mental functions. We also contrast the present proposal with other leading models for the neural mechanisms of economic decisions. Finally, we indicate open questions and suggest possible directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camillo Padoa-Schioppa
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Economics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Katherine E Conen
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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