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Pesti I, Légrádi Á, Farkas E. Primary microglia cell cultures in translational research: Strengths and limitations. J Biotechnol 2024; 386:10-18. [PMID: 38519034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident macrophages in the central nervous system, accounting for 10-15% of the cell mass in the brain. Next to their physiological role in development, monitoring neuronal function and the maintenance of homeostasis, microglia are crucial in the brain's immune defense. Brain injury and chronic neurological disorders are associated with neuroinflammation, in which microglia activation is a central element. Microglia acquire a wide spectrum of activation states in the diseased or injured brain, some of which are neurotoxic. The investigation of microglia (patho)physiology and therapeutic interventions targeting neuroinflammation is a substantial challenge. In addition to in vivo approaches, the application of in vitro model systems has gained significant ground and is essential to complement in vivo work. Primary microglia cultures have proved to be a useful tool. Microglia cultures have offered the opportunity to explore the mechanistic, molecular elements of microglia activation, the microglia secretome, and the efficacy of therapeutic treatments against neuroinflammation. As all model systems, primary microglia cultures have distinct strengths and limitations to be weighed when experiments are designed and when data are interpreted. Here, we set out to provide a succinct overview of the advantages and pitfalls of the use of microglia cultures, which instructs the refinement and further development of this technique to remain useful in the toolbox of microglia researchers. Since there is no conclusive therapy to combat neurotoxicity linked to neuroinflammation in acute brain injury or neurodegenerative disorders, these research tools remain essential to explore therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Pesti
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine - University of Szeged Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism Research Group, Somogyi u 4, Szeged 6720, Hungary; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Somogyi u 4, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Ádám Légrádi
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Somogyi u 4, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Eszter Farkas
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine - University of Szeged Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism Research Group, Somogyi u 4, Szeged 6720, Hungary; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Somogyi u 4, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
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Goksu AY, Kocanci FG, Akinci E, Demir-Dora D, Erendor F, Sanlioglu S, Uysal H. Microglia cells treated with synthetic vasoactive intestinal peptide or transduced with LentiVIP protect neuronal cells against degeneration. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:1993-2015. [PMID: 38382910 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
A common pathological hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders is neuronal cell death, accompanied by neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. The vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a pleiotropic peptide that combines neuroprotective and immunomodulatory actions. The gene therapy field shows long-term promise for treating a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases (ND). In this study, we aimed to investigate the in vitro efficacy of transduction of microglia using lentiviral gene therapy vectors encoding VIP (LentiVIP). Additionally, we tested the protective effects of the secretome derived from LentiVIP-infected "immortalized human" microglia HMC3 cells, and cells treated with Synthetic VIP (SynVIP), against toxin-induced neurodegeneration. First, LentiVIP, which stably expresses VIP, was generated and purified. VIP secretion in microglial conditioned media (MG CM) for LentiVIP-infected HMC3 microglia cells was confirmed. Microglia cells were activated with lipopolysaccharide, and groups were formed as follows: 1) Control, 2) SynVIP-treated, or 3) LentiVIP-transduced. These MG CM were applied on an in vitro neurodegenerative model formed by differentiated (d)-SH-SY5Y cells. Then, cell survival analysis and apoptotic nuclear staining, besides measurement of oxidative/inflammatory parameters in CM of cells were performed. Activated MG CM reduced survival rates of both control and toxin-applied (d)-SH-SY5Y cells, whereas LentiVIP-infected MG CM and SynVIP-treated ones exhibited better survival rates. These findings were supported by apoptotic nuclear evaluations of (d)-SH-SY5Y cells, alongside oxidative/inflammatory parameters in their CM. LentiVIP seems worthy of further studies for the treatment of ND because of the potential of gene therapy to treat diseases effectively with a single injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azize Yasemin Goksu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
- Department of Gene and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Fatma Gonca Kocanci
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Vocational High School of Health Services, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya/Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ersin Akinci
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Devrim Demir-Dora
- Department of Gene and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Fulya Erendor
- Department of Gene and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Salih Sanlioglu
- Department of Gene and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Hilmi Uysal
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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Chwastek J, Kędziora M, Borczyk M, Korostyński M, Starowicz K. Mimicking the Human Articular Joint with In Vitro Model of Neurons-Synoviocytes Co-Culture. Int J Stem Cells 2024; 17:91-98. [PMID: 37996245 PMCID: PMC10899880 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc23043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of in vitro models is essential in modern science due to the need for experiments using human material and the reduction in the number of laboratory animals. The complexity of the interactions that occur in living organisms requires improvements in the monolayer cultures. In the work presented here, neuroepithelial stem (NES) cells were differentiated into peripheral-like neurons (PLN) and the phenotype of the cells was confirmed at the genetic and protein levels. Then RNA-seq method was used to investigate how stimulation with pro-inflammatory factors such as LPS and IFNγ affects the expression of genes involved in the immune response in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (HFLS). HFLS were then cultured on semi-permeable membrane inserts, and after 24 hours of pro-inflammatory stimulation, the levels of cytokines secretion into the medium were checked. Inserts with stimulated HFLS were introduced into the PLN culture, and by measuring secreted ATP, an increase in cell activity was found in the system. The method used mimics the condition that occurs in the joint during inflammation, as observed in the development of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or osteoarthritis (OA). In addition, the system used can be easily modified to simulate the interaction of peripheral neurons with other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Chwastek
- Department of Neurochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
| | - Marta Kędziora
- Department of Neurochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Borczyk
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
| | - Michał Korostyński
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Starowicz
- Department of Neurochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
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Li N, Tan S, Wang Y, Deng J, Wang N, Zhu S, Tian W, Xu J, Wang Q. Akkermansia muciniphila supplementation prevents cognitive impairment in sleep-deprived mice by modulating microglial engulfment of synapses. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2252764. [PMID: 37671803 PMCID: PMC10484034 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2252764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiome-gut-brain axis plays a crucial role in many neurological diseases, including mild cognitive impairment. Sleep deprivation (SD) induces cognitive decline accompanied by alterations in the gut microbiota. However, the role of gut microbiota alterations in SD-induced cognitive dysfunction and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we found that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota following pretreatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics worsens SD-induced cognitive impairment in mice. Fecal microbiota transplantation from SD mice to healthy mice induced cognitive impairment. Additionally, the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) in the mouse gut microbiota was significantly reduced after 7 days of SD. A. muciniphila pretreatment alleviated cognitive dysfunction and prevented synaptic reduction in the hippocampus in SD mice. A. muciniphila pretreatment inhibited extensive microglial activation and synaptic engulfment in the hippocampus of SD mice. Metabolomics analysis revealed that A. muciniphila pretreatment increased the serum acetate and butanoic acid levels in SD mice. Finally, pretreatment with short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) inhibited microglial synaptic engulfment and prevented neuronal synaptic loss in SD mice and primary microglia-neuron co-culture following LPS stimulation. Together, our findings illustrate that gut dysbiosis plays an essential role in SD-induced cognitive impairment by activating microglial engulfment at synapses. A. muciniphila supplementation may be a novel preventative strategy for SD-induced cognitive dysfunction, by increasing SCFAs production and maintaining microglial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuwen Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiao Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shan Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen Tian
- Department of Pharmacy, No. 95829 Military Hospital of PLA, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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Stöberl N, Maguire E, Salis E, Shaw B, Hall-Roberts H. Human iPSC-derived glia models for the study of neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:231. [PMID: 37817184 PMCID: PMC10566197 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02919-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a complex biological process that plays a significant role in various brain disorders. Microglia and astrocytes are the key cell types involved in inflammatory responses in the central nervous system. Neuroinflammation results in increased levels of secreted inflammatory factors, such as cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species. To model neuroinflammation in vitro, various human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based models have been utilized, including monocultures, transfer of conditioned media between cell types, co-culturing multiple cell types, neural organoids, and xenotransplantation of cells into the mouse brain. To induce neuroinflammatory responses in vitro, several stimuli have been established that can induce responses in either microglia, astrocytes, or both. Here, we describe and critically evaluate the different types of iPSC models that can be used to study neuroinflammation and highlight how neuroinflammation has been induced and measured in these cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Stöberl
- UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT UK
| | - Emily Maguire
- UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT UK
| | - Elisa Salis
- UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT UK
| | - Bethany Shaw
- UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT UK
| | - Hazel Hall-Roberts
- UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT UK
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Baričević Z, Ayar Z, Leitao SM, Mladinic M, Fantner GE, Ban J. Label-Free Long-Term Methods for Live Cell Imaging of Neurons: New Opportunities. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:404. [PMID: 36979616 PMCID: PMC10046152 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Time-lapse light microscopy combined with in vitro neuronal cultures has provided a significant contribution to the field of Developmental Neuroscience. The establishment of the neuronal polarity, i.e., formation of axons and dendrites, key structures responsible for inter-neuronal signaling, was described in 1988 by Dotti, Sullivan and Banker in a milestone paper that continues to be cited 30 years later. In the following decades, numerous fluorescently labeled tags and dyes were developed for live cell imaging, providing tremendous advancements in terms of resolution, acquisition speed and the ability to track specific cell structures. However, long-term recordings with fluorescence-based approaches remain challenging because of light-induced phototoxicity and/or interference of tags with cell physiology (e.g., perturbed cytoskeletal dynamics) resulting in compromised cell viability leading to cell death. Therefore, a label-free approach remains the most desirable method in long-term imaging of living neurons. In this paper we will focus on label-free high-resolution methods that can be successfully used over a prolonged period. We propose novel tools such as scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) or digital holography microscopy (DHM) that could provide new insights into live cell dynamics during neuronal development and regeneration after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zrinko Baričević
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (Z.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Zahra Ayar
- Laboratory for Bio- and Nano-Instrumentation, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (Z.A.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Samuel M. Leitao
- Laboratory for Bio- and Nano-Instrumentation, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (Z.A.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Miranda Mladinic
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (Z.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Georg E. Fantner
- Laboratory for Bio- and Nano-Instrumentation, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (Z.A.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Jelena Ban
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (Z.B.); (M.M.)
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Establishment and Application of a Novel In Vitro Model of Microglial Activation in Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurosci 2023; 43:319-332. [PMID: 36446585 PMCID: PMC9838700 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1539-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical impact-induced primary injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to acute microglial pro-inflammatory activation and consequently mediates neurodegeneration, which is a major secondary brain injury mechanism. However, the detailed pathologic cascades have not been fully elucidated, partially because of the pathologic complexity in animal TBI models. Although there are several in vitro TBI models, none of them closely mimic post-TBI microglial activation. In the present study, we aimed to establish an in vitro TBI model, specifically reconstituting the pro-inflammatory activation and associated neurodegeneration following TBI. We proposed three sets of experiments. First, we established a needle scratch injured neuron-induced microglial activation and neurodegeneration in vitro model of TBI. Second, we compared microglial pro-inflammatory cytokines profiles between the in vitro TBI model and TBI in male mice. Additionally, we validated the role of injured neurons-derived damage-associated molecular patterns in amplifying microglial pro-inflammatory pathways using the in vitro TBI model. Third, we applied the in vitro model for the first time to characterize the cellular metabolic profile of needle scratch injured-neuron-activated microglia, and define the role of metabolic reprogramming in mediating pro-inflammatory microglial activation and mediated neurodegeneration. Our results showed that we successfully established a novel in vitro TBI model, which closely mimics primary neuronal injury-triggered microglial pro-inflammatory activation and mediated neurodegeneration after TBI. This in vitro model provides an advanced and highly translational platform for dissecting interactions in the pathologic processes of neuronal injury-microglial activation-neuronal degeneration cascade, and elucidating the detailed underlying cellular and molecular insights after TBI.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Microglial activation is a key component of acute neuroinflammation that leads to neurodegeneration and long-term neurologic outcome deficits after TBI. However, it is not feasible to truly dissect primary neuronal injury-induced microglia activation, and consequently mediated neurodegeneration in vivo Furthermore, there is currently lacking of in vitro TBI models closely mimicking the TBI primary injury-mediated microglial activation. In this study, we successfully established and validated a novel in vitro TBI model of microglial activation, and for the first time, characterized the cellular metabolic profile of microglia in this model. This novel microglial activation in vitro TBI model will help in elucidating microglial inflammatory activation and consequently associated neurodegeneration after TBI.
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Zhang Q, Liu M, Nong H, Zhang Y, Bai Y, Liu P, Zong S, Zeng G. Total flavonoids of hawthorn leaves protect spinal motor neurons via promotion of autophagy after spinal cord injury. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:925568. [PMID: 36071834 PMCID: PMC9441667 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.925568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The death of spinal motor neurons (SMNs) after spinal cord injury (SCI) is a crucial cause, contributing to a permanent neurological deficit. Total flavonoids of hawthorn leaves (TFHL) have been confirmed to have potentially therapeutic for SCI. Nonetheless, the roles and mechanisms of TFHL in recovering neuromotor function and regenerating axons of SMNs have not been fully elucidated. In this study, TFHL was applied to treat rats with SCI and injured SMNs for 7 days. In vivo experiment, rats with SCI were evaluated by a BBB (Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan) score to assess their motor functional recovery. The morphology, microstructure, apoptosis, Nissl bodies, and autophagy of SMNs in spinal cord tissue were detected by Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, transmission electron microscopy, TUNEL staining, Nissl staining, and immunohistochemistry respectively. In vitro experiment, the co-culture model of SMNs and astrocytes was constructed to simulate the internal environment around SMNs in the spinal cord tissue. The cell morphology, microstructure, axonal regeneration, and autophagy were observed via optical microscope, transmission electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence. The content of neurotrophic factors in the cell culture medium of the co-culture model was detected by ELISA. Moreover, the expression of axon-related and autophagy-related proteins in the spinal cord tissue and SMNs was measured by Western Blot. We demonstrated that TFHL improved the neuromotor function recovery in rats after SCI. We then found that TFHL significantly promoted injured spinal cord tissue repair, reduced apoptosis, and improved the functional status of neurons in spinal cord tissue in vivo. Meanwhile, the cell morphology, microstructure, and axonal regeneration of damaged SMNs also obviously were improved, and the secretion of neurotrophic factors was facilitated after treatment with TFHL in vitro. Further, we revealed that TFHL promoted autophagy and related protein expression in vivo and vitro. Taken together, our study suggested that TFHL might facilitate autophagy and have neuroprotective properties in SMNs to enhance the recovery of neuromotor function of rats with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhang
- School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Mingfu Liu
- Department of Spine Osteopathia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Haibin Nong
- Department of Spine Osteopathia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Guangxi Biological Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yiguang Bai
- Department of Spine Osteopathia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Pan Liu
- Department of Spine Osteopathia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shaohui Zong
- Department of Spine Osteopathia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Shaohui Zong, ; Gaofeng Zeng,
| | - Gaofeng Zeng
- School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Shaohui Zong, ; Gaofeng Zeng,
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Massimini M, Bachetti B, Dalle Vedove E, Benvenga A, Di Pierro F, Bernabò N. A Set of Dysregulated Target Genes to Reduce Neuroinflammation at Molecular Level. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137175. [PMID: 35806178 PMCID: PMC9266409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence links chronic neurodegenerative diseases with neuroinflammation; it is known that neuroprotective agents are capable of modulating the inflammatory processes, that occur with the onset of neurodegeneration pathologies. Here, with the intention of providing a means for active compounds’ screening, a dysregulation of neuronal inflammatory marker genes was induced and subjected to neuroprotective active principles, with the aim of selecting a set of inflammatory marker genes linked to neurodegenerative diseases. Considering the important role of microglia in neurodegeneration, a murine co-culture of hippocampal cells and inflamed microglia cells was set up. The evaluation of differentially expressed genes and subsequent in silico analysis showed the main dysregulated genes in both cells and the principal inflammatory processes involved in the model. Among the identified genes, a well-defined set was chosen, selecting those in which a role in human neurodegenerative progression in vivo was already defined in literature, matched with the rate of prediction derived from the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of in vitro treatment-affected genes variation. The obtained panel of dysregulated target genes, including Cxcl9 (Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9), C4b (Complement Component 4B), Stc1 (Stanniocalcin 1), Abcb1a (ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily B Member 1), Hp (Haptoglobin) and Adm (Adrenomedullin), can be considered an in vitro tool to select old and new active compounds directed to neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Massimini
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Benedetta Bachetti
- R&D Division, C.I.A.M. Srl, 63100 Ascoli Piceno, Italy; (B.B.); (E.D.V.); (A.B.)
| | - Elena Dalle Vedove
- R&D Division, C.I.A.M. Srl, 63100 Ascoli Piceno, Italy; (B.B.); (E.D.V.); (A.B.)
| | - Alessia Benvenga
- R&D Division, C.I.A.M. Srl, 63100 Ascoli Piceno, Italy; (B.B.); (E.D.V.); (A.B.)
| | - Francesco Di Pierro
- Velleja Research, 20125 Milan, Italy;
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Poliambulanza, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicola Bernabò
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
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Aktories P, Petry P, Kierdorf K. Microglia in a Dish—Which Techniques Are on the Menu for Functional Studies? Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:908315. [PMID: 35722614 PMCID: PMC9204042 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.908315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia build the first line of defense in the central nervous system (CNS) and play central roles during development and homeostasis. Indeed, they serve a plethora of diverse functions in the CNS of which many are not yet fully described and more are still to be discovered. Research of the last decades unraveled an implication of microglia in nearly every neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disease, making it even more challenging to elucidate molecular mechanisms behind microglial functions and to modulate aberrant microglial behavior. To understand microglial functions and the underlying signaling machinery, many attempts were made to employ functional in vitro studies of microglia. However, the range of available cell culture models is wide and they come with different advantages and disadvantages for functional assays. Here we aim to provide a condensed summary of common microglia in vitro systems and discuss their potentials and shortcomings for functional studies in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Aktories
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philippe Petry
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Kierdorf
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS-Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Katrin Kierdorf
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Qin YR, Ma CQ, Jiang JH, Wang DP, Zhang QQ, Liu MR, Zhao HR, Fang Q, Liu Y. Artesunate restores mitochondrial fusion-fission dynamics and alleviates neuronal injury in Alzheimer's disease models. J Neurochem 2022; 162:290-304. [PMID: 35598091 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains a leading cause of dementia and no therapy that reverses underlying neurodegeneration is available. Recent studies suggest the protective role of artemisinin, an antimalarial drug, in neurological disorders. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of artesunate, a water-soluble derivative of artemisinin, on amyloid-beta (Aβ)-treated challenged microglial BV-2, neuronal N2a cells, and the amyloid precursor protein/presenilin (APP/PS1) mice model. We found that Aβ significantly induced multiple AD-related phenotypes, including increased expression/production of pro-inflammatory cytokines from microglial cells, enhanced cellular and mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species, promoted mitochondrial fission, inhibited mitochondrial fusion, suppressed mitophagy or biogenesis in both cell types, stimulated apoptosis of neuronal cells, and microglia-induced killing of neurons. All these in vitro phenotypes were attenuated by artesunate. In addition, the over-expression of the mitochondrial fission protein Drp-1, or down-regulation of the mitochondrial fusion protein OPA-1 both reduced the therapeutic benefits of artesunate. Artesunate also alleviated AD phenotypes in APP/PS1 mice, reducing Aβ deposition, and reversing deficits in memory and learning. Artesunate protects neuronal and microglial cells from AD pathology, both in vitro and in vivo. Maintaining mitochondrial dynamics and simultaneously targeting multiple AD pathogenic mechanisms are associated with the protective effects of artesunate. Consequently, artesunate may become a promising therapeutic for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ren Qin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chi-Qian Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Da-Peng Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Quan-Quan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mei-Rong Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong-Ru Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qi Fang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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12
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Ou Y, Che M, Peng J, Zhou M, Wu G, Gong H, Li K, Wang X, Niu P, Qi S, Feng Z. An Efficient Method for the Isolation and Cultivation of Hypothalamic Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells From Mouse Embryos. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:711138. [PMID: 35185481 PMCID: PMC8854184 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.711138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is the key region that regulates the neuroendocrine system as well as instinct behaviors, and hypothalamic dysfunction causes refractory clinical problems. Recent studies have indicated that neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) in the hypothalamus play a crucial role in hypothalamic function. However, specific hypothalamic NSPC culture methods have not been established, especially not detailed or efficient surgical procedures. The present study presented a convenient, detailed and efficient method for the isolation and cultivation of hypothalamic NSPCs from embryonic day 12.5 mice. The procedure includes embryo acquisition, brain microdissection to quickly obtain hypothalamic tissue and hypothalamic NSPC culture. Hypothalamic NSPCs can be quickly harvested and grow well in both neurosphere and adherent cultures through this method. Additionally, we confirmed the cell origin and evaluated the proliferation and differentiation properties of cultured cells. In conclusion, we present a convenient and practical method for the isolation and cultivation of hypothalamic NSPCs that can be used in extensive hypothalamic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Ou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengjie Che
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingfeng Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangsen Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haodong Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- First Medical Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingqin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peirong Niu
- First Medical Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songtao Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Songtao Qi,
| | - Zhanpeng Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Zhanpeng Feng,
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13
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Hao X, Li Z, Li W, Katz J, Michalek SM, Barnum SR, Pozzo-Miller L, Saito T, Saido TC, Wang Q, Roberson ED, Zhang P. Periodontal Infection Aggravates C1q-Mediated Microglial Activation and Synapse Pruning in Alzheimer's Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:816640. [PMID: 35178049 PMCID: PMC8845011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.816640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a dysbiotic infectious disease that leads to the destruction of tooth supporting tissues. There is increasing evidence that periodontitis may affect the development and severity of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanism(s) by which periodontal infection impacts the neurodegenerative process in AD remains unclear. In the present study, using an amyloid precursor protein (APP) knock-in (App KI) AD mouse model, we showed that oral infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), a keystone pathogen of periodontitis, worsened behavioral and cognitive impairment and accelerated amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation in AD mice, thus unquestionably and significantly aggravating AD. We also provide new evidence that the neuroinflammatory status established by AD, is greatly complicated by periodontal infection and the consequential entry of Pg into the brain via Aβ-primed microglial activation, and that Pg-induced brain overactivation of complement C1q is critical for periodontitis-associated acceleration of AD progression by amplifying microglial activation, neuroinflammation, and tagging synapses for microglial engulfment. Our study renders support for the importance of periodontal infection in the innate immune regulation of AD and the possibility of targeting microbial etiology and periodontal treatment to ameliorate the clinical manifestation of AD and lower AD prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Hao
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Zhaofei Li
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jannet Katz
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Suzanne M. Michalek
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | | | - Lucas Pozzo-Miller
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takaomi C. Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Erik D. Roberson
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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14
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Nguyen VTT, König S, Eggert S, Endres K, Kins S. The role of mycotoxins in neurodegenerative diseases: current state of the art and future perspectives of research. Biol Chem 2021; 403:3-26. [PMID: 34449171 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites that can cause various diseases in humans and animals. The adverse health effects of mycotoxins such as liver failure, immune deficiency, and cancer are well-described. However, growing evidence suggests an additional link between these fungal metabolites and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite the wealth of these initial reports, reliable conclusions are still constrained by limited access to human patients and availability of suitable cell or animal model systems. This review summarizes knowledge on mycotoxins associated with neurodegenerative diseases and the assumed underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. The limitations of the common in vivo and in vitro experiments to identify the role of mycotoxins in neurotoxicity and thereby in neurodegenerative diseases are elucidated and possible future perspectives to further evolve this research field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Thu Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Svenja König
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 13, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Simone Eggert
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 13, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Kins
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 13, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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15
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Zhang Y, Cui D. Evolving Models and Tools for Microglial Studies in the Central Nervous System. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:1218-1233. [PMID: 34106404 PMCID: PMC8353053 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00706-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play multiple roles in such processes as brain development, homeostasis, and pathology. Due to their diverse mechanisms of functions, the complex sub-classifications, and the large differences between different species, especially compared with humans, very different or even opposite conclusions can be drawn from studies with different research models. The choice of appropriate research models and the associated tools are thus key ingredients of studies on microglia. Mice are the most commonly used animal models. In this review, we summarize in vitro and in vivo models of mouse and human-derived microglial research models, including microglial cell lines, primary microglia, induced microglia-like cells, transgenic mice, human-mouse chimeric models, and microglial replacement models. We also summarize recent developments in novel single-cell and in vivo imaging technologies. We hope our review can serve as an efficient reference for the future study of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, 201108, China
| | - Donghong Cui
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, 201108, China.
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16
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Gegunde S, Alfonso A, Alvariño R, Pérez-Fuentes N, Botana LM. Anhydroexfoliamycin, a Streptomyces Secondary Metabolite, Mitigates Microglia-Driven Inflammation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2336-2346. [PMID: 34110771 PMCID: PMC8893361 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
Anhydroexfoliamycin, a secondary
metabolite from Streptomyces, has shown antioxidant
properties in primary cortical neurons reducing
neurodegenerative hallmarks diseases, both in vitro and in vivo models. Activated microglia, in the
central nervous system, plays a crucial role in neuroinflammation
and is associated with neurodegeneration. Therefore, the aim of the
present study was to determine the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant
potential of the anhydroexfoliamycin over microglia BV2 cells. Neuroinflammation
was simulated by incubation of microglia cells in the presence of
lipopolysaccharide to activate proinflammatory transduction pathways.
Moreover, a coculture of neuron SH-SY5Y and microglia BV2 cells was
used to evaluate the neuroprotective properties of the Streptomyces metabolite. When microglia cells were preincubated with anhydroexfoliamycin,
proinflammatory pathways, such as the translocation of the nuclear
factor κB, the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and
the inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, were inhibited. In
addition, intracellular reactive oxygen species generation and the
liberation of nitric oxide, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor
α were also decreased. Besides, the Streptomyces-derived compound showed antioxidant properties promoting the translocation
of the factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and protecting the SH-SY5Y
cells from the neurotoxic mediators released by activated microglia.
The effects of this compound were at the same level as the immunosuppressive
drug cyclosporine A. Therefore, these results indicate that anhydroexfoliamycin
is a promising tool to control microglia-driven inflammation with
therapeutic potential in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gegunde
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- Grupo Investigación Biosdiscovery, IDIS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- Grupo Investigación Biosdiscovery, IDIS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rebeca Alvariño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- Grupo Investigación Biosdiscovery, IDIS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Nadia Pérez-Fuentes
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- Grupo Investigación Biosdiscovery, IDIS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Luis M. Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- Grupo Investigación Biosdiscovery, IDIS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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17
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Yang C, Gong S, Chen X, Wang M, Zhang L, Zhang L, Hu C. Analgecine regulates microglia polarization in ischemic stroke by inhibiting NF-κB through the TLR4 MyD88 pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:107930. [PMID: 34229178 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies used to attenuate inflammation and to increase recovery of neurons after a stroke include microglia anti-inflammatory (M2) polarization and repression of proinflammatory (M1). Extracts isolated from Vaccina variola-inoculated rabbit skin, for example analgecine (AGC), have been used as a therapy for patients experiencing lower back pain associated with degenerative diseases of the spine for about twenty years. In the study presented here, neuroprotective effect associated with AGC was analyzed as well as the anti-inflammatory mechanism linked to AGC in terms of attenuating microglia-mediated neuronal damage. Rats were intravenously injected with AGC after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), which showed to suppress neuronal loss and reduce neurological deficits. In addition, AGC inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine release and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, this study revealed that treatment with AGC supported microglia transition from M1 to M2 in both oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) and LPS/IFN-γ induced microglia cells, as well as indirectly inhibited LPS/IFN-γ-induced neuronal damage through the modulation of microglial polarization. It is also important to note that AGC inhibited NF-κB p65 phosphorylation through repressing TLR4/Myd88/TRAF6 signaling pathway. In addition, we found that TLR4 inhibition by AGC depended on Myd88. Altogether, this work supports that AGC inhibits M1 microglial polarization and promotes anti-inflammation independently and dependently on TLR4/MyD88. Since it is shown to have neuroprotective effects in this study, AGC has great potential to be used in the clinic to reduce inflammation and aid in recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Shili Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Mingyang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Chaoying Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China.
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18
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Woolf Z, Stevenson TJ, Lee K, Jung Y, Park TI, Curtis MA, Montgomery JM, Dragunow M. Isolation of adult mouse microglia using their in vitro adherent properties. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100518. [PMID: 34027479 PMCID: PMC8121984 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary innate immune effectors of the central nervous system. Although numerous protocols have been developed to isolate fetal mouse microglia, the isolation of adult mouse microglia has proven more difficult. Here, we present a simple, widely accessible protocol to isolate pure microglia cultures from 4- to 14-month-old mouse brains using their adherent properties in vitro. These isolated microglia recapitulate the adherent properties of adult human microglia and present a more suitable model for studying age-related diseases. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol in adult human microglia, please refer to Rustenhoven et al. (2016).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Woolf
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, New Zealand
| | - Taylor J. Stevenson
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, The University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, New Zealand
| | - Kevin Lee
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, New Zealand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, New Zealand
| | - Yewon Jung
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, New Zealand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, New Zealand
| | - Thomas I.H. Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A. Curtis
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, The University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, New Zealand
| | - Johanna M. Montgomery
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, New Zealand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, New Zealand
| | - Michael Dragunow
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, New Zealand
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19
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One Brain-All Cells: A Comprehensive Protocol to Isolate All Principal CNS-Resident Cell Types from Brain and Spinal Cord of Adult Healthy and EAE Mice. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030651. [PMID: 33804060 PMCID: PMC7999839 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis, the role of each central nervous system (CNS)-resident cell type during inflammation, neurodegeneration, and remission has been frequently addressed. Although protocols for the isolation of different individual CNS-resident cell types exist, none can harvest all of them within a single experiment. In addition, isolation of individual cells is more demanding in adult mice and even more so from the inflamed CNS. Here, we present a protocol for the simultaneous purification of viable single-cell suspensions of all principal CNS-resident cell types (microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and neurons) from adult mice-applicable in healthy mice as well as in EAE. After dissociation of the brain and spinal cord from adult mice, microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and, neurons were isolated via magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS). Validations comprised flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, as well as functional analyses (immunoassay and Sholl analysis). The purity of each cell isolation averaged 90%. All cells displayed cell-type-specific morphologies and expressed specific surface markers. In conclusion, this new protocol for the simultaneous isolation of all major CNS-resident cell types from one CNS offers a sophisticated and comprehensive way to investigate complex cellular networks ex vivo and simultaneously reduce mice numbers to be sacrificed.
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20
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Morini R, Bizzotto M, Perrucci F, Filipello F, Matteoli M. Strategies and Tools for Studying Microglial-Mediated Synapse Elimination and Refinement. Front Immunol 2021; 12:640937. [PMID: 33708226 PMCID: PMC7940197 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.640937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of microglia in controlling synapse homeostasis is becoming increasingly recognized by the scientific community. In particular, the microglia-mediated elimination of supernumerary synapses during development lays the basis for the correct formation of neuronal circuits in adulthood, while the possible reactivation of this process in pathological conditions, such as schizophrenia or Alzheimer's Disease, provides a promising target for future therapeutic strategies. The methodological approaches to investigate microglial synaptic engulfment include different in vitro and in vivo settings. Basic in vitro assays, employing isolated microglia and microbeads, apoptotic membranes, liposomes or synaptosomes allow the quantification of the microglia phagocytic abilities, while co-cultures of microglia and neurons, deriving from either WT or genetically modified mice models, provide a relatively manageable setting to investigate the involvement of specific molecular pathways. Further detailed analysis in mice brain is then mandatory to validate the in vitro assays as representative for the in vivo situation. The present review aims to dissect the main technical approaches to investigate microglia-mediated phagocytosis of neuronal and synaptic substrates in critical developmental time windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Morini
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neurocenter, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Matteo Bizzotto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neurocenter, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Fabio Perrucci
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neurocenter, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Fabia Filipello
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neurocenter, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neurocenter, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy.,Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Institute of Neuroscience - URT Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy
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21
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Forro C, Caron D, Angotzi GN, Gallo V, Berdondini L, Santoro F, Palazzolo G, Panuccio G. Electrophysiology Read-Out Tools for Brain-on-Chip Biotechnology. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:124. [PMID: 33498905 PMCID: PMC7912435 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Brain-on-Chip (BoC) biotechnology is emerging as a promising tool for biomedical and pharmaceutical research applied to the neurosciences. At the convergence between lab-on-chip and cell biology, BoC couples in vitro three-dimensional brain-like systems to an engineered microfluidics platform designed to provide an in vivo-like extrinsic microenvironment with the aim of replicating tissue- or organ-level physiological functions. BoC therefore offers the advantage of an in vitro reproduction of brain structures that is more faithful to the native correlate than what is obtained with conventional cell culture techniques. As brain function ultimately results in the generation of electrical signals, electrophysiology techniques are paramount for studying brain activity in health and disease. However, as BoC is still in its infancy, the availability of combined BoC-electrophysiology platforms is still limited. Here, we summarize the available biological substrates for BoC, starting with a historical perspective. We then describe the available tools enabling BoC electrophysiology studies, detailing their fabrication process and technical features, along with their advantages and limitations. We discuss the current and future applications of BoC electrophysiology, also expanding to complementary approaches. We conclude with an evaluation of the potential translational applications and prospective technology developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Forro
- Tissue Electronics, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci, 53-80125 Naples, Italy; (C.F.); (F.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Davide Caron
- Enhanced Regenerative Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30-16163 Genova, Italy; (D.C.); (V.G.)
| | - Gian Nicola Angotzi
- Microtechnology for Neuroelectronics, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30-16163 Genova, Italy; (G.N.A.); (L.B.)
| | - Vincenzo Gallo
- Enhanced Regenerative Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30-16163 Genova, Italy; (D.C.); (V.G.)
| | - Luca Berdondini
- Microtechnology for Neuroelectronics, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30-16163 Genova, Italy; (G.N.A.); (L.B.)
| | - Francesca Santoro
- Tissue Electronics, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci, 53-80125 Naples, Italy; (C.F.); (F.S.)
| | - Gemma Palazzolo
- Enhanced Regenerative Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30-16163 Genova, Italy; (D.C.); (V.G.)
| | - Gabriella Panuccio
- Enhanced Regenerative Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30-16163 Genova, Italy; (D.C.); (V.G.)
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22
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Lorenzen K, Mathy NW, Whiteford ER, Eischeid A, Chen J, Behrens M, Chen XM, Shibata A. Microglia induce neurogenic protein expression in primary cortical cells by stimulating PI3K/AKT intracellular signaling in vitro. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:563-584. [PMID: 33387198 PMCID: PMC7884585 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that microglia can support neurogenesis. Little is known about the mechanisms by which microglia regulate the cortical environment and stimulate cortical neurogenesis. We used an in vitro co-culture model system to investigate the hypothesis that microglia respond to soluble signals from cortical cells, particularly following mechanical injury, to alter the cortical environment and promote cortical cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Analyses of cortical cell proliferation, cell death, neurogenic protein expression, and intracellular signaling were performed on uninjured and injured cortical cells in co-culture with microglial cell lines. Microglia soluble cues enhanced cortical cell viability and proliferation cortical cells. Co-culture of injured cortical cells with microglia significantly reduced cell death of cortical cells. Microglial co-culture significantly increased Nestin + and α-internexin + cortical cells. Multiplex ELISA and RT-PCR showed decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production by microglia co-cultured with injured cortical cells. Inhibition of AKT phosphorylation in cortical cells blocked microglial-enhanced cortical cell viability and expression of neurogenic markers in vitro. This in vitro model system allows for assessment of the effect of microglial-derived soluble signals on cortical cell viability, proliferation, and stages of differentiation during homeostasis or following mechanical injury. These data suggest that microglia cells can downregulate inflammatory cytokine production following activation by mechanical injury to enhance proliferation of new cells capable of neurogenesis via activation of AKT intracellular signaling. Increasing our understanding of the mechanisms that drive microglial-enhanced cortical neurogenesis during homeostasis and following injury in vitro will provide useful information for future primary cell and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi Lorenzen
- Biology Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Nicholas W Mathy
- Biology Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
- Pediatric Medicine, St. Joseph Heritage Healthcare, Chino Hills, CA, USA
| | - Erin R Whiteford
- Biology Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
- Pediatric Medicine, St. Joseph Heritage Healthcare, Chino Hills, CA, USA
| | - Alex Eischeid
- Biology Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
- Stanford Hospital and Clinics, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Biology Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
- Pediatric Medicine, St. Joseph Heritage Healthcare, Chino Hills, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Behrens
- Biology Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
- University of Nebraska College of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Xian-Ming Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
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23
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Cholic Acid Protects In Vitro Neurovascular Units against Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation-Induced Injury through the BDNF-TrkB Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:1201624. [PMID: 33101581 PMCID: PMC7576336 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1201624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) can disrupt various types of brain cells in the neurovascular unit (NVU) at both the structural and functional levels. Therefore, NVU is considered to be a more comprehensive target for the treatment of IS. It is necessary to develop drugs which targeted multiple mechanisms and cell types on NVU against IS. As a component of bile acid, cholic acid has been reported to be able to diffuse across phospholipid bilayers and further cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, the effects exerted by cholic acid (CA) on the NVU after stroke remain unclear. Based on our previous research, we established and further supplemented the characteristics of the functional in vitro NVU model and its oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) model. Then, we investigated the effect of CA on the maintenance of the in vitro NVU after OGD/R and further discussed the specific molecular targets that CA played a role in. For the first time, we found that CA significantly maintained BBB integrity, downregulated apoptosis, and mitigated oxidative stress and inflammation damage after OGD/R. Meanwhile, CA obviously increased the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which were mainly secreted from astrocytes, in the coculture system after OGD/R. The results demonstrated that CA significantly increased the expression of TrkB, PI3K/Akt, MAPK/Erk, and CREB in neurons. These positive effects on the downstream proteins of BDNF were suppressed by treatment with ANA12 which is an inhibitor of TrkB. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that CA exerted multiple protective effects on the NVU, mediated by increasing the release of BDNF and further stimulating the BDNF-TrkB-PI3K/Akt and BDNF-TrkB-MAPK/Erk signaling pathways in the context of OGD/R-induced injury. These findings indicate that CA possesses the effect of antagonizing multiple mechanisms of IS and protecting multiple cell types in NVU and may be useful as a treatment for IS.
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24
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Goshi N, Morgan RK, Lein PJ, Seker E. A primary neural cell culture model to study neuron, astrocyte, and microglia interactions in neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:155. [PMID: 32393376 PMCID: PMC7216677 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01819-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interactions between neurons, astrocytes, and microglia critically influence neuroinflammatory responses to insult in the central nervous system. In vitro astrocyte and microglia cultures are powerful tools to study specific molecular pathways involved in neuroinflammation; however, in order to better understand the influence of cellular crosstalk on neuroinflammation, new multicellular culture models are required. Methods Primary cortical cells taken from neonatal rats were cultured in a serum-free “tri-culture” medium formulated to support neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, or a “co-culture” medium formulated to support only neurons and astrocytes. Caspase 3/7 activity and morphological changes were used to quantify the response of the two culture types to different neuroinflammatory stimuli mimicking sterile bacterial infection (lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure), mechanical injury (scratch), and seizure activity (glutamate-induced excitotoxicity). The secreted cytokine profile of control and LPS-exposed co- and tri-cultures were also compared. Results The tri-culture maintained a physiologically relevant representation of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia for 14 days in vitro, while the co-cultures maintained a similar population of neurons and astrocytes, but lacked microglia. The continuous presence of microglia did not negatively impact the overall health of the neurons in the tri-culture, which showed reduced caspase 3/7 activity and similar neurite outgrowth as the co-cultures, along with an increase in the microglia-secreted neurotrophic factor IGF-1 and a significantly reduced concentration of CX3CL1 in the conditioned media. LPS-exposed tri-cultures showed significant astrocyte hypertrophy, increase in caspase 3/7 activity, and the secretion of a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF, IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6), none of which were observed in LPS-exposed co-cultures. Following mechanical trauma, the tri-culture showed increased caspase 3/7 activity, as compared to the co-culture, along with increased astrocyte migration towards the source of injury. Finally, the microglia in the tri-culture played a significant neuroprotective role during glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, with significantly reduced neuron loss and astrocyte hypertrophy in the tri-culture. Conclusions The tri-culture consisting of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia more faithfully mimics in vivo neuroinflammatory responses than standard mono- and co-cultures. This tri-culture can be a useful tool to study neuroinflammation in vitro with improved accuracy in predicting in vivo neuroinflammatory phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Goshi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Rhianna K Morgan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Erkin Seker
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California - Davis, 3177 Kemper Hall, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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25
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Sabogal-Guáqueta AM, Marmolejo-Garza A, de Pádua VP, Eggen B, Boddeke E, Dolga AM. Microglia alterations in neurodegenerative diseases and their modeling with human induced pluripotent stem cell and other platforms. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 190:101805. [PMID: 32335273 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the main innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Unlike neurons and glial cells, which derive from ectoderm, microglia migrate early during embryo development from the yolk-sac, a mesodermal-derived structure. Microglia regulate synaptic pruning during development and induce or modulate inflammation during aging and chronic diseases. Microglia are sensitive to brain injuries and threats, altering their phenotype and function to adopt a so-called immune-activated state in response to any perceived threat to the CNS integrity. Here, we present a short overview on the role of microglia in human neurodegenerative diseases and provide an update on the current model systems to study microglia, including cell lines, iPSC-derived microglia with an emphasis in their transcriptomic profile and integration into 3D brain organoids. We present various strategies to model and study their role in neurodegeneration providing a relevant platform for the development of novel and more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica María Sabogal-Guáqueta
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, section Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area-School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Marmolejo-Garza
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, section Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vítor Passos de Pádua
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Neurology Department, Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bart Eggen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, section Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Boddeke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, section Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amalia M Dolga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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26
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Liao R, Wood TR, Nance E. Superoxide dismutase reduces monosodium glutamate-induced injury in an organotypic whole hemisphere brain slice model of excitotoxicity. J Biol Eng 2020; 14:3. [PMID: 32042309 PMCID: PMC7001228 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-020-0226-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knowledge of glutamate excitotoxicity has increased substantially over the past few decades, with multiple proposed pathways involved in inflicting damage. We sought to develop a monosodium glutamate (MSG) exposed ex vivo organotypic whole hemisphere (OWH) brain slice model of excitotoxicity to study excitotoxic processes and screen the efficacy of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Results The OWH model is a reproducible platform with high cell viability and retained cellular morphology. OWH slices exposed to MSG induced significant cytotoxicity and downregulation of neuronal excitation-related gene expression. The OWH brain slice model has enabled us to isolate and study components of excitotoxicity, distinguishing the effects of glutamate excitation, hyperosmolar stress, and inflammation. We find that extracellularly administered SOD is significantly protective in inhibiting cell death and restoring healthy mitochondrial morphology. SOD efficacy suggests that superoxide scavenging is a promising therapeutic strategy in excitotoxic injury. Conclusions Using OWH brain slice models, we can obtain a better understanding of the pathological mechanisms of excitotoxic injury, and more rapidly screen potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Liao
- 1Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, 3781 Okanogan Lane NE, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Thomas R Wood
- 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Elizabeth Nance
- 1Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, 3781 Okanogan Lane NE, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.,3Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA.,4Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
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27
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Alvarez-Carbonell D, Ye F, Ramanath N, Garcia-Mesa Y, Knapp PE, Hauser KF, Karn J. Cross-talk between microglia and neurons regulates HIV latency. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008249. [PMID: 31887215 PMCID: PMC6953890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are found in nearly one-third of patients. Using a cellular co-culture system including neurons and human microglia infected with HIV (hμglia/HIV), we investigated the hypothesis that HIV-dependent neurological degeneration results from the periodic emergence of HIV from latency within microglial cells in response to neuronal damage or inflammatory signals. When a clonal hμglia/HIV population (HC69) expressing HIV, or HIV infected human primary and iPSC-derived microglial cells, were cultured for a short-term (24 h) with healthy neurons, HIV was silenced. The neuron-dependent induction of latency in HC69 cells was recapitulated using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived GABAergic cortical (iCort) and dopaminergic (iDopaNer), but not motor (iMotorNer), neurons. By contrast, damaged neurons induce HIV expression in latently infected microglial cells. After 48-72 h co-culture, low levels of HIV expression appear to damage neurons, which further enhances HIV expression. There was a marked reduction in intact dendrites staining for microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP2) in the neurons exposed to HIV-expressing microglial cells, indicating extensive dendritic pruning. To model neurotoxicity induced by methamphetamine (METH), we treated cells with nM levels of METH and suboptimal levels of poly (I:C), a TLR3 agonist that mimics the effects of the circulating bacterial rRNA found in HIV infected patients. This combination of agents potently induced HIV expression, with the METH effect mediated by the σ1 receptor (σ1R). In co-cultures of HC69 cells with iCort neurons, the combination of METH and poly(I:C) induced HIV expression and dendritic damage beyond levels seen using either agent alone, Thus, our results demonstrate that the cross-talk between healthy neurons and microglia modulates HIV expression, while HIV expression impairs this intrinsic molecular mechanism resulting in the excessive and uncontrolled stimulation of microglia-mediated neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alvarez-Carbonell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Fengchun Ye
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nirmala Ramanath
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yoelvis Garcia-Mesa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Pamela E. Knapp
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kurt F. Hauser
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Karn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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28
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Ivasiv V, Albertini C, Gonçalves AE, Rossi M, Bolognesi ML. Molecular Hybridization as a Tool for Designing Multitarget Drug Candidates for Complex Diseases. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1694-1711. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190619115735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Molecular hybridization is a well-exploited medicinal chemistry strategy that aims to combine
two molecules (or parts of them) in a new, single chemical entity. Recently, it has been recognized
as an effective approach to design ligands able to modulate multiple targets of interest. Hybrid compounds
can be obtained by linking (presence of a linker) or framework integration (merging or fusing)
strategies. Although very promising to combat the multifactorial nature of complex diseases, the development
of molecular hybrids faces the critical issues of selecting the right target combination and the
achievement of a balanced activity towards them, while maintaining drug-like-properties. In this review,
we present recent case histories from our own research group that demonstrate why and how molecular
hybridization can be carried out to address the challenges of multitarget drug discovery in two therapeutic
areas that are Alzheimer’s and parasitic diseases. Selected examples spanning from linker- to fragment-
based hybrids will allow to discuss issues and consequences relevant to drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Ivasiv
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum − University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Albertini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum − University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ana E. Gonçalves
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum − University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum − University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria L. Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum − University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
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29
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Oliveira EP, Silva-Correia J, Reis RL, Oliveira JM. Biomaterials Developments for Brain Tissue Engineering. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1078:323-346. [PMID: 30357631 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0950-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Central Nervous System (CNS) is a highly complex organ that works as the control centre of the body, managing vital and non-vital functions. Neuro-diseases can lead to the degeneration of neural tissue, breakage of the neuronal networks which can affect vital functions and originate cognitive deficits. The complexity of the neural networks, their components and the low regenerative capacity of the CNS are on the basis for the lack of recovery, having the need for therapies that can promote tissue repair and recovery. Most brain processes are mediated through molecules (e.g. cytokines, neurotransmitters) and cells response accordingly and to surrounding cues, either biological or physical, which offers molecule administration and/or cell transplantation a great potential for use in brain recovery. Biomaterials and in particular, of natural-origin are attractive candidates owed to their intrinsic biological cues and biocompatibility and degradability. Through the use of biomaterials, it is possible to protect the cells/molecules from body clearance, enzymatic degradation while maintaining the components in a place of interest. Moreover, by means of combining several components, it is possible to obtain a more targeted and controlled delivery, to image the biomaterial implantation and its degradation over time and tackling simultaneously occurring events (cell death and inflammation) in brain diseases. In this chapter, it is reviewed some brain-affecting diseases and the current developments on tissue engineering approaches for a functional recovery of the brain from those diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda P Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3Bs - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joana Silva-Correia
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3Bs - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3Bs - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal. .,ICVS/3Bs - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal. .,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal.
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30
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Socias SB, González-Lizárraga F, Avila CL, Vera C, Acuña L, Sepulveda-Diaz JE, Del-Bel E, Raisman-Vozari R, Chehin RN. Exploiting the therapeutic potential of ready-to-use drugs: Repurposing antibiotics against amyloid aggregation in neurodegenerative diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 162:17-36. [PMID: 29241812 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are chronic and progressive disorders that affect specific regions of the brain, causing gradual disability and suffering that results in a complete inability of patients to perform daily functions. Amyloid aggregation of specific proteins is the most common biological event that is responsible for neuronal death and neurodegeneration in various neurodegenerative diseases. Therapeutic agents capable of interfering with the abnormal aggregation are required, but traditional drug discovery has fallen short. The exploration of new uses for approved drugs provides a useful alternative to fill the gap between the increasing incidence of neurodegenerative diseases and the long-term assessment of classical drug discovery technologies. Drug re-profiling is currently the quickest possible transition from bench to bedside. In this way, experimental evidence shows that some antibiotic compounds exert neuroprotective action through anti-aggregating activity on disease-associated proteins. The finding that many antibiotics can cross the blood-brain barrier and have been used for several decades without serious toxic effects makes them excellent candidates for therapeutic switching towards neurological disorders. The present review is, to our knowledge, the first extensive evaluation and analysis of the anti-amyloidogenic effect of different antibiotics on well-known disease-associated proteins. In addition, we propose a common structural signature derived from the antiaggregant antibiotic molecules that could be relevant to rational drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio B Socias
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT. Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina, Argentina
| | - Florencia González-Lizárraga
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT. Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina, Argentina
| | - Cesar L Avila
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT. Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Vera
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT. Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Acuña
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT. Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina, Argentina; Sorbonne Universite, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, UM75, U1127, UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Paris, France
| | - Julia E Sepulveda-Diaz
- Sorbonne Universite, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, UM75, U1127, UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Paris, France
| | - Elaine Del-Bel
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Stomatology, Faculty of Odontology of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Center of Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita Raisman-Vozari
- Sorbonne Universite, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, UM75, U1127, UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Paris, France.
| | - Rosana N Chehin
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT. Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina, Argentina.
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