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Post A, Groothof D, Kremer D, Knobbe TJ, Abma W, Koops CA, Tsikas D, Wallimann T, Dullaart RPF, Franssen CFM, Kema IP, Heiner-Fokkema MR, Bakker SJL. Creatine homeostasis and the kidney: comparison between kidney transplant recipients and healthy controls. Amino Acids 2024; 56:42. [PMID: 38869518 PMCID: PMC11176230 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-024-03401-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Creatine is a natural nitrogenous organic acid that is integral to energy metabolism and crucial for proper cell functioning. The kidneys are involved in the first step of creatine production. With kidney transplantation being the gold-standard treatment for end-stage kidney disease, kidney transplant recipients (KTR) may be at risk of impaired creatine synthesis. We aimed to compare creatine homeostasis between KTR and controls. Plasma and urine concentrations of arginine, glycine, guanidinoacetate, creatine and creatinine were measured in 553 KTR and 168 healthy controls. Creatine intake was assessed using food frequency questionnaires. Iothalamate-measured GFR data were available in subsets of 157 KTR and 167 controls. KTR and controls had comparable body weight, height and creatine intake (all P > 0.05). However, the total creatine pool was 14% lower in KTR as compared to controls (651 ± 178 vs. 753 ± 239 mmol, P < 0.001). The endogenous creatine synthesis rate was 22% lower in KTR as compared to controls (7.8 ± 3.0 vs. 10.0 ± 4.1 mmol per day, P < 0.001). Despite lower GFR, the plasma guanidinoacetate and creatine concentrations were 21% and 41% lower in KTR as compared to controls (both P < 0.001). Urinary excretion of guanidinoacetate and creatine were 66% and 59% lower in KTR as compared to controls (both P < 0.001). In KTR, but not in controls, a higher measured GFR was associated with a higher endogenous creatine synthesis rate (std. beta: 0.21, 95% CI: 0.08; 0.33; P = 0.002), as well as a higher total creatine pool (std. beta: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.11; 0.33; P < 0.001). These associations were fully mediated (93% and 95%; P < 0.001) by urinary guanidinoacetate excretion which is consistent with production of the creatine precursor guanidinoacetate as rate-limiting factor. Our findings highlight that KTR have a disturbed creatine homeostasis as compared to controls. Given the direct relationship of measured GFR with endogenous creatine synthesis rate and the total creatine pool, creatine supplementation might be beneficial in KTR with low kidney function.Trial registration ID: NCT02811835.Trial registration URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02811835 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Post
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Dion Groothof
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Daan Kremer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Tim J Knobbe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Abma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Christa A Koops
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios Tsikas
- Institute of Toxicology, Core Unit Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Robin P F Dullaart
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Casper F M Franssen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Ido P Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | - M Rebecca Heiner-Fokkema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, the Netherlands
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2
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Pfeffer T, Krug SM, Kracke T, Schürfeld R, Colbatzky F, Kirschner P, Medert R, Freichel M, Schumacher D, Bartosova M, Zarogiannis SG, Muckenthaler MU, Altamura S, Pezer S, Volk N, Schwab C, Duensing S, Fleming T, Heidenreich E, Zschocke J, Hell R, Poschet G, Schmitt CP, Peters V. Knock-out of dipeptidase CN2 in human proximal tubular cells disrupts dipeptide and amino acid homeostasis and para- and transcellular solute transport. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14126. [PMID: 38517248 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
AIM Although of potential biomedical relevance, dipeptide metabolism has hardly been studied. We found the dipeptidase carnosinase-2 (CN2) to be abundant in human proximal tubules, which regulate water and solute homeostasis. We therefore hypothesized, that CN2 has a key metabolic role, impacting proximal tubular transport function. METHODS A knockout of the CN2 gene (CNDP2-KO) was generated in human proximal tubule cells and characterized by metabolomics, RNA-seq analysis, paracellular permeability analysis and ion transport. RESULTS CNDP2-KO in human proximal tubule cells resulted in the accumulation of cellular dipeptides, reduction of amino acids and imbalance of related metabolic pathways, and of energy supply. RNA-seq analyses indicated altered protein metabolism and ion transport. Detailed functional studies demonstrated lower CNDP2-KO cell viability and proliferation, and altered ion and macromolecule transport via trans- and paracellular pathways. Regulatory and transport protein abundance was disturbed, either as a consequence of the metabolic imbalance or the resulting functional disequilibrium. CONCLUSION CN2 function has a major impact on intracellular amino acid and dipeptide metabolism and is essential for key metabolic and regulatory functions of proximal tubular cells. These findings deserve in vivo analysis of the relevance of CN2 for nephron function and regulation of body homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Pfeffer
- Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department I, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Tissue Bank of the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne M Krug
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CBF, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tamara Kracke
- Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department I, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robin Schürfeld
- Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department I, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Colbatzky
- Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department I, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philip Kirschner
- Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department I, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rebekka Medert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Freichel
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dagmar Schumacher
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Bartosova
- Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department I, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sotiris G Zarogiannis
- Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department I, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina U Muckenthaler
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology and Hopp Children Cancer Center (KiTZ), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), EMBL and University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandro Altamura
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology and Hopp Children Cancer Center (KiTZ), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), EMBL and University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silvia Pezer
- Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department I, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadine Volk
- Tissue Bank of the National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Constantin Schwab
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Duensing
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Fleming
- Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elena Heidenreich
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Zschocke
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rüdiger Hell
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gernot Poschet
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claus P Schmitt
- Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department I, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Verena Peters
- Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department I, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Roointan A, Ghaeidamini M, Shafieizadegan S, Hudkins KL, Gholaminejad A. Metabolome panels as potential noninvasive biomarkers for primary glomerulonephritis sub-types: meta-analysis of profiling metabolomics studies. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20325. [PMID: 37990116 PMCID: PMC10663527 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47800-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary glomerulonephritis diseases (PGDs) are known as the top causes of chronic kidney disease worldwide. Renal biopsy, an invasive method, is the main approach to diagnose PGDs. Studying the metabolome profiles of kidney diseases is an inclusive approach to identify the disease's underlying pathways and discover novel non-invasive biomarkers. So far, different experiments have explored the metabolome profiles in different PGDs, but the inconsistencies might hinder their clinical translations. The main goal of this meta-analysis study was to achieve consensus panels of dysregulated metabolites in PGD sub-types. The PGDs-related metabolome profiles from urine samples in humans were selected in a comprehensive search. Amanida package in R software was utilized for performing the meta-analysis. Through sub-type analyses, the consensus list of metabolites in each category was obtained. To identify the most affected pathways, functional enrichment analysis was performed. Also, a gene-metabolite network was constructed to identify the key metabolites and their connected proteins. After a vigorous search, among the 11 selected studies (15 metabolite profiles), 270 dysregulated metabolites were recognized in urine of 1154 PGDs and control samples. Through sub-type analyses by Amanida package, the consensus list of metabolites in each category was obtained. Top dysregulated metabolites (vote score of ≥ 4 or ≤ - 4) in PGDs urines were selected as main panel of meta-metabolites including glucose, leucine, choline, betaine, dimethylamine, fumaric acid, citric acid, 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid, pyruvic acid, isobutyric acid, and hippuric acid. The enrichment analyses results revealed the involvement of different biological pathways such as the TCA cycle and amino acid metabolisms in the pathogenesis of PGDs. The constructed metabolite-gene interaction network revealed the high centralities of several metabolites, including pyruvic acid, leucine, and choline. The identified metabolite panels could shed a light on the underlying pathological pathways and be considered as non-invasive biomarkers for the diagnosis of PGD sub-types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Roointan
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jarib St., Isfahan, 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghaeidamini
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jarib St., Isfahan, 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Saba Shafieizadegan
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jarib St., Isfahan, 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Kelly L Hudkins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, USA
| | - Alieh Gholaminejad
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jarib St., Isfahan, 81746-73461, Iran.
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4
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Mukherjee P, Fukuda S, Lukmanto D, Tran TH, Okada K, Makita S, El-Sadek IA, Lim Y, Yasuno Y. Renal tubular function and morphology revealed in kidney without labeling using three-dimensional dynamic optical coherence tomography. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15324. [PMID: 37714913 PMCID: PMC10504276 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42559-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal tubule has distinct metabolic features and functional activity that may be altered during kidney disease. In this paper, we present label-free functional activity imaging of renal tubule in normal and obstructed mouse kidney models using three-dimensional (3D) dynamic optical coherence tomography (OCT) ex vivo. To create an obstructed kidney model, we ligated the ureter of the left kidney for either 7 or 14 days. Two different dynamic OCT (DOCT) methods were implemented to access the slow and fast activity of the renal tubules: a logarithmic intensity variance (LIV) method and a complex-correlation-based method. Three-dimensional DOCT data were acquired with a 1.3 [Formula: see text]m swept-source OCT system and repeating raster scan protocols. In the normal kidney, the renal tubule appeared as a convoluted pipe-like structure in the DOCT projection image. Such pipe-like structures were not observed in the kidneys subjected to obstruction of the ureter for several days. Instead of any anatomical structures, a superficial high dynamics appearance was observed in the perirenal cortex region of the obstructed kidneys. These findings suggest that volumetric LIV can be used as a tool to investigate kidney function during kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradipta Mukherjee
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinichi Fukuda
- Laboratory of Advanced Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Donny Lukmanto
- Laboratory of Advanced Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Thi Hang Tran
- Laboratory of Advanced Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Ph.D. program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, Univeristy of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kosuke Okada
- Division of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shuichi Makita
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ibrahim Abd El-Sadek
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, 34517, New Damietta City, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Yiheng Lim
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yasuno
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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5
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Oe Y, Vallon V. CRRT 2023 Meeting: Targeting Amino Acid Transport to Improve Acute Kidney Injury Outcome. Nephron Clin Pract 2023; 147:774-777. [PMID: 37490876 PMCID: PMC10808280 DOI: 10.1159/000531918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In acute kidney injury (AKI), proximal tubules are a primary site of injury, resulting in significant alterations in amino acid transport and metabolism. However, little is known about the therapeutic potential of targeting amino acid transporters. Here, we briefly review the first experimental evidence that targeting the sodium-coupled amino acid transporter SLC6A19 (B0AT1) can improve AKI outcome. SUMMARY SLC6A19 is expressed in the small intestine and early proximal tubules, where it absorbs and reabsorbs most of the ingested and filtered neutral amino acids, respectively. Systemic SLC6A19 deficiency alleviates renal cellular senescence and suppresses subsequent inflammation and fibrosis in a murine model of aristolochic acid-induced nephropathy, which targets the proximal tubule. The underlying mechanisms remain to be determined, but potentially may include reduced tubular workload, an inhibitory effect on SGLT2, downstream shift in transport and preconditioning of late proximal tubules, and induction of a fasting-like phenotype and lowering tubular accumulation of branched-chain amino acids, which all can promote tubular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Oe
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Volker Vallon
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
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6
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Shan D, Wang YY, Chang Y, Cui H, Tao M, Sheng Y, Kang H, Jia P, Song J. Dynamic cellular changes in acute kidney injury caused by different ischemia time. iScience 2023; 26:106646. [PMID: 37168554 PMCID: PMC10165188 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), often related to surgical procedures, is one of the important causes of acute kidney injury (AKI). To decipher the dynamic process of AKI caused by IRI (with prolonged ischemia phase), we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of clinically relevant IRI murine model with different ischemic intervals. We discovered that Slc5a2hi proximal tubular cells were susceptible to AKI and highly expressed neutral amino acid transporter gene Slc6a19, which was dramatically decreased over the time course. With the usage of mass spectrometry-based metabolomic analysis, we detected that the level of neutral amino acid isoleucine dropped off in AKI mouse plasma metabolites. And the reduction of plasma isoleucine was also verified in patients with cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI). The findings advanced the understanding of dynamic process of AKI and introduced reduction of isoleucine as a potential biomarker for CSA-AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Shan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
- The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yin-Ying Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuan Chang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
- The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Hao Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
- The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Menghao Tao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
- The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yixuan Sheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Hongen Kang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peilin Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Jiangping Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
- The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
- Corresponding author
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7
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Mukherjee P, Fukuda S, Lukmanto D, Tran TH, Okada K, Makita S, El-sadek IA, Lim Y, Yasuno Y. Renal tubular function and morphology revealed in kidney without labeling using three-dimensional dynamic optical coherence tomography.. [DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.01.539010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTRenal tubule has distinct metabolic features and functional activity that may be altered during kidney disease. In this paper, we present label-free functional activity imaging of renal tubule in normal and obstructed mouse kidney models using three-dimensional (3D) dynamic optical coherence tomography (OCT)ex vivo. To create an obstructed kidney model, we ligated the ureter of the left kidney for either 7 or 14 days. Two different dynamic OCT (DOCT) methods were implemented to access the slow and fast activity of the renal tubules: a logarithmic intensity variance (LIV) method and a complex-correlation-based method. Three-dimensional DOCT data were acquired with a 1.3 μm swept-source OCT system and repeating raster scan protocols. In the normal kidney, the renal tubule appeared as a convoluted pipe-like structure in the DOCT projection image. Such pipe-like structures were not observed in the kidneys subjected to obstruction of the ureter for several days. Instead of any anatomical structures, a superficial high dynamics appearance was observed in the perirenal cortex region of the obstructed kidneys. These findings suggest that volumetric DOCT can be used as a tool to investigate kidney function during kidney diseases.
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8
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Bernardo-Bermejo S, Sánchez-López E, Castro-Puyana M, Fernández-Martínez AB, Lucio-Cazaña FJ, Marina ML. Exploring the Metabolic Differences between Cisplatin- and UV Light-Induced Apoptotic Bodies in HK-2 Cells by an Untargeted Metabolomics Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087237. [PMID: 37108400 PMCID: PMC10138416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the extracellular vesicles, apoptotic bodies (ABs) are only formed during the apoptosis and perform a relevant role in the pathogenesis of different diseases. Recently, it has been demonstrated that ABs from human renal proximal tubular HK-2 cells, either induced by cisplatin or by UV light, can lead to further apoptotic death in naïve HK-2 cells. Thus, the aim of this work was to carry out a non-targeted metabolomic approach to study if the apoptotic stimulus (cisplatin or UV light) affects in a different way the metabolites involved in the propagation of apoptosis. Both ABs and their extracellular fluid were analyzed using a reverse-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry setup. Principal components analysis showed a tight clustering of each experimental group and partial least square discriminant analysis was used to assess the metabolic differences existing between these groups. Considering the variable importance in the projection values, molecular features were selected and some of them could be identified either unequivocally or tentatively. The resulting pathways indicated that there are significant, stimulus-specific differences in metabolites abundancies that may propagate apoptosis to healthy proximal tubular cells; thus, we hypothesize that the share in apoptosis of these metabolites might vary depending on the apoptotic stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bernardo-Bermejo
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km.33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Elena Sánchez-López
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - María Castro-Puyana
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km.33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
- Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Ana B Fernández-Martínez
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Cantoblanco, Calle Darwin, 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Lucio-Cazaña
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km.33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
- Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
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9
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Identification of AGXT2, SHMT1, and ACO2 as important biomarkers of acute kidney injury by WGCNA. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281439. [PMID: 36735737 PMCID: PMC9897545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious and frequently observed disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) is a research method that converts the relationship between tens of thousands of genes and phenotypes into the association between several gene sets and phenotypes. We screened potential target genes related to AKI through WGCNA to provide a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of AKI. Key biomolecules of AKI were investigated based on transcriptome analysis. RNA sequencing data from 39 kidney biopsy specimens of AKI patients and 9 normal subjects were downloaded from the GEO database. By WGCNA, the top 20% of mRNAs with the largest variance in the data matrix were used to construct a gene co-expression network with a p-value < 0.01 as a screening condition, showing that the blue module was most closely associated with AKI. Thirty-two candidate biomarker genes were screened according to the threshold values of |MM|≥0.86 and |GS|≥0.4, and PPI and enrichment analyses were performed. The top three genes with the most connected nodes, alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2(AGXT2), serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1(SHMT1) and aconitase 2(ACO2), were selected as the central genes based on the PPI network. A rat AKI model was constructed, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of the central genes in the model and control groups were verified by PCR and immunohistochemistry experiments. The results showed that the relative mRNA expression and protein levels of AGXT2, SHMT1 and ACO2 showed a decrease in the model group. In conclusion, we inferred that there is a close association between AGXT2, SHMT1 and ACO2 genes and the development of AKI, and the down-regulation of their expression levels may induce AKI.
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The Genetic Variability of Members of the SLC38 Family of Amino Acid Transporters ( SLC38A3, SLC38A7 and SLC38A9) Affects Susceptibility to Type 2 Diabetes and Vascular Complications. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14214440. [PMID: 36364703 PMCID: PMC9654215 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disease associated with long-term complications, with a multifactorial pathogenesis related to the interplay between genetic and modifiable risk factors, of which nutrition is the most relevant. In particular, the importance of proteins and constitutive amino acids (AAs) in disease susceptibility is emerging. The ability to sense and respond to changes in AA supplies is mediated by complex networks, of which AA transporters (AATs) are crucial components acting also as sensors of AA availability. This study explored the associations between polymorphisms in selected AATs genes and T2D and vascular complications in 433 patients and 506 healthy controls. Analyses revealed significant association of SLC38A3-rs1858828 with disease risk. Stratification of patients based on presence/absence of vascular complications highlighted significant associations of SLC7A8-rs3783436 and SLC38A7-rs9806843 with diabetic retinopathy. Additionally, the SLC38A9-rs4865615 resulted associated with chronic kidney disease. Notably, these genes function as AAs sensors, specifically glutamine, leucine, and arginine, linked to the main nutrient signaling pathway mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Thus, their genetic variability may contribute to T2D by influencing the ability to properly transduce a signal activating mTORC1 in response to AA availability. In this scenario, the contribution of dietary AAs supply to disease risk may be relevant.
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Lu YP, Zhang ZY, Wu HW, Fang LJ, Hu B, Tang C, Zhang YQ, Yin L, Tang DE, Zheng ZH, Zhu T, Dai Y. SGLT2 inhibitors improve kidney function and morphology by regulating renal metabolic reprogramming in mice with diabetic kidney disease. J Transl Med 2022; 20:420. [PMID: 36104729 PMCID: PMC9476562 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. SGLT2 inhibitors are clinically effective in halting DKD progression. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The serum and kidneys of mice with DKD were analyzed using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS)-based metabolomic and proteomic analyses. Three groups were established: placebo-treated littermate db/m mice, placebo-treated db/db mice and EMPA-treated db/db mice. Empagliflozin (EMPA) and placebo (10 mg/kg/d) were administered for 12 weeks. EMPA treatment decreased Cys-C and urinary albumin excretion compared with placebo by 78.60% and 57.12%, respectively (p < 0.001 in all cases). Renal glomerular area, interstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis were decreased by 16.47%, 68.50% and 62.82%, respectively (p < 0.05 in all cases). Multi-omic analysis revealed that EMPA treatment altered the protein and metabolic profiles in the db/db group, including 32 renal proteins, 51 serum proteins, 94 renal metabolites and 37 serum metabolites. Five EMPA-related metabolic pathways were identified by integrating proteomic and metabolomic analyses, which are involved in renal purine metabolism; pyrimidine metabolism; tryptophan metabolism; nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, and glycine, serine and threonine metabolism in serum. In conclusion, this study demonstrated metabolic reprogramming in mice with DKD. EMPA treatment improved kidney function and morphology by regulating metabolic reprogramming, including regulation of renal reductive stress, alleviation of mitochondrial dysfunction and reduction in renal oxidative stress reaction.
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12
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Dastych M, Šenkyřík M, Mikušková A, Dastych M. Long-term home parenteral nutrition and profile of amino acids in serum and their loss in urine. Br J Nutr 2022; 129:1-6. [PMID: 35912675 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522002008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids are an essential part of parenteral nutrition. This study aimed to determine the serum profile of amino acids and their loss in urine in patients with long-term home parenteral nutrition (HPN) during 12 h of infusion in comparison with similar parameters in the remaining 12 h as well as in healthy participants. We enrolled forty-five patients with long-term HPN for 6-75 (median, 33) months. The indication for HPN was short bowel syndrome secondary to radical resection of the small intestine following complications of Crohn's disease. HPN was administered via two-chamber all-in-one bags prepared in a hospital pharmacy overnight for 12 h each day. The average dose of amino acids, carbohydrates and fats administered was 1·5, 3·4 and 0·68 g/kg per d, respectively, at an infusion rate of 0·11, 0·28 and 0·06 g/kg per h, respectively. The levels of essential amino acids in the serum of the patients were not significantly different from those in healthy individuals; however, of the non-essential amino acids, cystine and glutamine levels were lower and glycine and ornithine levels were higher in the patients (P < 0·05). Excretion of amino acids in the urine during 12 h of infusion at an infusion rate of 0·11 g/kg per h was 301 mg, while it was 104 mg during the remaining 12 h (P < 0·0001). Our patients on long-term HPN had a normal serum profile of essential amino acids. The total urinary excretion of amino acids during 12 h of infusion accounted for only 0·34 % (0·23-0·46) of the administered dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Dastych
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Šenkyřík
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Mikušková
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Biochemistry, Children's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Dastych
- Department of Laboratory Method, Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University, Brno; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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13
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Post A, Kremer D, Groothof D, van der Veen Y, de Blaauw P, van der Krogt J, Kema IP, Westerhuis R, Heiner-Fokkema MR, Bakker SJL, Franssen CFM. Amino Acid Homeostasis and Fatigue in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142810. [PMID: 35889768 PMCID: PMC9318329 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients dependent on chronic hemodialysis treatment are prone to malnutrition, at least in part due to insufficient nutrient intake, metabolic derangements, and chronic inflammation. Losses of amino acids during hemodialysis may be an important additional contributor. In this study, we assessed changes in plasma amino acid concentrations during hemodialysis, quantified intradialytic amino acid losses, and investigated whether plasma amino acid concentrations and amino acid losses by hemodialysis and urinary excretion are associated with fatigue. The study included a total of 59 hemodialysis patients (65 ± 15 years, 63% male) and 33 healthy kidney donors as controls (54 ± 10 years, 45% male). Total plasma essential amino acid concentration before hemodialysis was lower in hemodialysis patients compared with controls (p = 0.006), while total non-essential amino acid concentration did not differ. Daily amino acid losses were 4.0 ± 1.3 g/24 h for hemodialysis patients and 0.6 ± 0.3 g/24 h for controls. Expressed as proportion of protein intake, daily amino acid losses of hemodialysis patients were 6.7 ± 2.4% of the total protein intake, compared to 0.7 ± 0.3% for controls (p < 0.001). Multivariable regression analyses demonstrated that hemodialysis efficacy (Kt/V) was the primary determinant of amino acid losses (Std. β = 0.51; p < 0.001). In logistic regression analyses, higher plasma proline concentrations were associated with higher odds of severe fatigue (OR (95% CI) per SD increment: 3.0 (1.3; 9.3); p = 0.03), while higher taurine concentrations were associated with lower odds of severe fatigue (OR (95% CI) per log2 increment: 0.3 (0.1; 0.7); p = 0.01). Similarly, higher daily taurine losses were also associated with lower odds of severe fatigue (OR (95% CI) per log2 increment: 0.64 (0.42; 0.93); p = 0.03). Lastly, a higher protein intake was associated with lower odds of severe fatigue (OR (95% CI) per SD increment: 0.2 (0.04; 0.5); p = 0.007). Future studies are warranted to investigate the mechanisms underlying these associations and investigate the potential of taurine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Post
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (D.K.); (D.G.); (Y.v.d.V.); (S.J.L.B.); (C.F.M.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-649-653-442
| | - Daan Kremer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (D.K.); (D.G.); (Y.v.d.V.); (S.J.L.B.); (C.F.M.F.)
| | - Dion Groothof
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (D.K.); (D.G.); (Y.v.d.V.); (S.J.L.B.); (C.F.M.F.)
| | - Yvonne van der Veen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (D.K.); (D.G.); (Y.v.d.V.); (S.J.L.B.); (C.F.M.F.)
| | - Pim de Blaauw
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (P.d.B.); (J.v.d.K.); (I.P.K.); (M.R.H.-F.)
| | - Jennifer van der Krogt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (P.d.B.); (J.v.d.K.); (I.P.K.); (M.R.H.-F.)
| | - Ido P. Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (P.d.B.); (J.v.d.K.); (I.P.K.); (M.R.H.-F.)
| | - Ralf Westerhuis
- Dialysis Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - M. Rebecca Heiner-Fokkema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (P.d.B.); (J.v.d.K.); (I.P.K.); (M.R.H.-F.)
| | - Stephan J. L. Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (D.K.); (D.G.); (Y.v.d.V.); (S.J.L.B.); (C.F.M.F.)
| | - Casper F. M. Franssen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (D.K.); (D.G.); (Y.v.d.V.); (S.J.L.B.); (C.F.M.F.)
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14
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Husain-Syed F, Emlet DR, Wilhelm J, Danesi TH, Ferrari F, Bezerra P, Lopez-Giacoman S, Villa G, Tello K, Birk HW, Seeger W, Giavarina D, Salvador L, Fuhrman DY, Kellum JA, Ronco C. Effects of preoperative high-oral protein loading on short- and long-term renal outcomes following cardiac surgery: a cohort study. J Transl Med 2022; 20:204. [PMID: 35538495 PMCID: PMC9092825 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03410-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-cardiac surgery acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with increased mortality. A high-protein meal enhances the renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and might protect the kidneys from acute ischemic insults. Hence, we assessed the effect of a preoperative high-oral protein load on post-cardiac surgery renal function and used experimental models to elucidate mechanisms by which protein might stimulate kidney-protective effects. METHODS The prospective "Preoperative Renal Functional Reserve Predicts Risk of AKI after Cardiac Operation" study follow-up was extended to postoperative 12 months for 109 patients. A 1:2 ratio propensity score matching method was used to identify a control group (n = 214) to comparatively evaluate the effects of a preoperative protein load and standard care. The primary endpoints were AKI development and postoperative estimated GFR (eGFR) loss at 3 and 12 months. We also assessed the secretion of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases-2 (TIMP-2) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7), biomarkers implicated in mediating kidney-protective mechanisms in human kidney tubular cells that we exposed to varying protein concentrations. RESULTS The AKI rate did not differ between the protein loading and control groups (13.6 vs. 12.3%; p = 0.5). However, the mean eGFR loss was lower in the former after 3 months (0.1 [95% CI - 1.4, - 1.7] vs. - 3.3 [95% CI - 4.4, - 2.2] ml/min/1.73 m2) and 12 months (- 2.7 [95% CI - 4.2, - 1.2] vs - 10.2 [95% CI - 11.3, - 9.1] ml/min/1.73 m2; p < 0.001 for both). On stratification based on AKI development, the eGFR loss after 12 months was also found to be lower in the former (- 8.0 [95% CI - 14.1, - 1.9] vs. - 18.6 [95% CI - 23.3, - 14.0] ml/min/1.73 m2; p = 0.008). A dose-response analysis of the protein treatment of the primary human proximal and distal tubule epithelial cells in culture showed significantly increased IGFBP7 and TIMP-2 expression. CONCLUSIONS A preoperative high-oral protein load did not reduce AKI development but was associated with greater renal function preservation in patients with and without AKI at 12 months post-cardiac surgery. The potential mechanisms of action by which protein loading may induce a kidney-protective response might include cell cycle inhibition of renal tubular epithelial cells. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03102541 (retrospectively registered on April 5, 2017) and ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03092947 (retrospectively registered on March 28, 2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Faeq Husain-Syed
- grid.416303.30000 0004 1758 2035Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza, San Bortolo Hospital, Via Rodolfi, 37, 36100 Vicenza, Italy ,grid.411067.50000 0000 8584 9230Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - David R. Emlet
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Center for Critical Care Nephrology, CRISMA, Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Jochen Wilhelm
- grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Institute for Lung Health, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Ludwigstrasse 23, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Tommaso Hinna Danesi
- grid.416303.30000 0004 1758 2035Department of Cardiac Surgery, San Bortolo Hospital, Via Rodolfi, 37, 36100 Vicenza, Italy ,grid.24827.3b0000 0001 2179 9593Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnaci, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0558 USA
| | - Fiorenza Ferrari
- grid.416303.30000 0004 1758 2035Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza, San Bortolo Hospital, Via Rodolfi, 37, 36100 Vicenza, Italy ,grid.419425.f0000 0004 1760 3027Intensive Care Unit, I.R.C.C.S. Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Camillo Golgi, 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Pércia Bezerra
- grid.416303.30000 0004 1758 2035Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza, San Bortolo Hospital, Via Rodolfi, 37, 36100 Vicenza, Italy
| | - Salvador Lopez-Giacoman
- grid.416303.30000 0004 1758 2035Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza, San Bortolo Hospital, Via Rodolfi, 37, 36100 Vicenza, Italy
| | - Gianluca Villa
- grid.416303.30000 0004 1758 2035Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza, San Bortolo Hospital, Via Rodolfi, 37, 36100 Vicenza, Italy ,grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Health Science, Section of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Florence, Piazza San Marco, 4, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Khodr Tello
- grid.411067.50000 0000 8584 9230Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany ,grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Member of the German Centre for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Centre, Klinikstrasse 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Horst-Walter Birk
- grid.411067.50000 0000 8584 9230Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- grid.411067.50000 0000 8584 9230Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany ,grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Member of the German Centre for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Centre, Klinikstrasse 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany ,grid.418032.c0000 0004 0491 220XDepartment of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Davide Giavarina
- grid.416303.30000 0004 1758 2035Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology Laboratory, San Bortolo Hospital, Via Rodolfi, 37, 36100 Vicenza, Italy
| | - Loris Salvador
- grid.416303.30000 0004 1758 2035Department of Cardiac Surgery, San Bortolo Hospital, Via Rodolfi, 37, 36100 Vicenza, Italy
| | - Dana Y. Fuhrman
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Center for Critical Care Nephrology, CRISMA, Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA ,grid.412689.00000 0001 0650 7433Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, One Children’s Hospital Way, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15224 USA
| | - John A. Kellum
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Center for Critical Care Nephrology, CRISMA, Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Claudio Ronco
- grid.416303.30000 0004 1758 2035Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza, San Bortolo Hospital, Via Rodolfi, 37, 36100 Vicenza, Italy ,grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of Medicine (DIMED), Università di Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128 Padua, Italy
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15
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Hinden L, Ahmad M, Hamad S, Nemirovski A, Szanda G, Glasmacher S, Kogot-Levin A, Abramovitch R, Thorens B, Gertsch J, Leibowitz G, Tam J. Opposite physiological and pathological mTORC1-mediated roles of the CB1 receptor in regulating renal tubular function. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1783. [PMID: 35379807 PMCID: PMC8980033 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R) and the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in the renal proximal tubular cells (RPTCs) contributes to the development of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). However, the CB1R/mTORC1 signaling axis in the kidney has not been described yet. We show here that hyperglycemia-induced endocannabinoid/CB1R stimulation increased mTORC1 activity, enhancing the transcription of the facilitative glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) and leading to the development of DKD in mice; this effect was ameliorated by specific RPTCs ablation of GLUT2. Conversely, CB1R maintained the normal activity of mTORC1 by preventing the cellular excess of amino acids during normoglycemia. Our findings highlight a novel molecular mechanism by which the activation of mTORC1 in RPTCs is tightly controlled by CB1R, either by enhancing the reabsorption of glucose and inducing kidney dysfunction in diabetes or by preventing amino acid uptake and maintaining normal kidney function in healthy conditions. Renal proximal tubules modulate whole-body homeostasis by sensing various nutrients. Here the authors describe the existence and importance of a unique CB1/mTORC1/GLUT2 signaling axis in regulating nutrient homeostasis in healthy and diseased kidney.
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Taslimifar M, Faltys M, Kurtcuoglu V, Verrey F, Makrides V. Analysis of L-leucine amino acid transporter species activity and gene expression by human blood brain barrier hCMEC/D3 model reveal potential LAT1, LAT4, B 0AT2 and y +LAT1 functional cooperation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:90-103. [PMID: 34427144 PMCID: PMC8721536 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211039593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the CNS, amino acid (AA) neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter precursors are subject to tight homeostatic control mediated by blood-brain barrier (BBB) solute carrier amino acid transporters (AATs). Since the BBB is composed of multiple closely apposed cell types and opportunities for human in vivo studies are limited, we used in vitro and computational approaches to investigate human BBB AAT activity and regulation. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) of the human BBB endothelial cell model hCMEC/D3 (D3) was used to determine expression of selected AAT, tight junction (TJ), and signal transduction (ST) genes under various culture conditions. L-leucine uptake data were interrogated with a computational model developed by our group for calculating AAT activity in complex cell cultures. This approach is potentially applicable to in vitro cell culture drug studies where multiple "receptors" may mediate observed responses. Of 7 Leu AAT genes expressed by D3 only the activity of SLC7A5-SLC3A2/LAT1-4F2HC (LAT1), SLC43A2/LAT4 (LAT4) and sodium-dependent AATs, SLC6A15/B0AT2 (B0AT2), and SLC7A7/y+LAT1 (y+LAT1) were calculated to be required for Leu uptake. Therefore, D3 Leu transport may be mediated by a potentially physiologically relevant functional cooperation between the known BBB AAT, LAT1 and obligatory exchange (y+LAT1), facilitative diffusion (LAT4), and sodium symporter (B0AT2) transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Taslimifar
- The Interface Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Epithelial Transport Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Faltys
- Epithelial Transport Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vartan Kurtcuoglu
- The Interface Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research, Kidney CH, Switzerland
| | - François Verrey
- Epithelial Transport Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research, Kidney CH, Switzerland
| | - Victoria Makrides
- The Interface Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Epithelial Transport Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,EIC BioMedical Labs, Norwood, MA, USA
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17
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Jiao D, Qi L, Hu L, Hu D, Li X, Li G, Li Z, Liu S, Zhao C, Wu H. Changes in aging-induced kidney dysfunction in mice based on a metabolomics analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:959311. [PMID: 36157455 PMCID: PMC9492839 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.959311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney dysfunction is particularly important in systemic organ injuries caused by aging. Metabolomics are utilized in this study to explore the mechanism of kidney dysfunction during aging by the identification of metabolites and the characterization of metabolic pathways. We analyzed the serum biochemistry and kidney histopathology of male Kunming mice aged 3 months and 24 months and found that the aged mice had inflammatory lesions, aggravated fibrosis, and functional impairment. A high-resolution untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed that the endogenous metabolites in the kidneys and urine of the mice were significantly changed by 25 and 20 metabolites, respectively. A pathway analysis of these differential metabolites revealed six key signaling pathways, namely, D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, purine metabolism, the citrate cycle [tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle], histidine metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. These pathways are involved in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism, and these can lead to immune regulation, inflammatory responses, oxidative stress damage, cellular dysfunction, and bioenergy disorders, and they are closely associated with aging and kidney insufficiency. We also screened nine types of sensitive metabolites in the urine as potential biomarkers of kidney dysfunction during the aging process to confirm their therapeutic targets in senior-induced kidney dysfunction and to improve the level of risk assessment for senile kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danli Jiao
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Qi
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Hu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Hu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guona Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheying Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shimin Liu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Chen Zhao, ; Huangan Wu,
| | - Huangan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Chen Zhao, ; Huangan Wu,
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18
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Mishra R, Bethunaickan R, Berthier CC, Yi Z, Strohl JJ, Huerta PT, Zhang W, Davidson A. Reversible dysregulation of renal circadian rhythm in lupus nephritis. Mol Med 2021; 27:99. [PMID: 34488619 PMCID: PMC8419890 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00361-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have found disruption of expression of major transcriptional regulators of circadian rhythm in the kidneys of several mouse models of lupus nephritis. Here we define the consequence of this disturbance with respect to circadian gene expression and renal homeostatic function in a mouse model of lupus nephritis. METHODS Molecular profiling of kidneys from 47 young and 41 nephritic female NZB/W F1 mice was performed at 4 hourly intervals over a 24 h period. Disruption of major circadian transcriptional regulators was confirmed by qPCR. Molecular data was normalized and analyzed for rhythmicity using RAIN analysis. Serum aldosterone and glucose and urine sodium and potassium were measured at 4 hourly intervals in pre-nephritic and nephritic mice and blood pressure was measured every 4 h. Analyses were repeated after induction of complete remission of nephritis using combination cyclophosphamide and costimulatory blockade. RESULTS We show a profound alteration of renal circadian rhythms in mice with lupus nephritis affecting multiple renal pathways. Using Cosinor analysis we identified consequent alterations of renal homeostasis and metabolism as well as blood pressure dipper status. This circadian dysregulation was partially reversed by remission induction therapy. CONCLUSIONS Our studies indicate the role of inflammation in causing the circadian disruption and suggest that screening for loss of normal blood pressure dipping should be incorporated into LN management. The data also suggest a potential role for circadian agonists in the treatment of lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Mishra
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Ramalingam Bethunaickan
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Celine C Berthier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Zhengzi Yi
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, One Gustave L. Levy Place, P.O. Box 1243, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Joshua J Strohl
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Patricio T Huerta
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, One Gustave L. Levy Place, P.O. Box 1243, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Anne Davidson
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
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19
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Rudnik S, Damme M. The lysosomal membrane-export of metabolites and beyond. FEBS J 2021; 288:4168-4182. [PMID: 33067905 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes are degradative organelles in eukaryotic cells mediating the hydrolytic catabolism of various macromolecules to small basic building blocks. These low-molecular-weight metabolites are transported across the lysosomal membrane and reused in the cytoplasm and other organelles for biosynthetic pathways. Even though in the past 20 years our understanding of the lysosomal membrane regarding various transporters, other integral and peripheral membrane proteins, the lipid composition, but also its turnover has dramatically improved, there are still many unresolved questions concerning key aspects of the function of the lysosomal membrane. These include a possible function of lysosomes as a cellular storage compartment, yet unidentified transporters mediating the export such as various amino acids, mechanisms mediating the transport of lysosomal membrane proteins from the Golgi apparatus to lysosomes, and the turnover of lysosomal membrane proteins. Here, we review the current knowledge about the lysosomal membrane and identify some of the open questions that need to be solved in the future for a comprehensive and complete understanding of how lysosomes communicate with other organelles, cellular processes, and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sönke Rudnik
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Damme
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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20
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Rabbani N, Thornalley PJ. Protein glycation - biomarkers of metabolic dysfunction and early-stage decline in health in the era of precision medicine. Redox Biol 2021; 42:101920. [PMID: 33707127 PMCID: PMC8113047 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein glycation provides a biomarker in widespread clinical use, glycated hemoglobin HbA1c (A1C). It is a biomarker for diagnosis of diabetes and prediabetes and of medium-term glycemic control in patients with established diabetes. A1C is an early-stage glycation adduct of hemoglobin with glucose; a fructosamine derivative. Glucose is an amino group-directed glycating agent, modifying N-terminal and lysine sidechain amino groups. A similar fructosamine derivative of serum albumin, glycated albumin (GA), finds use as a biomarker of glycemic control, particularly where there is interference in use of A1C. Later stage adducts, advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), are formed by the degradation of fructosamines and by the reaction of reactive dicarbonyl metabolites, such as methylglyoxal. Dicarbonyls are arginine-directed glycating agents forming mainly hydroimidazolone AGEs. Glucosepane and pentosidine, an intense fluorophore, are AGE covalent crosslinks. Cellular proteolysis of glycated proteins forms glycated amino acids, which are released into plasma and excreted in urine. Development of diagnostic algorithms by artificial intelligence machine learning is enhancing the applications of glycation biomarkers. Investigational glycation biomarkers are in development for: (i) healthy aging; (ii) risk prediction of vascular complications of diabetes; (iii) diagnosis of autism; and (iv) diagnosis and classification of early-stage arthritis. Protein glycation biomarkers are influenced by heritability, aging, decline in metabolic, vascular, renal and skeletal health, and other factors. They are applicable to populations of differing ethnicities, bridging the gap between genotype and phenotype. They are thereby likely to find continued and expanding clinical use, including in the current era of developing precision medicine, reporting on multiple pathogenic processes and supporting a precision medicine approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Rabbani
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar; Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Paul J Thornalley
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar.
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21
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Zolkipli-Cunningham Z, Naviaux JC, Nakayama T, Hirsch CM, Monk JM, Li K, Wang L, Le TP, Meinardi S, Blake DR, Naviaux RK. Metabolic and behavioral features of acute hyperpurinergia and the maternal immune activation mouse model of autism spectrum disorder. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248771. [PMID: 33735311 PMCID: PMC7971557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2012, studies in mice, rats, and humans have suggested that abnormalities in purinergic signaling may be a final common pathway for many genetic and environmental causes of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The current study in mice was conducted to characterize the bioenergetic, metabolomic, breathomic, and behavioral features of acute hyperpurinergia triggered by systemic injection of the purinergic agonist and danger signal, extracellular ATP (eATP). Responses were studied in C57BL/6J mice in the maternal immune activation (MIA) model and controls. Basal metabolic rates and locomotor activity were measured in CLAMS cages. Plasma metabolomics measured 401 metabolites. Breathomics measured 98 volatile organic compounds. Intraperitoneal eATP dropped basal metabolic rate measured by whole body oxygen consumption by 74% ± 6% (mean ± SEM) and rectal temperature by 6.2˚ ± 0.3˚C in 30 minutes. Over 200 metabolites from 37 different biochemical pathways where changed. Breathomics showed an increase in exhaled carbon monoxide, dimethylsulfide, and isoprene. Metabolomics revealed an acute increase in lactate, citrate, purines, urea, dopamine, eicosanoids, microbiome metabolites, oxidized glutathione, thiamine, niacinamide, and pyridoxic acid, and decreased folate-methylation-1-carbon intermediates, amino acids, short and medium chain acyl-carnitines, phospholipids, ceramides, sphingomyelins, cholesterol, bile acids, and vitamin D similar to some children with ASD. MIA animals were hypersensitive to postnatal exposure to eATP or poly(IC), which produced a rebound increase in body temperature that lasted several weeks before returning to baseline. Acute hyperpurinergia produced metabolic and behavioral changes in mice. The behaviors and metabolic changes produced by ATP injection were associated with mitochondrial functional changes that were profound but reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarazuela Zolkipli-Cunningham
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Jane C. Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Tomohiro Nakayama
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Charlotte M. Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Monk
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Kefeng Li
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Lin Wang
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Thuy P. Le
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Simone Meinardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Robert K. Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
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22
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Fairweather SJ, Shah N, Brӧer S. Heteromeric Solute Carriers: Function, Structure, Pathology and Pharmacology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 21:13-127. [PMID: 33052588 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Solute carriers form one of three major superfamilies of membrane transporters in humans, and include uniporters, exchangers and symporters. Following several decades of molecular characterisation, multiple solute carriers that form obligatory heteromers with unrelated subunits are emerging as a distinctive principle of membrane transporter assembly. Here we comprehensively review experimentally established heteromeric solute carriers: SLC3-SLC7 amino acid exchangers, SLC16 monocarboxylate/H+ symporters and basigin/embigin, SLC4A1 (AE1) and glycophorin A exchanger, SLC51 heteromer Ost α-Ost β uniporter, and SLC6 heteromeric symporters. The review covers the history of the heteromer discovery, transporter physiology, structure, disease associations and pharmacology - all with a focus on the heteromeric assembly. The cellular locations, requirements for complex formation, and the functional role of dimerization are extensively detailed, including analysis of the first complete heteromer structures, the SLC7-SLC3 family transporters LAT1-4F2hc, b0,+AT-rBAT and the SLC6 family heteromer B0AT1-ACE2. We present a systematic analysis of the structural and functional aspects of heteromeric solute carriers and conclude with common principles of their functional roles and structural architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Fairweather
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia. .,Resarch School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Nishank Shah
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Stefan Brӧer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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23
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Huang J, Ladeiras D, Yu Y, Ming XF, Yang Z. Detrimental Effects of Chronic L-Arginine Rich Food on Aging Kidney. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:582155. [PMID: 33542686 PMCID: PMC7851093 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.582155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The impaired L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway is a well-recognized mechanism for cardiovascular and renal diseases with aging. Therefore, supplementation of L-arginine is widely proposed to boost health or as adjunct therapy for the patients. However, clinical data, show adverse effects and even enhanced mortality in patients receiving long-term L-arginine supplementation. The effects of long-term L-arginine supplementation on kidney aging and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Moreover, high protein and high amino acid diet has been thought detrimental for kidney. We therefore investigated effects of chronic dietary L-arginine supplementation on kidney aging. In both young (4 months) and old (18-24 months) mice, animals either receive standard chow containing 0.65% L-arginine or diet supplemented with L-arginine to 2.46% for 16 weeks. Inflammation and fibrosis markers and albuminuria are then analyzed. Age-associated increases in tnf-α, il-1β, and il-6, vcam-1, icam-1, mcp1, inos, and macrophage infiltration, collagen expression, and S6K1 activation are observed, which is not favorably affected, but rather further enhanced, by L-arginine supplementation. Importantly, L-arginine supplementation further enhances age-associated albuminuria and mortality particularly in females, accompanied by elevated renal arginase-II (Arg-II) levels. The enhanced albuminuria by L-arginine supplementation in aging is not protected in Arg-II-/- mice. In contrast, L-arginine supplementation increases ROS and decreases nitric oxide production in old mouse aortas, which is reduced in Arg-II-/- mice. The results do not support benefits of long-term L-arginine supplementation. It rather accelerates functional decline of kidney and vasculature in aging. Thus, the long-term dietary L-arginine supplementation should be avoided particularly in elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular System, Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Aging Research, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research "Kidney.CH", University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Diogo Ladeiras
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular System, Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Aging Research, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research "Kidney.CH", University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yi Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular System, Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Aging Research, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Xiu-Fen Ming
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular System, Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Aging Research, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research "Kidney.CH", University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zhihong Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular System, Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Aging Research, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research "Kidney.CH", University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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24
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ACE2 and gut amino acid transport. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:2823-2833. [PMID: 33140827 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ACE2 is a type I membrane protein with extracellular carboxypeptidase activity displaying a broad tissue distribution with highest expression levels at the brush border membrane (BBM) of small intestine enterocytes and a lower expression in stomach and colon. In small intestinal mucosa, ACE2 mRNA expression appears to increase with age and to display higher levels in patients taking ACE-inhibitors (ACE-I). There, ACE2 protein heterodimerizes with the neutral amino acid transporter Broad neutral Amino acid Transporter 1 (B0AT1) (SLC6A19) or the imino acid transporter Sodium-dependent Imino Transporter 1 (SIT1) (SLC6A20), associations that are required for the surface expression of these transport proteins. These heterodimers can form quaternary structures able to function as binding sites for SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins. The heterodimerization of the carboxypeptidase ACE2 with B0AT1 is suggested to favor the direct supply of substrate amino acids to the transporter, but whether this association impacts the ability of ACE2 to mediate viral infection is not known. B0AT1 mutations cause Hartnup disorder, a condition characterized by neutral aminoaciduria and, in some cases, pellagra-like symptoms, such as photosensitive rash, diarrhea, and cerebellar ataxia. Correspondingly, the lack of ACE2 and the concurrent absence of B0AT1 expression in small intestine causes a decrease in l-tryptophan absorption, niacin deficiency, decreased intestinal antimicrobial peptide production, and increased susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in mice. Thus, the abundant expression of ACE2 in small intestine and its association with amino acid transporters appears to play a crucial role for the digestion of peptides and the absorption of amino acids and, thereby, for the maintenance of structural and functional gut integrity.
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25
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Rajendran A, Poncet N, Oparija-Rogenmozere L, Herzog B, Verrey F. Tissue-specific deletion of mouse basolateral uniporter LAT4 (Slc43a2) reveals its crucial role in small intestine and kidney amino acid transport. J Physiol 2020; 598:5109-5132. [PMID: 32841365 PMCID: PMC7693055 DOI: 10.1113/jp280234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Key points LAT4 is a broadly expressed uniporter selective for essential branched chain amino acids, methionine and phenylalanine, which are involved in epithelial transport. Its global deletion leads to an early malnutrition‐like phenotype and death within 10 days after birth. Here, we tested the impact of deleting LAT4 selectively in the mouse intestine. This affected slightly the absorption of amino acids (AAs) and delayed gastrointestinal motility; however, it had no major phenotypic effect, even when combined with aromatic AA uniporter TAT1 knockout (KO). Conversely, kidney tubule‐selective deletion of LAT4 led to a substantial aminoaciduria that strongly increased under a high protein diet. Combining a partial tubular LAT4 deletion with TAT1 KO implicated their synergistic action on AA reabsorption. These results show that LAT4 plays an important role for kidney AA reabsorption, but that its functional role in intestinal AA absorption is largely dispensable.
Abstract Amino acid (AA) transporter LAT4 (Slc43a2) functions as facilitated diffusion uniporter for essential neutral AAs and is highly expressed at the basolateral membrane of small intestine (SI) and kidney tubule epithelia. Previously, we showed that LAT4 global knockout (KO) mice were born at the expected Mendelian ratio but died within 10 days. Their failure to gain weight and a severe malnutrition‐like phenotype contrasted with apparently normal feeding, suggesting a severe intestinal AA absorption defect. In the present study, using conditional global and tissue‐specific LAT4 KO mouse models, we nullified this hypothesis, demonstrating that the selective lack of intestinal LAT4 does not impair postnatal development, although it leads to an absorption defect accompanied by delayed gastrointestinal motility. Kidney tubule‐specific LAT4 KO led to a substantial aminoaciduria as a result of a reabsorption defect of AAs transported by LAT4 and of other AAs that are substrates of the antiporter LAT2, demonstrating, in vivo, the functional co‐operation of these two transporters. The major role played by basolateral uniporters in the kidney was further supported by the observation that, in mice lacking TAT1, another neutral AA uniporter, a partial LAT4 KO led to a synergistic increase of urinary AA loss. Surprisingly in the SI, the same combined KO induced no major effect, suggesting yet unknown compensatory mechanisms. Taken together, the lethal malnutrition‐like phenotype observed previously in LAT4 global KO pups is suggested to be the consequence of a combinatorial effect of LAT4 deletion in the SI, kidney and presumably other tissues. LAT4 is a broadly expressed uniporter selective for essential branched chain amino acids, methionine and phenylalanine, which are involved in epithelial transport. Its global deletion leads to an early malnutrition‐like phenotype and death within 10 days after birth. Here, we tested the impact of deleting LAT4 selectively in the mouse intestine. This affected slightly the absorption of amino acids (AAs) and delayed gastrointestinal motility; however, it had no major phenotypic effect, even when combined with aromatic AA uniporter TAT1 knockout (KO). Conversely, kidney tubule‐selective deletion of LAT4 led to a substantial aminoaciduria that strongly increased under a high protein diet. Combining a partial tubular LAT4 deletion with TAT1 KO implicated their synergistic action on AA reabsorption. These results show that LAT4 plays an important role for kidney AA reabsorption, but that its functional role in intestinal AA absorption is largely dispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadège Poncet
- Institute of Physiology University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Brigitte Herzog
- Institute of Physiology University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - François Verrey
- Institute of Physiology University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,NCCR Kidney. CH, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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26
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Okano N, Hana K, Naruge D, Kawai K, Kobayashi T, Nagashima F, Endou H, Furuse J. Biomarker Analyses in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors Treated With the LAT1 Inhibitor JPH203. In Vivo 2020; 34:2595-2606. [PMID: 32871789 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Amino acids are among the most important nutrients for supplying energy and building protein blocks in cancers. L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) 1 is known to play a critical role in cancer growth. We have completed the first-in-human phase I study using the LAT1-specific inhibitor JPH203. PATIENTS AND METHODS We evaluated plasma free amino acids (PFAAs), body mass index (BMI), and efficacy of JPH203 in patients enrolled in the phase I study. RESULTS LAT1-substrate PFAAs and branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) were higher in patients with biliary tract cancer (BTC) than in those with other cancers. High inhibition of uptake of LAT1-substrate PFAAs was associated with survival. BMI of more than the median was associated with disease control and survival. BCAAs tended to be associated with BMI. CONCLUSION BCAAs and BMI are useful predictors of the efficacy of JPH203, which shows promising activity against BTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Okano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Daisuke Naruge
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kirio Kawai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumio Nagashima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Junji Furuse
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Perkins BA, Rabbani N, Weston A, Adaikalakoteswari A, Lee JA, Lovblom LE, Cardinez N, Thornalley PJ. High fractional excretion of glycation adducts is associated with subsequent early decline in renal function in type 1 diabetes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12709. [PMID: 32728119 PMCID: PMC7391737 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69350-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased protein glycation, oxidation and nitration is linked to the development of diabetic nephropathy. We reported levels of serum protein glycation, oxidation and nitration and related hydrolysis products, glycation, oxidation and nitration free adducts in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) during onset of microalbuminuria (MA) from the First Joslin Kidney Study, a prospective case-control study of patients with T1DM with and without early decline in GFR. Herein we report urinary excretion of the latter analytes and related fractional excretion values, exploring the link to MA and early decline in GFR. We recruited patients with T1DM and normoalbuminuria (NA) (n = 30) or new onset MA with and without early GFR decline (n = 22 and 33, respectively) for this study. We determined urinary protein glycation, oxidation and nitration free adducts by stable isotopic dilution analysis liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and deduced fractional excretion using reported plasma levels and urinary and plasma creatinine estimates. We found urinary excretion of pentosidine was increased ca. twofold in patients with MA, compared to normoalbuminuria (0.0442 vs 0.0103 nmol/mg creatinine, P < 0.0001), and increased ca. threefold in patients with early decline in GFR, compared to patients with stable GFR (0.0561 vs 0.0176 nmol/mg creatinine, P < 0.01). Urinary excretion of all other analytes was unchanged between the study groups. Remarkably, fractional excretions of 6 lysine and arginine-derived glycation free adducts were higher in patients with early decline in GFR, compared to those with stable GFR. Impaired tubular reuptake of glycation free adducts by lysine and arginine transporter proteins in patients with early GFR decline is likely involved. We conclude that higher fractional excretions of glycation adducts are potential biomarkers for early GFR decline in T1DM and MA. Measurement of these analytes could provide the basis for identifying patients at risk of early decline in renal function to target and intensify renoprotective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Perkins
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Naila Rabbani
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Andrew Weston
- Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,University College London School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Antonysunil Adaikalakoteswari
- Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Justin A Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Leif E Lovblom
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nancy Cardinez
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul J Thornalley
- Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. .,Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar.
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28
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Ranganath LR, Milan AM, Hughes AT, Khedr M, Davison AS, Shweihdi E, Norman BP, Hughes JH, Bygott H, Luangrath E, Fitzgerald R, Psarelli EE, van Kan C, Laan D, Olsson B, Rudebeck M, Mankowitz L, Sireau N, Arnoux JB, Le Quan Sang KH, Jarvis JC, Genovese F, Braconi D, Santucci A, Zatkova A, Glasova H, Stančík R, Imrich R, Rhodes NP, Gallagher JA. Homogentisic acid is not only eliminated by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion but also produced in the kidney in alkaptonuria. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:737-747. [PMID: 31609457 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The clinical effects of alkaptonuria (AKU) are delayed and ageing influences disease progression. Morbidity of AKU is secondary to high circulating homogentisic acid (HGA) and ochronosis. It is not known whether HGA is produced by or processed in the kidney in AKU. Data from AKU patients from four studies were merged to form a single AKU group. A control group of non-AKU subjects was generated by merging data from two non-AKU studies. Data were used to derive renal clearance and fractional excretion (FE) ratios for creatinine, HGA, phenylalanine (PHE) and tyrosine (TYR) using standard calculations, for comparison between the AKU and the control groups. There were 225 AKU patients in the AKU group and 52 in the non-AKU control group. Circulating HGA increased with age (P < 0.001), and was significantly associated with decreased HGA clearance (CLHGA ) (P < 0.001) and FEHGA (P < 0.001). CLHGA and FEHGA were increased beyond the theoretical maximum renal plasma flow, confirming renal production and emphasising the greater contribution of net tubular secretion than glomerular filtration to renal elimination of HGA. The kidneys are crucial to elimination of HGA. Elimination of HGA is impaired with age resulting in worsening disease over time. The kidney is an important site for production of HGA. Tubular secretion of HGA contributes more to elimination of HGA in AKU than glomerular filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshminarayan R Ranganath
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anna M Milan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew T Hughes
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Milad Khedr
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew S Davison
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ella Shweihdi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Brendan P Norman
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Juliette H Hughes
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Helen Bygott
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Emily Luangrath
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Richard Fitzgerald
- Clinical Pharmacology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jonathan C Jarvis
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Daniela Braconi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Zatkova
- Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Helena Glasova
- Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Roman Stančík
- National Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, Piešťany, Slovakia
| | - Richard Imrich
- Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Nicholas P Rhodes
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - James A Gallagher
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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29
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Oparija-Rogenmozere L, Rajendran A, Poncet N, Camargo SMR, Verrey F. Phosphorylation of mouse intestinal basolateral amino acid uniporter LAT4 is controlled by food-entrained diurnal rhythm and dietary proteins. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233863. [PMID: 32470053 PMCID: PMC7259769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive regulation of epithelial transporters to nutrient intake is essential to decrease energy costs of their synthesis and maintenance, however such regulation is understudied. Previously we demonstrated that the transport function of the basolateral amino acid uniporter LAT4 (Slc43a2) is increased by dephosphorylation of serine 274 (S274) and nearly abolished by dephosphorylation of serine 297 (S297) when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Phosphorylation changes in the jejunum of food-entrained mice suggested an increase in LAT4 transport function during food expectation. Thus, we investigated further how phosphorylation, expression and localization of mouse intestinal LAT4 respond to food-entrained diurnal rhythm and dietary protein content. In mice entrained with 18% protein diet, LAT4 mRNA was not submitted to diurnal regulation, unlike mRNAs of luminal symporters and antiporters. Only in duodenum, LAT4 protein expression increased during food intake. Concurrently, S274 phosphorylation was decreased in all three small intestinal segments, whereas S297 phosphorylation was increased only in jejunum. Interestingly, during food intake, S274 phosphorylation was nearly absent in ileum and accompanied by strong phosphorylation of mTORC1 target S6. Entraining mice with 8% protein diet provoked a shift in jejunal LAT4 localization from the cell surface to intracellular stores and increased S274 phosphorylation in both jejunum and ileum during food anticipation, suggesting decreased transport function. In contrast, 40% dietary protein content led to increased LAT4 expression in jejunum and its internalization in ileum. Ex vivo treatments of isolated intestinal villi fraction demonstrated that S274 phosphorylation was stimulated by protein kinase A. Rapamycin-sensitive insulin treatment and amino acids increased S297 phosphorylation, suggesting that the response to food intake might be regulated via the insulin-mTORC1 pathway. Ghrelin, an oscillating orexigenic hormone, did not affect phosphorylation of intestinal LAT4. Overall, we show that phosphorylation, expression and localization of intestinal mouse LAT4 responds to diurnal and dietary stimuli in location-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Oparija-Rogenmozere
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anuradha Rajendran
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nadège Poncet
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone M R Camargo
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - François Verrey
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,NCCR Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland
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30
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Abstract
The mercapturic acid pathway is a major route for the biotransformation of xenobiotic and endobiotic electrophilic compounds and their metabolites. Mercapturic acids (N-acetyl-l-cysteine S-conjugates) are formed by the sequential action of the glutathione transferases, γ-glutamyltransferases, dipeptidases, and cysteine S-conjugate N-acetyltransferase to yield glutathione S-conjugates, l-cysteinylglycine S-conjugates, l-cysteine S-conjugates, and mercapturic acids; these metabolites constitute a "mercapturomic" profile. Aminoacylases catalyze the hydrolysis of mercapturic acids to form cysteine S-conjugates. Several renal transport systems facilitate the urinary elimination of mercapturic acids; urinary mercapturic acids may serve as biomarkers for exposure to chemicals. Although mercapturic acid formation and elimination is a detoxication reaction, l-cysteine S-conjugates may undergo bioactivation by cysteine S-conjugate β-lyase. Moreover, some l-cysteine S-conjugates, particularly l-cysteinyl-leukotrienes, exert significant pathophysiological effects. Finally, some enzymes of the mercapturic acid pathway are described as the so-called "moonlighting proteins," catalytic proteins that exert multiple biochemical or biophysical functions apart from catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Hanna
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - M W Anders
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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31
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Chen Y, Dinges MM, Green A, Cramer SE, Larive CK, Lytle C. Absorptive transport of amino acids by the rat colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G189-G202. [PMID: 31760764 PMCID: PMC6985843 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00277.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of the colon to absorb microbially produced amino acids (AAs) and the underlying mechanisms of AA transport are incompletely defined. We measured the profile of 16 fecal AAs along the rat ceco-colonic axis and compared unidirectional absorptive AA fluxes across mucosal tissues isolated from the rat jejunum, cecum, and proximal colon using an Ussing chamber approach, in conjunction with 1H-NMR and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry chemical analyses. Passage of stool from cecum to midcolon was associated with segment-specific changes in fecal AA composition and a decrease in total AA content. Simultaneous measurement of up to 16 AA fluxes under native luminal conditions, with correction for endogenous AA release, demonstrated absorptive transfer of AAs across the cecum and proximal colon at rates comparable (30-80%) to those across the jejunum, with significant Na+-dependent and H+-stimulated components. Expression profiling of 30 major AA transporter genes by quantitative PCR revealed comparatively high levels of transcripts for 20 AA transporters in the cecum and/or colon, with the levels of 12 exceeding those in the small intestine. Our results suggest a more detailed model of major apical and basolateral AA transporters in rat colonocytes and provide evidence for a previously unappreciated transfer of AAs across the colonic epithelium that could link the prodigious metabolic capacities of the luminal microbiota, the colonocytes, and the body tissues.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides evidence for a previously unappreciated transfer of microbially generated amino acids across the colonic epithelium under physiological conditions that could link the prodigious metabolic capacities of the luminal microbiota, the colonocytes, and the body tissues. The segment-specific expression of at least 20 amino acid transporter genes along the colon provides a detailed mechanistic basis for uniport, heteroexchange, Na+-cotransport, and H+-cotransport components of colonic amino acid absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Chen
- 1Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Meredith M. Dinges
- 2Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Andrew Green
- 2Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Scott E. Cramer
- 1Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Cynthia K. Larive
- 2Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Christian Lytle
- 1Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California
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32
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Polesel M, Hall AM. Axial differences in endocytosis along the kidney proximal tubule. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1526-F1530. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00459.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The proximal tubule (PT) reabsorbs filtered proteins via receptor-mediated endocytosis to prevent energetically inefficient wasting in the urine. Recent intravital imaging studies have suggested that protein reabsorption occurs in early (S1) segments, which have a very high capacity. In contrast, uptake of fluid phase substrates also occurs in distal (S2) segments. In this article, we will review these findings and their implications for understanding integrated proximal tubular function, patterns of damage caused by endocytosed toxins, and the origins of proteinuria. We will also discuss whether compensatory downstream increases in protein uptake might occur in disease states, and the environmental factors that could drive these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew M. Hall
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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33
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Suzuki M, Gonda Y, Yamada M, Vandebroek AA, Mita M, Hamase K, Yasui M, Sasabe J. Serum D-serine accumulation after proximal renal tubular damage involves neutral amino acid transporter Asc-1. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16705. [PMID: 31723194 PMCID: PMC6853873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiral separation has revealed enantio-specific changes in blood and urinary levels of amino acids in kidney diseases. Blood D-/L-serine ratio has been identified to have a correlation with creatinine-based kidney function. However, the mechanism of distinctive behavior in serine enantiomers is not well understood. This study was performed to investigate the role of renal tubules in derangement of serine enantiomers using a mouse model of cisplatin-induced tubular injury. Cisplatin treatment resulted in tubular damage histologically restricted to the proximal tubules and showed a significant increase of serum D-/L-serine ratio with positive correlations to serum creatinine and blood urine nitrogen (BUN). The increased D-/L-serine ratio did not associate with activity of a D-serine degrading enzyme, D-amino acid oxidase, in the kidney. Screening transcriptions of neutral amino acid transporters revealed that Asc-1, found in renal tubules and collecting ducts, was significantly increased after cisplatin-treatment, which correlates with serum D-serine increase. In vitro study using a kidney cell line showed that Asc-1 is induced by cisplatin and mediated influx of D-serine preferably to L-serine. Collectively, these results suggest that cisplatin-induced damage of proximal tubules accompanies Asc-1 induction in tubules and collecting ducts and leads to serum D-serine accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Suzuki
- Keio University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yusuke Gonda
- Keio University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Marina Yamada
- Nippon Sport Science University, Faculty of Medical Science, Kanagawa, 227-0033, Japan
| | - Arno A Vandebroek
- Keio University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masashi Mita
- KAGAMI Lab, Shiseido Co., Ltd., 1-6-2 Higashi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8310, Japan
| | - Kenji Hamase
- Kyushu University, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masato Yasui
- Keio University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Jumpei Sasabe
- Keio University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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34
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Knöpfel EB, Vilches C, Camargo SMR, Errasti-Murugarren E, Stäubli A, Mayayo C, Munier FL, Miroshnikova N, Poncet N, Junza A, Bhattacharya SS, Prat E, Berry V, Berger W, Heon E, Moore AT, Yanes Ó, Nunes V, Palacín M, Verrey F, Kloeckener-Gruissem B. Dysfunctional LAT2 Amino Acid Transporter Is Associated With Cataract in Mouse and Humans. Front Physiol 2019; 10:688. [PMID: 31231240 PMCID: PMC6558864 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cataract, the loss of ocular lens transparency, accounts for ∼50% of worldwide blindness and has been associated with water and solute transport dysfunction across lens cellular barriers. We show that neutral amino acid antiporter LAT2 (Slc7a8) and uniporter TAT1 (Slc16a10) are expressed on mouse ciliary epithelium and LAT2 also in lens epithelium. Correspondingly, deletion of LAT2 induced a dramatic decrease in lens essential amino acid levels that was modulated by TAT1 defect. Interestingly, the absence of LAT2 led to increased incidence of cataract in mice, in particular in older females, and a synergistic effect was observed with simultaneous lack of TAT1. Screening SLC7A8 in patients diagnosed with congenital or age-related cataract yielded one homozygous single nucleotide deletion segregating in a family with congenital cataract. Expressed in HeLa cells, this LAT2 mutation did not support amino acid uptake. Heterozygous LAT2 variants were also found in patients with cataract some of which showed a reduced transport function when expressed in HeLa cells. Whether heterozygous LAT2 variants may contribute to the pathology of cataract needs to be further investigated. Overall, our results suggest that defects of amino acid transporter LAT2 are implicated in cataract formation, a situation that may be aggravated by TAT1 defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Boiadjieva Knöpfel
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research Kidney.CH, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Clara Vilches
- Genes, Disease and Therapy Program, Molecular Genetics Laboratory – IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- U730 and U731, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Simone M. R. Camargo
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ekaitz Errasti-Murugarren
- U730 and U731, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrina Stäubli
- Institute of Medical Molecular Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Clara Mayayo
- Genes, Disease and Therapy Program, Molecular Genetics Laboratory – IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francis L. Munier
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Nadège Poncet
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Junza
- Metabolomics Platform, IISPV, Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Shomi S. Bhattacharya
- Andalusian Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Centre – CABIMER, Seville, Spain
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Prat
- Genes, Disease and Therapy Program, Molecular Genetics Laboratory – IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- U730 and U731, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
- Genetics Section, Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanita Berry
- Andalusian Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Centre – CABIMER, Seville, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Berger
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Molecular Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich – ZNZ, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elise Heon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony T. Moore
- Andalusian Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Centre – CABIMER, Seville, Spain
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Óscar Yanes
- Metabolomics Platform, IISPV, Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Nunes
- Genes, Disease and Therapy Program, Molecular Genetics Laboratory – IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- U730 and U731, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
- Genetics Section, Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Palacín
- U730 and U731, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francois Verrey
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research Kidney.CH, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Kloeckener-Gruissem
- Institute of Medical Molecular Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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35
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Abstract
The small intestine mediates the absorption of amino acids after ingestion of protein and sustains the supply of amino acids to all tissues. The small intestine is an important contributor to plasma amino acid homeostasis, while amino acid transport in the large intestine is more relevant for bacterial metabolites and fluid secretion. A number of rare inherited disorders have contributed to the identification of amino acid transporters in epithelial cells of the small intestine, in particular cystinuria, lysinuric protein intolerance, Hartnup disorder, iminoglycinuria, and dicarboxylic aminoaciduria. These are most readily detected by analysis of urine amino acids, but typically also affect intestinal transport. The genes underlying these disorders have all been identified. The remaining transporters were identified through molecular cloning techniques to the extent that a comprehensive portrait of functional cooperation among transporters of intestinal epithelial cells is now available for both the basolateral and apical membranes. Mouse models of most intestinal transporters illustrate their contribution to amino acid homeostasis and systemic physiology. Intestinal amino acid transport activities can vary between species, but these can now be explained as differences of amino acid transporter distribution along the intestine. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:343-373, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bröer
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Stephen J Fairweather
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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36
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Oparija L, Rajendran A, Poncet N, Verrey F. Anticipation of food intake induces phosphorylation switch to regulate basolateral amino acid transporter LAT4 (SLC43A2) function. J Physiol 2018; 597:521-542. [PMID: 30379325 DOI: 10.1113/jp276714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Amino acid absorption requires luminal uptake into and subsequent basolateral efflux out of epithelial cells, with the latter step being critical to regulate the intracellular concentration of the amino acids. The basolateral essential neutral amino acid uniporter LAT4 (SLC43A2) has been suggested to drive the net efflux of non-essential and cationic amino acids via parallel amino acid antiporters by recycling some of their substrates; its deletion has been shown to cause defective postnatal growth and death in mice. Here we test the regulatory function of LAT4 phosphorylation sites by mimicking their phosphorylated and dephosphorylated states in Xenopus laevis oocytes and show that dephosphorylation of S274 and phosphorylation of S297 increase LAT4 membrane localization and function. Using new phosphorylation site-specific antibodies, we observe changes in LAT4 phosphorylation in mouse small intestine that correspond to its upregulation at the expected feeding time. These results strongly suggest that LAT4 phosphorylation participates in the regulation of transepithelial amino acid absorption. ABSTRACT The essential amino acid uniporters LAT4 and TAT1 are located at the basolateral side of intestinal and kidney epithelial cells and their transport function has been suggested to control the transepithelial (re)absorption of neutral and possibly also cationic amino acids. Uniporter LAT4 selectively transports the branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine and valine, and additionally methionine and phenylalanine. Its deletion leads to a postnatal growth failure and early death in mice. Since LAT4 has been reported to be phosphorylated in vivo, we hypothesized that phosphorylation regulates its function. Using Xenopus laevis oocytes, we tested the impact of LAT4 phosphorylation at Ser274 and Ser297 by expressing mutant constructs mimicking phosphorylated and dephosphorylated states. We then investigated the in vivo regulation of LAT4 in mouse small intestine using new phosphorylation site-specific antibodies and a time-restricted diet. In Xenopus oocytes, mimicking non-phosphorylation of Ser274 led to an increase in affinity and apparent surface membrane localization of LAT4, stimulating its transport activity, while the same mutation of Ser297 decreased LAT4's apparent surface expression and transport rate. In wild-type mice, LAT4 phosphorylation on Ser274 was uniform at the beginning of the inactive phase (ZT0). In contrast, at the beginning of the active phase (ZT12), corresponding to the anticipated feeding time, Ser274 phosphorylation was decreased and restricted to relatively large patches of cells, while Ser297 phosphorylation was increased. We conclude that phosphorylation of small intestinal LAT4 is under food-entrained circadian control, leading presumably to an upregulation of LAT4 function at the anticipated feeding time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Oparija
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anuradha Rajendran
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nadège Poncet
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - François Verrey
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,NCCR Kidney.CH, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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37
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Belanger AM, Przybylska M, Gefteas E, Furgerson M, Geller S, Kloss A, Cheng SH, Zhu Y, Yew NS. Inhibiting neutral amino acid transport for the treatment of phenylketonuria. JCI Insight 2018; 3:121762. [PMID: 30046012 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropathological effects of phenylketonuria (PKU) stem from the inability of the body to metabolize excess phenylalanine (Phe), resulting in accumulation of Phe in the blood and brain. Since the kidney normally reabsorbs circulating amino acids with high efficiency, we hypothesized that preventing the renal uptake of Phe might provide a disposal pathway that could lower systemic Phe levels. SLC6A19 is a neutral amino acid transporter responsible for absorption of the majority of free Phe in the small intestine and reuptake of Phe by renal proximal tubule cells. Transgenic KO mice lacking SLC6A19 have elevated levels of Phe and other amino acids in their urine but are otherwise healthy. Here, we crossed the Pahenu2 mouse model of PKU with the Slc6a19-KO mouse. These mutant/KO mice exhibited abundant excretion of Phe in the urine and an approximately 70% decrease in plasma Phe levels. Importantly, brain Phe levels were decreased by 50%, and the levels of key neurotransmitters were increased in the mutant/KO mice. In addition, a deficit in spatial working memory and markers of neuropathology were corrected. Finally, treatment of Pahenu2 mice with Slc6a19 antisense oligonucleotides lowered Phe levels. The results suggest that inhibition of SLC6A19 may represent a novel approach for the treatment of PKU and related aminoacidopathies.
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MESH Headings
- Amines
- Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral/analysis
- Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral/genetics
- Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral/metabolism
- Amino Acids, Neutral/blood
- Amino Acids, Neutral/metabolism
- Animals
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Astrocytes/pathology
- Biological Transport/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genetic Diseases, Inborn/therapy
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/drug effects
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/metabolism
- Male
- Memory, Short-Term
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Morpholinos/pharmacology
- Oligonucleotides/pharmacology
- Phenylalanine/blood
- Phenylalanine/metabolism
- Phenylketonurias/pathology
- Phenylketonurias/therapy
- Renal Reabsorption/drug effects
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38
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Yu Z, Surface LE, Park CY, Horlbeck MA, Wyant GA, Abu-Remaileh M, Peterson TR, Sabatini DM, Weissman JS, O'Shea EK. Identification of a transporter complex responsible for the cytosolic entry of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates. eLife 2018; 7:36620. [PMID: 29745899 PMCID: PMC6021172 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing-bisphosphonates (N-BPs) are a class of drugs widely prescribed to treat osteoporosis and other bone-related diseases. Although previous studies have established that N-BPs function by inhibiting the mevalonate pathway in osteoclasts, the mechanism by which N-BPs enter the cytosol from the extracellular space to reach their molecular target is not understood. Here, we implemented a CRISPRi-mediated genome-wide screen and identified SLC37A3 (solute carrier family 37 member A3) as a gene required for the action of N-BPs in mammalian cells. We observed that SLC37A3 forms a complex with ATRAID (all-trans retinoic acid-induced differentiation factor), a previously identified genetic target of N-BPs. SLC37A3 and ATRAID localize to lysosomes and are required for releasing N-BP molecules that have trafficked to lysosomes through fluid-phase endocytosis into the cytosol. Our results elucidate the route by which N-BPs are delivered to their molecular target, addressing a key aspect of the mechanism of action of N-BPs that may have significant clinical relevance. As some people age, their bones may become weak, brittle, and break easily. This condition is called osteoporosis. To treat osteoporosis, doctors often prescribe drugs called nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (NBPs). These drugs destroy cells called osteoclasts, which break down bone. This helps restore bone mass. To kill osteoclasts, the drugs must enter these cells. First, they must pass through an oily protective layer called a membrane. It is not completely clear how NBPs, which prefer to stay in water-like environments, can cross this oily membrane and enter osteoclasts. Understanding how NBPs cross the membrane is important to ensure the drugs work effectively. If NBPs do not efficiently cross the membrane, they will not work properly and may cause harmful side effects. Many patients who take NBPs suffer from side effects such as abnormal fractures. Now, Yu et al. show that two proteins help NBPs cross the membrane. In the experiments, proteins were removed from human cancer cells one at a time using a technique called CRISPRi. CRISPRi enabled the researchers to systematically turn off the genes for each protein and track what affect this had on the NBPs’ ability to cross the membrane. When one of the two genes called SLC37A3 and ATRAID was turned off, NBPs could not get into cells. The protein produced by the SLC37A3 gene opens a gate in the cell membrane allowing NBPs to enter osteoclasts. The protein made by the ATRAID gene helps this gate protein, and without it, the SLC37A3 proteins are unstable and NBPs cannot enter. Some people have variations of the SLC37A3 and ATRAID genes. Testing whether these genetic variations may alter NBPs’ ability to cross the membrane of osteoclasts in mice, might one day help physicians predict which patients with have side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Lauren E Surface
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Faculty of Arts and Sciences Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, United States
| | - Chong Yon Park
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Max A Horlbeck
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Center for RNA Systems Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Gregory A Wyant
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, United States.,Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, United States.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Monther Abu-Remaileh
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, United States.,Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, United States.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Timothy R Peterson
- Division of Bone & Mineral Diseases, Department of Genetics, Institute for Public Health, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - David M Sabatini
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, United States.,Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, United States.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Jonathan S Weissman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Center for RNA Systems Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Erin K O'Shea
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States.,Faculty of Arts and Sciences Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, United States
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Vilches C, Boiadjieva-Knöpfel E, Bodoy S, Camargo S, López de Heredia M, Prat E, Ormazabal A, Artuch R, Zorzano A, Verrey F, Nunes V, Palacín M. Cooperation of Antiporter LAT2/CD98hc with Uniporter TAT1 for Renal Reabsorption of Neutral Amino Acids. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:1624-1635. [PMID: 29610403 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017111205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Reabsorption of amino acids (AAs) across the renal proximal tubule is crucial for intracellular and whole organism AA homeostasis. Although the luminal transport step is well understood, with several diseases caused by dysregulation of this process, the basolateral transport step is not understood. In humans, only cationic aminoaciduria due to malfunction of the basolateral transporter y+LAT1/CD98hc (SLC7A7/SLC3A2), which mediates the export of cationic AAs, has been described. Thus, the physiologic roles of basolateral transporters of neutral AAs, such as the antiporter LAT2/CD98hc (SLC7A8/SLC3A2), a heterodimer that exports most neutral AAs, and the uniporter TAT1 (SLC16A10), which exports only aromatic AAs, remain unclear. Functional cooperation between TAT1 and LAT2/CD98hc has been suggested by in vitro studies but has not been evaluated in vivoMethods To study the functional relationship of TAT1 and LAT2/CD98hc in vivo, we generated a double-knockout mouse model lacking TAT1 and LAT2, the catalytic subunit of LAT2/CD98hc (dKO LAT2-TAT1 mice).Results Compared with mice lacking only TAT1 or LAT2, dKO LAT2-TAT1 mice lost larger amounts of aromatic and other neutral AAs in their urine due to a tubular reabsorption defect. Notably, dKO mice also displayed decreased tubular reabsorption of cationic AAs and increased expression of y+LAT1/CD98hc.Conclusions The LAT2/CD98hc and TAT1 transporters functionally cooperate in vivo, and y+LAT1/CD98hc may compensate for the loss of LAT2/CD98hc and TAT1, functioning as a neutral AA exporter at the expense of some urinary loss of cationic AAs. Cooperative and compensatory mechanisms of AA transporters may explain the lack of basolateral neutral aminoacidurias in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Vilches
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Genes Disease and Therapy Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Emilia Boiadjieva-Knöpfel
- Department of Physiology.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), and.,Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR), Kidney Control of Homeostasis (Kidney.CH), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanna Bodoy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biology Faculty, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Molecular Medicine Unit, Amino acid transporters and disease group, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Simone Camargo
- Department of Physiology.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), and.,Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR), Kidney Control of Homeostasis (Kidney.CH), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miguel López de Heredia
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Genes Disease and Therapy Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) - U730, U731, U703, and
| | - Esther Prat
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Genes Disease and Therapy Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) - U730, U731, U703, and.,Genetics Section, Physiological Sciences Department, Health Sciences and Medicine Faculty, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Aida Ormazabal
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) - U730, U731, U703, and.,Clinical Biochemistry Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Rafael Artuch
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) - U730, U731, U703, and.,Clinical Biochemistry Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biology Faculty, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Molecular Medicine Unit, Amino acid transporters and disease group, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) - CB07/08/0017, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - François Verrey
- Department of Physiology.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), and.,Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR), Kidney Control of Homeostasis (Kidney.CH), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Virginia Nunes
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Genes Disease and Therapy Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) - U730, U731, U703, and.,Genetics Section, Physiological Sciences Department, Health Sciences and Medicine Faculty, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Manuel Palacín
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biology Faculty, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; .,Molecular Medicine Unit, Amino acid transporters and disease group, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) - U730, U731, U703, and
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40
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Amino acid homeostasis and signalling in mammalian cells and organisms. Biochem J 2017; 474:1935-1963. [PMID: 28546457 PMCID: PMC5444488 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cells have a constant turnover of proteins that recycle most amino acids over time. Net loss is mainly due to amino acid oxidation. Homeostasis is achieved through exchange of essential amino acids with non-essential amino acids and the transfer of amino groups from oxidised amino acids to amino acid biosynthesis. This homeostatic condition is maintained through an active mTORC1 complex. Under amino acid depletion, mTORC1 is inactivated. This increases the breakdown of cellular proteins through autophagy and reduces protein biosynthesis. The general control non-derepressable 2/ATF4 pathway may be activated in addition, resulting in transcription of genes involved in amino acid transport and biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids. Metabolism is autoregulated to minimise oxidation of amino acids. Systemic amino acid levels are also tightly regulated. Food intake briefly increases plasma amino acid levels, which stimulates insulin release and mTOR-dependent protein synthesis in muscle. Excess amino acids are oxidised, resulting in increased urea production. Short-term fasting does not result in depletion of plasma amino acids due to reduced protein synthesis and the onset of autophagy. Owing to the fact that half of all amino acids are essential, reduction in protein synthesis and amino acid oxidation are the only two measures to reduce amino acid demand. Long-term malnutrition causes depletion of plasma amino acids. The CNS appears to generate a protein-specific response upon amino acid depletion, resulting in avoidance of an inadequate diet. High protein levels, in contrast, contribute together with other nutrients to a reduction in food intake.
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41
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Taslimifar M, Oparija L, Verrey F, Kurtcuoglu V, Olgac U, Makrides V. Quantifying the relative contributions of different solute carriers to aggregate substrate transport. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40628. [PMID: 28091567 PMCID: PMC5238446 DOI: 10.1038/srep40628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining the contributions of different transporter species to overall cellular transport is fundamental for understanding the physiological regulation of solutes. We calculated the relative activities of Solute Carrier (SLC) transporters using the Michaelis-Menten equation and global fitting to estimate the normalized maximum transport rate for each transporter (Vmax). Data input were the normalized measured uptake of the essential neutral amino acid (AA) L-leucine (Leu) from concentration-dependence assays performed using Xenopus laevis oocytes. Our methodology was verified by calculating Leu and L-phenylalanine (Phe) data in the presence of competitive substrates and/or inhibitors. Among 9 potentially expressed endogenous X. laevis oocyte Leu transporter species, activities of only the uniporters SLC43A2/LAT4 (and/or SLC43A1/LAT3) and the sodium symporter SLC6A19/B0AT1 were required to account for total uptake. Furthermore, Leu and Phe uptake by heterologously expressed human SLC6A14/ATB0,+ and SLC43A2/LAT4 was accurately calculated. This versatile systems biology approach is useful for analyses where the kinetics of each active protein species can be represented by the Hill equation. Furthermore, its applicable even in the absence of protein expression data. It could potentially be applied, for example, to quantify drug transporter activities in target cells to improve specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Taslimifar
- The Interface Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Epithelial Transport Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lalita Oparija
- Epithelial Transport Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francois Verrey
- Epithelial Transport Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research, Kidney CH, Switzerland
| | - Vartan Kurtcuoglu
- The Interface Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research, Kidney CH, Switzerland
| | - Ufuk Olgac
- The Interface Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research, Kidney CH, Switzerland
| | - Victoria Makrides
- Epithelial Transport Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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42
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Zhou Y, He Q, Chen J, Liu Y, Mao Z, Lyu Z, Ni D, Long Y, Ju P, Liu J, Gu Y, Zhou Q. The expression patterns of Tetratricopeptide repeat domain 36 (Ttc36). Gene Expr Patterns 2016; 22:37-45. [PMID: 27826126 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tetratricopeptide repeat domain 36 (Ttc36), whose coding protein belongs to tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) motif family, has not been studied extensively. We for the first time showed that Ttc36 is evolutionarily conserved across mammals by bioinformatics. Rabbit anti-mouse Ttc36 polyclonal antibody was generated by injecting synthetic full-length peptides through "antigen intersection" strategy. Subsequently, we characterized Ttc36 expression profile in mouse, showing its expression in liver and kidney both from embryonic day 15.5 (E15.5) until adult, as well as in testis. Immunofluorescence staining showed that Ttc36 is diffusely expressed in liver, however, specifically in kidney cortex. Thus, we further compare Ttc36 with proximal tubules (PT) marker Lotus Tetragonolobus Lectin (LTL) and distal tubules (DT) marker Calbindin-D28k respectively by double immunofluorescence staining. Results showed the co-localization of Ttc36 with LTL rather than Calbindin-D28k. Collectively, on the basis of the expression pattern, Ttc36 is specifically expressed in proximal distal tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Zhou
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and the Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China; The Seventh Class of 2012 Year Entry, The Third Clinical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - Qingling He
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and the Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - Jihui Chen
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China.
| | - Yunhong Liu
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and the Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - Zhaomin Mao
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and the Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - Zhongshi Lyu
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and the Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - Dongsheng Ni
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and the Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - Yaoshui Long
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and the Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - Pan Ju
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and the Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - Jianing Liu
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and the Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - Yuping Gu
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and the Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - Qin Zhou
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and the Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
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43
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Quantification of 18 amino acids in human plasma: application in renal transplant patient plasma by targeted UHPLC–MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:1337-51. [PMID: 27277874 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Quantification of amino acids in human plasma has become an important and essential analysis parameter in life science. In this paper, we developed a targeted UHPLC–MS/MS method for 18 amino acids in the renal transplant patients. Methods & results: Plasma in small volume (150 μl) was pretreated by a one-step protein precipitant extraction for analysis. Detection was executed by MS/MS in the MRM mode. Assays were validated according to current bioanalytical guidelines, with good linearity (R > 0.99), intraday and interday precision (CV < 11.6%, RE ≤ ± 14.8%), extraction recovery (between 77.4 and 117.6%), matrix effect (73.3–118.0%) and stability (RE≤ ±14.7%). Conclusion: The method was successfully applicable for amino acid analysis in the renal transplant patient.
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44
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Cormerais Y, Giuliano S, LeFloch R, Front B, Durivault J, Tambutté E, Massard PA, de la Ballina LR, Endou H, Wempe MF, Palacin M, Parks SK, Pouyssegur J. Genetic Disruption of the Multifunctional CD98/LAT1 Complex Demonstrates the Key Role of Essential Amino Acid Transport in the Control of mTORC1 and Tumor Growth. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4481-92. [PMID: 27302165 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The CD98/LAT1 complex is overexpressed in aggressive human cancers and is thereby described as a potential therapeutic target. This complex promotes tumorigenesis with CD98 (4F2hc) engaging β-integrin signaling while LAT1 (SLC7A5) imports essential amino acids (EAA) and promotes mTORC1 activity. However, it is unclear as to which member of the heterodimer carries the most prevalent protumoral action. To answer this question, we explored the tumoral potential of each member by gene disruption of CD98, LAT1, or both and by inhibition of LAT1 with the selective inhibitor (JPH203) in six human cancer cell lines from colon, lung, and kidney. Each knockout respectively ablated 90% (CD98 KO: ) and 100% (LAT1 KO: ) of Na(+)-independent leucine transport activity. LAT1 KO: or JPH203-treated cells presented an amino acid stress response with ATF4, GCN2 activation, mTORC1 inhibition, and severe in vitro and in vivo tumor growth arrest. We show that this severe growth phenotype is independent of the level of expression of CD98 in the six tumor cell lines. Surprisingly, CD98 KO: cells with only 10% EAA transport activity displayed a normal growth phenotype, with mTORC1 activity and tumor growth rate undistinguishable from wild-type cells. However, CD98 KO: cells became extremely sensitive to inhibition or genetic disruption of LAT1 (CD98 KO: /LAT1 KO: ). This finding demonstrates that the tumoral potential of CD98 KO: cells is due to residual LAT1 transport activity. Therefore, these findings clearly establish that LAT1 transport activity is the key growth-limiting step of the heterodimer and advocate the pharmacology development of LAT1 transporter inhibitors as a very promising anticancer target. Cancer Res; 76(15); 4481-92. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Cormerais
- Medical Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), Monaco
| | - Sandy Giuliano
- Institute for Research on Cancer & Aging (IRCAN), CNRS, INSERM, Centre A. Lacassagne, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Renaud LeFloch
- Institute for Research on Cancer & Aging (IRCAN), CNRS, INSERM, Centre A. Lacassagne, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Benoît Front
- Medical Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), Monaco
| | - Jerome Durivault
- Medical Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), Monaco
| | - Eric Tambutté
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), Monaco
| | | | | | - Hitoshi Endou
- Research & Development, Fuji Biomedix Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael F Wempe
- School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Manuel Palacin
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, University of Barcelona and CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Scott K Parks
- Medical Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), Monaco
| | - Jacques Pouyssegur
- Medical Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), Monaco. Institute for Research on Cancer & Aging (IRCAN), CNRS, INSERM, Centre A. Lacassagne, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France.
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45
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Grahammer F, Ramakrishnan SK, Rinschen MM, Larionov AA, Syed M, Khatib H, Roerden M, Sass JO, Helmstaedter M, Osenberg D, Kühne L, Kretz O, Wanner N, Jouret F, Benzing T, Artunc F, Huber TB, Theilig F. mTOR Regulates Endocytosis and Nutrient Transport in Proximal Tubular Cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 28:230-241. [PMID: 27297946 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015111224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal proximal tubular cells constantly recycle nutrients to ensure minimal loss of vital substrates into the urine. Although most of the transport mechanisms have been discovered at the molecular level, little is known about the factors regulating these processes. Here, we show that mTORC1 and mTORC2 specifically and synergistically regulate PTC endocytosis and transport processes. Using a conditional mouse genetic approach to disable nonredundant subunits of mTORC1, mTORC2, or both, we showed that mice lacking mTORC1 or mTORC1/mTORC2 but not mTORC2 alone develop a Fanconi-like syndrome of glucosuria, phosphaturia, aminoaciduria, low molecular weight proteinuria, and albuminuria. Interestingly, proteomics and phosphoproteomics of freshly isolated kidney cortex identified either reduced expression or loss of phosphorylation at critical residues of different classes of specific transport proteins. Functionally, this resulted in reduced nutrient transport and a profound perturbation of the endocytic machinery, despite preserved absolute expression of the main scavenger receptors, MEGALIN and CUBILIN. Our findings highlight a novel mTOR-dependent regulatory network for nutrient transport in renal proximal tubular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Grahammer
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Suresh K Ramakrishnan
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Markus M Rinschen
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexey A Larionov
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Maryam Syed
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Hazim Khatib
- Department of Medical IV, Sektion Nieren- und Hochdruckkrankheiten, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Malte Roerden
- Department of Medical IV, Sektion Nieren- und Hochdruckkrankheiten, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jörn Oliver Sass
- Bioanalytics and Biochemistry, Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn Rhein Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Rheinbach, Germany.,Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry and Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Helmstaedter
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dorothea Osenberg
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lucas Kühne
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Kretz
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Wanner
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Francois Jouret
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium; and
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ferruh Artunc
- Department of Medical IV, Sektion Nieren- und Hochdruckkrankheiten, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias B Huber
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; .,BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies and.,FRIAS, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies and ZBSA, Center for Biological System Analysis, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Theilig
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland;
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Hypoxia optimises tumour growth by controlling nutrient import and acidic metabolite export. Mol Aspects Med 2016; 47-48:3-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Corsetti R, Barassi A, Perego S, Sansoni V, Rossi A, Damele CAL, Melzi D'Eril G, Banfi G, Lombardi G. Changes in urinary amino acids excretion in relationship with muscle activity markers over a professional cycling stage race: in search of fatigue markers. Amino Acids 2015; 48:183-92. [PMID: 26306846 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between metabolic effort, muscular damage/activity indices, and urinary amino acids profile over the course of a strenuous prolonged endurance activity, as a cycling stage race is, in order to identify possible fatigue markers. Nine professional cyclists belonging to a single team, competing in the Giro d'Italia cycling stage race, were anthropometrically characterized and sampled for blood and urine the day before the race started, and on days 12 and 23 of the race. Diet was kept the same over the race, and power output and energy expenditure were recorded. Sera were assayed for muscle markers (lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and creatine kinase activities, and blood urea nitrogen), and creatinine, all corrected for plasma volume changes. Urines were profiled for amino acid concentrations, normalized on creatinine excretion. Renal function, in terms of glomerular filtration rate, was monitored by MDRD equation corrected on body surface area. Creatine kinase activity and blood urea were increased during the race as did serum creatinine while kidney function remained stable. Among the amino acids, taurine, glycine, cysteine, leucine, carnosine, 1-methyl histidine, and 3-methyl histidine showed a net decreased, while homocysteine was increased. Taurine and the dipeptide carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) were significantly correlated with the muscle activity markers and the indices of effort. In conclusion, the metabolic profile is modified strikingly due to the effort. Urinary taurine and carnosine seem useful tools to evaluate the muscle damage and possibly the fatigue status on a long-term basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Corsetti
- Cannondale Pro-Cycling Team, Medical Board, Sesto al Reghena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Barassi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Perego
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi, 4, 20161, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Sansoni
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi, 4, 20161, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rossi
- U.O. Epidemiology, National Institute for Health, Migration, and Poverty, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Banfi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi, 4, 20161, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi, 4, 20161, Milan, Italy.
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48
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Guetg A, Mariotta L, Bock L, Herzog B, Fingerhut R, Camargo SMR, Verrey F. Essential amino acid transporter Lat4 (Slc43a2) is required for mouse development. J Physiol 2015; 593:1273-89. [PMID: 25480797 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.283960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid (AA) uniporter Lat4 (Slc43a2) mediates facilitated diffusion of branched-chain AAs, methionine and phenylalanine, although its physiological role and subcellular localization are not known. We report that Slc43a2 knockout mice were born at expected Mendelian frequency but displayed an ∼10% intrauterine growth retardation and low amniotic fluid AAs, suggesting defective transplacental transport. Postnatal growth was strongly reduced, with premature death occurring within 9 days such that further investigations were made within 3 days of birth. Lat4 immunofluorescence showed a strong basolateral signal in the small intestine, kidney proximal tubule and thick ascending limb epithelial cells of wild-type but not Slc43a2 null littermates and no signal in liver and skeletal muscle. Experiments using Xenopus laevis oocytes demonstrated that Lat4 functioned as a symmetrical low affinity uniporter with a K₀.₅ of ∼5 mm for both in- and efflux. Plasma AA concentration was decreased in Slc43a2 null pups, in particular that of non-essential AAs alanine, serine, histidine and proline. Together with an increased level of plasma long chain acylcarnitines and a strong alteration of liver gene expression, this indicates malnutrition. Attempts to rescue pups by decreasing the litter size or by nutrients injected i.p. did not succeed. Radioactively labelled leucine but not lysine given per os accumulated in the small intestine of Slc43a2null pups, suggesting the defective transcellular transport of Lat4 substrates. In summary, Lat4 is a symmetrical uniporter for neutral essential AAs localizing at the basolateral side of (re)absorbing epithelia and is necessary for early nutrition and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Guetg
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center of Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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