1
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Chen FD, Sharma A, Roszko DA, Xue T, Mu X, Luo X, Chua H, Lo PGQ, Sacher WD, Poon JKS. Development of wafer-scale multifunctional nanophotonic neural probes for brain activity mapping. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:2397-2417. [PMID: 38623840 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00931a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Optical techniques, such as optogenetic stimulation and functional fluorescence imaging, have been revolutionary for neuroscience by enabling neural circuit analysis with cell-type specificity. To probe deep brain regions, implantable light sources are crucial. Silicon photonics, commonly used for data communications, shows great promise in creating implantable devices with complex optical systems in a compact form factor compatible with high volume manufacturing practices. This article reviews recent developments of wafer-scale multifunctional nanophotonic neural probes. The probes can be realized on 200 or 300 mm wafers in commercial foundries and integrate light emitters for photostimulation, microelectrodes for electrophysiological recording, and microfluidic channels for chemical delivery and sampling. By integrating active optical devices to the probes, denser emitter arrays, enhanced on-chip biosensing, and increased ease of use may be realized. Silicon photonics technology makes possible highly versatile implantable neural probes that can transform neuroscience experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Der Chen
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Ankita Sharma
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - David A Roszko
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Tianyuan Xue
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Xin Mu
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Xianshu Luo
- Advanced Micro Foundry Pte Ltd, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore Science Park II, 117685, Singapore
| | - Hongyao Chua
- Advanced Micro Foundry Pte Ltd, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore Science Park II, 117685, Singapore
| | - Patrick Guo-Qiang Lo
- Advanced Micro Foundry Pte Ltd, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore Science Park II, 117685, Singapore
| | - Wesley D Sacher
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Joyce K S Poon
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
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2
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Park I, Kim S, Brenden CK, Shi W, Iyer H, Bashir R, Vlasov Y. Highly Localized Chemical Sampling at Subsecond Temporal Resolution Enabled with a Silicon Nanodialysis Platform at Nanoliter per Minute Flows. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6963-6974. [PMID: 38378186 PMCID: PMC10919076 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Microdialysis (MD) is a versatile and powerful technique for chemical profiling of biological tissues and is widely used for quantification of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, metabolites, biomarkers, and drugs in the central nervous system as well as in dermatology, ophthalmology, and pain research. However, MD performance is severely limited by fundamental tradeoffs between chemical sensitivity, spatial resolution, and temporal response. Here, by using wafer-scale silicon microfabrication, we develop and demonstrate a nanodialysis (ND) sampling probe that enables highly localized chemical sampling with 100 μm spatial resolution and subsecond temporal resolution at high recovery rates. These performance metrics, which are 100-1000× superior to existing MD approaches, are enabled by a 100× reduction of the microfluidic channel cross-section, a corresponding drastic 100× reduction of flow rates to exceedingly slow few nL/min flows, and integration of a nanometer-thin nanoporous membrane with high transport flux into the probe sampling area. Miniaturized ND probes may allow for the minimally invasive and highly localized sampling and chemical profiling in live biological tissues with high spatiotemporal resolution for clinical, biomedical, and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Weihua Shi
- University of Illinois at
Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61820, United States
| | - Hrishikesh Iyer
- University of Illinois at
Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61820, United States
| | - Rashid Bashir
- University of Illinois at
Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61820, United States
| | - Yurii Vlasov
- University of Illinois at
Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61820, United States
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3
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Nestor L, De Bundel D, Vander Heyden Y, Smolders I, Van Eeckhaut A. Unravelling the brain metabolome: A review of liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry strategies for extracellular brain metabolomics. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1712:464479. [PMID: 37952387 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of the brain extracellular metabolome is of interest for numerous subdomains within neuroscience. Not only does it provide information about normal physiological functions, it is even more of interest for biomarker discovery and target discovery in disease. The extracellular analysis of the brain is particularly interesting as it provides information about the release of mediators in the brain extracellular fluid to look at cellular signaling and metabolic pathways through the release, diffusion and re-uptake of neurochemicals. In vivo samples are obtained through microdialysis, cerebral open-flow microperfusion or solid-phase microextraction. The analytes of potential interest are typically low in concentration and can have a wide range of physicochemical properties. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry has proven its usefulness in brain metabolomics. It allows sensitive and specific analysis of low sample volumes, obtained through different approaches. Several strategies for the analysis of the extracellular fluid have been proposed. The most widely used approaches apply sample derivatization, specific stationary phases and/or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. Miniaturization of these methods allows an even higher sensitivity. The development of chiral metabolomics is indispensable, as it allows to compare the enantiomeric ratio of compounds and provides even more challenges. Some limitations continue to exist for the previously developed methods and the development of new, more sensitive methods remains needed. This review provides an overview of the methods developed for sampling and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the extracellular metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Nestor
- Research group Experimental Pharmacology (EFAR), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dimitri De Bundel
- Research group Experimental Pharmacology (EFAR), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yvan Vander Heyden
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling (FABI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilse Smolders
- Research group Experimental Pharmacology (EFAR), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ann Van Eeckhaut
- Research group Experimental Pharmacology (EFAR), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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4
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Park I, Kim S, Brenden CK, Shi W, Iyer H, Bashir R, Vlasov Y. Highly localized chemical sampling at sub-second temporal resolution enabled with a silicon nanodialysis platform at exceedingly slow flows. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.08.556607. [PMID: 37745310 PMCID: PMC10515758 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.08.556607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Microdialysis (MD) is a versatile and powerful technique for chemical profiling of biological tissues and is widely used for quantification of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, metabolites, biomarkers, and drugs in the central nervous system as well as in dermatology, ophthalmology, and in pain research. However, MD performance is severely limited by fundamental tradeoffs between chemical sensitivity, spatial resolution, and temporal response. Here, by using wafer-scale silicon microfabrication, we develop and demonstrate a nanodialysis (ND) sampling probe that enables highly localized chemical sampling with 100μm spatial resolution and sub-second temporal resolution at high recovery rates. These performance metrics, which are 100X-1000X superior to existing MD approaches, are enabled by a 100X reduction of the microfluidic channel cross-section, a corresponding drastic 100X reduction of flow rates to exceedingly slow few nL/min flows, and integration of a nanometer-thin nanoporous membrane with high transport flux into the probe sampling area. Miniaturized ND probes may allow for the minimally invasive and highly localized sampling and chemical profiling in live biological tissues with unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution for clinical, biomedical, and pharmaceutical applications.
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5
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Gerson J, Erdal MK, McDonough MH, Ploense KL, Dauphin-Ducharme P, Honeywell KM, Leung KK, Arroyo-Curras N, Gibson JM, Emmons NA, Meiring W, Hespanha JP, Plaxco KW, Kippin TE. High-precision monitoring of and feedback control over drug concentrations in the brains of freely moving rats. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg3254. [PMID: 37196087 PMCID: PMC10191434 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg3254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of drug concentrations in the brains of behaving subjects remains constrained on a number of dimensions, including poor temporal resolution and lack of real-time data. Here, however, we demonstrate the ability of electrochemical aptamer-based sensors to support seconds-resolved, real-time measurements of drug concentrations in the brains of freely moving rats. Specifically, using such sensors, we achieve <4 μM limits of detection and 10-s resolution in the measurement of procaine in the brains of freely moving rats, permitting the determination of the pharmacokinetics and concentration-behavior relations of the drug with high precision for individual subjects. In parallel, we have used closed-loop feedback-controlled drug delivery to hold intracranial procaine levels constant (±10%) for >1.5 hours. These results demonstrate the utility of such sensors in (i) the determination of the site-specific, seconds-resolved neuropharmacokinetics, (ii) enabling the study of individual subject neuropharmacokinetics and concentration-response relations, and (iii) performing high-precision control over intracranial drug levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Gerson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Murat Kaan Erdal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Matthew H. McDonough
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Kyle L. Ploense
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | | | - Kevin M. Honeywell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Kaylyn K. Leung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Netzahualcoyotl Arroyo-Curras
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jenny M. Gibson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Nicole A. Emmons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Wendy Meiring
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Joao P. Hespanha
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Kevin W. Plaxco
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Tod E. Kippin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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6
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Cheataini F, Ballout N, Al Sagheer T. The effect of neuroinflammation on the cerebral metabolism at baseline and after neural stimulation in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurosci Res 2023. [PMID: 37186320 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a reaction of nervous tissue to an attack caused by an infection, a toxin, or a neurodegenerative disease. It involves brain metabolism adaptation in order to meet the increased energy needs of glial cell activation, but the nature of these adaptations is still unknown. Increasing interest concerning neuroinflammation leads to the identification of its role in neurodegenerative diseases. Few reports studied the effect of metabolic alteration on neuroinflammation. Metabolic damage initiates a pro-inflammatory response by microglial activation. Moreover, the exact neuroinflammation effect on cerebral cell metabolism remains unknown. In this study, we reviewed systematically the neuroinflammation effect in animal models' brains. All articles showing the relationship of neuroinflammation with brain metabolism, or with neuronal stimulation in neurodegenerative diseases were considered. Moreover, this review examines also the mitochondrial damage effect in neurodegeneration diseases. Then, different biosensors are classified regarding their importance in the determination of metabolite change. Finally, some therapeutic drugs inhibiting neuroinflammation are cited. Neuroinflammation increases lymphocyte infiltration and cytokines' overproduction, altering cellular energy homeostasis. This review demonstrates the importance of neuroinflammation as a mediator of disease progression. Further, the spread of depolarization effects pro-inflammatory genes expression and microglial activation, which contribute to the degeneration of neurons, paving the road to better management and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Cheataini
- Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Faculty of Medical Science, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nissrine Ballout
- Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Faculty of Medical Science, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Tareq Al Sagheer
- Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Faculty of Medical Science, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
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7
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Da Y, Luo S, Tian Y. Real-Time Monitoring of Neurotransmitters in the Brain of Living Animals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:138-157. [PMID: 35394736 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters, as important chemical small molecules, perform the function of neural signal transmission from cell to cell. Excess concentrations of neurotransmitters are often closely associated with brain diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, depression, schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease. On the other hand, the release of neurotransmitters under the induced stimulation indicates the occurrence of reward-related behaviors, including food and drug addiction. Therefore, to understand the physiological and pathological functions of neurotransmitters, especially in complex environments of the living brain, it is urgent to develop effective tools to monitor their dynamics with high sensitivity and specificity. Over the past 30 years, significant advances in electrochemical sensors and optical probes have brought new possibilities for studying neurons and neural circuits by monitoring the changes in neurotransmitters. This Review focuses on the progress in the construction of sensors for in vivo analysis of neurotransmitters in the brain and summarizes current attempts to address key issues in the development of sensors with high selectivity, sensitivity, and stability. Combined with the latest advances in technologies and methods, several strategies for sensor construction are provided for recording chemical signal changes in the complex environment of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Da
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shihua Luo
- Department of Traumatology, Rui Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
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8
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Macdonald AR, Charlton F, Corrigan DK. Accelerating the development of implantable neurochemical biosensors by using existing clinically applied depth electrodes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1137-1147. [PMID: 36456747 PMCID: PMC9899734 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04445-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an implantable stereo-electroencephalography (sEEG) depth electrode was functionalised with an enzyme coating for enzyme-based biosensing of glucose and L-glutamate. This was done because personalised medicine could benefit from active real-time neurochemical monitoring on small spatial and temporal scales to further understand and treat neurological disorders. To achieve this, the sEEG depth electrode was characterised using cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) using several electrochemical redox mediators (potassium ferri/ferrocyanide, ruthenium hexamine chloride, and dopamine). To improve performance, the Pt sensors on the sEEG depth electrode were coated with platinum black and a crosslinked gelatin-enzyme film to enable enzymatic biosensing. This characterisation work showed that producing a useable electrode with a good electrochemical response showing the expected behaviour for a platinum electrode was possible. Coating with Pt black improved the sensitivity to H2O2 over unmodified electrodes and approached that of well-defined Pt macro disc electrodes. Measured current showed good dependence on concentration, and the calibration curves report good sensitivity of 29.65 nA/cm2/μM for glucose and 8.05 nA/cm2/μM for L-glutamate with a stable, repeatable, and linear response. These findings demonstrate that existing clinical electrode devices can be adapted for combined electrochemical and electrophysiological measurement in patients and obviate the need to develop new electrodes when existing clinically approved devices and the associated knowledge can be reused. This accelerates the time to use and application of in vivo and wearable biosensing for diagnosis, treatment, and personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Macdonald
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 106 Rottenrow East, Glasgow, UK
| | - Francessca Charlton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 106 Rottenrow East, Glasgow, UK
| | - Damion K Corrigan
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, UK.
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9
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Teixidor J, Novello S, Ortiz D, Menin L, Lashuel HA, Bertsch A, Renaud P. On-Demand Nanoliter Sampling Probe for the Collection of Brain Fluid. Anal Chem 2022; 94:10415-10426. [PMID: 35786947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Continuous fluidic sampling systems allow collection of brain biomarkers in vivo. Here, we propose a new sequential and intermittent sampling paradigm using droplets, called Droplet on Demand (DoD). It is implemented in a microfabricated neural probe and alternates phases of analyte removal from the tissue and phases of equilibration of the concentration in the tissue. It allows sampling droplets loaded with molecules from the brain extracellular fluid punctually, without the long transient equilibration periods typical of continuous methods. It uses an accurately defined fluidic sequence with controlled timings, volumes, and flow rates, and correct operation is verified by the embedded electrodes and a flow sensor. As a proof of concept, we demonstrated the application of this novel approach in vitro and in vivo, to collect glucose in the brain of mice, with a temporal resolution of 1-2 min and without transient regime. Absolute quantification of the glucose level in the samples was performed by direct infusion nanoelectrospray ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry (nanoESI-FTMS). By adjusting the diffusion time and the perfusion volume of DoD, the fraction of molecules recovered in the samples can be tuned to mirror the tissue concentration at accurate points in time. Moreover, this makes quantification of biomarkers in the brain possible within acute experiments of only 20-120 min. DoD provides a complementary tool to continuous microdialysis and push-pull sampling probes. Thus, the advances allowed by DoD will benefit quantitative molecular studies in the brain, i.e., for molecules involved in volume transmission or for protein aggregates that form in neurodegenerative diseases over long periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Teixidor
- Microsystems Laboratory 4 (STI-IEM-LMIS4), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Salvatore Novello
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration (SV-BMI-LMNN), EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ortiz
- Mass Spectrometry and Elemental Analysis Platform (SB-ISIC-MSEAP), EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laure Menin
- Mass Spectrometry and Elemental Analysis Platform (SB-ISIC-MSEAP), EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hilal A Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration (SV-BMI-LMNN), EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Bertsch
- Microsystems Laboratory 4 (STI-IEM-LMIS4), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Renaud
- Microsystems Laboratory 4 (STI-IEM-LMIS4), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Gao Z, Wu G, Song Y, Li H, Zhang Y, Schneider MJ, Qiang Y, Kaszas J, Weng Z, Sun H, Huey BD, Lai RY, Zhang Y. Multiplexed Monitoring of Neurochemicals via Electrografting-Enabled Site-Selective Functionalization of Aptamers on Field-Effect Transistors. Anal Chem 2022; 94:8605-8617. [PMID: 35678711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neurochemical corelease has received much attention in understanding brain activity and cognition. Despite many attempts, the multiplexed monitoring of coreleased neurochemicals with spatiotemporal precision and minimal crosstalk using existing methods remains challenging. Here, we report a soft neural probe for multiplexed neurochemical monitoring via the electrografting-assisted site-selective functionalization of aptamers on graphene field-effect transistors (G-FETs). The neural probes possess excellent flexibility, ultralight mass (28 mg), and a nearly cellular-scale dimension of 50 μm × 50 μm for each G-FET. As a demonstration, we show that G-FETs with electrochemically grafted molecular linkers (-COOH or -NH2) and specific aptamers can be used to monitor serotonin and dopamine with high sensitivity (limit of detection: 10 pM) and selectivity (dopamine sensor >22-fold over norepinephrine; serotonin sensor >17-fold over dopamine). In addition, we demonstrate the feasibility of the simultaneous monitoring of dopamine and serotonin in a single neural probe with minimal crosstalk and interferences in phosphate-buffered saline, artificial cerebrospinal fluid, and harvested mouse brain tissues. The stability studies show that multiplexed neural probes maintain the capability for simultaneously monitoring dopamine and serotonin with minimal crosstalk after incubating in rat cerebrospinal fluid for 96 h, although a reduced sensor response at high concentrations is observed. Ex vivo studies in harvested mice brains suggest potential applications in monitoring the evoked release of dopamine and serotonin. The developed multiplexed detection methodology can also be adapted for monitoring other neurochemicals, such as metabolites and neuropeptides, by simply replacing the aptamers functionalized on the G-FETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Guangfu Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Huijie Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Michael J Schneider
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Yingqi Qiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Jackson Kaszas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Zhengyan Weng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - He Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Bryan D Huey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Rebecca Y Lai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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11
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Tjahjono N, Jin Y, Hsu A, Roukes M, Tian L. Letting the little light of mind shine: Advances and future directions in neurochemical detection. Neurosci Res 2022; 179:65-78. [PMID: 34861294 PMCID: PMC9508992 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic transmission via neurochemical release is the fundamental process that integrates and relays encoded information in the brain to regulate physiological function, cognition, and emotion. To unravel the biochemical, biophysical, and computational mechanisms of signal processing, one needs to precisely measure the neurochemical release dynamics with molecular and cell-type specificity and high resolution. Here we reviewed the development of analytical, electrochemical, and fluorescence imaging approaches to detect neurotransmitter and neuromodulator release. We discussed the advantages and practicality in implementation of each technology for ease-of-use, flexibility for multimodal studies, and challenges for future optimization. We hope this review will provide a versatile guide for tool engineering and applications for recording neurochemical release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Tjahjono
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yihan Jin
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Alice Hsu
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Michael Roukes
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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12
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Witt CE, Mena S, Honan LE, Batey L, Salem V, Ou Y, Hashemi P. Low-Frequency Oscillations of In Vivo Ambient Extracellular Brain Serotonin. Cells 2022; 11:1719. [PMID: 35626755 PMCID: PMC9139485 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin is an important neurotransmitter that plays a major role in many aspects of neuroscience. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry measures fast in vivo serotonin dynamics using carbon fiber microelectrodes. More recently, fast-scan controlled-adsorption voltammetry (FSCAV) has been developed to measure slower, minute-to-minute changes in ambient extracellular serotonin. We have previously demonstrated that FSCAV measurements of basal serotonin levels give critical information regarding brain physiology and disease. In this work, we revealed the presence of low-periodicity fluctuations in serotonin levels in mouse hippocampi, measured in vivo with FSCAV. Using correlation analyses, we found robust evidence of oscillations in the basal serotonin levels, which had a period of 10 min and were not present in vitro. Under control conditions, the oscillations did not differ between male and female mice, nor do they differ between mice that underwent a chronic stress paradigm and those in the control group. After the acute administration of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, we observed a shift in the frequency of the oscillations, leading us to hypothesize that the newly observed fluctuations were transporter regulated. Finally, we optimized the experimental parameters of the FSCAV to measure at a higher temporal resolution and found more pronounced shifts in the oscillation frequency, along with a decreased oscillation amplitude. We postulate that this work may serve as a potential bridge for studying serotonin/endocrine interactions that occur on the same time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colby E. Witt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (C.E.W.); (L.E.H.); (Y.O.)
| | - Sergio Mena
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (S.M.); (L.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Lauren E. Honan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (C.E.W.); (L.E.H.); (Y.O.)
| | - Lauren Batey
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (S.M.); (L.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Victoria Salem
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (S.M.); (L.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Yangguang Ou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (C.E.W.); (L.E.H.); (Y.O.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Parastoo Hashemi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (C.E.W.); (L.E.H.); (Y.O.)
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (S.M.); (L.B.); (V.S.)
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13
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Wu G, Zhang N, Matarasso A, Heck I, Li H, Lu W, Phaup JG, Schneider M, Wu Y, Weng Z, Sun H, Gao Z, Zhang X, Sandberg SG, Parvin D, Seaholm E, Islam SK, Wang X, Phillips PEM, Castro DC, Ding S, Li DP, Bruchas MR, Zhang Y. Implantable Aptamer-Graphene Microtransistors for Real-Time Monitoring of Neurochemical Release in Vivo. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:3668-3677. [PMID: 35439419 PMCID: PMC9420334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The real-time monitoring of neurochemical release in vivo plays a critical role in understanding the biochemical process of the complex nervous system. Current technologies for such applications, including microdialysis and fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, suffer from limited spatiotemporal resolution or poor selectivity. Here, we report a soft implantable aptamer-graphene microtransistor probe for real-time monitoring of neurochemical release. As a demonstration, we show the monitoring of dopamine with nearly cellular-scale spatial resolution, high selectivity (dopamine sensor >19-fold over norepinephrine), and picomolar sensitivity, simultaneously. Systematic benchtop evaluations, ex vivo experiments, and in vivo studies in mice models highlight the key features and demonstrate the capability of capturing the dopamine release dynamics evoked by pharmacological stimulation, suggesting the potential applications in basic neuroscience studies and studying neurological disease-related processes. The developed system can be easily adapted for monitoring other neurochemicals and drugs by simply replacing the aptamers functionalized on the graphene microtransistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfu Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Avi Matarasso
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ian Heck
- Department of Biomedical, Biological, and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Huijie Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - J. Glenn Phaup
- Center for Precision Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Michael Schneider
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Yixin Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Zhengyan Weng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - He Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Zan Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Xincheng Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Stefan G. Sandberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Dilruba Parvin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Elena Seaholm
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Syed Kamrul Islam
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Xueju Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Paul E. M. Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Daniel C. Castro
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Shinghua Ding
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Biomedical, Biological, and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - De-Pei Li
- Center for Precision Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Michael R. Bruchas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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14
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Zhang Y, Kim S, Shi W, Zhao Y, Park I, Brenden C, Iyer H, Jha P, Bashir R, Sweedler JV, Vlasov Y. Droplet-assisted electrospray phase separation using an integrated silicon microfluidic platform. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 22:40-46. [PMID: 34897344 PMCID: PMC8691365 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00758k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report a silicon microfluidic platform that enables monolithic integration of transparent micron-scale microfluidic channels, an on-chip segmentation of analyte flows into picoliter-volume droplets, and a nano-electrospray ionization emitter that enables spatial and temporal separation of oil and aqueous phases during electro-spray for subsequent mass spectrometry analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Sungho Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Weihua Shi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Yaoyao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Insu Park
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Christopher Brenden
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hrishikesh Iyer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Prasoon Jha
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Rashid Bashir
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yurii Vlasov
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, IL 61801, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, IL 61801, USA
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15
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He B, Zhang W, Guled F, Harms A, Ramautar R, Hankemeier T. Analytical techniques for biomass-restricted metabolomics: An overview of the state-of-the-art. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Liang H, Zhu M, Ye H, Zeng C, Wang S, Niu Y. Carbon fiber microelectrode array loaded with the diazonium salt-single-walled carbon nanotubes composites for the simultaneous monitoring of dopamine and serotonin in vivo. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1186:339086. [PMID: 34756249 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Carbon fiber microelectrode arrays based on diazonium salt and single-walled carbon nanotubes composites (DS-SWCNT/CFMEA) have been fabricated, and it developed for the simultaneous monitoring of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) with differential pulse voltammary (DPV). The diazonium salt can improve the water-solubility of single-walled carbon nanotubes and show good selectivity to DA, thus DS-SWCNT/CFMEA exhibits enhanced electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of DA and 5-HT, and well antifouling ability to the other biomolecules. Moreover, DS-SWCNT/CFMEA shows the wider liner range, and the good performance of precision, reproducibility and biocompatibility. The excellent characteristics of the prepared microsensor array make it to be used to monitor the release of DA and 5-HT in the mouse brain striatum of different group over time. Meanwhile, the results of in vivo on line assay further confirmed the pharmacological effects of Uncaria alkaloid extract solution on DA and 5-HT. This research may provide a new method for monitoring the release of neurobiomolecules, and the microsensor array are expected to be a tool for the study of pharmacological and physiological processes on line in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanru Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Mingfang Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Hongqing Ye
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Changqing Zeng
- College of Chinese Traditional Medicines, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shumei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of the Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yanan Niu
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
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17
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Clay M, Monbouquette HG. Simulated Performance of Electroenzymatic Glutamate Biosensors In Vivo Illuminates the Complex Connection to Calibration In Vitro. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:4275-4285. [PMID: 34734695 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed simulations show that the relationship between electroenzymatic glutamate (Glut) sensor performance in vitro and that modeled in vivo is complicated by the influence of both resistances to mass transfer and clearance rates of Glut and H2O2 in the brain extracellular space (ECS). Mathematical modeling provides a powerful means to illustrate how these devices are expected to respond to a variety of conditions in vivo in ways that cannot be accomplished readily using existing experimental techniques. Through the use of transient model simulations in one spatial dimension, it is shown that the sensor response in vivo may exhibit much greater dependence on H2O2 mass transfer and clearance in the surrounding tissue than previously thought. This dependence may lead to sensor signals more than double the expected values (based on prior sensor calibration in vitro) for Glut release events within a few microns of the sensor surface. The sensor response in general is greatly affected by the distance between the device and location of Glut release, and apparent concentrations reported by simulated sensors consistently are well below the actual Glut levels for events occurring at distances greater than a few microns. Simulations of transient Glut concentrations, including a physiologically relevant bolus release, indicate that detection of Glut signaling likely is limited to events within 30 μm of the sensor surface based on representative sensor detection limits. It follows that important limitations also exist with respect to interpretation of decays in sensor signals, including relation of such data to actual Glut concentration declines in vivo. Thus, the use of sensor signal data to determine quantitatively the rates of Glut uptake from the brain ECS likely is problematic. The model is designed to represent a broad range of relevant physiological conditions, and although limited to one dimension, provides much needed guidance regarding the interpretation in general of electroenzymatic sensor data gathered in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie Clay
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095−1592, United States
| | - Harold G. Monbouquette
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095−1592, United States
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18
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Lotfi Marchoubeh M, Cobb SJ, Abrego Tello M, Hu M, Jaquins-Gerstl A, Robbins EM, Macpherson JV, Michael AC, Fritsch I. Miniaturized probe on polymer SU-8 with array of individually addressable microelectrodes for electrochemical analysis in neural and other biological tissues. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6777-6791. [PMID: 33961102 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03327-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An SU-8 probe with an array of nine, individually addressable gold microband electrodes (100 μm long, 4 μm wide, separated by 4-μm gaps) was photolithographically fabricated and characterized for detection of low concentrations of chemicals in confined spaces and in vivo studies of biological tissues. The probe's shank (6 mm long, 100 μm wide, 100 μm thick) is flexible, but exhibits sufficient sharpness and rigidity to be inserted into soft tissue. Laser micromachining was used to define probe geometry by spatially revealing the underlying sacrificial aluminum layer, which was then etched to free the probes from a silicon wafer. Perfusion with fluorescent nanobeads showed that, like a carbon fiber electrode, the probe produced no noticeable damage when inserted into rat brain, in contrast to damage from an inserted microdialysis probe. The individual addressability of the electrodes allows single and multiple electrode activation. Redox cycling is possible, where adjacent electrodes serve as generators (that oxidize or reduce molecules) and collectors (that do the opposite) to amplify signals of small concentrations without background subtraction. Information about electrochemical mechanisms and kinetics may also be obtained. Detection limits for potassium ferricyanide in potassium chloride electrolyte of 2.19, 1.25, and 2.08 μM and for dopamine in artificial cerebral spinal fluid of 1.94, 1.08, and 5.66 μM for generators alone and for generators and collectors during redox cycling, respectively, were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Lotfi Marchoubeh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Samuel J Cobb
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Doctoral Training in Diamond Science and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Miguel Abrego Tello
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Mengjia Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | | | - Elaine M Robbins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Julie V Macpherson
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Doctoral Training in Diamond Science and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Adrian C Michael
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Ingrid Fritsch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
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19
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Mass spectrometry based metabolomics of volume-restricted in-vivo brain samples: Actual status and the way forward. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Xiao G, Song Y, Zhang Y, Xing Y, Xu S, Lu Z, Wang M, Cai X. Cellular-Scale Microelectrode Arrays to Monitor Movement-Related Neuron Activities in the Epileptic Hippocampus of Awake Mice. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2020; 68:19-25. [PMID: 32356734 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2020.2990356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epilepsy affects 50 million people worldwide and its pathogenesis is still unknown. In particular, the movement-related neural activities involving glutamate (Glu) and electrophysiological signals at cellular level remains unclear. METHODS A cellular-scale implantable microelectrode array (MEA) was fabricated to detect the movement-related neural activities involving Glu concentration and electrophysiological signals. Platinum and reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites were deposited to enhance the surface area. Glu oxidase (Gluox) were coated to effectively recognize Glu molecule. RESULTS Neural activities in the hippocampus of normal and epileptic mice is different, and the changes are closely connected with movement. Glu concentration and spike firing rate in the epileptic mice were much higher than those in the normal ones. And the neural activities with significant synchronization were detected in the epileptic mice even without seizure occurrence. Meanwhile, the spikes fire more intensively and Glu level became much higher during the movement of the mice compared to the stationary state. CONCLUSION The existing abnormality of neural activities in the epileptic mice are potential factors to induce a seizure. Movement may impact the neural activities and the duration of seizure. SIGNIFICANCE The MEA can monitor changes of movement, Glu and neuron discharges synchronously and provides us an effective technology to understand the neuronal disease.
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21
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Alambyan V, Pace J, Sukpornchairak P, Yu X, Alnimir H, Tatton R, Chitturu G, Yarlagadda A, Ramos-Estebanez C. Imaging Guidance for Therapeutic Delivery: The Dawn of Neuroenergetics. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:522-538. [PMID: 32240530 PMCID: PMC7283376 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00843-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern neurocritical care relies on ancillary diagnostic testing in the form of multimodal monitoring to address acute changes in the neurological homeostasis. Much of our armamentarium rests upon physiological and biochemical surrogates of organ or regional level metabolic activity, of which a great deal is invested at the metabolic-hemodynamic-hydrodynamic interface to rectify the traditional intermediaries of glucose consumption. Despite best efforts to detect cellular neuroenergetics, current modalities cannot appreciate the intricate coupling between astrocytes and neurons. Invasive monitoring is not without surgical complication, and noninvasive strategies do not provide an adequate spatial or temporal resolution. Without knowledge of the brain's versatile behavior in specific metabolic states (glycolytic vs oxidative), clinical practice would lag behind laboratory empiricism. Noninvasive metabolic imaging represents a new hope in delineating cellular, nigh molecular level energy exchange to guide targeted management in a diverse array of neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilakshan Alambyan
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan Pace
- Neurological Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Persen Sukpornchairak
- Neurological Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Hamza Alnimir
- Neurological Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ryan Tatton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Gautham Chitturu
- Department of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Anisha Yarlagadda
- Department of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ciro Ramos-Estebanez
- Neurological Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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22
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Sung C, Jeon W, Nam KS, Kim Y, Butt H, Park S. Multimaterial and multifunctional neural interfaces: from surface-type and implantable electrodes to fiber-based devices. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:6624-6666. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00872a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Development of neural interfaces from surface electrodes to fibers with various type, functionality, and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhoon Sung
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
- Daejeon 34141
- Republic of Korea
| | - Woojin Jeon
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
- Daejeon 34141
- Republic of Korea
| | - Kum Seok Nam
- School of Electrical Engineering
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
- Daejeon 34141
- Republic of Korea
| | - Yeji Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
- Daejeon 34141
- Republic of Korea
| | - Haider Butt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Khalifa University
- Abu Dhabi 127788
- United Arab Emirates
| | - Seongjun Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
- Daejeon 34141
- Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST)
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23
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Chen K, Lam S, Kozai TDY. What directions of improvements in electrode designs should we expect in the next 5-10 years? BIOELECTRONICS IN MEDICINE 2019; 2:119-122. [PMID: 32440363 PMCID: PMC7226723 DOI: 10.2217/bem-2019-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keying Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh & Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Stephanie Lam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh & Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Takashi DY Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh & Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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24
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Scida K, Plaxco KW, Jamieson BG. High frequency, real-time neurochemical and neuropharmacological measurements in situ in the living body. Transl Res 2019; 213:50-66. [PMID: 31361988 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The beautiful and complex brain machinery is perfectly synchronized, and our bodies have evolved to protect it against a myriad of potential threats. Shielded physically by the skull and chemically by the blood brain barrier, the brain processes internal and external information so that we can efficiently relate to the world that surrounds us while simultaneously and unconsciously controlling our vital functions. When coupled with the brittle nature of its internal chemical and electric signals, the brain's "armor" render accessing it a challenging and delicate endeavor that has historically limited our understanding of its structural and neurochemical intricacies. In this review, we briefly summarize the advancements made over the past 10 years to decode the brain's neurochemistry and neuropharmacology in situ, at the site of interest in the brain, with special focus on what we consider game-changing emerging technologies (eg, genetically encoded indicators and electrochemical aptamer-based sensors) and the challenges these must overcome before chronic, in situ chemosensing measurements become routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Scida
- Diagnostic Biochips, Inc., Glen Burnie, Maryland
| | - Kevin W Plaxco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California
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25
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Frank JA, Antonini MJ, Anikeeva P. Next-generation interfaces for studying neural function. Nat Biotechnol 2019; 37:1013-1023. [PMID: 31406326 PMCID: PMC7243676 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-019-0198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring and modulating the diversity of signals used by neurons and glia in a closed-loop fashion is necessary to establish causative links between biochemical processes within the nervous system and observed behaviors. As developments in neural-interface hardware strive to keep pace with rapid progress in genetically encoded and synthetic reporters and modulators of neural activity, the integration of multiple functional features becomes a key requirement and a pressing challenge in the field of neural engineering. Electrical, optical and chemical approaches have been used to manipulate and record neuronal activity in vivo, with a recent focus on technologies that both integrate multiple modes of interaction with neurons into a single device and enable bidirectional communication with neural circuits with enhanced spatiotemporal precision. These technologies not only are facilitating a greater understanding of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral circuits in the context of health and disease, but also are informing the development of future closed-loop therapies for neurological, neuro-immune and neuroendocrine conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Frank
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marc-Joseph Antonini
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard/MIT Health Science & Technology Graduate Program, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Polina Anikeeva
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Xiao G, Song Y, Zhang Y, Xu S, Xing Y, Wang M, Cai X. Platinum/Graphene Oxide Coated Microfabricated Arrays for Multinucleus Neural Activities Detection in the Rat Models of Parkinson’s Disease Treated by Apomorphine. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:4010-4019. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yilin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shengwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yu Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Mixia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xinxia Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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27
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Liu X, Tong Y, Fang PP. Recent development in amperometric measurements of vesicular exocytosis. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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Bongaerts J, De Bundel D, Mangelings D, Smolders I, Vander Heyden Y, Van Eeckhaut A. Sensitive targeted methods for brain metabolomic studies in microdialysis samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 161:192-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Johnson JA, Rodeberg NT, Wightman RM. Measurement of Basal Neurotransmitter Levels Using Convolution-Based Nonfaradaic Current Removal. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7181-7189. [PMID: 29806450 PMCID: PMC6011837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
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Fast-scan
cyclic voltammetry permits robust subsecond measurements
of in vivo neurotransmitter dynamics, resulting in
its established use in elucidating these species’ roles in
the actions of behaving animals. However, the technique’s limitations,
namely the need for digital background subtraction for analytical
signal resolution, have restricted the information obtainable largely
to that about phasic neurotransmitter release on the second-to-minute
time scale. The study of basal levels of neurotransmitters and their
dynamics requires a means of isolating the portion of the background
current arising from neurotransmitter redox reactions. Previously,
we reported on the use of a convolution-based method for prediction
of the resistive-capacitive portion of the carbon-fiber microelectrode
background signal, to improve the information content of background-subtracted
data. Here we evaluated this approach for direct analytical signal
isolation. First, protocol modifications (i.e., applied waveform and
carbon-fiber type) were optimized to permit simplification of the
interfering background current to components that are convolution-predictable.
It was found that the use of holding potentials of at least 0.0 V,
as well as the use of pitch-based carbon fibers, improved the agreement
between convolution predictions and the observed background. Subsequently,
it was shown that measurements of basal dopamine concentrations are
possible with careful control of the electrode state. Successful use
of this approach for measurement of in vivo basal
dopamine levels is demonstrated, suggesting the approach may serve
as a useful tool in expanding the capabilities of fast-scan cyclic
voltammetry.
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