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Yu P, Li Y, Fu W, Yu X, Sui D, Xu H, Sun W. Microglia Caspase11 non-canonical inflammasome drives fever. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024:e14187. [PMID: 38864370 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
AIM Animals exhibit physiological changes designed to eliminate the perceived danger, provoking similar symptoms of fever. However, a high-grade fever indicates poor clinical outcomes. Caspase11 (Casp11) is involved in many inflammatory diseases. Whether Casp11 leads to fever remains unclear. In this study, we investigate the role of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus (PO/AH) microglia Casp11 in fever. METHODS We perform experiments using a rat model of LPS-induced fever. We measure body temperature and explore the functions of peripheral macrophages and PO/AH microglia in fever signaling by ELISA, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, macrophage depletion, protein blotting, and RNA-seq. Then, the effects of macrophages on microglia in a hyperthermic environment are observed in vitro. Finally, adeno-associated viruses are used to knockdown or overexpress microglia Casp11 in PO/AH to determine the role of Casp11 in fever. RESULTS We find peripheral macrophages and PO/AH microglia play important roles in the process of fever, which is proved by macrophage and microglia depletion. By RNA-seq analysis, we find Casp11 expression in PO/AH is significantly increased during fever. Co-culture and conditioned-culture simulate the induction of microglia Casp11 activation by macrophages in a non-contact manner. Microglia Casp11 knockdown decreases body temperature, pyrogenic factors, and inflammasome, and vice versa. CONCLUSION We report that Casp11 drives fever. Mechanistically, peripheral macrophages transmit immune signals via cytokines to microglia in PO/AH, which activate the Casp11 non-canonical inflammasome. Our findings identify a novel player, the microglia Casp11, in the control of fever, providing an explanation for the transmission and amplification of fever immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuangeng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenwen Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dayun Sui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huali Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weilun Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Gano A, Wojcik H, Danseglio NC, Kelliher K, Varlinskaya EI, Deak T. Adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) sensitized fever in male Sprague Dawley rats exposed to poly I:C in adulthood. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 120:82-97. [PMID: 38777284 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Fever plays an indispensable role in host defense processes and is used as a rapid index of infection severity. Unfortunately, there are also substantial individual differences in fever reactions with biological sex, immunological history, and other demographic variables contributing to adverse outcomes of infection. The present series of studies were designed to test the hypothesis that a history of adolescent alcohol misuse may be a latent experiential variable that determines fever severity using polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), a synthetic form of double-stranded RNA that mimics a viral challenge. Adult male and female Sprague Dawley rats were injected with 0 (saline) or 4 mg/kg poly I:C to first establish sex differences in fever sensitivity in Experiment 1 using implanted radiotelemetry devices for remote tracking. In Experiments 2 and 3, adolescent males and females were exposed to either water or ethanol (0 or 4 g/kg intragastrically, 3 days on, 2 days off, ∼P30-P50, 4 cycles/12 exposures total). After a period of abstinence, adult rats (∼P80-96) were then challenged with saline or poly I:C, and fever induction and maintenance were examined across a prolonged time course of 8 h using implanted probes. In Experiments 4 and 5, adult male and female subjects with a prior history of adolescent water or adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) were given saline or poly I:C, with tissue collected for protein and gene expression analysis at 5 h post-injection. Initial sex differences in fever sensitivity were minimal in response to the 4 mg/kg dose of poly I:C in ethanol-naïve rats. AIE exposed males injected with poly I:C showed a sensitized fever response as well as enhanced TLR3, IκBα, and IL-1β expression in the nucleus of the solitary tract. Other brain regions related to thermoregulation and peripheral organs such as spleen, liver, and blood showed generalized immune responses to poly I:C, with no differences evident between AIE and water-exposed males. In contrast, AIE did not affect responsiveness to poly I:C in females. Thus, the present findings suggest that adolescent binge drinking may produce sex-specific and long-lasting effects on fever reactivity to viral infection, with preliminary evidence suggesting that these effects may be due to centrally-mediated changes in fever regulation rather than peripheral immunological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anny Gano
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902-6000, USA
| | - Hannah Wojcik
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902-6000, USA
| | - Nina C Danseglio
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902-6000, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Kelliher
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902-6000, USA
| | - Elena I Varlinskaya
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902-6000, USA
| | - Terrence Deak
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902-6000, USA.
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Zhang Y, Jia D, Wu Y, Xu Y. Antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of inosine, an active component of Kangfuxin. Immunobiology 2024; 229:152812. [PMID: 38781756 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2024.152812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Kangfuxin has been widely recognized for its use in treating ulcerative conditions and mucositis, primarily due to its anti-inflammatory properties, which promote cell proliferation, granulation tissue growth, and angiogenesis. However, the exact mechanisms underlying these effects remain poorly understood. In this study, we employed high-throughput mass spectrometry to identify 11 compounds in Kangfuxin, including uracil, hypoxanthine, xanthine, inosine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, and lysine. Notably, the antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties of inosine, one of these compounds, have not been well characterized. To address this gap, we induced fever in vivo using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and conducted various experiments, including the analysis of endogenous mediators, inflammatory factors, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR), Western blotting, and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Our findings indicate that inosine significantly reduces LPS-induced fever, inhibits the expression of inflammatory factors, and alleviates the inflammatory response. These results suggest that inosine may serve as a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Kunming Medical University, No. 1168, Chunrong West Road, Yuhua Street, Chenggong District, Kunming 650500, China; Department of Orthopaedics, 920th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, 212 Daguan Road, Xishan District, Kunming 650032, China.
| | - Daqi Jia
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Banan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Longzhouwan Street, Yunan District Chongqing, 401320, China.
| | - Yipeng Wu
- Kunming Medical University, No. 1168, Chunrong West Road, Yuhua Street, Chenggong District, Kunming 650500, China; Department of Orthopaedics, 920th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, 212 Daguan Road, Xishan District, Kunming 650032, China.
| | - Yongqing Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, 920th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, 212 Daguan Road, Xishan District, Kunming 650032, China.
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Zhang C, Zhang R, Cheng Y, Chen J, Zhu R, Gao L, Han M. Role of Zhiqiao Chuanlian decoction in the treatment of food accumulation fever: Network pharmacology and animal experiments. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29813. [PMID: 38681542 PMCID: PMC11053291 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Food accumulation fever (FAF), a common clinical disease in children, is generally induced by the excessive intake of high-calorie or high-fat foods. Zhiqiao Chuanlian decoction (ZQCLD) is a classical traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that may have therapeutic effects on FAF. Methods Network pharmacological analyses of ZQCLD and FAF were conducted. Animal experiments lasted for 14 days. Rats in the model, positive control, and low-, medium-, and high-dose groups were fed a high-calorie diet. On days 11-14, the positive group was given a domperidone solution. The low-, medium-, and high-dose groups were administered different concentrations of ZQCLD. The body temperature, gastric emptying rate, and intestinal propulsion rate were measured. Relevant indicators were determined by ELISA. Results The main target proteins included IL-1β, C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2), prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 (PTGS2), transcription factor AP-1 (JUN), haem oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2/iNOS). Compared with those in the control group, body weight, gastric emptying rate, intestinal propulsion rate, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1/nNOS) levels were significantly lower in the model group, whereas body temperature and endotoxin, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), PGE2, and iNOS levels were increased. In each treatment group, body temperature and PGE2 levels returned to normal levels. Compared with those in the model group, the gastric emptying rates in the positive group and the low- and medium-dose groups increased; the intestinal propulsion rates were higher in the medium- and high-dose groups, whereas the endotoxin and IL-1β levels were lower; and the nNOS level was higher in the high-dose group, whereas the iNOS level was lower. Conclusions ZQCLD may treat FAF by regulating jejunal IL-1β and nNOS, serum endotoxin, and hypothalamic PGE2 and iNOS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuxin Zhang
- Qi-Huang Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoshi Zhang
- Qi-Huang Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Yuli Cheng
- Qi-Huang Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Jingpeng Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Ruizi Zhu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Han
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, Beijing, China
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Tong X, Zhan T, Dong X, Xu D. Fever of unknown origin associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1364128. [PMID: 38533499 PMCID: PMC10963505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1364128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the approval for the treatment of melanoma in 2014, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the therapy pattern across various malignancies. Coinciding with their frequent usage, their adverse effects, including fever, cannot be neglected. In the context of cancer diseases and cancer treatments, fever of unknown origin (FUO), which has long posed a challenge for clinicians in terms of diagnosis and management, brings forth new connotation and significance. In this paper review, we present the concept of ICIs-associated FUO, consider activated immune system and elevated cytokines as common mechanisms by which ICIs induce fever and various immune-related adverse events (irAEs), summarize and compare the primary etiologies of ICI-associated FUO, and compare it with conventional types of FUO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Tong
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Zhan
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoqin Dong
- Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dong Xu
- Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Szentirmai E, Buckley K, Massie AR, Kapas L. Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Effects of the Microbiota on Sleep and Body Temperature. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3995260. [PMID: 38496422 PMCID: PMC10942547 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3995260/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Background Recent research suggests that microbial molecules translocated from the intestinal lumen into the host's internal environment may play a role in various physiological functions, including sleep. Previously, we identified that butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid, produced by intestinal bacteria, and lipoteichoic acid, a cell wall component of gram-positive bacteria induce sleep when their naturally occurring translocation is mimicked by direct delivery into the portal vein. Building upon these findings, we aimed to explore the sleep signaling potential of intraportally administered lipopolysaccharide, a primary component of gram-negative bacterial cell walls, in rats. Results Low dose of lipopolysaccharide (1 μg/kg) increased sleep duration and prolonged fever, without affecting systemic lipopolysaccharide levels. Interestingly, administering LPS systemically outside the portal region at a dose 20 times higher did not affect sleep, indicating a localized sensitivity within the hepatoportal region, encompassing the portal vein and liver, for the sleep and febrile effects of lipopolysaccharide. Furthermore, both the sleep- and fever-inducing effects of LPS were inhibited by indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, and replicated by intraportal administration of prostaglandin E2 or arachidonic acid, suggesting the involvement of the prostaglandin system in mediating these actions. Conclusions These findings underscore the dynamic influence of lipopolysaccharide in the hepatoportal region on sleep and fever mechanisms, contributing to a complex microbial molecular assembly that orchestrates communication between the intestinal microbiota and brain. Lipopolysaccharide is a physiological component of plasma in both the portal and extra-portal circulation, with its levels rising in response to everyday challenges like high-fat meals, moderate alcohol intake, sleep loss and psychological stress. The increased translocation of lipopolysaccharide under such conditions may account for their physiological impact in daily life, highlighting the intricate interplay between microbial molecules and host physiology.
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Kimble A, Hauschild J, McDonnell G. Affinity and Inactivation of Bacterial Endotoxins for Medical Device Materials. Biomed Instrum Technol 2024; 57:153-162. [PMID: 38170935 PMCID: PMC10764065 DOI: 10.2345/0899-8205-57.4.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Endotoxins are high-molecular-weight complexes that contain lipopolysaccharide, protein, and phospholipid originating from the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. As gram-negative bacteria are naturally present in a variety of sources, endotoxins are commonly identified as contaminants in manufacturing environments. In industrial applications, endotoxin often is considered difficult to inactivate and to have a strong affinity with surfaces resulting from its hydrophobic chemical structure. This article describes the investigation of the true affinity of endotoxin, from various microbial sources in solution, for medical device material surfaces. In addition, endotoxin reduction was investigated with commonly used sterilization methods such as those based on ionizing radiation, dry and moist heat, and ethylene oxide sterilization. Endotoxin activity was found to be reduced following exposure to a range of sterilization modalities with the degree of activity reduction related to the source of endotoxin and the substrate material upon which it was present.
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Zhang B, Qin S, Wang N, Lu X, Jiao J, Zhang J, Zhao W. Diketopyrrolopyrrole-based fluorescent probe for visualizing over-expressed carboxylesterase in fever via ratiometric imaging. Talanta 2024; 266:124971. [PMID: 37480822 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Fever is the result of inflammation and the innate self-defense response of organisms, can cause abnormal changes in the activity of many enzymes in organisms, including the important carboxylesterase (CE). Monitoring the activity changes of CE in vivo during a fever will help to understand heat-related pathological mechanisms. In this paper, we designed diketopyrrolopyrrole-based ratiometric fluorescent probes DPP-FBC-P and DPP-FBO-P containing alkyl chain and diethylene glycol monomethyl ether chain respective for detection of CE. Both probes could realized fast response to CE and displayed good selectivity and high sensitivity. Compared with DPP-FBO-P, DPP-FBC-P had better biocompatibility, larger signal to noise ratio (225-fold vs 125-fold) and lower detection limit (1.6 × 10-5 U/mL vs 4.2 × 10-5 U/mL). Moreover, the probe DPP-FBC-P had been successfully applied to image the endogenous CE in HepG2 cells and solid tumors, and also visualized the over expressed CE in fever cells. Most importantly, the changes of CE level in the liver of fever mice model induced by LPS were monitored with the assistance of DPP-FBC-Pvia dual channel ratio imaging for the first time. In addition, fluorescence color signal in solution was captured by smart phone, and the linear relationship between RGB ratio (G/R) and CE concentration was established. This work will provide a potential approach for investigating the physiological and pathological processes of heat related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, PR China
| | - Shuchun Qin
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, PR China
| | - Nannan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, PR China
| | - Junrong Jiao
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, PR China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, PR China.
| | - Weili Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China.
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Zhang H, Ge S, Diao F, Song W, Zhang Y, Zhuang P, Zhang Y. Network pharmacology integrated with experimental verification reveals the antipyretic characteristics and mechanism of Zi Xue powder. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2023; 61:1512-1524. [PMID: 38069658 PMCID: PMC11001279 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2023.2287658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Zi Xue Powder (ZXP) is a traditional formula for the treatment of fever. However, the potential mechanism of action of ZXP remains unknown. OBJECTIVE This study elucidates the antipyretic characteristics of ZXP and the mechanism by which ZXP alleviates fever. MATERIALS AND METHODS The key targets and underlying fever-reducing mechanisms of ZXP were predicted using network pharmacology and molecular docking. The targets of ZXP anti-fever active ingredient were obtained by searching TCMSP, STITCH and HERB. Moreover, male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), ZXP (0.54, 1.08, 2.16 g/kg), and positive control (acetaminophen, 0.045 g/kg); the fever model was established by intraperitoneal LPS injection. After the fever model was established at 0.5 h, the rats were administered treatment by gavage, and the anal temperature changes of each group were observed over 10 h after treatment. After 10 h, ELISA and Western blot analysis were used to further investigate the mechanism of ZXP. RESULTS Network pharmacology analysis showed that MAPK was a crucial pathway through which ZXP suppresses fever. The results showed that ZXP (2.16 g/kg) decreased PGE2, CRH, TNF-a, IL-6, and IL-1β levels while increasing AVP level compared to the LPS group. Furthermore, the intervention of ZXP inhibited the activation of MAPK pathway in LPS-induced fever rats. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new insights into the mechanism by which ZXP reduces fever and provides important information and new research ideas for the discovery of antipyretic compounds from traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Zhang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shining Ge
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengyin Diao
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Song
- Tianjin Hongrentang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Tianjin Hongrentang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China
| | - Pengwei Zhuang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
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Wang H, Zheng X, Lin Y, Zheng X, Yan M, Li Y, Shi D, Guo S, Liu C. The mixture of Radix isatidis, Forsythiae, and Gypsum alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced fever in broilers by inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103032. [PMID: 37769495 PMCID: PMC10542642 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine whether the antipyretic effect of the mixture of Radix isatidis, Forsythiae, and Gypsum (RIFG) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced fever broilers and its related mechanisms. A total of 315 24-day-old yellow-plumed broilers were randomly divided into 7 groups, except for the control group, other groups were injected with LPS. Two hours later, RIFG were given drinking water to relieve fever, and it was evaluated by the expression of genes and proteins of the maximum body temperature rise (∆T), body temperature response index (TRI), serum and hypothalamic pyrogenic heat factor. RIFG could reduce the body temperature of broilers with fever (P < 0.01). It inhibited the expressions of IL-6 and PGE2 (P < 0.01), down-regulated mRNA expression levels of TNF-ɑ and COX-2 (P < 0.01), and promoted the generation of antipyretic factor AVP mRNA (P < 0.01). In addition, the expression level of TLR4 and NF-κB p65 protein can be down-regulated, and LPS + RM group has the best down-regulated effect. RIFG had a good antipyretic effect on reducing LPS-induced fever of broilers by inhibiting the activation of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and thermogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaoman Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yongshi Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xirui Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Mingen Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yaoxing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Dayou Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Nature Medicine, Guangzhou, 510642, China; International Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shining Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Nature Medicine, Guangzhou, 510642, China; International Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Cui Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Hernandez J, Schäffer J, Herden C, Pflieger FJ, Reiche S, Körber S, Kitagawa H, Welter J, Michels S, Culmsee C, Bier J, Sommer N, Kang JX, Mayer K, Hecker M, Rummel C. n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Modulate LPS-Induced ARDS and the Lung-Brain Axis of Communication in Wild-Type versus Fat-1 Mice Genetically Modified for Leukotriene B4 Receptor 1 or Chemerin Receptor 23 Knockout. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13524. [PMID: 37686333 PMCID: PMC10487657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) and especially Resolvin E1 (RvE1) can actively terminate inflammation and promote healing during lung diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Although ARDS primarily affects the lung, many ARDS patients also develop neurocognitive impairments. To investigate the connection between the lung and brain during ARDS and the therapeutic potential of SPMs and its derivatives, fat-1 mice were crossbred with RvE1 receptor knockout mice. ARDS was induced in these mice by intratracheal application of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 µg). Mice were sacrificed at 0 h, 4 h, 24 h, 72 h, and 120 h post inflammation, and effects on the lung, liver, and brain were assessed by RT-PCR, multiplex, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and LC-MS/MS. Protein and mRNA analyses of the lung, liver, and hypothalamus revealed LPS-induced lung inflammation increased inflammatory signaling in the hypothalamus despite low signaling in the periphery. Neutrophil recruitment in different brain structures was determined by immunohistochemical staining. Overall, we showed that immune cell trafficking to the brain contributed to immune-to-brain communication during ARDS rather than cytokines. Deficiency in RvE1 receptors and enhanced omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels (fat-1 mice) affect lung-brain interaction during ARDS by altering profiles of several inflammatory and lipid mediators and glial activity markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hernandez
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (J.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Julia Schäffer
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (J.H.); (J.S.)
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany (J.B.); (N.S.)
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (C.H.); (S.K.)
| | - Fabian Johannes Pflieger
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (J.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Sylvia Reiche
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany (J.B.); (N.S.)
| | - Svenja Körber
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (C.H.); (S.K.)
| | - Hiromu Kitagawa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Omiya, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Joelle Welter
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (J.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Susanne Michels
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany (C.C.)
| | - Carsten Culmsee
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany (C.C.)
- Center for Mind Brain and Behavior, Universities Giessen and Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jens Bier
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany (J.B.); (N.S.)
| | - Natascha Sommer
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany (J.B.); (N.S.)
| | - Jing X. Kang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Konstantin Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Matthias Hecker
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany (J.B.); (N.S.)
| | - Christoph Rummel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (J.H.); (J.S.)
- Center for Mind Brain and Behavior, Universities Giessen and Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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12
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Costa CHN, Chang KP, Costa DL, Cunha FVM. From Infection to Death: An Overview of the Pathogenesis of Visceral Leishmaniasis. Pathogens 2023; 12:969. [PMID: 37513817 PMCID: PMC10384967 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Kala-azar, also known as visceral leishmaniasis (VL), is a disease caused by Leishmania infantum and L. donovani. Patients experience symptoms such as fever, weight loss, paleness, and enlarged liver and spleen. The disease also affects immunosuppressed individuals and has an overall mortality rate of up to 10%. This overview explores the literature on the pathogenesis of preclinical and clinical stages, including studies in vitro and in animal models, as well as complications and death. Asymptomatic infection can result in long-lasting immunity. VL develops in a minority of infected individuals when parasites overcome host defenses and multiply in tissues such as the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Hepatosplenomegaly occurs due to hyperplasia, resulting from parasite proliferation. A systemic inflammation mediated by cytokines develops, triggering acute phase reactants from the liver. These cytokines can reach the brain, causing fever, cachexia and vomiting. Similar to sepsis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) occurs due to tissue factor overexpression. Anemia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and edema result from the acute phase response. A regulatory response and lymphocyte depletion increase the risk of bacterial superinfections, which, combined with DIC, are thought to cause death. Our understanding of VL's pathogenesis is limited, and further research is needed to elucidate the preclinical events and clinical manifestations in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H N Costa
- Centro de Investigações em Agravos Tropicais Emergentes e Negligenciados, Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan Portella, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Rua Artur de Vasconcelos 151-Sul, Teresina 64002-510, PI, Brazil
| | - Kwang-Poo Chang
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology & Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Dorcas L Costa
- Centro de Investigações em Agravos Tropicais Emergentes e Negligenciados, Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan Portella, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Rua Artur de Vasconcelos 151-Sul, Teresina 64002-510, PI, Brazil
| | - Francisco Valmor M Cunha
- Departament of Physiotherapy, Centro Universitário Uninovafapi, Rua Vitorino Orthiges Fernandes, 6123-Uruguai, Teresina 64073-505, PI, Brazil
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13
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Kang Y, Gao Y, Li X, Guo X, Liu Z, Li W, Wei J, Qi Y. Bupleurum chinense exerts a mild antipyretic effect on LPS-induced pyrexia rats involving inhibition of peripheral TNF-α production. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 310:116375. [PMID: 36934787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Bupleuri Radix, the dried roots of Bupleurum chinense DC. (BC) or Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd., is one of the most frequently used traditional Chinese medicines. As the species in Xiao-Chai-Hu decoction, BC has been used as an antipyretic medicine with a long history. However, its antipyretic characteristics and underlying mechanism(s) remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To elucidate the antipyretic characteristics and mechanism(s) of BC used in its traditional way. METHODS The water extract of BC (BCE) was prepared according to the traditional decocting mode. Murine fever and endotoxemia models were induced by intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In vitro complement activation assay and the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and C5a were determined by ELISA. RESULTS BCE exerted a confirmed but mild antipyretic effect on LPS-induced fever of rat. In vitro, it significantly lowered LPS-elevated TNF-α in the supernatant of rat complete blood cells and THP-1 cells, but failed to decrease IL-6 and IL-1β. In murine endotoxemia models, BCE markedly decreased serum TNF-α, but had no impact on IL-6 and IL-1β. BCE also restricted complement activation in vitro and in vivo. Nevertheless, the mixture of saikosaponin A and D could not suppress supernatant TNF-α of monocytes and serum TNF-α of endotoxemia mice. CONCLUSIONS The present study dissects the peripheral mechanism for the antipyretic effect of BC used in the traditional way. Our findings indicate that BCE directly suppresses monocyte-produced TNF-α, thus decreasing circulating TNF-α, which may be responsible for its mild but confirmed antipyretic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Kang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yuan Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Ximeng Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xinwei Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Zhuangzhuang Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Wenjing Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yun Qi
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
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14
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Subin P, Sabuhom P, Naladta A, Luecha P, Nualkaew S, Nualkaew N. An Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of a Thai Traditional Polyherbal Recipe TPDM6315 in LPS-Induced RAW264.7 Macrophages and TNF-α-Induced 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:4891-4907. [PMID: 37367060 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45060311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
TPDM6315 is an antipyretic Thai herbal recipe that contains several herbs with anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity activities. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of TPDM6315 extracts in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages and TNF-α-induced 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and the effects of TPDM6315 extracts on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The results showed that the TPDM6315 extracts reduced the nitric oxide production and downregulated the iNOS, IL-6, PGE2, and TNF-α genes regulating fever in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. The treatment of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes with TPDM6315 extracts during a differentiation to the adipocytes resulted in the decreasing of the cellular lipid accumulation in adipocytes. The ethanolic extract (10 µg/mL) increased the mRNA level of adiponectin (the anti-inflammatory adipokine) and upregulated the PPAR-γ in the TNF-α induced adipocytes. These findings provide evidence-based support for the traditional use of TPDM6315 as an anti-pyretic for fever originating from inflammation. The anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory actions of TPDM6315 in TNF-α induced adipocytes suggest that this herbal recipe could be useful for the treatment of metabolic syndrome disorders caused by obesity. Further investigations into the modes of action of TPDM6315 are needed for developing health products to prevent or regulate disorders resulting from inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phetpawi Subin
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Pattraporn Sabuhom
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Alisa Naladta
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Prathan Luecha
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Somsak Nualkaew
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Natural Product Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Natsajee Nualkaew
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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15
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Liddle LJ, Dirks CA, Almekhlafi M, Colbourne F. An Ambiguous Role for Fever in Worsening Outcome After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2023; 14:123-136. [PMID: 35366212 PMCID: PMC9995537 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for 10-15% of all strokes and leaves most survivors with impairments. Fever, a rise in the thermoregulatory set point, complicates ICH. This review summarizes ICH fever studies and employs meta-analytic techniques to explore the relationship between fever and ICH. We discuss methodological considerations for future studies and provide an overview of mechanisms by which fever, and its treatment, may impact ICH. We searched the PubMed database using the following terms: ((fever OR hyperthermia) AND (intracerebral hemorrhage OR intraparenchymal hemorrhage OR intracerebral haemorrhage OR intraparenchymal haemorrhage)). Our search returned 727 studies, of which 21 were included in our final analysis, consisting of 19 clinical, and two preclinical, studies. We conducted a meta-analysis on the clinical data to quantify how fever is related to mortality, functional outcomes, and intraventricular hemorrhage. Analysis of clinical studies suggested that fever causes an increased risk of mortality but does not appear to be associated with poor outcomes among survivors, making it difficult to ascertain the extent of harm caused by post-ICH fever or the benefits of its treatment. Perhaps these inconsistencies stem from variable fever definitions, and temperature measurement and fever treatment protocols. Additionally, the lack of mechanistic data in clinical studies coupled with preclinical studies showing no harmful effects of moderate bouts of hyperthermia raise concerns about the direct contribution of hyperthermia and fever in post ICH outcome. Overall, the significance of temperature increases after ICH is unclear, making this an important area for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lane J Liddle
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Christine A Dirks
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Frederick Colbourne
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, P217 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.
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16
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Cazanga V, Palma C, Casanova T, Rojas D, Barrera K, Valenzuela C, Acevedo A, Ascui-Gac G, Pérez-Jeldres T, Pérez-Fernández R. Modulation of the Acute Inflammatory Response Induced by the Escherichia coli Lipopolysaccharide through the Interaction of Pentoxifylline and Florfenicol in a Rabbit Model. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040639. [PMID: 37107001 PMCID: PMC10135147 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental reports have demonstrated that florfenicol (FFC) exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects, improving survival in a murine endotoxemia model. Considering the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of pentoxifylline (PTX) as an adjuvant to enhance the efficacy of antibiotics, the anti-inflammatory effects of the interaction FFC/PTX over the E. coli Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute inflammatory response was evaluated in rabbits. METHODS Twenty-five clinically healthy New Zealand rabbits (3.8 ± 0.2 kg body weight: bw), were distributed into five experimental groups. Group 1 (control): treated with 1 mL/4 kg bw of 0.9% saline solution (SS) intravenously (IV). Group 2 (LPS): treated with an IV dose of 5 µg/kg of LPS. Group 3 (pentoxifylline (PTX) + LPS): treated with an oral dose of 30 mg/kg PTX, followed by an IV dose of 5 µg/kg of LPS 45 min after PTX. Group 4 (Florfenicol (FFC) + LPS): treated with an IM dose of 20 mg/kg of FFC, followed by an IV dose of 5 µg/kg of LPS 45 min after FFC administration. Group 5 (PTX + FFC + LPS): treated with an oral dose of 30 mg/kg of PTX, followed by an IM dose of 20 mg/kg of FFC, and, 45 min after an IV dose of 5 µg/kg of LPS was administered. The anti-inflammatory response was evaluated through changes in plasma levels of interleukins (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and body temperature. RESULTS It has been shown that each drug produced a partial inhibition over the LPS-induced increase in TNF-α, IL-1β, and CRP. When both drugs were co-administered, a synergistic inhibitory effect on the IL-1β and CRP plasma concentrations was observed, associated with a synergic antipyretic effect. However, the co-administration of PTX/FFC failed to modify the LPS-induced increase in the TNF-α plasma concentrations. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that the combination of FFC and PTX in our LPS sepsis models demonstrates immunomodulatory effects. An apparent synergistic effect was observed for the IL-1β inhibition, which peaks at three hours and then decreases. At the same time, each drug alone was superior in reducing TNF-α levels, while the combination was inferior. However, the peak of TNF-α in this sepsis model was at 12 h. Therefore, in rabbits plasma IL-1β and TNF-α could be regulated independently, thus, further research is needed to explore the effects of this combination over a more prolonged period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Cazanga
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Chillan 3820572, Chile
| | - Cristina Palma
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Chillan 3820572, Chile
| | - Tomás Casanova
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Chillan 3820572, Chile
| | - Daniela Rojas
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Chillan 3820572, Chile
| | - Karin Barrera
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Chillan 3820572, Chile
| | - Cristhian Valenzuela
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Chillan 3820572, Chile
| | - Aracelly Acevedo
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Chillan 3820572, Chile
| | - Gabriel Ascui-Gac
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, California University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Tamara Pérez-Jeldres
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Rubén Pérez-Fernández
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Chillan 3820572, Chile
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17
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Santacroce L, Colella M, Charitos IA, Di Domenico M, Palmirotta R, Jirillo E. Microbial and Host Metabolites at the Backstage of Fever: Current Knowledge about the Co-Ordinate Action of Receptors and Molecules Underlying Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030461. [PMID: 36984901 PMCID: PMC10056708 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fever represents an elevation of body temperature, that exerts a protective effect against pathogens. Innate immune cells and neurons are implicated in the regulation of body temperature. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, i.e., lipopolysaccharides from Gram-negative bacteria and peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid from Gram-positive bacteria are exogenous pyrogens, that bind to Toll-like receptors on immune and non-immune cells. The subsequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6 and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha] and their passage through the brain trigger the febrile response. In fact, neurons of the pre-optic area produce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), that, in turn, bind to the PGE2 receptors; thus, generating fever. Apart from classical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, i.e., aspirin and acetaminophen, various botanicals are currently used as antipyretic agents and, therefore, their mechanisms of action will be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Santacroce
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Marica Colella
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Ioannis Alexandros Charitos
- CEDICLO-Interdepartmental Research Center for Pre-Latin, Latin and Oriental Rights and Culture Studies, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Marina Di Domenico
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Palmirotta
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', 70124 Bari, Italy
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18
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Sanchez NCB, Dailey JW, Broadway PR, Davis EM, Bowen BM, Petry AL, Ballou MA, Hales KE, Carroll JA. A viable less-invasive alternative for continuous temperature measurement in weaned pigs. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Systemic Lipopolysaccharide Challenge Induces Inflammatory Changes in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglia: An Ex Vivo Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113124. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes within the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are associated with symptoms of hyperalgesia and allodynia. Pro-inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines or prostaglandins, modulate the excitability of nociceptive neurons, called peripheral sensitization. Here, we aimed to examine if previously reported effects of in vitro stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on primary cell cultures of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) reflect changes in a model of LPS-induced systemic inflammation in vivo. Male rats were intraperitoneally injected with LPS (100 µg/kg) or saline. Effects of systemic inflammation on expression of inflammatory mediators, neuronal Ca2+ responses, and activation of inflammatory transcription factors in DRG were assessed. Systemic inflammation was accompanied by an enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cyclooxygenase-2 in lumbar DRG. In DRG primary cultures obtained from LPS-treated rats enhanced neuronal capsaicin-responses were detectable. Moreover, we found an increased activation of inflammatory transcription factors in cultured macrophages and neurons after an in vivo LPS challenge compared to saline controls. Overall, our study emphasizes the role of inflammatory processes in the PNS that may be involved in sickness-behavior-associated hyperalgesia induced by systemic LPS treatment. Moreover, we present DRG primary cultures as tools to study inflammatory processes on a cellular level, not only in vitro but also ex vivo.
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Minamimoto R. Optimal use of the FDG-PET/CT in the diagnostic process of fever of unknown origin (FUO): a comprehensive review. Jpn J Radiol 2022; 40:1121-1137. [PMID: 35781177 PMCID: PMC9616755 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-022-01306-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have clarified the usefulness of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET/CT (positron emission tomography) for diagnosing the cause of fever of unknown origin (FUO). Various types of disease can cause FUO, but the cause remains unknown in a certain proportion of FUO, even when the advanced diagnostic methodologies are used. FDG-PET/CT is regarded as a second-line modality in the diagnostic process of FUO, and its potential to identify the cause of FUO will be maximized when the appropriate clinical considerations are understood. Accordingly, this review presents basic knowledge regarding FUO, and reports the current status of FDG-PET/CT applied to diagnosing the cause of FUO, including diagnostic performance, test protocols, possible factors influencing the diagnostic result, outcomes, and cost-effectiveness. This knowledge will enable effective future use of FDG-PET/CT to improve outcomes in patients with FUO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryogo Minamimoto
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1, Toyama, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan.
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21
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Sheweita SA, Amara AA, Gamal H, Ghazy AA, Hussein A, Bahey-El-Din M. Bacterial Ghosts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a Promising Candidate Vaccine and Its Application in Diabetic Rats. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060910. [PMID: 35746518 PMCID: PMC9228170 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) pose a major clinical threat worldwide especially to immunocompromised patients. As a novel vaccine network for many kinds of bacteria, bacterial ghosts (BGs) have recently been introduced. In the present research, using Sponge-Like Reduced Protocol, P. aeruginosa ghosts (PAGs) were prepared to maintain surface antigens and immunogenicity. This is the first study, to our knowledge, on the production of chemically induced well-structured bacterial ghosts for PA using concentrations of different chemicals. The research was carried out using diabetic rats who were orally immunized at two-week intervals with three doses of PAGs. Rats were subsequently challenged either by the oral route or by the model of ulcer infection with PA. In challenged rats, in addition to other immunological parameters, organ bioburden and wound healing were determined, respectively. Examination of the scanning and transmission electron microscope (EM) proved that PAGs with a proper three-dimensional structure were obtained. In contrast to control groups, oral PAGs promoted the generation of agglutinating antibodies, the development of IFN-γ, and the increase in phagocytic activity in vaccinated groups. Antibodies of the elicited PAGs were reactive to PA proteins and lipopolysaccharides. The defense against the PA challenge was observed in PAGs-immunized diabetic rats. The resulting PAGs in orally vaccinated diabetic rats were able to evoke unique humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and to defend them from the threat of skin wound infection. These results have positive implications for future studies on the PA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah A. Sheweita
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies & Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21568, Egypt; (H.G.); (A.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Amro A. Amara
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt;
| | - Heba Gamal
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies & Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21568, Egypt; (H.G.); (A.H.)
| | - Amany A. Ghazy
- Department of Microbiology & Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed Hussein
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies & Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21568, Egypt; (H.G.); (A.H.)
| | - Mohammed Bahey-El-Din
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21568, Egypt;
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22
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Prenatal and adolescent alcohol exposure programs immunity across the lifespan: CNS-mediated regulation. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 216:173390. [PMID: 35447157 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For many individuals, first exposure to alcohol occurs either prenatally due to maternal drinking, or during adolescence, when alcohol consumption is most likely to be initiated. Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (PAE) and its associated Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) in humans is associated with earlier initiation of alcohol use and increased rates of Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD). Initiation of alcohol use and misuse in early adolescence correlates highly with later AUD diagnosis as well. Thus, PAE and adolescent binge drinking set the stage for long-term health consequences due to adverse effects of alcohol on subsequent immune function, effects that may persist across the lifespan. The overarching goal of this review, therefore, is to determine the extent to which early developmental exposure to alcohol produces long-lasting, and potentially life-long, changes in immunological function. Alcohol affects the whole body, yet most studies are narrowly focused on individual features of immune function, largely ignoring the systems-level interactions required for effective host defense. We therefore emphasize the crucial role of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in orchestrating host defense processes. We argue that alcohol-mediated disruption of host immunity can occur through both (a) direct action of ethanol on neuroimmune processes, that subsequently disrupt peripheral immune function (top down); and (b) indirect action of ethanol on peripheral immune organs/cells, which in turn elicit consequent changes in CNS neuroimmune function (bottom up). Recognizing that alcohol consumption across the entire body, we argue in favor of integrative, whole-organism approaches toward understanding alcohol effects on immune function, and highlight the need for more work specifically examining long-lasting effects of early developmental exposure to alcohol (prenatal and adolescent periods) on host immunity.
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Hasan T, Jahan E, Ahmed KS, Hossain H, Siam SMM, Nahid N, Mazumder T, Shuvo MSR, Daula AFMSU. Rutin hydrate and extract from Castanopsis tribuloides reduces pyrexia via inhibiting microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112774. [PMID: 35240529 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Castanopsis tribuloides belongs to the oak species (Fagaceae) and it is commonly distributed in evergreen forests of Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Nepal, China, and Thailand. Our present study aimed at uncovering the antipyretic potential of methanol extract of C. tribuloides bark (CTB) in the mice models. Baker's yeast pyrexia model was employed to determine the antipyretic potentials of the extract. Besides, molecular docking and dynamics simulation of CTB phenolic compounds were explored to validate the experimental results and gain insight into the possible antipyretic mechanism of action that can lead to the design and discovery of novel drugs against mPGES-1. The results revealed that CTB (400 mg/kg) significantly inhibited (P < 0.001) the elevated body temperature of mice since 0.5 h, which is more prominent than the standard. At dose 200 mg/kg, the bark extract also produced significant (P < 0.05) antipyretic activity since 2 h. HPLC-DAD analysis identified and quantified nine polyphenolic compounds from the extract, including rutin hydrate, (-) epicatechin, caffeic acid, catechin hydrate, catechol, trans-ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, and rosmarinic acid. Molecular docking study suggested probable competition of these phenolic compounds with glutathione, an essential cofactor for microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) activity. Additionally, RMSF, RMSD, Rg, and hydrogen bonds performed during MD simulations revealed that rutin hydrate (rich in CTB) bound to the mPGES-1 active site in a stable manner and thus inactivating mPGES-1. Therefore, it can be concluded that rutin hydrate reduces pyrexia in mice via downregulating PGE2 synthesis by inhibiting mPGES-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Hasan
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
| | - Esrat Jahan
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
| | - Khondoker Shahin Ahmed
- Chemical Research Division, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh.
| | - Hemayet Hossain
- Chemical Research Division, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh.
| | - Syed Mumtahin Mannan Siam
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
| | - Nusrat Nahid
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
| | - Tanoy Mazumder
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Sadikur Rahman Shuvo
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
| | - A F M Shahid Ud Daula
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
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24
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Liu Z, Jiao Y, Yu T, Zhang Y, Liu D, Wang H, Xu Y, Guan Q, Lv T, Shu J. Effect of pediatric tuina on hypothalamic metabolites in young rabbits using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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25
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Li D, Xu KY, Zhao WP, Liu MF, Feng R, Li DQ, Bai J, Du WL. Chinese Medicinal Herb-Derived Carbon Dots for Common Diseases: Efficacies and Potential Mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:815479. [PMID: 35281894 PMCID: PMC8906921 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.815479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of hemorrhagic diseases and other commonly refractory diseases (including gout, inflammatory diseases, cancer, pain of various forms and causes) are very challenging in clinical practice. Charcoal medicine is a frequently used complementary and alternative drug therapy for hemorrhagic diseases. However, studies (other than those assessing effects on hemostasis) on charcoal-processed medicines are limited. Carbon dots (CDs) are quasi-spherical nanoparticles that are biocompatible and have high stability, low toxicity, unique optical properties. Currently, there are various studies carried out to evaluate their efficacy and safety. The exploration of using traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) -based CDs for the treatment of common diseases has received great attention. This review summarizes the literatures on medicinal herbs-derived CDs for the treatment of the difficult-to-treat diseases, and explored the possible mechanisms involved in the process of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Kun-Yan Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wei-Peng Zhao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ming-Feng Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Rui Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - De-Qiang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wen-Li Du
- Department of Pharmacy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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26
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Tapper S, Tabh JKR, Tattersall GJ, Burness G. Changes in Body Surface Temperature Play an Underappreciated Role in the Avian Immune Response. Physiol Biochem Zool 2022; 95:152-167. [PMID: 35089849 DOI: 10.1086/718410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractFever and hypothermia are well-characterized components of systemic inflammation. However, our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying such changes in body temperature is largely limited to rodent models and other mammalian species. In mammals, high dosages of an inflammatory agent (e.g., lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) typically leads to hypothermia (decrease in body temperature below normothermic levels), which is largely driven by a reduction in thermogenesis and not changes in peripheral vasomotion (i.e., changes in blood vessel tone). In birds, however, hypothermia occurs frequently, even at lower dosages, but the thermoeffector mechanisms associated with the response remain unknown. We immune challenged zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) with LPS, monitored changes in subcutaneous temperature and energy balance (i.e., body mass, food intake), and assessed surface temperatures of and heat loss across the eye region, bill, and legs. We hypothesized that if birds employ thermoregulatory mechanisms similar to those of similarly sized mammals, LPS-injected individuals would reduce subcutaneous body temperature and maintain constant surface temperatures compared with saline-injected individuals. Instead, LPS-injected individuals showed a slight elevation in body temperature, and this response coincided with a reduction in peripheral heat loss, particularly across the legs, as opposed to changes in energy balance. However, we note that our interpretations should be taken with caution owing to small sample sizes within each treatment. We suggest that peripheral vasomotion, allowing for heat retention, is an underappreciated component of the sickness-induced thermoregulatory response of small birds.
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Cheng Y, Xu J, Zeng R, Zhao X, Gao W, Quan J, Hu X, Shen Z, Zhang J. The Role of Prostaglandin E2 Synthesized in Rat Lateral Parabrachial Nucleus in LPS-Induced Fever. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 112:399-416. [PMID: 34348333 DOI: 10.1159/000518491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) is considered to be a brain site of the pyrogenic action of prostaglandin (PG) E2 outside of the preoptic area. Yet, the role of the LPBN in fever following a systemic immune challenge remains poorly understood. METHODS We examined the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1) in the LPBN after the intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We investigated the effects of LPBN NS-398 (COX-2 inhibitor) on LPS-induced fever, the effects of direct LPBN PGE2 administration on the energy expenditure (EE), brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, neck muscle electromyographic activity and tail temperature, and the effects of PGE2 on the spontaneous firing activity and thermosensitivity of in vitro LPBN neurons in a brain slice. RESULTS The COX-2 and mPGES-1 enzymes were upregulated at both mRNA and protein levels. The microinjection of NS-398 in the LPBN attenuated the LPS-induced fever. Direct PGE2 administration in the LPBN resulted in a febrile response by a coordinated response of increased EE, BAT thermogenesis, shivering, and possibly decreased heat loss through the tail. The LPBN neurons showed a clear anatomical distinction in the firing rate response to PGE2, with the majority of PGE2-excited or -inhibited neurons being located in the external lateral or dorsal subnucleus of the LPBN, respectively. However, neither the firing rate nor the thermal coefficient response to PGE2 showed any difference between warm-sensitive, cold-sensitive, and temperature-insensitive neurons in the LPBN. CONCLUSIONS PGE2 synthesized in the LPBN was at least partially involved in LPS-induced fever via its different modulations of the firing rate of neurons in different LPBN subnuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjing Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Thermoregulation and Inflammation of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianhui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Thermoregulation and Inflammation of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruixin Zeng
- School of Dentistry, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenmin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Thermoregulation and Inflammation of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Junru Quan
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziling Shen
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Thermoregulation and Inflammation of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
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28
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Bredehöft J, Dolga AM, Honrath B, Wache S, Mazurek S, Culmsee C, Schoemaker RG, Gerstberger R, Roth J, Rummel C. SK-Channel Activation Alters Peripheral Metabolic Pathways in Mice, but Not Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Fever or Inflammation. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:509-531. [PMID: 35115803 PMCID: PMC8800008 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s338812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Previously, we have shown that CyPPA (cyclohexyl-[2-(3,5-dimethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-6-methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl]-amine), a pharmacological small-conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK)–channel positive modulator, antagonizes lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine expression in microglial cells. Here, we aimed to test its therapeutic potential for brain-controlled sickness symptoms, brain inflammatory response during LPS-induced systemic inflammation, and peripheral metabolic pathways in mice. Methods Mice were pretreated with CyPPA (15 mg/kg IP) 24 hours before and simultaneously with LPS stimulation (2.5 mg/kg IP), and the sickness response was recorded by a telemetric system for 24 hours. A second cohort of mice were euthanized 2 hours after CyPPA or solvent treatment to assess underlying CyPPA-induced mechanisms. Brain, blood, and liver samples were analyzed for inflammatory mediators or nucleotide concentrations using immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR and Western blot, or HPLC. Moreover, we investigated CyPPA-induced changes of UCP1 expression in brown adipose tissue (BAT)–explant cultures. Results CyPPA treatment did not affect LPS-induced fever, anorexia, adipsia, or expression profiles of inflammatory mediators in the hypothalamus or plasma or microglial reactivity to LPS (CD11b staining and CD68 mRNA expression). However, CyPPA alone induced a rise in core body temperature linked to heat production via altered metabolic pathways like reduced levels of adenosine, increased protein content, and increased UCP1 expression in BAT-explant cultures, but no alteration in ATP/ADP concentrations in the liver. CyPPA treatment was accompanied by altered pathways, including NFκB signaling, in the hypothalamus and cortex, while circulating cytokines remained unaltered. Conclusion Overall, while CyPPA has promise as a treatment strategy, in particular according to results from in vitro experiments, we did not reveal anti-inflammatory effects during severe LPS-induced systemic inflammation. Interestingly, we found that CyPPA alters metabolic pathways inducing short hyperthermia, most likely due to increased energy turnover in the liver and heat production in BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Bredehöft
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Amalia M Dolga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Birgit Honrath
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sybille Wache
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sybille Mazurek
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carsten Culmsee
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior-CMBB, Giessen and Marburg, Germany
| | - Regien G Schoemaker
- Department of Neurobiology, GELIFES, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Rüdiger Gerstberger
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Roth
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior-CMBB, Giessen and Marburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Rummel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior-CMBB, Giessen and Marburg, Germany
- Correspondence: Christoph Rummel Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, GiessenD-35392, GermanyTel +49 641 99 38155Fax +49 641 99 38159 Email
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29
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Keringer P, Furedi N, Gaszner B, Miko A, Pakai E, Fekete K, Olah E, Kelava L, Romanovsky AA, Rumbus Z, Garami A. The hyperthermic effect of central cholecystokinin is mediated by the cyclooxygenase-2 pathway. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E10-E23. [PMID: 34779255 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00223.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) increases core body temperature via CCK2 receptors when administered intracerebroventricularly (icv). The mechanisms of CCK-induced hyperthermia are unknown, and it is also unknown whether CCK contributes to the fever response to systemic inflammation. We studied the interaction between central CCK signaling and the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway. Body temperature was measured in adult male Wistar rats pretreated with intraperitoneal infusion of the nonselective COX enzyme inhibitor metamizol (120 mg/kg) or a selective COX-2 inhibitor, meloxicam, or etoricoxib (10 mg/kg for both) and, 30 min later, treated with intracerebroventricular CCK (1.7 µg/kg). In separate experiments, CCK-induced neuronal activation (with and without COX inhibition) was studied in thermoregulation- and feeding-related nuclei with c-Fos immunohistochemistry. CCK increased body temperature by ∼0.4°C from 10 min postinfusion, which was attenuated by metamizol. CCK reduced the number of c-Fos-positive cells in the median preoptic area (by ∼70%) but increased it in the dorsal hypothalamic area and in the rostral raphe pallidus (by ∼50% in both); all these changes were completely blocked with metamizol. In contrast, CCK-induced satiety and neuronal activation in the ventromedial hypothalamus were not influenced by metamizol. CCK-induced hyperthermia was also completely blocked with both selective COX-2 inhibitors studied. Finally, the CCK2 receptor antagonist YM022 (10 µg/kg icv) attenuated the late phases of fever induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (10 µg/kg; intravenously). We conclude that centrally administered CCK causes hyperthermia through changes in the activity of "classical" thermoeffector pathways and that the activation of COX-2 is required for the development of this response.NEW & NOTEWORTHY An association between central cholecystokinin signaling and the cyclooxygenase-prostaglandin E pathway has been proposed but remained poorly understood. We show that the hyperthermic response to the central administration of cholecystokinin alters the neuronal activity within efferent thermoeffector pathways and that these effects are fully blocked by the inhibition of cyclooxygenase. We also show that the activation of cyclooxygenase-2 is required for the hyperthermic effect of cholecystokinin and that cholecystokinin is a modulator of endotoxin-induced fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Keringer
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Nora Furedi
- Department of Anatomy, Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School and Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balazs Gaszner
- Department of Anatomy, Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School and Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Miko
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School and Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Eszter Pakai
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kata Fekete
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Emoke Olah
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Leonardo Kelava
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Zoltan Rumbus
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Andras Garami
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Ikeda H. Changes in plasma-concentration ratios of branched-chain amino acids in acute and convalescent phases of bacterial pneumonia. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2022; 70:266-272. [PMID: 35692682 PMCID: PMC9130067 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.21-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) have different immunity-related functions. Thus, BCAAs require evaluation in terms of their plasma concentration ratio. Eighty healthy participants and 57 patients with community-acquired pneumonia were enrolled. Samples from the healthy participants were collected after 12-h fasting; samples from the community-acquired pneumonia group were collected 2–3 h after lunch, during the acute (day 0) and convalescent (day 7) phases. The coefficient “a” of the regression line (Y = aX + b) of each BCAA plasma concentration was calculated from healthy participants and fixed, and each intercept “b” was calculated from the plasma concentration of each BCAA pair. Isoleucine levels increased; no significant changes in leucine concentrations were observed between healthy participants and pneumonia patients on days 0 and 7. In female participants in the pneumonia group, valine concentrations decreased on day 0. The isoleucine concentration was relatively higher than the leucine concentration on day 7 when evaluated with “b”. Changes in “b” on days 0 and 7 differed between men and women. There were sex-related differences in the plasma concentration ratios of BCAAs evaluated by “b”, which indicates a possible sex-related difference in the metabolic response to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Ikeda
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Sanyudo Hospital
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31
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Li X, Wei S, Ma X, Li H, Jing M, Liu H, Niu S, Tong Y, Chen L, Wei Y, Ren S, Zhao Y. Huanglian Jiedu Decoction Exerts Antipyretic Effect by Inhibiting MAPK Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:2209574. [PMID: 35003291 PMCID: PMC8741374 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2209574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to explore the antipyretic effect and potential mechanism of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction (HLJDD) on LPS-induced fever in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The fever rat model was established by LPS. Anal temperature of rats was measured every 1 hour after modeling. TNF-α, IL-6, PGE2, and cAMP in rat serum or hypothalamus tissue were detected by ELISA kit. In order to explore the potential active ingredients and mechanism of antipyretic effect of HLJDD, we predicted the underlying antipyretic mechanism by using network pharmacology and then verified its mechanism by Western Blotting. RESULTS The results showed that HLJDD can alleviate LPS-induced fever in rats. The expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6, PGE2, and cAMP in the treatment group were significantly lower than those in the model group. Western Blotting results showed that the protein expression of p-ERK, p-JNK, and p-P38 was significantly inhibited. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that HLJDD has a good antipyretic effect on LPS-induced fever in rats, which may be closely related to the inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shizhang Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Haotian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Manyi Jing
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Honghong Liu
- Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Department, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shengqi Niu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuling Tong
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lisheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Ying Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Sichen Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Emrani J, Ahmed M, Jeffers-Francis L, Teleha JC, Mowa N, Newman RH, Thomas MD. SARS-COV-2, infection, transmission, transcription, translation, proteins, and treatment: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1249-1273. [PMID: 34756970 PMCID: PMC8552795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we describe the key molecular entities involved in the process of infection by SARS-CoV-2, while also detailing how those key entities influence the spread of the disease. We further introduce the molecular mechanisms of preventive and treatment strategies including drugs, antibodies, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahangir Emrani
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, United States of America.
| | - Maryam Ahmed
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, United States of America
| | - Liesl Jeffers-Francis
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, United States of America
| | - John C Teleha
- Department of Reference and Instruction, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, United States of America
| | - Nathan Mowa
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, United States of America
| | - Robert H Newman
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, United States of America
| | - Misty D Thomas
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, United States of America
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Lapshina KV, Guzhova IV, Ekimova IV. Preventive Administration of the Heat Shock Protein Hsp70 Relieves Endotoxemia-Induced Febrile Reaction in Pigeons ( Columba livia ) and Rats. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021; 57:1060-1071. [PMID: 34720177 PMCID: PMC8547305 DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021050082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The stress-inducible 70 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70) can
exert a protective effect on endotoxemia and sepsis due to its ability
to interact with immune cells and modulate the immune response.
However, it remains unknown whether Hsp70 is able to relieve endotoxemia-induced fever.
We carried out a comparative study of the effects of preventive
administration of the human recombinant Hsp70 (HSPA1A) on lipopolysaccharide
(LPS)-induced endotoxemia in pigeons and rats with preimplanted
electrodes and thermistors for recording the thermoregulation parameters (brain
temperature, peripheral vasomotor reaction, muscular contractile
activity). Additionally, we analyzed the dynamics of the white blood
cell (WBC) count in rats under the same conditions. It was found
that preventive administration of Hsp70 relieves the LPS-induced
febrile reaction in pigeons and rats and accelerates the restoration
of the WBC count in rats. The data obtained suggest that these warm-blooded
animals share a common physiological mechanism that underlies the
protective effect of Hsp70.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Lapshina
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - I V Guzhova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - I V Ekimova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Menezes PMN, Araújo TCDL, Pereira ECV, Neto JA, Silva DS, Brito MC, Lima KSB, Monte APOD, Matos MHTD, Lima RSD, Ribeiro LADA, Silva FS, Rolim LA. Investigation of antinociceptive, antipyretic, antiasthmatic, and spasmolytic activities of Brazilian Cannabis sativa L. roots in rodents. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 278:114259. [PMID: 34058314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Many studies are performed with the aerial parts of Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae). However, roots remain poorly studied, despite citations in the scientific literature. The C. sativa roots are indicated for the treatment of pain, inflammation, fever, among other health problems. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to evaluate the antinociceptive, antipyretic, antiasthmatic, and spasmolytic activities of C. sativa roots in experimental models using mice and rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS The chemical composition of the aqueous extract of C. sativa roots (AECsR) was evaluated by LC-MS. The antinociceptive activity was assessed in mice by the induction of writhing with acetic acid, paw licking with formalin, and reactivity in the hot plate test. Fever was induced by the administration of a suspension of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in young rats. The asthmatic activity was performed with ovalbumin (OVA)-immunized mice with cellular and histological analysis. Finally, the spasmolytic activity was performed using mice isolated trachea. For in vivo studies, the doses were 12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg whereas for in vitro, the concentration of AECsR was 729 μg/mL. RESULTS From the LC-MS data, we identified p-coumaroyltyramine, feruloyltyramine canabissativine in AECsR. The extract promoted a reduction of writhing in all tested doses (12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg). Similarly, it reduced the pain in the formalin test at doses of 12.5 and 50 mg/kg (first phase) and 12.5 and 25 mg/kg (second phase). In the hot plate test, the doses of 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg promoted antinociceptive effect at different times, and the lowest dose maintained its action in the analyzes performed at 60, 90, and 120 min after administration. The anti-inflammatory activity of AECsR was observed in the mouse model of asthma, reducing the total leukocyte count in the bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) at a dose of 25 mg/kg, as well as reducing eosinophilia in all tested doses (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg). Histological analysis of lungs stained with H&E and PAS showed a reduction in the number of inflammatory cells in the perivascular and peribronchial region, as well as reduced mucus production. CONCLUSION The results suggest that AECsR promotes pain control, either by a central or inflammatory mechanism, and has antiasthmatic activity. However, there was no antipyretic or spasmolytic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Janaine Almeida Neto
- Pós-graduação em Biociências - PGB, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF, Petrolina/PE, Brazil.
| | - David Souza Silva
- Pós-graduação em Biociências - PGB, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF, Petrolina/PE, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Coelho Brito
- Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia - PPGB, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana - UEFS, Feira de Santana-BA, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | - Luciano Augusto de Araújo Ribeiro
- Pós-graduação em Biociências - PGB, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF, Petrolina/PE, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF, Petrolina/PE, Brazil.
| | - Fabrício Souza Silva
- Pós-graduação em Biociências - PGB, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF, Petrolina/PE, Brazil; Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia - PPGB, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana - UEFS, Feira de Santana-BA, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF, Petrolina/PE, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Araújo Rolim
- Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia - RENORBIO, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco- UFRPE, Recife/PE, Brazil; Pós-graduação em Biociências - PGB, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF, Petrolina/PE, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF, Petrolina/PE, Brazil.
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Sanhueza N, Fuentes R, Aguilar A, Carnicero B, Vega K, Muñoz D, Contreras D, Moreno N, Troncoso E, Mercado L, Morales-Lange B, Boltana S. Behavioural Fever Promotes an Inflammatory Reflex Circuit in Ectotherms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168860. [PMID: 34445566 PMCID: PMC8396262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The communication between the brain and the immune system is a cornerstone in animal physiology. This interaction is mediated by immune factors acting in both health and pathogenesis, but it is unclear how these systems molecularly and mechanistically communicate under changing environmental conditions. Behavioural fever is a well-conserved immune response that promotes dramatic changes in gene expression patterns during ectotherms’ thermoregulatory adaptation, including those orchestrating inflammation. However, the molecular regulators activating the inflammatory reflex in ectotherms remain unidentified. Methods: We revisited behavioural fever by providing groups of fish a thermal gradient environment during infection. Our novel experimental setup created temperature ranges in which fish freely moved between different thermal gradients: (1) wide thermoregulatory range; T° = 6.4 °C; and (2) restricted thermoregulatory range; T° = 1.4 °C. The fish behaviour was investigated during 5-days post-viral infection. Blood, spleen, and brain samples were collected to determine plasmatic pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels. To characterize genes’ functioning during behavioural fever, we performed a transcriptomic profiling of the fish spleen. We also measured the activity of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and acetylcholine in brain and peripheral tissues. Results: We describe the first set of the neural components that control inflammatory modulation during behavioural fever. We identified a neuro-immune crosstalk as a potential mechanism promoting the fine regulation of inflammation. The development of behavioural fever upon viral infection triggers a robust inflammatory response in vivo, establishing an activation threshold after infection in several organs, including the brain. Thus, temperature shifts strongly impact on neural tissue, specifically on the inflammatory reflex network activation. At the molecular level, behavioural fever causes a significant increase in cholinergic neurotransmitters and their receptors’ activity and key anti-inflammatory factors such as cytokine Il10 and Tgfβ in target tissues. Conclusion: These results reveal a cholinergic neuronal-based mechanism underlying anti-inflammatory responses under induced fever. We performed the first molecular characterization of the behavioural fever response and inflammatory reflex activation in mobile ectotherms, identifying the role of key regulators of these processes. These findings provide genetic entry points for functional studies of the neural–immune adaptation to infection and its protective relevance in ectotherm organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Sanhueza
- Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (N.S.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (K.V.); (D.M.)
| | - Ricardo Fuentes
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile;
| | - Andrea Aguilar
- Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (N.S.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (K.V.); (D.M.)
| | - Beatriz Carnicero
- Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (N.S.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (K.V.); (D.M.)
| | - Karina Vega
- Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (N.S.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (K.V.); (D.M.)
| | - David Muñoz
- Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (N.S.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (K.V.); (D.M.)
| | - David Contreras
- Biotechnology Center, Renewable Resources Laboratory, University Campus, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (D.C.); (N.M.); (E.T.)
| | - Nataly Moreno
- Biotechnology Center, Renewable Resources Laboratory, University Campus, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (D.C.); (N.M.); (E.T.)
| | - Eduardo Troncoso
- Biotechnology Center, Renewable Resources Laboratory, University Campus, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (D.C.); (N.M.); (E.T.)
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; (L.M.); (B.M.-L.)
| | - Byron Morales-Lange
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; (L.M.); (B.M.-L.)
| | - Sebastian Boltana
- Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (N.S.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (K.V.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +56-41-266-16-17
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Mota-Rojas D, Wang D, Titto CG, Gómez-Prado J, Carvajal-de la Fuente V, Ghezzi M, Boscato-Funes L, Barrios-García H, Torres-Bernal F, Casas-Alvarado A, Martínez-Burnes J. Pathophysiology of Fever and Application of Infrared Thermography (IRT) in the Detection of Sick Domestic Animals: Recent Advances. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2316. [PMID: 34438772 PMCID: PMC8388492 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Body-temperature elevations are multifactorial in origin and classified as hyperthermia as a rise in temperature due to alterations in the thermoregulation mechanism; the body loses the ability to control or regulate body temperature. In contrast, fever is a controlled state, since the body adjusts its stable temperature range to increase body temperature without losing the thermoregulation capacity. Fever refers to an acute phase response that confers a survival benefit on the body, raising core body temperature during infection or systemic inflammation processes to reduce the survival and proliferation of infectious pathogens by altering temperature, restriction of essential nutrients, and the activation of an immune reaction. However, once the infection resolves, the febrile response must be tightly regulated to avoid excessive tissue damage. During fever, neurological, endocrine, immunological, and metabolic changes occur that cause an increase in the stable temperature range, which allows the core body temperature to be considerably increased to stop the invasion of the offending agent and restrict the damage to the organism. There are different metabolic mechanisms of thermoregulation in the febrile response at the central and peripheral levels and cellular events. In response to cold or heat, the brain triggers thermoregulatory responses to coping with changes in body temperature, including autonomic effectors, such as thermogenesis, vasodilation, sweating, and behavioral mechanisms, that trigger flexible, goal-oriented actions, such as seeking heat or cold, nest building, and postural extension. Infrared thermography (IRT) has proven to be a reliable method for the early detection of pathologies affecting animal health and welfare that represent economic losses for farmers. However, the standardization of protocols for IRT use is still needed. Together with the complete understanding of the physiological and behavioral responses involved in the febrile process, it is possible to have timely solutions to serious problem situations. For this reason, the present review aims to analyze the new findings in pathophysiological mechanisms of the febrile process, the heat-loss mechanisms in an animal with fever, thermoregulation, the adverse effects of fever, and recent scientific findings related to different pathologies in farm animals through the use of IRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Unidad Xochimilco, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (J.G.-P.); (L.B.-F.); (F.T.-B.); (A.C.-A.)
| | - Dehua Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China;
| | - Cristiane Gonçalves Titto
- Laboratório de Biometeorologia e Etologia, FZEA-USP, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil;
| | - Jocelyn Gómez-Prado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Unidad Xochimilco, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (J.G.-P.); (L.B.-F.); (F.T.-B.); (A.C.-A.)
| | - Verónica Carvajal-de la Fuente
- Animal Health Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Mexico; (V.C.-d.l.F.); (H.B.-G.)
| | - Marcelo Ghezzi
- Animal Welfare Area, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Buenos Aires 7000, Argentina;
| | - Luciano Boscato-Funes
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Unidad Xochimilco, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (J.G.-P.); (L.B.-F.); (F.T.-B.); (A.C.-A.)
| | - Hugo Barrios-García
- Animal Health Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Mexico; (V.C.-d.l.F.); (H.B.-G.)
| | - Fabiola Torres-Bernal
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Unidad Xochimilco, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (J.G.-P.); (L.B.-F.); (F.T.-B.); (A.C.-A.)
| | - Alejandro Casas-Alvarado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Unidad Xochimilco, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (J.G.-P.); (L.B.-F.); (F.T.-B.); (A.C.-A.)
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Animal Health Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Mexico; (V.C.-d.l.F.); (H.B.-G.)
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Mora S, Martín-González E, Prados-Pardo Á, Flores P, Moreno M. Increased Compulsivity in Adulthood after Early Adolescence Immune Activation: Preclinical Evidence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4684. [PMID: 33924858 PMCID: PMC8125663 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immune activation during early developmental stages has been proposed as a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric conditions such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and autism in both human and animal studies. However, its relationship with the vulnerability to inhibitory control deficit, which is a shared feature among those conditions, remains unclear. The present work studied whether postnatal immune activation during early adolescence, combined with exposure to early-life adverse events, could lead to adult vulnerability to impulsive and/or compulsive behaviors. Male Wistar rats were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in early adolescence at postnatal day 26 (PND26). During peripuberal period, half of the animals were exposed to a mild stress protocol. In adulthood, behavioral assessment was performed with the aid of the sustained attentional 5-choice serial reaction time (5-CSRT) task, schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP), and open-field locomotor activity and novelty reactivity. Rats exposed to LPS showed more compulsive responses than their control counterparts on 5-CSRT task, although no differences were observed in SIP or locomotor responses. Our study contributes to the knowledge of the relationship between immune activation and inhibitory control deficit. Future studies should aim to disentangle how, and to what extent, immune activation impacts behavior, and to understand the role of early life mild stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Mora
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Centre, University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain; (E.M.-G.); (Á.P.-P.); (P.F.)
| | | | | | | | - Margarita Moreno
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Centre, University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain; (E.M.-G.); (Á.P.-P.); (P.F.)
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38
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Foster J, Lloyd AB, Havenith G. Non-contact infrared assessment of human body temperature: The journal Temperature toolbox. Temperature (Austin) 2021; 8:306-319. [PMID: 34901315 PMCID: PMC8654479 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2021.1899546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The assessment of human internal/core temperature (T core) is relevant in many scientific disciplines, but also for public health authorities when attempting to identify individuals with fever. Direct assessment of T core is often invasive, impractical on a large scale, and typically requires close contact between the observer and the target subject. Non-contact infrared thermometry (NCIT) represents a practical solution in which T core can potentially be assessed from a safe distance and in mass screening scenarios, by measuring skin temperature at specific anatomical locations. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has clearly demonstrated that these devices are not being used correctly, despite expert guided specifications available in International Standard Organization (ISO) documents. In this review, we provide an overview of the most pertinent factors that should be considered by users of NCIT. This includes the most pertinent methodological and physiological factors, as well as an overview on the ability of NCIT to track human T core. For practical use, we provide a checklist based on relevant ISO standards which are simple to follow and should be consulted prior to using NCIT for assessment of human T core. Our intention is for users of NCIT to adopt this checklist, which may improve the performance of NCIT for its ability to track T core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Foster
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, School of Design and Creative Arts, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Alex Bruce Lloyd
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, School of Design and Creative Arts, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
| | - George Havenith
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, School of Design and Creative Arts, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
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Ma LL, Liu HM, Luo CH, He YN, Wang F, Huang HZ, Han L, Yang M, Xu RC, Zhang DK. Fever and Antipyretic Supported by Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Multi-Pathway Regulation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:583279. [PMID: 33828481 PMCID: PMC8020597 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.583279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease, 2019 (COVID-19), has spread rapidly around the world and become a major public health problem facing the world. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been fully committed to treat COVID-19 in China. It improved the clinical symptoms of patients and reduced the mortality rate. In light of the fever was identified as one of leading clinical features of COVID-19, this paper will first analyze the material basis of fever, including pyrogenic cytokines and a variety of the mediators of fever. Then the humoral and neural pathways of fever signal transmission will be described. The scattered evidences about fever recorded in recent years are connected in series. On this basis, the understanding of fever is further deepened from the aspects of pathology and physiology. Finally, combining with the chemical composition and pharmacological action of available TCM, we analyzed the mechanisms of TCMs to play the antipyretic effect through multiple ways. So as to further provide the basis for the research of antipyretic compound preparations of TCMs and explore the potential medicines for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Le Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Hui-Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Chuan-Hong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Ya-Nan He
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Fang Wang
- State key Laboratory of Innovation Medicine and High Efficiency and Energy Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Hao-Zhou Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Ming Yang
- State key Laboratory of Innovation Medicine and High Efficiency and Energy Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Run-Chun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Ding-Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
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Guimarães NC, Alves DS, Vilela WR, de-Souza-Ferreira E, Gomes BRB, Ott D, Murgott J, E N de Souza P, de Sousa MV, Galina A, Roth J, Fabro de Bem A, Veiga-Souza FH. Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier as a key regulator of fever and neuroinflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 92:90-101. [PMID: 33242651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) is an inner-membrane transporter that facilitates pyruvate uptake from the cytoplasm into mitochondria. We previously reported that MPC1 protein levels increase in the hypothalamus of animals during fever induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but how this increase contributes to the LPS responses remains to be studied. Therefore, we investigated the effect of UK 5099, a classical MPC inhibitor, in a rat model of fever, on hypothalamic mitochondrial function and neuroinflammation in LPS-stimulated preoptic area (POA) primary microcultures. Intracerebroventricular administration of UK 5099 reduced the LPS-induced fever. High-resolution respirometry revealed an increase in oxygen consumption and oxygen flux related to ATP synthesis in the hypothalamic homogenate from LPS-treated animals linked to mitochondrial complex I plus II. Preincubation with UK 5099 prevented the LPS-induced increase in oxygen consumption, ATP synthesis and spare capacity only in complex I-linked respiration and reduced mitochondrial H2O2 production. In addition, treatment of rat POA microcultures with UK 5099 reduced the secretion of the proinflammatory and pyrogenic cytokines TNFα and IL-6 as well as the immunoreactivity of inflammatory transcription factors NF-κB and NF-IL6 four hours after LPS stimulation. These results suggest that the regulation of mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism through MPC inhibition may be effective in reducing neuroinflammation and fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália C Guimarães
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Débora S Alves
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Wembley R Vilela
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Eduardo de-Souza-Ferreira
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bruna R B Gomes
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Daniela Ott
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Hesse, Germany
| | - Jolanta Murgott
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Hesse, Germany
| | - Paulo E N de Souza
- Laboratory of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Institute of Physics, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Marcelo V de Sousa
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Antonio Galina
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Joachim Roth
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Hesse, Germany
| | - Andreza Fabro de Bem
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Fabiane H Veiga-Souza
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil; School of Ceilândia, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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41
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Szentirmai É, Massie AR, Kapás L. Lipoteichoic acid, a cell wall component of Gram-positive bacteria, induces sleep and fever and suppresses feeding. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 92:184-192. [PMID: 33307170 PMCID: PMC7897295 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragments of the bacterial cell wall are bioactive microbial molecules that have profound effects on the function of the brain. Some of the cell wall constituents are common to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, e.g., peptidoglycans, while other cell wall components are specific to either Gram-positive or Gram-negative microbes. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also called endotoxin, is found exclusively in Gram-negative bacteria, while lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is specific to Gram-positive bacteria. The effects of peptidoglycans, their fragments, and LPS are well characterized, they induce sleep, fever and anorexia. In the present study, we investigated the sleep, body temperature and food intake modulating effects of LTA. We found that intraperitoneal injection of 100 and 250 μg LTA from B. subtilis and S. aureus increases non-rapid-eye movement sleep (NREMS) in mice. The effects were dose-dependent, and the changes were accompanied by decreased motor activity and feeding as well as febrile responses. Intraperitoneal injection of 10 μg LTA induced monophasic increases in body temperature, while 100 and 250 μg LTA from B. subtilis induced initial hypothermia followed by fever. Treatment with 250 μg LTA from S. aureus elicited monophasic hypothermia. Administration of 300 μg/kg LTA from S. aureus directly into the portal vein elicited similar sleep responses in rats but did not affect body temperature. The sleep-modulating effects of LTA were similar to that of LPS in mice, although LTA appears to be less potent. These findings suggest that the role of LTA in signaling by Gram-positive bacteria in the host body is analogous to the role of LPS/endotoxin in signaling by Gram-negative microbes. LTA may play a role in the development of sickness response in clinically manifest Gram-positive bacterial infections and may contribute to sleep signaling by the commensal intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Szentirmai
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States; Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States.
| | - Ashley R Massie
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Levente Kapás
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States; Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
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42
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Effect of nanocurcumin and fish oil as natural anti-inflammatory compounds vs. glucocorticoids in a lipopolysaccharide inflammation model on Holstein calves' health status. Heliyon 2021; 7:e05894. [PMID: 33553719 PMCID: PMC7855347 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin (CUR) and fish oil (FO) are among the most well-known types of natural anti-inflammatory compounds. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of nanocurcumin and fish oil vs. glucocorticoids on Holstein calves’ health status. A lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge (0.5 μg kg−1 BW) was used to induce an acute phase response. A total of 42 male Holstein calves were randomized into 7 groups: negative control (CON), positive control (LPS, injected once), 250 mg/kg BW per day fish oil + LPS (FO250), 350 mg/kg BW per day fish oil + LPS (FO350), 2 mg/kg BW per day nanocurcumin + LPS (NCUR2), 4 mg/kg BW per day nanocurcumin + LPS (NCUR4), and 0.3 mg/kg BW dexamethasone (injected once) + LPS (DEX). The duration of this experiment was 11 days, with application of the LPS challenge on day 8. Calves were weighed on days 0, 7, 9, 10, and 11 to record the average daily weight gain; diets offered and refused were recorded daily throughout the experiment. Blood collection and clinical scoring were conducted at successive time points until 72 h post LPS challenge. The data obtained also comprised rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), serum amyloid A (SAA), and haptoglobin (Hp). This experiment could not uncover significant effects of LPS, FO, NCUR, and DEX on the area under the curve (AUC) of the RT, HR, and RR; in addition, there was no difference between FO and NCUR vs. LPS in sickness behavior, however, DEX group significantly recovered faster than others (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference between groups in dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) during three days post LPS challenge. The concentrations of TNF-⍺, IL-6, and SAA were lower in the DEX group (P < 0.05). Finally, no effects of FO and NCUR on cytokines and acute phase proteins (APPs) could be observed in this study. In conclusion, supplementation of FO and NCUR was not able to impact the acute phase response (APR) in calves, as levels of inflammatory cytokines and APPs as well as sickness behavior remained unchanged. It seems that the anti-inflammatory effects of FO and CUR on APR, as has been observed for other animal species, do not manifest that clearly in calves.
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43
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McKinley MJ, Pennington GL, Ryan PJ. The median preoptic nucleus: A major regulator of fluid, temperature, sleep, and cardiovascular homeostasis. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 179:435-454. [PMID: 34225980 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819975-6.00028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Located in the midline lamina terminalis of the anterior wall of the third ventricle, the median preoptic nucleus is a thin elongated nucleus stretching around the rostral border of the anterior commissure. Its neuronal elements, composed of various types of excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory GABAergic neurons, receive afferent neural signals from (1) neighboring subfornical organ and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis related to plasma osmolality and hormone concentrations, e.g., angiotensin II; (2) from peripheral sensors such as arterial baroreceptors and cutaneous thermosensors. Different sets of these MnPO glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons relay output signals to hypothalamic, midbrain, and medullary regions that drive homeostatic effector responses. Included in the effector responses are (1) thirst, antidiuretic hormone secretion and renal sodium excretion that subserve osmoregulation and body fluid homeostasis; (2) vasoconstriction or dilatation of skin blood vessels, and shivering and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis for core temperature homeostasis; (3) inhibition of hypothalamic and midbrain nuclei that stimulate wakefulness and arousal, thereby promoting both REM and non-REM sleep; and (4) activation of sympathetic pathways that drive vasoconstriction and heart rate to maintain arterial pressure and the perfusion of vital organs. The small size of MnPO belies its massive homeostatic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McKinley
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Glenn L Pennington
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip J Ryan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Komegae EN, Fonseca MT, Steiner AA. Diet-induced obesity attenuates the hypothermic response to lipopolysaccharide independently of TNF-α production. Temperature (Austin) 2020; 7:270-276. [PMID: 33123620 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2019.1707155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Life-threatening infections (sepsis) are usually associated with co-morbidities, among which obesity deserves attention. Here, we evaluated whether and how obesity affects the switch from fever to hypothermia that occurs in the most severe cases of sepsis, which is thought to provide physiological support for a change in host defense strategy from resistance to tolerance. Obesity was induced by keeping rats on a high-fat diet for 32-34 weeks. The hypothermia induced by a high dose of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 300 μg/animal, i.a.) was attenuated in the obese rats, as compared to their low-fat diet counterparts. Surprisingly, such attenuation occurred in spite of an enhancement in the circulating level of TNF-α, the most renowned mediator of LPS-induced hypothermia. Hence, it seems that factors counteracting not the production, but rather the action of TNF-α are at play in rats with diet-induced obesity. One of these factors might be IL-1β, a febrigenic mediator that also had its circulating levels augmented in the obese rats challenged with LPS. Taken together with previous reports of diet-induced obesity enhancing the fever induced by lower doses of LPS, the results of the present study indicate that obesity biases host defense toward a fever/resistance strategy, in lieu of a hypothermia/tolerance strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evilin N Komegae
- Neuroimmunology of Sepsis Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monique T Fonseca
- Neuroimmunology of Sepsis Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A Steiner
- Neuroimmunology of Sepsis Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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45
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Braun HA. What can we learn from mixed neuroglial primary cultures about the impact of inflammation on the afferent somatosensory system? Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1659-1660. [PMID: 33084989 PMCID: PMC7691305 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02479-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Albert Braun
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Philipps University of Marburg, Deutschhausstrasse 2, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
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46
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Luo CH, Ma LL, Liu HM, Liao W, Xu RC, Ci ZM, Lin JZ, Han L, Zhang DK. Research Progress on Main Symptoms of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Improved by Traditional Chinese Medicine. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:556885. [PMID: 33013395 PMCID: PMC7516165 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.556885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia has become a major threat to worldwide public health, having rapidly spread to more than 180 countries and infecting over 1.6 billion people. Fever, cough, and fatigue are the most common initial symptoms of COVID-19, while some patients experience diarrhea rather than fever in the early stage. Many herbal medicine and Chinese patent medicine can significantly improve these symptoms, cure the patients experiencing a mild 22form of the illness, reduce the rate of transition from mild to severe disease, and reduce mortality. Therefore, this paper summarizes the physiopathological mechanisms of fever, cough, fatigue and diarrhea, and introduces Chinese herbal medicines (Ephedrae Herba, Gypsum Fibrosum, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Asteris Radix et Rhizoma, Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Codonopsis Radix, Atractylodis Rhizoma, etc.) and Chinese patent medicines (Shuang-huang-lian, Ma-xing-gan-shi-tang, etc.) with their corresponding therapeutic effects. Emphasis was placed on their material basis, mechanism of action, and clinical research. Most of these medicines possess the pharmacological activities of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, and immunity-enhancement, and may be promising medicines for the treatment or adjuvant treatment of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-hong Luo
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Le-le Ma
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui-min Liu
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Liao
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Run-chun Xu
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-min Ci
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun-zhi Lin
- Central Laboratory, Teaching Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Han
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ding-kun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Oliveira MK, dos Santos RS, Cabral LD, Vilela FC, Giusti-Paiva A. Simvastatin attenuated sickness behavior and fever in a murine model of endotoxemia. Life Sci 2020; 254:117701. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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48
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Nault S, Creuze V, Al-Omar S, Levasseur A, Nadeau C, Samson N, Imane R, Tremblay S, Carrault G, Pladys P, Praud JP. Cardiorespiratory Alterations in a Newborn Ovine Model of Systemic Inflammation Induced by Lipopolysaccharide Injection. Front Physiol 2020; 11:585. [PMID: 32625107 PMCID: PMC7311791 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well known that neonatal sepsis can induce important alterations in cardiorespiratory control, their detailed early features and the mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. As a first step in resolving this issue, the main goal of this study was to characterize these alterations more extensively by setting up a full-term newborn lamb model of systemic inflammation using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. Two 6-h polysomnographic recordings were performed on two consecutive days on eight full-term lambs: the first after an IV saline injection (control condition, CTRL); the second, after an IV injection of 2.5 μg/kg Escherichia coli LPS 0127:B8 (LPS condition). Rectal temperature, locomotor activity, state of alertness, arterial blood gases, respiratory frequency and heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, apneas and cardiac decelerations, and heart-rate and respiratory-rate variability (HRV and RRV) were assessed. LPS injection decreased locomotor activity (p = 0.03) and active wakefulness (p = 0.01) compared to the CTRL. In addition, LPS injection led to a biphasic increase in rectal temperature (p = 0.01 at ∼30 and 180 min) and in respiratory frequency and heart rate (p = 0.0005 and 0.005, respectively), and to an increase in cardiac decelerations (p = 0.05). An overall decrease in HRV and RRV was also observed. Interestingly, the novel analysis of the representations of the horizontal and vertical visibility network yielded the most statistically significant alterations in HRV structure, suggesting its potential clinical importance for providing an earlier diagnosis of neonatal bacterial sepsis. A second goal was to assess whether the reflexivity of the autonomic nervous system was altered after LPS injection by studying the cardiorespiratory components of the laryngeal and pulmonary chemoreflexes. No difference was found. Lastly, preliminary results provide proof of principle that brainstem inflammation (increased IL-8 and TNF-α mRNA expression) can be shown 6 h after LPS injection. In conclusion, this full-term lamb model of systemic inflammation reproduces several important aspects of neonatal bacterial sepsis and paves the way for studies in preterm lambs aiming to assess both the effect of prematurity and the central neural mechanisms of cardiorespiratory control alterations observed during neonatal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Nault
- Neonatal Respiratory Research Unit, Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology-Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | - Sally Al-Omar
- Neonatal Respiratory Research Unit, Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology-Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Annabelle Levasseur
- Neonatal Respiratory Research Unit, Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology-Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Charlène Nadeau
- Neonatal Respiratory Research Unit, Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology-Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Samson
- Neonatal Respiratory Research Unit, Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology-Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Roqaya Imane
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Departments of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sophie Tremblay
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Departments of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guy Carrault
- Inserm, LTSI - UMR 1099, CHU Rennes, Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Patrick Pladys
- Inserm, LTSI - UMR 1099, CHU Rennes, Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Paul Praud
- Neonatal Respiratory Research Unit, Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology-Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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49
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Wu J, Zhang M, Cheng J, Zhang Y, Luo J, Liu Y, Kong H, Qu H, Zhao Y. Effect of Lonicerae japonicae Flos Carbonisata-Derived Carbon Dots on Rat Models of Fever and Hypothermia Induced by Lipopolysaccharide. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:4139-4149. [PMID: 32606669 PMCID: PMC7297362 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s248467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction A correlation is established between the efficacy of Chinese herbal medicine and its charcoal drugs. Lonicerae japonicae Flos (LJF) is commonly used to treat fever, carbuncle, and tumors, among others. LJF Carbonisatas (LJFC) is preferred for detoxifying and relieving dysentery and its related symptoms. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of LJFC remain unknown. Aim The aim of this study was to explore the effects of LJFC-derived carbon dots (LJFC-CDs) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever and hypothermia rat models. Methods LJFC-CDs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared, ultraviolet, fluorescence, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. The anti-inflammatory effects of LJFC-CDs were evaluated and confirmed using rat models of LPS-induced fever or hypothermia. Results The LJFC-CDs ranged from 1.0 to 10.0 nm in diameter, with a yield of 0.5%. LJFC-CDs alleviated LPS-induced inflammation, as demonstrated by the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 and the recovery of normal body temperature. Conclusion LJFC-CDs may have an anti-inflammatory effect and a potential to alleviate fever and hypothermia caused by inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashu Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiling Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjun Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Science Life, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Luo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Kong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Huihua Qu
- Center of Scientific Experiment, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
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50
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Wright WF, Auwaerter PG. Fever and Fever of Unknown Origin: Review, Recent Advances, and Lingering Dogma. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa132. [PMID: 32462043 PMCID: PMC7237822 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fever has preoccupied physicians since the earliest days of clinical medicine. It has been the subject of scrutiny in recent decades. Historical convention has mostly determined that 37.0°C (98.6°F) should be regarded as normal body temperature, and more modern evidence suggests that fever is a complex physiological response involving the innate immune system and should not be characterized merely as a temperature above this threshold. Fever of unknown origin (FUO) was first defined in 1961 by Petersdorf and Beeson and continues to be a clinical challenge for physicians. Although clinicians may have some understanding of the history of clinical thermometry, how average body temperatures were established, thermoregulation, and pathophysiology of fever, new concepts are emerging. While FUO subgroups and etiologic classifications have remained unchanged since 1991 revisions, the spectrum of diseases, clinical approach to diagnosis, and management are changing. This review considers how newer data should influence both definitions and lingering dogmatic principles. Despite recent advances and newer imaging techniques such as 18-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography, clinical judgment remains an essential component of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Wright
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul G Auwaerter
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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