1
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Zhang X, Luther AK, Rabaey K, Prévoteau A. Periodic polarization duty cycle tunes performance and adhesion of anodic electroactive biofilms. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 155:108581. [PMID: 37883861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Periodic polarization can improve the performance of anodic electroactive biofilms (EABs). The impact of the half-period duration was previously investigated at constant duty cycle (50%), i.e., the proportion of a period during which the electrode is polarized. Here, we cultured eight EABs on glassy carbon electrodes at four different duty cycles (50%, 67%, 80% and 91%) by varying the time interval under open circuit conditions, while keeping the polarization duration at 10 s. The shorter duty cycles slightly slowed initial growth but produced EABs generating higher faradaic currents. The total charge recovery over 38 days increased with decreasing duty cycles from 0.53 kC.cm-2 (duty cycle of 91%) to 1.65 kC.cm-2 (50%). EABs with the shortest duty cycle fully detached twice from the electrode surface, but detachments were quickly followed by the formation of more efficient EABs. We then carried out controlled removal of some aged and low current-producing EABs by applying a 30 s cathodic current (H2 evolution at -15 mA.cm-2) and observed the subsequent rapid development of fresh EABs displaying better electrochemical performance. Our results illustrate that well-chosen dynamic controls of electrode potentials can substantially improve the average current production of EABs, or allow a simple replacement of underperforming EABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amanda K Luther
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Korneel Rabaey
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Antonin Prévoteau
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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2
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Feng H, Jin A, Yin X, Hong Z, Ding Y, Zhao N, Chen Y, Zhang Y. Enhancing biocathode denitrification performance with nano-Fe 3O 4 under polarity period reversal. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 241:117641. [PMID: 37972808 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The presence of excessive concentrations of nitrate poses a threat to both the environment and human health, and the bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) are attractive green technologies for nitrate removal. However, the denitrification efficiency in the BESs is still limited by slow biofilm formation and nitrate removal. In this work, we demonstrate the efficacy of novel combination of magnetite nanoparticles (nano-Fe3O4) with the anode-cathode polarity period reversal (PPR-Fe3O4) for improving the performance of BESs. After only two-week cultivation, the highest cathodic current density (7.71 ± 1.01 A m-2) and NO3--N removal rate (8.19 ± 0.97 g m-2 d-1) reported to date were obtained in the PPR-Fe3O4 process (i.e., polarity period reversal with nano-Fe3O4 added) at applied working voltage of -0.2 and -0.5 V (vs Ag/AgCl) under bioanodic and biocathodic conditions, respectively. Compared with the polarity reversal once only process, the PPR process (i.e., polarity period reversal in the absence of nano-Fe3O4) enhanced bioelectroactivity through increasing biofilm biomass and altering microbial community structure. Nano-Fe3O4 could enhance extracellular electron transfer as a result of promoting the formation of extracellular polymers containing Fe3O4 and reducing charge transfer resistance of bioelectrodes. This work develops a novel biocathode denitrification strategy to achieve efficient nitrate removal after rapid cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Feng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Platform for Low-Carbon Recycling of Waste and Green Development, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; School of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Anan Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xianbin Yin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Zhicheng Hong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yangcheng Ding
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Nannan Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Platform for Low-Carbon Recycling of Waste and Green Development, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yufan Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering Technical University of Denmark, DK, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark.
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3
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Korth B, Pereira J, Sleutels T, Harnisch F, Heijne AT. Comparing theoretical and practical biomass yields calls for revisiting thermodynamic growth models for electroactive microorganisms. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 242:120279. [PMID: 37451189 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Research on electroactive microorganisms (EAM) often focuses either on their physiology and the underlying mechanisms of extracellular electron transfer or on their application in microbial electrochemical technologies (MET). Thermodynamic understanding of energy conversions related to growth and activity of EAM has received only a little attention. In this study, we aimed to prove the hypothesized restricted energy harvest of EAM by determining biomass yields by monitoring growth of acetate-fed biofilms presumably enriched in Geobacter, using optical coherence tomography, at three anode potentials and four acetate concentrations. Experiments were concurrently simulated using a refined thermodynamic model for EAM. Neither clear correlations were observed between biomass yield and anode potential nor acetate concentration, albeit the statistical significances are limited, mainly due to the observed experimental variances. The experimental biomass yield based on acetate consumption (YX/ac = 37 ± 9 mgCODbiomass gCODac-1) was higher than estimated by modeling, indicating limitations of existing growth models to predict yields of EAM. In contrast, the modeled biomass yield based on catabolic energy harvest was higher than the biomass yield from experimental data (YX/cat = 25.9 ± 6.8 mgCODbiomass kJ-1), supporting restricted energy harvest of EAM and indicating a role of not considered energy sinks. This calls for an adjusted growth model for EAM, including, e.g., the microbial electrochemical Peltier heat to improve the understanding and modeling of their energy metabolism. Furthermore, the reported biomass yields are important parameters to design strategies for influencing the interactions between EAM and other microorganisms and allowing more realistic feasibility assessments of MET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Korth
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany.
| | - João Pereira
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9 8911, MA, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, P.O. Box 17 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Sleutels
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9 8911, MA, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Falk Harnisch
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Annemiek Ter Heijne
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, P.O. Box 17 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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4
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Gao Y, Xia L, Yao P, Lee HS. Periodic step polarization accelerates electron recovery by electroactive biofilms (EABs). Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:1545-1556. [PMID: 36782377 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Relatively low rate of electron recovery is one of the factors that limit the advancement of bioelectrochemical systems. Here, new periodic polarizations were investigated with electroactive biofilms (EABs) enriched from activated sludge and Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms. When representative anode potentials (Ea ) were applied, redox centers with midpoint potentials (Emid ) higher than Ea were identified by localized cyclic voltammetry. The electrons held by these redox centers were accessible when Ea was raised to 0.4 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). New periodic polarizations that discharge at 0.4 V recovered electrons faster than normal periodic and fixed-potential polarizations. The best-performing periodic step polarization accelerated electron recovery by 23%-24% and 12%-76% with EABs and G. sulfurreducens biofilms, respectively, compared to the fixed-potential polarization. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed an increased abundance of omcZ mRNA transcripts from G. sulfurreducens after periodic step polarization. Therefore, both the rate of energy recovery by EABs and the performance of bioelectrochemical systems can be enhanced by improving the polarization schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohuan Gao
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Longfei Xia
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiru Yao
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hyung-Sool Lee
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Technology, Korea Institute of Energy Technology (KENTECH), Naju-si, Republic of Korea
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5
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Liu JQ, Ma X, Liu DF, Yang CW, Li DB, Min D, Yu HQ. Multiple roles of released c-type cytochromes in tuning electron transport and physiological status of Geobacter sulfurreducens. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:1346-1356. [PMID: 36779277 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria (DMRB) can transfer electrons to extracellular insoluble electron acceptors and play important roles in geochemical cycling, biocorrosion, environmental remediation, and bioenergy generation. c-type cytochromes (c-Cyts) are synthesized by DMRB and usually transported to the cell surface to form modularized electron transport conduits through protein assembly, while some of them are released as extracellularly free-moving electron carriers in growth to promote electron transport. However, the type of these released c-Cyts, the timing of their release, and the functions they perform have not been unrevealed yet. In this work, after characterizing the types of c-Cyts released by Geobacter sulfurreducens under a variety of cultivation conditions, we found that these c-Cyts accumulated up to micromolar concentrations in the surrounding medium and conserved their chemical activities. Further studies demonstrated that the presence of c-Cyts accelerated the process of microbial extracellular electron transfer and mediated long-distance electron transfer. In particular, the presence of c-Cyts promoted the microbial respiration and affected the physiological state of the microbial community. In addition, c-Cyts were observed to be adsorbed on the surface of insoluble electron acceptors and modify electron acceptors. These results reveal the overlooked multiple roles of the released c-Cyts in acting as public goods, delivering electrons, modifying electron acceptors, and even regulating bacterial community structure in natural and artificial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Ma
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Dong-Feng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chuan-Wang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Dao-Bo Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Min
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Han-Qing Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, China
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6
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Giese B, Karamash M, Fromm KM. Chances and challenges of long-distance electron transfer for cellular redox reactions. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:166-173. [PMID: 36114008 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Biological redox reactions often use a set-up in which final redox partners are localized in different compartments and electron transfer (ET) among them is mediated by redox-active molecules. In enzymes, these ET processes occur over nm distances, whereas multi-protein filaments bridge μm ranges. Electrons are transported over cm ranges in cable bacteria, which are formed by thousands of cells. In this review, we describe molecular mechanisms that explain how respiration in a compartmentalized set-up ensures redox homeostasis. We highlight mechanistic studies on ET through metal-free peptides and proteins demonstrating that long-distance ET is possible because amino acids Tyr, Trp, Phe, and Met can act as relay stations. This cuts one long ET into several short reaction steps. The chances and challenges of long-distance ET for cellular redox reactions are then discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Giese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Maksym Karamash
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
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7
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Joshi K, Chan CH, Levar CE, Bond DR. Single Amino Acid Residues Control Potential‐Dependent Inactivation of an Inner Membrane
bc‐
Cytochrome**. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Komal Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Biophysics University of Minnesota Twin Cities St. Paul MN 55108 USA
- The BioTechnology Institute University of Minnesota Twin Cities St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Chi H. Chan
- The BioTechnology Institute University of Minnesota Twin Cities St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Caleb E. Levar
- The BioTechnology Institute University of Minnesota Twin Cities St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Daniel R. Bond
- The BioTechnology Institute University of Minnesota Twin Cities St. Paul MN 55108 USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of Minnesota Twin Cities St. Paul MN 55108 USA
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8
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Karamash M, Stumpe M, Dengjel J, Salgueiro CA, Giese B, Fromm KM. Reduction Kinetic of Water Soluble Metal Salts by Geobacter sulfurreducens: Fe2+/Hemes Stabilize and Regulate Electron Flux Rates. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:909109. [PMID: 35783399 PMCID: PMC9248073 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.909109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Geobacter sulfurreducens is a widely applied microorganism for the reduction of toxic metal salts, as an electron source for bioelectrochemical devices, and as a reagent for the synthesis of nanoparticles. In order to understand the influence of metal salts, and of electron transporting, multiheme c-cytochromes on the electron flux during respiration of G. sulfurreducens, the reduction kinetic of Fe3+, Co3+, V5+, Cr6+, and Mn7+ containing complexes were measured. Starting from the resting phase, each G. sulfurreducens cell produced an electron flux of 3.7 × 105 electrons per second during the respiration process. Reduction rates were within ± 30% the same for the 6 different metal salts, and reaction kinetics were of zero order. Decrease of c-cytochrome concentrations by downregulation and mutation demonstrated that c-cytochromes stabilized respiration rates by variation of their redox states. Increasing Fe2+/heme levels increased electron flux rates, and induced respiration flexibility. The kinetic effects parallel electrochemical results of G. sulfurreducens biofilms on electrodes, and might help to optimize bioelectrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksym Karamash
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Stumpe
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Carlos A. Salgueiro
- Associate Laboratory i4HB – Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Costa da Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO – Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Chemistry Department, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Costa da Caparica, Portugal
| | - Bernd Giese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Bernd Giese,
| | - Katharina M. Fromm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Katharina M. Fromm,
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9
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Conners EM, Rengasamy K, Bose A. "Electroactive biofilms: how microbial electron transfer enables bioelectrochemical applications". J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 49:6563884. [PMID: 35381088 PMCID: PMC9338886 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microbial biofilms are ubiquitous. In marine and freshwater ecosystems, microbe–mineral interactions sustain biogeochemical cycles, while biofilms found on plants and animals can range from pathogens to commensals. Moreover, biofouling and biocorrosion represent significant challenges to industry. Bioprocessing is an opportunity to take advantage of biofilms and harness their utility as a chassis for biocommodity production. Electrochemical bioreactors have numerous potential applications, including wastewater treatment and commodity production. The literature examining these applications has demonstrated that the cell–surface interface is vital to facilitating these processes. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the state of knowledge regarding biofilms’ role in bioprocessing. This mini-review discusses bacterial biofilm formation, cell–surface redox interactions, and the role of microbial electron transfer in bioprocesses. It also highlights some current goals and challenges with respect to microbe-mediated bioprocessing and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Conners
- Department of Biology. One Brookings Drive, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, 63105, USA
| | - Karthikeyan Rengasamy
- Department of Biology. One Brookings Drive, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, 63105, USA
| | - Arpita Bose
- Department of Biology. One Brookings Drive, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, 63105, USA
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10
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Hu Y, Wang Y, Han X, Shan Y, Li F, Shi L. Biofilm Biology and Engineering of Geobacter and Shewanella spp. for Energy Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:786416. [PMID: 34926431 PMCID: PMC8683041 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.786416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Geobacter and Shewanella spp. were discovered in late 1980s as dissimilatory metal-reducing microorganisms that can transfer electrons from cytoplasmic respiratory oxidation reactions to external metal-containing minerals. In addition to mineral-based electron acceptors, Geobacter and Shewanella spp. also can transfer electrons to electrodes. The microorganisms that have abilities to transfer electrons to electrodes are known as exoelectrogens. Because of their remarkable abilities of electron transfer, Geobacter and Shewanella spp. have been the two most well studied groups of exoelectrogens. They are widely used in bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) for various biotechnological applications, such as bioelectricity generation via microbial fuel cells. These applications mostly associate with Geobacter and Shewanella biofilms grown on the surfaces of electrodes. Geobacter and Shewanella biofilms are electrically conductive, which is conferred by matrix-associated electroactive components such as c-type cytochromes and electrically conductive nanowires. The thickness and electroactivity of Geobacter and Shewanella biofilms have a significant impact on electron transfer efficiency in BESs. In this review, we first briefly discuss the roles of planktonic and biofilm-forming Geobacter and Shewanella cells in BESs, and then review biofilm biology with the focus on biofilm development, biofilm matrix, heterogeneity in biofilm and signaling regulatory systems mediating formation of Geobacter and Shewanella biofilms. Finally, we discuss strategies of Geobacter and Shewanella biofilm engineering for improving electron transfer efficiency to obtain enhanced BES performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Hu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinghui Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Han
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yawei Shan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan, China
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11
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Syed Z, Sogani M, Dongre A, Kumar A, Sonu K, Sharma G, Gupta AB. Bioelectrochemical systems for environmental remediation of estrogens: A review and way forward. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 780:146544. [PMID: 33770608 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Globally estrogenic pollutants are a cause of concern in wastewaters and water bodies because of their high endocrine disrupting activity leading to extremely negative impacts on humans and other organisms even at very low environmental concentrations. Bioremediation of estrogens has been studied extensively and one technology that has emerged with its promising capabilities is Bioelectrochemical Systems (BESs). Several studies in the past have investigated BESs applications for treatment of wastewaters containing toxic recalcitrant pollutants with a primary focus on improvement of performance of these systems for their deployment in real field applications. But the information is scattered and further the improvements are difficult to achieve for standalone BESs. This review critically examines the various existing treatment technologies for the effective estrogen degradation. The major focus of this paper is on the technological advancements for scaling up of these BESs for the real field applications along with their integration with the existing and conventional wastewater treatment systems. A detailed discussion on few selected microbial species having the unusual properties of heterotrophic nitrification and extraordinary stress response ability to toxic compounds and their degradation has been highlighted. Based on the in-depth study and analysis of BESs, microbes and possible benefits of various treatment methods for estrogen removal, we have proposed a sustainable Hybrid BES-centered treatment system for this purpose as a choice for wastewater treatment. We have also identified three pipeline tasks that reflect the vital parts of the life cycle of drugs and integrated treatment unit, as a way forward to foster bioeconomy along with an approach for sustainable wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Syed
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur 303007, Rajasthan, India; Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur 303007, Rajasthan, India
| | - Monika Sogani
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur 303007, Rajasthan, India; Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur 303007, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Aman Dongre
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur 303007, Rajasthan, India; Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur 303007, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anu Kumar
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), L&W, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia.
| | - Kumar Sonu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur 303007, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gopesh Sharma
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur 303007, Rajasthan, India
| | - Akhilendra Bhushan Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan, India
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12
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Liu X, Zhan J, Liu L, Gan F, Ye J, Nealson KH, Rensing C, Zhou S. In Situ Spectroelectrochemical Characterization Reveals Cytochrome-Mediated Electric Syntrophy in Geobacter Coculture. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10142-10151. [PMID: 34196176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) between microbial species prevails in some key microbial consortia. However, the electron transfer mechanism(s) in these consortia is controversial due to lack of efficient characterization methods. Here, we provide an in situ anaerobic spectroelectrochemical coculture cell (in situ ASCC) to induce the formation of DIET coculture biofilm on the interdigitated microelectrode arrays and characterize the electron transfer directly. Two typical Geobacter DIET cocultures, Geobacter metallireducens and wild-type Geobacter sulfurreducens (G.m&G.s) and G. metallireducens and a G. sulfurreducens strain deficient in citrate synthase (G.m&G.s-ΔgltA), were selected. In situ Raman and electrochemical Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated that cytochromes are abundant in the electric syntrophic coculture. Cyclic voltammetry and potential step experiment revealed a diffusion-controlled electron transfer process and the electrochemical gating measurements further demonstrated a cytochrome-mediated electron transfer in the DIET coculture. Furthermore, the G.m&G.s-ΔgltA coculture displayed a higher redox conductivity than the G.m&G.s coculture, consistent with the existence of an intimate and efficient electrical connection between these two species. Our findings provide the first report of a redox-gradient-driven electron transport facilitated by c-type cytochromes in DIET coculture, supporting the model that DIET is mediated by cytochromes and suggest a platform to explore the other DIET consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ji Zhan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Feiting Gan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jie Ye
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Kenneth H Nealson
- Department of Earth Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
| | - Christopher Rensing
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shungui Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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13
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Long-distance electron transfer in a filamentous Gram-positive bacterium. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1709. [PMID: 33731718 PMCID: PMC7969598 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21709-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-distance extracellular electron transfer has been observed in Gram-negative bacteria and plays roles in both natural and engineering processes. The electron transfer can be mediated by conductive protein appendages (in short unicellular bacteria such as Geobacter species) or by conductive cell envelopes (in filamentous multicellular cable bacteria). Here we show that Lysinibacillus varians GY32, a filamentous unicellular Gram-positive bacterium, is capable of bidirectional extracellular electron transfer. In microbial fuel cells, L. varians can form centimetre-range conductive cellular networks and, when grown on graphite electrodes, the cells can reach a remarkable length of 1.08 mm. Atomic force microscopy and microelectrode analyses suggest that the conductivity is linked to pili-like protein appendages. Our results show that long-distance electron transfer is not limited to Gram-negative bacteria.
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He X, Chadwick G, Jiménez Otero F, Orphan V, Meile C. Spatially Resolved Electron Transport through Anode‐Respiring
Geobacter sulfurreducens
Biofilms: Controls and Constraints. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia He
- Department of Marine Sciences University of Georgia Athens GA USA
| | - Grayson Chadwick
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA
| | | | - Victoria Orphan
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA
| | - Christof Meile
- Department of Marine Sciences University of Georgia Athens GA USA
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15
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Dissecting the Structural and Conductive Functions of Nanowires in Geobacter sulfurreducens Electroactive Biofilms. mBio 2021; 13:e0382221. [PMID: 35164556 PMCID: PMC8844916 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03822-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Conductive nanowires are thought to contribute to long-range electron transfer (LET) in Geobacter sulfurreducens anode biofilms. Three types of nanowires have been identified: pili, OmcS, and OmcZ. Previous studies highlighted their conductive function in anode biofilms, yet a structural function also has to be considered. We present here a comprehensive analysis of the function of nanowires in LET by inhibiting the expression of each nanowire. Meanwhile, flagella with poor conductivity were expressed to recover the structural function but not the conductive function of nanowires in the corresponding nanowire mutant strain. The results demonstrated that pili played a structural but not a conductive function in supporting biofilm formation. In contrast, the OmcS nanowire played a conductive but not a structural function in facilitating electron transfer in the biofilm. The OmcZ nanowire played both a structural and a conductive function to contribute to current generation. Expression of the poorly conductive flagellum was shown to enhance biofilm formation, subsequently increasing current generation. These data support a model in which multiheme cytochromes facilitate long-distance electron transfer in G. sulfurreducens biofilms. Our findings also suggest that the formation of a thicker biofilm, which contributed to a higher current generation by G. sulfurreducens, was confined by the biofilm formation deficiency, and this has applications in microbial electrochemical systems. IMPORTANCE The low power generation of microbial fuel cells limits their utility. Many factors can affect power generation, including inefficient electron transfer in the anode biofilm. Thus, understanding the mechanism(s) of electron transfer provides a pathway for increasing the power density of microbial fuel cells. Geobacter sulfurreducens was shown to form a thick biofilm on the anode. Cells far away from the anode reduce the anode through long-range electron transfer. Based on their conductive properties, three types of nanowires have been hypothesized to directly facilitate long-range electron transfer: pili, OmcS, and OmcZ nanowires. However, their structural contributions to electron transfer in anode biofilm have not been elucidated. Based on studies of mutants lacking one or more of these facilitators, our results support a cytochrome-mediated electron transfer process in Geobacter biofilms and highlight the structural contribution of nanowires in anode biofilm formation, which contributes to biofilm formation and current generation, thereby providing a strategy to increase current generation.
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16
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Sui M, Li Y, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Wang L, Zhang W, Wang X. Light exposure interferes with electroactive biofilm enrichment and reduces extracellular electron transfer efficiency. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116512. [PMID: 33161361 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Light plays a vital role in shaping the structure of natural biofilms, but the effect of light on electroactive biofilm (EAB) has not been systematically studied. Herein, the influence of light on the formation of EAB was investigated. The EAB grown in darkness was more electroactive (EAB-0) with a peak current of ∼4.5 A/m2, which was 196 and 5556 times higher than EABs formed under light intensities of 600 (EAB-600) and 1200 lux (EAB-1200). A thin EAB (30 μm) with spherical pink aggregates was obtained after 13 days in the darkness, comparing to a dense and flat biofilm grown under light conditions. Although the biomass in EAB-1200 (38.5 ± 1.6 mg/L) was 3 times larger than that in EAB-0 (11.4 ± 1.8 mg/L), the degradation of substrate was not sufficient. EAB-0 contained 85% Geobacter species, while the Rhodopseudomonas species made up 66% and 75% of EAB-600 and EAB-1200, respectively. The polysaccharides produced by EAB-1200 was 4801 ± 253 mg/m2, which were 2.3 times higher than 2073 ± 160 mg/m2 of EAB-0, resulting in lower electro-conductivity of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) under light conditions. Our findings confirmed that the light exposure affected EAB performance by altering the microbial components, electron transfer capacity, and biofilm morphology, which can be used in predictions of the formation and properties of engineered EAB in outdoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Sui
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Yiying Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Longfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
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17
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Moß C, Jarmatz N, Hartig D, Schnöing L, Scholl S, Schröder U. Studying the Impact of Wall Shear Stress on the Development and Performance of Electrochemically Active Biofilms. Chempluschem 2020; 85:2298-2307. [PMID: 32975878 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A laminar flow reactor was designed that provides constant and reproducible growth conditions for the bioelectrochemical observation of electroactive bacteria (EAB). Experiments were performed using four reactors in parallel to enable the comparison of EAB growth behavior and bioelectrochemical performance under different hydrodynamic conditions while simultaneously keeping biological conditions identical. With regard to the moderate flow conditions found in wastewater treatment applications, the wall shear stress was adjusted to a range between 0.4 mPa to 2.9 mPa. Chronoamperometric data indicate that early stage current densities are improved by a moderate increase of the wall shear stress. In the same way, current onset times were increasing slightly towards higher values of the applied wall shear stress. Long-term observations of EAB performance showed a decrease in current density and a leveling of the trend observed for the early stages of biofilm growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Moß
- Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Niklas Jarmatz
- Institute for Chemical and Thermal Process Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dave Hartig
- Institute for Chemical and Thermal Process Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lukas Schnöing
- Institute for Chemical and Thermal Process Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Scholl
- Institute for Chemical and Thermal Process Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Uwe Schröder
- Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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18
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Zhou L, Jiang Y, Wan Y, Liu X, Zhou H, Li W, Li N, Wang X. Electron Flow Shifts from Anode Respiration to Nitrate Reduction During Electroactive Biofilm Thickening. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9593-9600. [PMID: 32667788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As electrons generated through substrate oxidation compete with electrodes, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), denitrification in bioelectrochemical systems in the presence of nitrate, and nitrate reduction through an electroactive biofilm (EAB) are unpredictable. We find that pathways of nitrate reduction are related to EAB thickness and that 76 ± 2 μm is the critical thickness of a biofilm at which both the inner and outer layers simultaneously include DNRA, leading to a maximum level of DNRA efficiency of 42%. Fractions of electrons flowing during nitrate reduction are relatively stable, but their distributions between DNRA and denitrification vary with biofilm thickness. Electrons prefer denitrification in an EAB that is 66 ± 2 μm, while DNRA reversely surpasses denitrification when the thickness increases in the range of 76 ± 2 to 210 ± 2 μm. Biofilm thickening enhances the DNRA of all biofilms close to solution, where nirK remains constant and nrfA is significantly upregulated. However, nrfA is downregulated in layers close to the electrode when the biofilm is thicker than 76 ± 2 μm. These findings reveal the spatially heterogeneous reduction of nitrate in thick EABs, highlighting the importance of biofilm thickness to the regulation of end products of nitrate reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lean Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yongheng Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuxuan Wan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xinning Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Haonan Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wenqi Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Nan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
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19
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Ter Heijne A, Pereira MA, Pereira J, Sleutels T. Electron Storage in Electroactive Biofilms. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 39:34-42. [PMID: 32646618 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Microbial electrochemical technologies (METs) are promising for sustainable applications. Recently, electron storage during intermittent operation of electroactive biofilms (EABs) has been shown to play an important role in power output and electron efficiencies. Insights into electron storage mechanisms, and the conditions under which these occur, are essential to improve microbial electrochemical conversions and to optimize biotechnological processes. Here, we discuss the two main mechanisms for electron storage in EABs: storage in the form of reduced redox active components in the electron transport chain and in the form of polymers. We review electron storage in EABs and in other microorganisms and will discuss how the mechanisms of electron storage can be influenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ter Heijne
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - M A Pereira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - J Pereira
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - T Sleutels
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
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20
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Cao L, Ma Y, Deng D, Jiang H, Wang J, Liu Y. Electricity production of microbial fuel cells by degrading cellulose coupling with Cr(VI) removal. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 391:122184. [PMID: 32092674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A facultative exoelectrogen strain Lsc-8 belonging to the Cellulomonas genus with the ability to degrade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) coupled with the reduction of Cr(VI), was successfully isolated from rumen content. The maximum output power density of the microbial fuel cells (MFCs) inoculated strain Lsc-8 was 9.56 ± 0.37 mW·m-2 with CMC as the sole carbon source. From the biomass analysis it can be seen that the electricity generation of the MFCs was primarily attributed to the planktonic cells of strain Lsc-8 rather than the biofilm attached on the electrode, which was different from Geobacter sulfurreducens. Especially, during electricity generation of the MFCs using CMC as carbon source in the anode chamber, the Cr(VI) reduction were simultaneously realized. And it is also found that the Cr(VI) reduction ratio by strain Lsc-8 is directly related to the initial Cr(VI) concentration, and it increased with the increase of initial Cr(VI) concentration at first, then started to decrease when the Cr(VI) concentration was above 21 mg ·L-1. Meanwhile, the highest output power density of 3.47 ± 0.28 mW·m-2 was observed coupling with 95.22 ± 2.72 % of Cr(VI) reduction. These data suggested that the strain Lsc-8 could reduce high toxicity Cr(VI) to low toxicity Cr(III) coupled with electricity generation in MFCs with CMC as the carbon source. Our results also suggested that this study will provide a possibility to simultaneously degrade Cr(VI) and generate electricity by using cellulose as the carbon source via MFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianbin Cao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China
| | - Yamei Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China
| | - Dandan Deng
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, No. 55 Pingyuan Road, Shangqiu, Henan Province, 476000, PR China
| | - Huichun Jiang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China
| | - Ying Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China.
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21
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Moß C, Behrens A, Schröder U. The Limits of Three-Dimensionality: Systematic Assessment of Effective Anode Macrostructure Dimensions for Mixed-Culture Electroactive Biofilms. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:582-589. [PMID: 31743607 PMCID: PMC7027515 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201902923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzes the biofilm growth and long-term current production of mixed-culture, electrochemically active biofilms (EABs) on macrostructured electrodes under low-shear-force conditions. The channel dimensions were altered systematically in the range 400 μm to 2 mm, and the channel heights were varied between 1 and 4 mm to simulate macrostructures of different scales. Electrodes with finer-structured surfaces produced higher current densities in the short term owing to their large surface area but were outperformed in the long term because the accumulation of biomass led to limitations of mass transfer into the structures. The best long-term performance was observed for electrodes with channel dimensions of 1×4 mm, which showed no significant decrease in performance in the long term. Channels with a diameter of 400 μm were overgrown by the biofilm, which led to a transition from 3 D to 2 D behavior, indicating that structures of this scale might not be suitable for long-term operation under low-shear-stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Moß
- Institute of Environmental and Sustainable ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Andreas Behrens
- Institute of Environmental and Sustainable ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Uwe Schröder
- Institute of Environmental and Sustainable ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
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22
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Mayer F, Enzmann F, Lopez AM, Holtmann D. Performance of different methanogenic species for the microbial electrosynthesis of methane from carbon dioxide. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 289:121706. [PMID: 31279320 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) is a promising technology to convert CO2 and electricity into the biofuel methane using methanogens. Until now, most investigations on electro-methanogenesis are "proof-of-principle" studies. In this paper, different strains were quantitatively compared in regard to final methane concentration, yields based on CO2-conversion, productivities as well as Coulombic efficiencies in order to identify suitable organisms for MES. Methanococcus vannielii, Methanococcus maripaludis, Methanolacinia petrolearia, Methanobacterium congolense, and Methanoculleus submarinus were able to produce methane via MES at -700 mV vs. standard hydrogen electrode (SHE). Beside methane also biological H2 production was detected during MES, which might be due to the involvement of hydrogenases. A direct electron transfer pathway is most likely. Obviously, M. maripaludis is the most resource efficient methane producer in microbial electrosynthesis regarding the methane productivity (8.81 ± 0.51 mmol m-2 d-1) and the Coulombic efficiency (58.9 ± 0.8%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Mayer
- DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Industrielle Biotechnologie, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Franziska Enzmann
- DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Industrielle Biotechnologie, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Holtmann
- DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Industrielle Biotechnologie, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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23
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Abstract
The family Geobacteraceae, with its only valid genus Geobacter, comprises deltaproteobacteria ubiquitous in soil, sediments, and subsurface environments where metal reduction is an active process. Research for almost three decades has provided novel insights into environmental processes and biogeochemical reactions not previously known to be carried out by microorganisms. At the heart of the environmental roles played by Geobacter bacteria is their ability to integrate redox pathways and regulatory checkpoints that maximize growth efficiency with electron donors derived from the decomposition of organic matter while respiring metal oxides, particularly the often abundant oxides of ferric iron. This metabolic specialization is complemented by versatile metabolic reactions, respiratory chains, and sensory networks that allow specific members to adaptively respond to environmental cues to integrate organic and inorganic contaminants in their oxidative and reductive metabolism, respectively. Thus, Geobacteraceae are important members of the microbial communities that degrade hydrocarbon contaminants under iron-reducing conditions and that contribute, directly or indirectly, to the reduction of radionuclides, toxic metals, and oxidized species of nitrogen. Their ability to produce conductive pili as nanowires for discharging respiratory electrons to solid-phase electron acceptors and radionuclides, or for wiring cells in current-harvesting biofilms highlights the unique physiological traits that make these organisms attractive biological platforms for bioremediation, bioenergy, and bioelectronics application. Here we review some of the most notable physiological features described in Geobacter species since the first model representatives were recovered in pure culture. We provide a historical account of the environmental research that has set the foundation for numerous physiological studies and the laboratory tools that had provided novel insights into the role of Geobacter in the functioning of microbial communities from pristine and contaminated environments. We pay particular attention to latest research, both basic and applied, that has served to expand the field into new directions and to advance interdisciplinary knowledge. The electrifying physiology of Geobacter, it seems, is alive and well 30 years on.
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24
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Sudirjo E, Buisman CJN, Strik DPBTB. Marine Sediment Mixed With Activated Carbon Allows Electricity Production and Storage From Internal and External Energy Sources: A New Rechargeable Bio-Battery With Bi-Directional Electron Transfer Properties. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:934. [PMID: 31156566 PMCID: PMC6527962 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine sediment has a great potential to generate electricity with a bioelectrochemical system (BES) like the microbial fuel cell (MFC). In this study, we investigated the potential of marine sediment and activated carbon (AC) to generate and store electricity. Both internal and external energy supply was validated for storage behavior. Four types of anode electrode compositions were investigated. Two types were mixtures of different volumes of AC and Dutch Eastern Scheldt marine sediment (67% AC and 33% AC) and the others two were 100% AC or 100% marine sediment based. Each composition was duplicated. Operating these BES's under MFC mode with solely marine sediment as the anode electron donor resulted in the creation of a bio-battery. The recharge time of such bio-battery does depend on the fuel content and its usage. The results show that by usage of marine sediment and AC electricity was generated and stored. The 100% AC and the 67% AC mixed with marine sediment electrode were over long term potentiostatic controlled at -100 mV vs. Ag/AgCl which resulted in a cathodic current and an applied voltage. After switching back to the MFC operation mode at 1000 Ω external load, the electrode turned into an anode and electricity was generated. This supports the hypothesis that external supply electrical energy was recovered via bi-directional electron transfer. With open cell voltage experiments these AC marine bioanodes showed internal supplied electric charge storage up to 100 mC at short self-charging times (10 and 60 s) and up to 2.4°C (3,666 C/m3 anode) at long charging time (1 h). Using a hypothetical cell voltage of 0.2 V, this value represents an internal electrical storage density of 0.3 mWh/kg AC marine anode. Furthermore it was remarkable that the BES with 100% marine sediment based electrode also acted like a capacitor similar to the charge storage behaviors of the AC based bioanodes with a maximum volumetric storage of 1,373 C/m3 anode. These insights give opportunities to apply such BES systems as e.g., ex situ bio-battery to store and use electricity for off-grid purpose in remote areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilius Sudirjo
- Government of Landak Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia.,Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Cees J N Buisman
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - David P B T B Strik
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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25
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Reguera G. Microbial nanowires and electroactive biofilms. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 94:5000162. [PMID: 29931163 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Geobacter bacteria are the only microorganisms known to produce conductive appendages or pili to electronically connect cells to extracellular electron acceptors such as iron oxide minerals and uranium. The conductive pili also promote cell-cell aggregation and the formation of electroactive biofilms. The hallmark of these electroactive biofilms is electronic heterogeneity, mediated by coordinated interactions between the conductive pili and matrix-associated cytochromes. Collectively, the matrix-associated electron carriers discharge respiratory electrons from cells in multilayered biofilms to electron-accepting surfaces such as iron oxide coatings and electrodes poised at a metabolically oxidizable potential. The presence of pilus nanowires in the electroactive biofilms also promotes the immobilization and reduction of soluble metals, even when present at toxic concentrations. This review summarizes current knowledge about the composition of the electroactive biofilm matrix and the mechanisms that allow the wired Geobacter biofilms to generate electrical currents and participate in metal redox transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Reguera
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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26
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Schrott GD, Bonanni PS, Busalmen JP. Open circuit potentiometry reports on internal redox states of cells in G. Sulfurreducens biofilms. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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27
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Engel C, Schattenberg F, Dohnt K, Schröder U, Müller S, Krull R. Long-Term Behavior of Defined Mixed Cultures of Geobacter sulfurreducens and Shewanella oneidensis in Bioelectrochemical Systems. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:60. [PMID: 30972336 PMCID: PMC6445848 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aims to investigate the long-term behavior of interactions of electrochemically active bacteria in bioelectrochemical systems. The electrochemical performance and biofilm characteristics of pure cultures of Geobacter sulfurreducens and Shewanella oneidensis are being compared to a defined mixed culture of both organisms. While S. oneidensis pure cultures did not form cohesive and stable biofilms on graphite anodes and only yielded 0.034 ± 0.011 mA/cm2 as maximum current density by feeding of each 5 mM lactate and acetate, G. sulfurreducens pure cultures formed 69 μm thick, area-wide biofilms with 10 mM acetate as initial substrate concentration and yielded a current of 0.39 ± 0.09 mA/cm2. Compared to the latter, a defined mixed culture of both species was able to yield 38% higher maximum current densities of 0.54 ± 0.07 mA/cm2 with each 5 mM lactate and acetate. This increase in current density was associated with a likewise increased thickness of the anodic biofilm to approximately 93 μm. It was further investigated whether a sessile incorporation of S. oneidensis into the mixed culture biofilm, which has been reported previously for short-term experiments, is long-term stable. The results demonstrate that S. oneidensis was not stably incorporated into the biofilm; rather, the planktonic presence of S. oneidensis has a positive effect on the biofilm growth of G. sulfurreducens and thus on current production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Engel
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Braunschweig Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Florian Schattenberg
- Working Group Flow Cytometry, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katrin Dohnt
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Braunschweig Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Uwe Schröder
- Braunschweig Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susann Müller
- Working Group Flow Cytometry, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rainer Krull
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Braunschweig Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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28
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Li D, Li J, Liu D, Ma X, Cheng L, Li W, Qian C, Mu Y, Yu H. Potential regulates metabolism and extracellular respiration of electroactiveGeobacterbiofilm. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:961-971. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dao‐Bo Li
- Department of Applied ChemistryUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Applied ChemistryUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei China
| | - Dong‐Feng Liu
- Department of Applied ChemistryUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei China
| | - Xin Ma
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei China
| | - Lei Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei China
| | - Wen‐Wei Li
- Department of Applied ChemistryUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei China
| | - Chen Qian
- Department of Applied ChemistryUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei China
| | - Yang Mu
- Department of Applied ChemistryUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei China
| | - Han‐Qing Yu
- Department of Applied ChemistryUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei China
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29
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Zhang X, Prévoteau A, Louro RO, Paquete CM, Rabaey K. Periodic polarization of electroactive biofilms increases current density and charge carriers concentration while modifying biofilm structure. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 121:183-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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30
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Jiang Z, Zhang D, Zhou L, Deng D, Duan M, Liu Y. Enhanced catalytic capability of electroactive biofilm modified with different kinds of carbon nanotubes. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1035:51-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Jiang Z, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Ma Y, Kang J, Liu Y. Isolation and characterization of an exoelectrogenic strain CL-1 from soil and electron transfer mechanism by linking electrochemistry and spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.09.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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32
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Gao Y, Trueman BF, Stoddart AK, Gagnon GA. Understanding the Impact of Extracellular Polymeric Substances on Lead Release in Drinking Water Systems. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:14824-14832. [PMID: 30555991 PMCID: PMC6289567 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Lead release in a lead (Pb, anode)-iron oxide (α-Fe2O3, cathode) galvanic system was studied under the influence of synthetic extracellular polymeric substances (sEPS). Sodium alginate, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and cytochrome c represented extracellular polysaccharides, proteins, and electrochemically active components, respectively. Microbiologically influenced corrosion was investigated using sEPS and pelleted and resuspended Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells. Relative to the anaerobic inorganic control, Pb release increased by 156, 202, and 198 μg/L when sEPS was present on the cathode side at 200 mg/L (100 mg/L alginate + 100 mg/L BSA), 400 mg/L (200 mg/L alginate + 200 mg/L BSA), and 200 mg/L with 123.84 mg/L cytochrome c, respectively, under anaerobic conditions. When the cathode was aerated, Pb release increased by 75, 260, and -71 μg/L under the aforementioned conditions, all relative to the aerated inorganic control. When sEPS was instead present on the anode side, sEPS caused localized corrosion on Pb and resulted in higher Pb release than predicted by electric current. P. aeruginosa generally enhanced corrosion; when cells were dosed in the anode side, part of the oxidized Pb was immobilized by cells or organic compounds adhered to the electrodes.
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33
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Golden J, Yates MD, Halsted M, Tender L. Application of electrochemical surface plasmon resonance (ESPR) to the study of electroactive microbial biofilms. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:25648-25656. [PMID: 30289415 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03898h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical surface plasmon resonance (ESPR) monitors faradaic processes optically by the change in refractive index that occurs with a change in redox state at the electrode surface. Here we apply ESPR to investigate the anode-grown Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilm (GSB), a model system used to study electroactive microbial biofilms (EABFs) which perform electrochemical reactions using electrodes as metabolic electron acceptors or donors. A substantial body of evidence indicates that electron transfer reactions among hemes of c-type cytochromes (c-Cyt) play major roles in the extracellular electron transfer (EET) pathways that connect intracellular metabolic processes of cells in an EABF to the electrode surface. The results reported here reveal that when the potential of the electrode is changed from relatively oxidizing (0.40 V vs. SHE) to reducing (-0.55 V vs. SHE) and then back to oxidizing, 70% of c-Cyt residing closest to the biofilm/electrode (within hundreds of nm from the electrode surface) appear to remain trapped in the reduced state, requiring as long as 12 hours to be re-oxidized. c-Cyt storing electrons cannot contribute to EET, yet turnover current resulting from cellular oxidation of acetate coupled with EET to the electrode surface is unaffected. This suggests that a relatively small fraction of c-Cyt residing closest to the biofilm/electrode interface is involved in EET while the majority store electrons. The results also reveal that biomass density at the biofilm/electrode interface increases rapidly during lag phase, reaching its maximum value at the onset of exponential biofilm growth when turnover current begins to rapidly increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Golden
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC, 20375, USA.
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ter Heijne A, de Rink R, Liu D, Klok JBM, Buisman CJN. Bacteria as an Electron Shuttle for Sulfide Oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2018; 5:495-499. [PMID: 30135862 PMCID: PMC6097799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.8b00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Biological desulfurization under haloalkaliphilic conditions is a widely applied process, in which haloalkalophilic sulfide-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) oxidize dissolved sulfide with oxygen as the final electron acceptor. We show that these SOB can shuttle electrons from sulfide to an electrode, producing electricity. Reactor solutions from two different biodesulfurization installations were used, containing different SOB communities; 0.2 mM sulfide was added to the reactor solutions with SOB in absence of oxygen, and sulfide was removed from the solution. Subsequently, the reactor solutions with SOB, and the centrifuged reactor solutions without SOB, were transferred to an electrochemical cell, where they were contacted with an anode. Charge recovery was studied at different anode potentials. At an anode potential of +0.1 V versus Ag/AgCl, average current densities of 0.48 and 0.24 A/m2 were measured for the two reactor solutions with SOB. Current was negligible for reactor solutions without SOB. We postulate that these differences in current are related to differences in microbial community composition. Potential mechanisms for charge storage in SOB are proposed. The ability of SOB to shuttle electrons from sulfide to an electrode offers new opportunities for developing a more sustainable desulfurization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemiek ter Heijne
- Sub-department
of Environmental Technology, Wageningen
University, Bornse Weilanden
9, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- E-mail: . Telephone: +31 317 483447
| | - Rieks de Rink
- Sub-department
of Environmental Technology, Wageningen
University, Bornse Weilanden
9, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Paqell
B.V., Reactorweg 301, 3542 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dandan Liu
- Sub-department
of Environmental Technology, Wageningen
University, Bornse Weilanden
9, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes B. M. Klok
- Sub-department
of Environmental Technology, Wageningen
University, Bornse Weilanden
9, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Paqell
B.V., Reactorweg 301, 3542 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Wetsus,
Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9,
P.O. Box 1113, 8900 CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Cees J. N. Buisman
- Sub-department
of Environmental Technology, Wageningen
University, Bornse Weilanden
9, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wetsus,
Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9,
P.O. Box 1113, 8900 CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
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35
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Du Q, Mu Q, Cheng T, Li N, Wang X. Real-Time Imaging Revealed That Exoelectrogens from Wastewater Are Selected at the Center of a Gradient Electric Field. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:8939-8946. [PMID: 29995395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exoelectrogens acclimated from the environment are the key to energy recovery from waste in bioelectrochemical systems. However, it is still unknown how these bacteria are selectively enriched on the electrode. Here we confirmed for the first time that the electric field (EF) intensity selects exoelectrogens from wastewater using an integrated electrovisual system with a gradient EF. Under the operating conditions ( I = 3 × 10-3A), the EF intensity on the working electrode ranged from 6.00 V/cm at the center to 1.08 V/cm at the edge. A thick biofilm (88.9 μm) with spherical pink aggregates was observed at the center, while the color became gray at the edge (33.8 μm). The coverage of the biofilm also increased linearly with EF intensity from 0.42 at the edge (12 mm to the center) to 0.78 at the center. The biofilm at the center contained 76% Geobacter, which was 25% higher than that at the edge (60%). Geobacter anodireducens was the main species induced by the EF (50% at the center vs 24% at the edge). These results improve our fundamental knowledge of exoelectrogen acclimation and mixed electroactive biofilm formation, which has broader implications for energy recovery from waste and general understanding of microbial ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Quanhua Mu
- Bioengineering Program, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Hong Kong , China
| | - Tao Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Nan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tianjin University , No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Xin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District , Tianjin 300350 , China
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36
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Molenaar SD, Sleutels T, Pereira J, Iorio M, Borsje C, Zamudio JA, Fabregat‐Santiago F, Buisman CJN, ter Heijne A. In situ Biofilm Quantification in Bioelectrochemical Systems by using Optical Coherence Tomography. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:2171-2178. [PMID: 29693330 PMCID: PMC6055872 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201800589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Detailed studies of microbial growth in bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) are required for their suitable design and operation. Here, we report the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) as a tool for in situ and noninvasive quantification of biofilm growth on electrodes (bioanodes). An experimental platform is designed and described in which transparent electrodes are used to allow real-time, 3D biofilm imaging. The accuracy and precision of the developed method is assessed by relating the OCT results to well-established standards for biofilm quantification (chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total N content) and show high correspondence to these standards. Biofilm thickness observed by OCT ranged between 3 and 90 μm for experimental durations ranging from 1 to 24 days. This translated to growth yields between 38 and 42 mgCODbiomass gCODacetate -1 at an anode potential of -0.35 V versus Ag/AgCl. Time-lapse observations of an experimental run performed in duplicate show high reproducibility in obtained microbial growth yield by the developed method. As such, we identify OCT as a powerful tool for conducting in-depth characterizations of microbial growth dynamics in BESs. Additionally, the presented platform allows concomitant application of this method with various optical and electrochemical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam D. Molenaar
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water TechnologyOostergoweg 98911MALeeuwardenThe Netherlands
- Sub-department of Environmental TechnologyWageningen UniversityBornse Weilanden 96708 WGWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Tom Sleutels
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water TechnologyOostergoweg 98911MALeeuwardenThe Netherlands
| | - Joao Pereira
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water TechnologyOostergoweg 98911MALeeuwardenThe Netherlands
| | - Matteo Iorio
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water TechnologyOostergoweg 98911MALeeuwardenThe Netherlands
| | - Casper Borsje
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water TechnologyOostergoweg 98911MALeeuwardenThe Netherlands
- Sub-department of Environmental TechnologyWageningen UniversityBornse Weilanden 96708 WGWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Julian A. Zamudio
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water TechnologyOostergoweg 98911MALeeuwardenThe Netherlands
- Sub-department of Environmental TechnologyWageningen UniversityBornse Weilanden 96708 WGWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Francisco Fabregat‐Santiago
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Departament de FísicaUniversitat Jaume IAv. Sos Baynat s/n12006Castelló de la PlanaSpain
| | - Cees J. N. Buisman
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water TechnologyOostergoweg 98911MALeeuwardenThe Netherlands
- Sub-department of Environmental TechnologyWageningen UniversityBornse Weilanden 96708 WGWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Annemiek ter Heijne
- Sub-department of Environmental TechnologyWageningen UniversityBornse Weilanden 96708 WGWageningenThe Netherlands
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Enhanced redox conductivity and enriched Geobacteraceae of exoelectrogenic biofilms in response to static magnetic field. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:7611-7621. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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38
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Feng J, Qian Y, Wang Z, Wang X, Xu S, Chen K, Ouyang P. Enhancing the performance of Escherichia coli-inoculated microbial fuel cells by introduction of the phenazine-1-carboxylic acid pathway. J Biotechnol 2018; 275:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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Reguera G. Harnessing the power of microbial nanowires. Microb Biotechnol 2018; 11:979-994. [PMID: 29806247 PMCID: PMC6201914 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduction of iron oxide minerals and uranium in model metal reducers in the genus Geobacter is mediated by conductive pili composed primarily of a structurally divergent pilin peptide that is otherwise recognized, processed and assembled in the inner membrane by a conserved Type IVa pilus apparatus. Electronic coupling among the peptides is promoted upon assembly, allowing the discharge of respiratory electrons at rates that greatly exceed the rates of cellular respiration. Harnessing the unique properties of these conductive appendages and their peptide building blocks in metal bioremediation will require understanding of how the pilins assemble to form a protein nanowire with specialized sites for metal immobilization. Also important are insights into how cells assemble the pili to make an electroactive matrix and grow on electrodes as biofilms that harvest electrical currents from the oxidation of waste organic substrates. Genetic engineering shows promise to modulate the properties of the peptide building blocks, protein nanowires and current‐harvesting biofilms for various applications. This minireview discusses what is known about the pilus material properties and reactions they catalyse and how this information can be harnessed in nanotechnology, bioremediation and bioenergy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Reguera
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Rd., Rm. 6190, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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40
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Yates MD, Barr Engel S, Eddie BJ, Lebedev N, Malanoski AP, Tender LM. Redox-gradient driven electron transport in a mixed community anodic biofilm. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 94:4990946. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Yates
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Sarah Barr Engel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 220 Hollister Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Brian J Eddie
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Nikolai Lebedev
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Anthony P Malanoski
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Leonard M Tender
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
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41
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Lusk BG, Peraza I, Albal G, Marcus AK, Popat SC, Torres CI. pH Dependency in Anode Biofilms of Thermincola ferriacetica Suggests a Proton-Dependent Electrochemical Response. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5527-5534. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley G. Lusk
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- ScienceTheEarth, Mesa, Arizona 85201, United States
| | - Isaias Peraza
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Gaurav Albal
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Andrew K. Marcus
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Sudeep C. Popat
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, 342 Computer Court, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
| | - Cesar I. Torres
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, 501 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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Ultrastructure of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 nanowires revealed by electron cryotomography. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E3246-E3255. [PMID: 29555764 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718810115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial nanowires have garnered recent interest as a proposed extracellular electron transfer (EET) pathway that links the bacterial electron transport chain to solid-phase electron acceptors away from the cell. Recent studies showed that Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 produces outer membrane (OM) and periplasmic extensions that contain EET components and hinted at their possible role as bacterial nanowires. However, their fine structure and distribution of cytochrome electron carriers under native conditions remained unclear, making it difficult to evaluate the potential electron transport (ET) mechanism along OM extensions. Here, we report high-resolution images of S. oneidensis OM extensions, using electron cryotomography (ECT). We developed a robust method for fluorescence light microscopy imaging of OM extension growth on electron microscopy grids and used correlative light and electron microscopy to identify and image the same structures by ECT. Our results reveal that S. oneidensis OM extensions are dynamic chains of interconnected outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) with variable dimensions, curvature, and extent of tubulation. Junction densities that potentially stabilize OMV chains are seen between neighboring vesicles in cryotomograms. By comparing wild type and a cytochrome gene deletion mutant, our ECT results provide the likely positions and packing of periplasmic and outer membrane proteins consistent with cytochromes. Based on the observed cytochrome packing density, we propose a plausible ET path along the OM extensions involving a combination of direct hopping and cytochrome diffusion. A mean-field calculation, informed by the observed ECT cytochrome density, supports this proposal by revealing ET rates on par with a fully packed cytochrome network.
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43
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Yates MD, Eddie BJ, Lebedev N, Kotloski NJ, Strycharz-Glaven SM, Tender LM. On the relationship between long-distance and heterogeneous electron transfer in electrode-grown Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 119:111-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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44
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Gold-modified indium tin oxide as a transparent window in optoelectronic diagnostics of electrochemically active biofilms. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 94:74-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Saratale RG, Saratale GD, Pugazhendhi A, Zhen G, Kumar G, Kadier A, Sivagurunathan P. Microbiome involved in microbial electrochemical systems (MESs): A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 177:176-188. [PMID: 28288426 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbial electrochemical systems (MESs) are an attracting technology for the disposal of wastewater treatment and simultaneous energy production. In MESs, at the anode microorganisms through the catalytic activity generates electrons that can be converted into electricity or other valuable chemical compounds. Microorganisms those having ability to donate and accept electrons to and from anode and cathode electrodes, respectively are recognized as 'exoelectrogens'. In the MESs, it renders an important function for its performance. In the present mini-review, we have discussed the role of microbiome including pure culture, enriched culture and mixed culture in different BESs application. The effects of operational and biological factors on microbiome development have been discussed. Further discussion about the molecular techniques for the evaluation of microbial community analysis is addressed. In addition different electrochemical techniques for extracellular electron transfer (EET) mechanism of electroactive biofilms have been discussed. This review highlights the importance of microbiome in the development of MESs, effective operational factors for exo-electrogens activities as well their key challenges and future technological aspects are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rijuta Ganesh Saratale
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University- Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Daegu University, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Guangyin Zhen
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Rd. 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Daegu University, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Abudukeremu Kadier
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, National University of Malaysia (UKM), 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Periyasamy Sivagurunathan
- Green Energy Technology Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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Robuschi L, Tomba JP, Busalmen JP. Proving Geobacter biofilm connectivity with confocal Raman microscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Zhou L, Deng D, Zhang Y, Zhou W, Jiang Y, Liu Y. Isolation of a facultative anaerobic exoelectrogenic strain LZ-1 and probing electron transfer mechanism in situ by linking UV/Vis spectroscopy and electrochemistry. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 90:264-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zhang X, Philips J, Roume H, Guo K, Rabaey K, Prévoteau A. Rapid and Quantitative Assessment of Redox Conduction Across Electroactive Biofilms by using Double Potential Step Chronoamperometry. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (cmet); Ghent University; Coupure Links 653 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Jo Philips
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (cmet); Ghent University; Coupure Links 653 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Hugo Roume
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (cmet); Ghent University; Coupure Links 653 9000 Ghent Belgium
- MetaGenoPolis; INRA; Université Paris-Saclay Domaine de Vilvert; Bâtiment 325 78350 Jouy-en-Josas France
| | - Kun Guo
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (cmet); Ghent University; Coupure Links 653 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Korneel Rabaey
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (cmet); Ghent University; Coupure Links 653 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Antonin Prévoteau
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (cmet); Ghent University; Coupure Links 653 9000 Ghent Belgium
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Effect of temperature on a miniaturized microbial fuel cell (MFC). MICRO AND NANO SYSTEMS LETTERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s40486-017-0048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Wang X, Zhou L, Lu L, Lobo FL, Li N, Wang H, Park J, Ren ZJ. Alternating Current Influences Anaerobic Electroactive Biofilm Activity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:9169-9176. [PMID: 27485403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Alternating current (AC) is known to inactivate microbial growth in suspension, but how AC influences anaerobic biofilm activities has not been systematically investigated. Using a Geobacter dominated anaerobic biofilm growing on the electrodes of microbial electrochemical reactors, we found that high frequency AC ranging from 1 MHz to 1 kHz (amplitude of 5 V, 30 min) showed only temporary inhibition to the biofilm activity. However, lower frequency (100 Hz, 1.2 or 5 V) treatment led to 47 ± 19% permanent decrease in limiting current on the same biofilm, which is attributed to the action of electrohydrodynamic force that caused biofilm damage and loss of intercellular electron transfer network. Confocal microscopy images show such inactivation mainly occurred at the interface between the biofilm and the electrode. Reducing the frequency further to 1 Hz led to water electrolysis, which generated gas bubbles that flushed all attached cells out of the electrode. These findings provide new references on understanding and regulating biofilm growth, which has broader implications in biofouling control, anaerobic waste treatment, energy and product recovery, and general understanding of microbial ecology and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Nankai University , No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lean Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Nankai University , No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Fernanda Leite Lobo
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Nan Li
- Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University , No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Heming Wang
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jaedo Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver , Denver, Colorado 80204, United States
| | - Zhiyong Jason Ren
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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