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Fan Y, Ji H, Ji X, Tian Z, Chen J. Lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment with a lignin stabilization strategy and valorization toward multipurpose fractionation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129186. [PMID: 38184047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass has emerged as a promising alternative with sustainable advantages for the production of a wide range of renewable products and value-added chemicals. In this study, a pretreatment strategy that use a fully recyclable acid hydrotrope (p-TsOH aqueous solution) to extract lignin and employ glyoxylic acid (GA) to stabilize lignin was proposed for biomass valorization toward multipurpose fractionation. 83.0 % of lignin was dissolved out by p-TsOH hydrotrope (80 wt%) with GA addition to form GA-stabilized product at 80 o C for 15 min. The stabilized lignin was subsequently used as an additive in the preparation of lignin-based suncream. Notably, the incorporation of 4 wt% lignin nanospheres into an SPF15 sunscreen yielded a measured SPF of 59.94. Furthermore, the depolymerization of uncondensed lignin into aromatic monomers yielded a high lignin-oil yield of 84.2 %. Additionally, direct heating of the pretreatment liquor facilitated the conversion of monosaccharides into furfural, achieving a desired yield of 53.7 % without the addition of any acid catalyst. The pretreatment also enhanced the enzymatic hydrolysis of glucan, resulting in a saccharification yield of 98.4 %. Moreover, short-term ultrasonication of the pretreated substrate yielded pulp suitable for papermaking. Incorporating 15 wt% fibers into the produced paper sheets led to a 5.3 % increase in tear index and a 25.4 % increase in tensile index. This study presents a viable pretreatment strategy for the multipurpose fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass, offering potential avenues for biomass valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Faculty of Light Industry, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Hairui Ji
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Faculty of Light Industry, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Xingxiang Ji
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Faculty of Light Industry, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Zhongjian Tian
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Faculty of Light Industry, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Jiachuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Faculty of Light Industry, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
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Seo H, Singh P, Wyman CE, Cai CM, Trinh CT. Rewiring metabolism of Clostridium thermocellum for consolidated bioprocessing of lignocellulosic biomass poplar to produce short-chain esters. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023:129263. [PMID: 37271458 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) of lignocellulosic biomass uses cellulolytic microorganisms to enable enzyme production, saccharification, and fermentation to produce biofuels, biochemicals, and biomaterials in a single step. However, understanding and redirecting metabolisms of these microorganisms compatible with CBP are limited. Here, a cellulolytic thermophile Clostridium thermocellum was engineered and demonstrated to be compatible with CBP integrated with a Co-solvent Enhanced Lignocellulosic Fractionation (CELF) pretreatment for conversion of hardwood poplar into short-chain esters with industrial use as solvents, flavors, fragrances, and biofuels. The recombinant C. thermocellum engineered with deletion of carbohydrate esterases and stable overexpression of alcohol acetyltransferases improved ester production without compromised deacetylation activities. These esterases were discovered to exhibit promiscuous thioesterase activities and their deletion enhanced ester production by rerouting the electron and carbon metabolism. Ester production was further improved up to 80-fold and ester composition could be modulated by deleting lactate biosynthesis and using poplar with different pretreatment severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongmin Seo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA; Center of Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Center of Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA; Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Charles E Wyman
- Center of Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA; Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Charles M Cai
- Center of Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA; Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Cong T Trinh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA; Center of Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
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Khattab SMR, Okano H, Kimura C, Fujita T, Watanabe T. Efficient integrated production of bioethanol and antiviral glycerolysis lignin from sugarcane trash. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:82. [PMID: 37189175 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02333-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugarcane trash (SCT) represents up to 18% of the aboveground biomass of sugarcane, surpassing 28 million tons globally per year. The majority of SCT is burning in the fields. Hence, efficient use of SCT is necessary to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and global warming and establish agro-industrial biorefineries. Apart from its low costs, conversion of whole biomass with high production efficiency and titer yield is mandatory for effective biorefinery systems. Therefore, in this study, we developed a simple, integrated method involving a single step of glycerolysis pretreatment to produce antiviral glycerolysis lignin (AGL). Subsequently, we co-fermented glycerol with hydrolyzed glucose and xylose to yield high titers of bioethanol. RESULTS SCT was subjected to pretreatment with microwave acidic glycerolysis with 50% aqueous (aq.) glycerol (MAG50); this pretreatment was optimized across different temperature ranges, acid concentrations, and reaction times. The optimized MAG50 (opMAG50) of SCT at 1:15 (w/v) in 1% H2SO4, 360 µM AlK(SO4)2 at 140 °C for 30 min (opMAG50) recovered the highest amount of total sugars and the lowest amount of furfural byproducts. Following opMAG50, the soluble fraction, i.e., glycerol xylose-rich solution (GXRS), was separated by filtration. A residual pulp was then washed with acetone, recovering 7.9% of the dry weight (27% of lignin) as an AGL. AGL strongly inhibited the replication of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) in L929 cells without cytotoxicity. The pulp was then saccharified in yeast peptone medium by cellulase to produce a glucose concentration similar to the theoretical yield. The total xylose and arabinose recoveries were 69% and 93%, respectively. GXRS and saccharified sugars were combined and co-fermented through mixed cultures of two metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains: glycerol-fermenting yeast (SK-FGG4) and xylose-fermenting yeast (SK-N2). By co-fermenting glycerol and xylose with glucose, the ethanol titer yield increased to 78.7 g/L (10% v/v ethanol), with a 96% conversion efficiency. CONCLUSION The integration of AGL production with the co-fermentation of glycerol, hydrolyzed glucose, and xylose to produce a high titer of bioethanol paves an avenue for the use of surplus glycerol from the biodiesel industry for the efficient utilization of SCT and other lignocellulosic biomasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadat Mohamed Rezk Khattab
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
- Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt.
| | - Hiroyuki Okano
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kimura
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujita
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Shogoin, Kawahara-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
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Dharmaraja J, Shobana S, Arvindnarayan S, Francis RR, Jeyakumar RB, Saratale RG, Ashokkumar V, Bhatia SK, Kumar V, Kumar G. Lignocellulosic biomass conversion via greener pretreatment methods towards biorefinery applications. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 369:128328. [PMID: 36402280 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulose biomass during pretreatment releases various compounds, among them the most important is reducing sugars, which can be utilized for the production of biofuels and some other products. Thereby, innovative greener pretreatment techniques for lignocellulosic materials have been considered to open a new door in the aspects of digestibility of the rigid carbohydrate-lignin matrix to reduce the particle size and remove hemicellulose/lignin contents to successfully yield valid bioproducts. This article reviews about the composition of lignocelluloses and emphasizes various green pretreatments viz novel green solvent-based IL and DES steam explosion, supercritical carbon dioxide explosion (Sc-CO2) and co-solvent enhanced lignocellulosic fractionation (CELF) along with suitable mechanistic pathway of LCB pretreatment process. Finally, this article concludes that the existing pretreatments should be redesigned to conquer the demands by large scale production and suggests combined pretreatment methods to carry out various biomass pre-processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyaprakash Dharmaraja
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Humanities, AAA College of Engineering and Technology, Amathur-626005, Virudhunagar District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sutha Shobana
- Green Technology and Sustainable Development in Construction Research Group, School of Engineering and Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Sundaram Arvindnarayan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lord Jegannath College of Engineering and Technology, Marungoor - 629402, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rusal Raj Francis
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Dubai International Academic City, Dubai Campus, Box 345055, Pilani, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudy, Thiruvarur-610005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rijuta Ganesh Saratale
- Research Institute of Integrative Life Sciences, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggido 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Veeramuthu Ashokkumar
- Biorefineries for Biofuels & Bioproducts Laboratory, Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Vinod Kumar
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Box 8600 Forus 4036, Stavanger, Norway.
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Daimary N, Eldiehy KSH, Bora N, Boruah P, Rather MA, Mandal M, Bora U, Deka D. Towards integrated sustainable biofuel and chemical production: An application of banana pseudostem ash in the production of biodiesel and recovery of lignin from bamboo leaves. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 314:137625. [PMID: 36572360 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated an integrated approach to the biowaste transformation and valorization of byproducts. Biochar obtained from the banana pseudostem was calcined to synthesize a heterogeneous catalyst and sustainably prepare a highly alkaline solution. The ash was utilized directly as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. At the same time, an alkaline solution prepared from the ash was used for delignification and recovery of lignin from bamboo leaves by the hydrothermal reaction. Techniques like Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) were applied to characterized the catalyst. The alkaline solution was analyzed with Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The Response surface methodology (RSM) technique was considered for the optimization of different parameters in the transesterification and hydrothermal reaction. Under the optimized condition, waste cooking oil (WCO) to Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion was 97.56 ± 0.11%, and lignin recovery was 43.20 ± 0.45%. While at the best operating pyrolysis temperature, the liquid fraction yield from the banana pseudostem (500 °C) was 38.10 ± 0.31 wt%. This integrated study approach encourages the inexpensive, sustainable, and environment-friendly pathway for synthesizing catalysts and preparing a highly alkaline solution for the valorization of biowaste into biofuel and biochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niran Daimary
- Department of Energy, Tezpur University, Napaam, 784028, Assam, India.
| | - Khalifa S H Eldiehy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 71524, Assiut Branch, Egypt; Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, 784028, Assam, India
| | - Neelam Bora
- Department of Energy, Tezpur University, Napaam, 784028, Assam, India
| | - Pankaj Boruah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Muzamil Ahmad Rather
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, 784028, Assam, India
| | - Manabendra Mandal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, 784028, Assam, India
| | - Utpal Bora
- Department of Chemical Science, Tezpur University, Napaam, 784028, Assam, India
| | - Dhanapati Deka
- Department of Energy, Tezpur University, Napaam, 784028, Assam, India
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Sun C, Song G, Pan Z, Tu M, Kharaziha M, Zhang X, Show PL, Sun F. Advances in organosolv modified components occurring during the organosolv pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 368:128356. [PMID: 36414144 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The valorization of organosolv pretreatment (OP) is a required approach to the industrialization of the current enzyme-mediated lignocellulosic biorefinery. Recent literature has demonstrated that the solvolysis happening in the OP can modify the soluble components into value-added active compounds, namely organosolv modified lignin (OML) and organosolv modified sugars (OMSs), in addition to protecting them against excessive degradation. Among them, the OML is coincidental with the "lignin-first" strategy that should render a highly reactive lignin enriched with β-O-4 linkages and less condensed structure by organosolv grafting, which is desirable for the transformation into phenolic compounds. The OMSs are valuable glycosidic compounds mainly synthesized by trans-glycosylation, which can find potential applications in cosmetics, foods, and healthcare. Therefore, a state-of-the-art OP holds a big promise of lowering the process cost by the valorization of these active compounds. Recent advances in organosolv modified components are reviewed, and perspectives are made for addressing future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihe Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of MOE, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guojie Song
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of MOE, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhenying Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Maobing Tu
- Department of Biomedical, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Mahshid Kharaziha
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Xueming Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Pau-Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Fubao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of MOE, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Sai Bharadwaj AVSL, Dev S, Zhuang J, Wang Y, Yoo CG, Jeon BH, Aggarwal S, Park SH, Kim TH. Review of chemical pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass using low-liquid and low-chemical catalysts for effective bioconversion. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 368:128339. [PMID: 36400274 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemical pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is essential for effective biological conversion in subsequent steps to produce biofuels or biochemicals. For effective pretreatment, high lignin content and its recalcitrant nature of LCB are major factors influencing bioconversion, especially lignin is known to be effectively solubilized by alkaline, organic, and deep eutectic solvents, ionic liquids, while hemicellulose is effectively dissolved by various acid catalysts and organic solvents. Depending on the pretreatment method/catalyst used, different pretreatment process scheme should be applied with different amounts of catalyst and water inputs to achieve a satisfactory effect. In addition, the amount of processing water required in the following processes such as washing, catalyst recovery, and conditioning after pretreatment is critical factor for scale-up (commercialization). In this review, the amount of catalyst and/or water used, and the effect of pretreatment, properties of the products, and recovery of liquid are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V S L Sai Bharadwaj
- Department of Materials Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Subhabrata Dev
- Water and Environmental Research Center (WERC), Institute of Northern Engineering (INE), University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF), Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Jingshun Zhuang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Yunxuan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Chang Geun Yoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222-Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Srijan Aggarwal
- Civil, Geological, and Environmental Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks, College of Engineering and Mines, Fairbanks, AK 99775-5960, USA
| | - Seung Hyun Park
- Department of Materials Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- Department of Materials Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Prospects of thermotolerant Kluyveromyces marxianus for high solids ethanol fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:134. [PMID: 36474296 PMCID: PMC9724321 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02232-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) is effective for minimizing sugar inhibition during high solids fermentation of biomass solids to ethanol. However, fungal enzymes used during SSF are optimal between 50 and 60 °C, whereas most fermentative yeast, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, do not tolerate temperatures above 37 °C. Kluyveromyces marxianus variant CBS 6556 is a thermotolerant eukaryote that thrives at 43 °C, thus potentially serving as a promising new host for SSF operation in biorefineries. Here, we attempt to leverage the thermotolerance of the strain to demonstrate the application of CBS 6556 in a high solids (up to 20 wt% insoluble solid loading) SSF configuration to understand its capabilities and limitations as compared to a proven SSF strain, S. cerevisiae D5A. For this study, we first pretreated hardwood poplar chips using Co-Solvent Enhanced Lignocellulosic Fractionation (CELF) to remove lignin and hemicellulose and to produce cellulose-enriched pretreated solids for SSF. Our results demonstrate that although CBS 6556 could not directly outperform D5A, it demonstrated similar tolerance to high gravity sugar solutions, superior growth rates at higher temperatures and higher early stage ethanol productivity. We discovered that CBS 6556's membrane was particularly sensitive to higher ethanol concentrations causing it to suffer earlier fermentation arrest than D5A. Cross-examination of metabolite data between CBS 6556 and D5A and cell surface imaging suggests that the combined stresses of high ethanol concentrations and temperature to CBS 6556's cell membrane was a primary factor limiting its ethanol productivity. Hence, we believe K. marxianus to be an excellent host for future genetic engineering efforts to improve membrane robustness especially at high temperatures in order to achieve higher ethanol productivity and titers, serving as a viable alternative to D5A.
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9
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Zhao ZM, Meng X, Scheidemantle B, Pu Y, Liu ZH, Li BZ, Wyman CE, Cai CM, Ragauskas AJ. Cosolvent enhanced lignocellulosic fractionation tailoring lignin chemistry and enhancing lignin bioconversion. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 347:126367. [PMID: 34801717 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cosolvent Enhanced Lignocellulosic Fractionation (CELF) is an emerging solvolysis pretreatment to fractionate lignocellulosic biomass. Herein, the bioconversion performance of CELF lignin was fully evaluated for the first time. Results showed that CELF lignin possessed higher content of carboxylic acid OH, lower molecular weight, and disappeared β-O-4 and β-5 linkages compared to other two technical lignins including a conventional ethanol organosolv lignin (EOL) and a kraft lignin (KL). Rhodococcus opacus PD630 cell count from CELF lignin fermentation reached the highest value of 3.9 × 107 CFU/mL, representing a 62.5% and 77.3% improvement over EOL and KL, respectively. Correspondingly, lipid yield reached 143 mg/L from CELF lignin, which was 36.2% and 26.5% higher than from EOL and KL, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that more carboxylic acid groups and lower molecular weight contributed to the enhanced bioconversion performance of CELF lignin. This study demonstrates that CELF lignin is a promising candidate for bioconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Min Zhao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Wastes Reuse, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Brent Scheidemantle
- Bourns College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, United States
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - Zhi-Hua Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Bing-Zhi Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Charles E Wyman
- Bourns College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, United States
| | - Charles M Cai
- Bourns College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, United States
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States; Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States; Center for Renewable Carbon, Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States.
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10
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Zhuo SN, Ren HY, Liu BF. In situ utilization of biomass pretreatment liquor as a novel flocculant for anion dyes removal: Performance and mechanism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127737. [PMID: 34799152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, it was first found biomass pretreatment liquor (PL) produced from rice straw (RS) pretreatment with FeCl3 and polyethylene glycol 400 co-solvent can be used in situ as a new flocculant to remove anionic dyes from wastewater. The removal performance of nine dyes was investigated using various PL doses at different pH values. The experiment indicated that the PL had different flocculation effects on these dyes (color removal efficiency: 42.58-99.84%). Positive color removal results for the dyes were unachievable with six commercial coagulants. Among the nine dyes treated by PL flocculation, the best removal efficiencies for color, turbidity and suspended matter were obtained for Congo red. In the flocculation process, Fe3+ plays a role in charge neutralization, lignin nanoparticles (LNP) relies on hydroxyl groups to react instantaneously with the amino groups on the dye, and are bridged together by π-π interactions to promote the formation of floc clusters until they completely settle. Utilization of PL as a flocculant helps pave the way to simultaneously treat waste biomass, waste treatment liquor and dye wastewater. This research is of great significance for future water environment remediation and material development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Nan Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hong-Yu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Bing-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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Kim KH, Yoo CG. Challenges and Perspective of Recent Biomass Pretreatment Solvents. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.785709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased demands on renewable and sustainable products require enhancing the current conversion efficiency and expanding the utilization of biomass from a single component (i.e., cellulose) to entire biomass components in the biorefinery concept. Pretreatment solvent plays a critical role in various biorefinery processes. Recent pretreatment solvents such as organic co-solvents, acid hydrotropes, ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents showed effective biomass fractionation as well as preservation of high-quality cellulose and lignin under mild conditions. Despite these significant enhancements in biomass pretreatment solvent, there are still many challenges, such as feedstock variety, valorization of non-cellulose components, and eco-friendliness of the applied catalyst and solvent. These technical, economic and environmental obstacles should be considered in future biomass pretreatment solvents. In particular, the development of feedstock-agnostic solvent with high fractionation performance for high quality and quantity of all three major components (i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) together would be an ideal direction.
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Mankar AR, Pandey A, Modak A, Pant KK. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass: A review on recent advances. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 334:125235. [PMID: 33957458 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Depleting fossil reserves and growing energy needs have raised the demand for an alternative and clean energy source. The use of ubiquitously available lignocellulosic biomass for developing economic and eco-friendly large scale biorefinery applications has provided the much-needed impetus in this regard. The pretreatment process is a vital step for biomass transformation into added value products such as sugars, biofuels, etc. Different pretreatment approaches are employed to overcome the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass and expedite its disintegration into individual components- cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The conventional pretreatment methods lack sustainability and practicability for industrial scale up. The review encompasses the recent advances in selective physical and chemical pretreatment approaches such as milling, extrusion, microwave, ammonia fibre explosion, eutectic solvents etc. The study will allow a deeper understanding of these pretreatment processes and increase their scope as sustainable technologies for developing modern biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay R Mankar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Ashish Pandey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Arindam Modak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - K K Pant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
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Wang T, Zhao Q, Li C, He F, Jiang L, Aisa HA. Integrating chemical and biological catalysis for simultaneous production of polyphenolics and butyric acid from waste pomegranate peels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:146095. [PMID: 33711591 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pomegranate peels are an abundant agricultural waste material with a high content of carbohydrates and bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to efficiently convert waste pomegranate peels (WPP) into high-value-added products. First, high yields of phenolics (12.2%) and bioactive pectin (24.8%) were obtained via enzymatic pretreatment. The lignin was subsequently degraded using an integrated method combining heteropolyacids as catalyst and biomass-derived γ-valerolactone as sustainable solvent and cellulase-catalyzed hydrolysis. The optimal degradation conditions were found to encompass a temperature of 293 K, reaction time of 3 h and catalyst loading with 30 mM heteropolyacids. Under these conditions, the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency was enhanced significantly, leading to a yield of 93.3% glucose from the obtained cellulosic feedstock. Finally, the fermentable sugars together with the previously recovered pectin from WPP were firstly used as carbon source to evaluate their suitability as feedstock for butyric acid production using Clostridium tyrobutyricum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfu Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China; Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, PR China
| | - Qianru Zhao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Chengyang Li
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, PR China
| | - Fei He
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, PR China
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Haji Akber Aisa
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, PR China
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Ning P, Yang G, Hu L, Sun J, Shi L, Zhou Y, Wang Z, Yang J. Recent advances in the valorization of plant biomass. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:102. [PMID: 33892780 PMCID: PMC8063360 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant biomass is a highly abundant renewable resource that can be converted into several types of high-value-added products, including chemicals, biofuels and advanced materials. In the last few decades, an increasing number of biomass species and processing techniques have been developed to enhance the application of plant biomass followed by the industrial application of some of the products, during which varied technologies have been successfully developed. In this review, we summarize the different sources of plant biomass, the evolving technologies for treating it, and the various products derived from plant biomass. Moreover, the challenges inherent in the valorization of plant biomass used in high-value-added products are also discussed. Overall, with the increased use of plant biomass, the development of treatment technologies, and the solution of the challenges raised during plant biomass valorization, the value-added products derived from plant biomass will become greater in number and more valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ning
- Energy-rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao, 266109, China
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guofeng Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lihong Hu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, CAF, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingxin Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lina Shi
- Agricultural Integrated Service Center of Zhuyouguan, Longkou, Yantai, China
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, CAF, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaobao Wang
- Energy-rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao, 266109, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Jianming Yang
- Energy-rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao, 266109, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
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Patri AS, Mohan R, Pu Y, Yoo CG, Ragauskas AJ, Kumar R, Kisailus D, Cai CM, Wyman CE. THF co-solvent pretreatment prevents lignin redeposition from interfering with enzymes yielding prolonged cellulase activity. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:63. [PMID: 33750435 PMCID: PMC7944909 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional aqueous dilute sulfuric acid (DSA) pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass facilitates hemicellulose solubilization and can improve subsequent enzymatic digestibility of cellulose to fermentable glucose. However, much of the lignin after DSA pretreatment either remains intact within the cell wall or readily redeposits back onto the biomass surface. This redeposited lignin has been shown to reduce enzyme activity and contribute to rapid enzyme deactivation, thus, necessitating significantly higher enzyme loadings than deemed economical for biofuel production from biomass. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrate how detrimental lignin redeposition on biomass surface after pretreatment can be prevented by employing Co-solvent Enhanced Lignocellulosic Fractionation (CELF) pretreatment that uses THF-water co-solvents with dilute sulfuric acid to solubilize lignin and overcome limitations of DSA pretreatment. We first find that enzymatic hydrolysis of CELF-pretreated switchgrass can sustain a high enzyme activity over incubation periods as long as 5 weeks with enzyme doses as low as 2 mg protein/g glucan to achieve 90% yield to glucose. A modified Ninhydrin-based protein assay revealed that the free-enzyme concentration in the hydrolysate liquor, related to enzyme activity, remained unchanged over long hydrolysis times. DSA-pretreated switchgrass, by contrast, had a 40% drop in free enzymes in solution during incubation, providing evidence of enzyme deactivation. Furthermore, measurements of enzyme adsorption per gram of lignin suggested that CELF prevented lignin redeposition onto the biomass surface, and the little lignin left in the solids was mostly integral to the original lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC). Scanning electron micrographs and NMR characterization of lignin supported this observation. CONCLUSIONS Enzymatic hydrolysis of solids from CELF pretreatment of switchgrass at low enzyme loadings was sustained for considerably longer times and reached higher conversions than for DSA solids. Analysis of solids following pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis showed that prolonged cellulase activity could be attributed to the limited lignin redeposition on the biomass surface making more enzymes available for hydrolysis of more accessible glucan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek S Patri
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 1084 Columbia Ave, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Ramya Mohan
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Chang G Yoo
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Dept. of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 1084 Columbia Ave, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - David Kisailus
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Charles M Cai
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 1084 Columbia Ave, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Charles E Wyman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 1084 Columbia Ave, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA.
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
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Thulluri C, Balasubramaniam R, Velankar HR. Generation of highly amenable cellulose-Iβ via selective delignification of rice straw using a reusable cyclic ether-assisted deep eutectic solvent system. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1591. [PMID: 33452315 PMCID: PMC7810886 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80719-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulolytic enzymes can readily access the cellulosic component of lignocellulosic biomass after the removal of lignin during biomass pretreatment. The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is necessary for generating monomeric sugars, which are then fermented into ethanol. In our study, a combination of a deep eutectic (DE) mixture (of 2-aminoethanol and tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide) and a cyclic ether (tetrahydrofuran) was used for selective delignification of rice straw (RS) under mild conditions (100 °C). Pretreatment with DE-THF solvent system caused ~ 46% delignification whereas cellulose (~ 91%) and hemicellulose (~ 67%) recoveries remained higher. The new solvent system could be reused upto 10 subsequent cycles with the same effectivity. Interestingly, the DE-THF pretreated cellulose showed remarkable enzymatic hydrolysability, despite an increase in its crystallinity to 72.3%. Contrary to conventional pretreatments, we report for the first time that the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated cellulose is enhanced by the removal of lignin during DE-THF pretreatment, notwithstanding an increase in its crystallinity. The current study paves way for the development of newer strategies for biomass depolymerization with DES based solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjeevi Thulluri
- Bioprocess Division, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited, HP Green R&D Centre, KIADB Industrial Area, Tarabahalli, Devanagundi, Hoskote, Bangalore, 560067, India
| | - Ravi Balasubramaniam
- Bioprocess Division, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited, HP Green R&D Centre, KIADB Industrial Area, Tarabahalli, Devanagundi, Hoskote, Bangalore, 560067, India
| | - Harshad Ravindra Velankar
- Bioprocess Division, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited, HP Green R&D Centre, KIADB Industrial Area, Tarabahalli, Devanagundi, Hoskote, Bangalore, 560067, India.
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17
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Lyu Q, Chen X, Zhang Y, Yu H, Han L, Xiao W. One-pot fractionation of corn stover with peracetic acid and maleic acid. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 320:124306. [PMID: 33157440 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulose fractionation is a primary treatment to enhance cellulose accessibility and multi-component use. Herein, the development of a one-step fractionation is reported for cellulose enrichment from corn stover using a low concentration of peracetic acid combined with maleic acid (PAM). The effects of pretreatment parameters on the contents of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin were investigated. After cooking for 1 h at 130 °C with 1.5 wt% peracetic acid and 3 wt% maleic acid, 86.83% of corn stover cellulose remained in the solid residue while 88.21% of hemicellulose and 87.77% of lignin dissolved into the aqueous liquid. Hemicellulose was primarily hydrolyzed into xylose with 84.58% recovered during the PAM process. The cellulose-rich residue was enzymatically hydrolyzed with a glucose yield of 89.65%, which was two to three times that of untreated substrate. Generally, the proposed process offers a promising approach for efficient fractionation of lignocellulose under mild and environmental-friendly conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lyu
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Box 191, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xueli Chen
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Box 191, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Box 191, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Haitao Yu
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Box 191, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lujia Han
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Box 191, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Weihua Xiao
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Box 191, Beijing 100083, China.
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18
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A Simultaneous Conversion and Extraction of Furfural from Pentose in Dilute Acid Hydrolysate of Quercus mongolica Using an Aqueous Biphasic System. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app11010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This study optimizes furfural production from pentose released in the liquid hydrolysate of hardwood using an aqueous biphasic system. Dilute acid pretreatment with 4% sulfuric acid was conducted to extract pentose from liquid Quercus mongolica hydrolysate. To produce furfural from xylose, a xylose standard solution with the same acid concentration of the liquid hydrolysate and extracting solvent (tetrahydrofuran) were applied to the aqueous biphasic system. A response surface methodology was adopted to optimize furfural production in the aqueous biphasic system. A maximum furfural yield of 72.39% was achieved at optimal conditions as per the RSM; a reaction temperature of 170 °C, reaction time of 120 min, and a xylose concentration of 10 g/L. Tetrahydrofuran, toluene, and dimethyl sulfoxide were evaluated to understand the effects of the solvent on furfural production. Tetrahydrofuran generated the highest furfural yield, while DMSO gave the lowest yield. A furfural yield of 68.20% from pentose was achieved in the liquid hydrolysate of Quercus mongolica under optimal conditions using tetrahydrofuran as the extracting solvent. The aqueous and tetrahydrofuran fractions were separated from the aqueous biphasic solvent by salting out using sodium chloride, and 94.63% of the furfural produced was drawn out through two extractions using tetrahydrofuran.
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Wojtusik M, Vergara P, Villar JC, Ladero M, García-Ochoa F. Enzymatic hydrolysis of several pretreated lignocellulosic biomasses: Fractal kinetic modelling. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 318:124050. [PMID: 32889118 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis of three pre-treated lignocellulosic biomasses -LCB- (wheat straw-WS-, corn stover-CSV- and cardoon stems -CS-) is studied. These biomasses were pre-treated by two methods: diluted sulfuric acid and acid ethanol-water extraction at six severity levels (H values). Pretreated solid fractions were hydrolyzed with commercial enzyme cocktails at standard conditions. A first-order kinetic fractal model was fitted to the experimental results. This model accurately describes the hydrolysis of all biomasses at all pre-treatment conditions studied. The results show that the formal first-order kinetic constant k depends on the biomass nature. The hydrolysis rate increases as the pre-treatment severity does, while the fractal exponent value h decreases. With these pre-treatments, and in terms of k and h, WS is highly reactive and, at medium H with EW pretreatment, highly accessible; CSV has a low reactivity and high accessibility and CS has the lowest reactivity and an increasing accessibility as severity rises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Wojtusik
- Chemical Engineering & Materials Department. Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Priscilla Vergara
- Chemical Engineering & Materials Department. Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Laboratory of Cellulose & Paper. Forest Research Center - INIA, Ctra. de La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C Villar
- Laboratory of Cellulose & Paper. Forest Research Center - INIA, Ctra. de La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ladero
- Chemical Engineering & Materials Department. Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Félix García-Ochoa
- Chemical Engineering & Materials Department. Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Zhao ZM, Liu ZH, Pu Y, Meng X, Xu J, Yuan JS, Ragauskas AJ. Emerging Strategies for Modifying Lignin Chemistry to Enhance Biological Lignin Valorization. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5423-5432. [PMID: 32750220 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biological lignin valorization represents a promising approach contributing to sustainable and economic biorefineries. The low level of valuable lignin-derived products remains a major challenge hindering the implementation of microbial lignin conversion. Lignin's properties play a significant role in determining the efficiency of lignin bioconversion. To date, despite significant progress in the development of biomass pretreatment, lignin fractionation, and fermentation over the last few decades, little efforts have gone into identifying the ideal lignin substrates for an efficient microbial metabolism. In this Minireview, emerging and state-of-the-art strategies for biomass pretreatment and lignin fractionation are summarized to elaborate their roles in modifying lignin structure for bioconversion. Fermentation strategies aimed at enhancing lignin depolymerization for microbial utilization are systematically reviewed as well. With an improved understanding of the ideal lignin structure elucidated by comprehensive metabolic pathways and/or big data analysis, modifying lignin chemistry could be more directional and effective. Ultimately, together with the progress of fermentation process optimization, biological lignin valorization will become more competitive in biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Min Zhao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Controlling and Wastes Recycling, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Zhi-Hua Liu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Innovation Hub (SSBiH), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Joint Institute of Biological Science, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Jifei Xu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Controlling and Wastes Recycling, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, P. R. China
| | - Joshua S Yuan
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Innovation Hub (SSBiH), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Joint Institute of Biological Science, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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21
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22
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Consolidated bio-saccharification: Leading lignocellulose bioconversion into the real world. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107535. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Yoo CG, Meng X, Pu Y, Ragauskas AJ. The critical role of lignin in lignocellulosic biomass conversion and recent pretreatment strategies: A comprehensive review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 301:122784. [PMID: 31980318 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneity and rigidity of lignocellulose causing resistance to its deconstruction have provided technical and economic challenges in the current biomass conversion processes. Lignin has been considered as a crucial recalcitrance component in biomass utilization. An in-depth understanding of lignin properties and their influences on biomass conversion can provide clues to improve biomass utilization. Also, utilization of lignin can significantly increase the economic viability of biorefinery. Recent lignin-targeting pretreatments have aimed not only to overcome recalcitrance for biomass conversion but also to selectively fractionate lignin for lignin valorization. Numerous studies have been conducted in biomass characteristics and conversion technologies, and the role of lignin is critical for lignin valorization and biomass pretreatment development. This review provides a comprehensive review of lignin-related biomass characteristics, the impact of lignin on the biological conversion of biomass, and recent lignin-targeting pretreatment strategies. The desired lignin properties in biorefinery and future pretreatment directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Geun Yoo
- Department of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering, State University of New York - College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-2200, USA
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-2200, USA; Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, Center of Renewable Carbon, The University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996-2200, USA.
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Bhatia SK, Jagtap SS, Bedekar AA, Bhatia RK, Patel AK, Pant D, Rajesh Banu J, Rao CV, Kim YG, Yang YH. Recent developments in pretreatment technologies on lignocellulosic biomass: Effect of key parameters, technological improvements, and challenges. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 300:122724. [PMID: 31926792 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is an inexpensive renewable source that can be used to produce biofuels and bioproducts. The recalcitrance nature of biomass hampers polysaccharide accessibility for enzymes and microbes. Several pretreatment methods have been developed for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into value-added products. However, these pretreatment methods also produce a wide range of secondary compounds, which are inhibitory to enzymes and microorganisms. The selection of an effective and efficient pretreatment method discussed in the review and its process optimization can significantly reduce the production of inhibitory compounds and may lead to enhanced production of fermentable sugars and biochemicals. Moreover, evolutionary and genetic engineering approaches are being used for the improvement of microbial tolerance towards inhibitors. Advancements in pretreatment and detoxification technologies may help to increase the productivity of lignocellulose-based biorefinery. In this review, we discuss the recent advancements in lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment technologies and strategies for the removal of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Application, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujit Sadashiv Jagtap
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ashwini Ashok Bedekar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ravi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill-171005 (H.P), India
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Deepak Pant
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh, Haryana 123031, India
| | - J Rajesh Banu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus, Tirunelveli, India
| | - Christopher V Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yun-Gon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, 06978 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Application, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang Y, Wang Z, Feng J, Pan H. Maximizing utilization of poplar wood by microwave-assisted pretreatment with methanol/dioxane binary solvent. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 300:122657. [PMID: 31918300 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Organosolv is a promising pretreatment for lignocellulose biorefinery on the integrated utilization of full components from lignocellulosic biomass. A highly efficient pretreatment process using methanol/dioxane binary solvent with microwave irradiation is proposed in this study. Poplar wood was fractionated to high quality cellulosic residue, lignin, and monosaccharide derivatives under mild conditions (120 °C, 10 min). The follow-up enzymatic hydrolysis of resulting cellulosic residues achieved almost theoretical glucan conversion over 99%. The 2D-NMR and GPC results showed that the recovered lignin precipitates contain low amount of condensed structures and have relatively narrow molecular weight distributions. The composition analysis of monosaccharide derivatives indicated that the methanol/dioxane solvent tends to convert monosaccharides into glycosides rather than further degradation by-products. The mass balance result estimated that totally 74.2% of raw poplar can be utilized by the pretreatment proposed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, 159# Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, PR China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159# Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Zining Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159# Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Junfeng Feng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, 159# Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, PR China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159# Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Hui Pan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, 159# Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, PR China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159# Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, PR China.
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Li J, Zhang W, Xu S, Hu C. The Roles of H 2O/Tetrahydrofuran System in Lignocellulose Valorization. Front Chem 2020; 8:70. [PMID: 32117893 PMCID: PMC7020750 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass as a potential alternative to fossil resource for the production of valuable chemicals and fuels has attracted substantial attention, while reducing the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass is still challenging due to the complex and cross-linking structure of biomass. Solvent system plays important roles in the pretreatment of lignocellulose, enabling the transformation of solid biomass to liquid fluid with better mass and heat transfer, as well as in the selective formation of target products. In particular, H2O/tetrahydrofuran (H2O/THF) system has recently been widely applied in lignocellulose valorization, which has been proved to exhibit outstanding efficiency for the conversion of lignocellulose, solubilization of the intermediates and products, and shifting reaction equilibrium, thereby significantly improving the yield and selectivity of target products, as well as the full utilization of lignocellulose. In addition, THF shows low toxicity, and is known as a renewable solvent which can be produced from bio-derived chemicals. Herein, this review concentrates on the advances of H2O/THF system in lignocellulose valorization in recent years. Several aspects relative to the roles of H2O/THF system are discussed as follows: the pretreatment of lignin, conversion of hemicellulose and cellulose components in lignocelluloses, and the promoting formation of valuable chemicals like furfural, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), levulinic acid, and so on, as well as the inhibiting role in humins formation. This review might provide useful information for the design of effective solvent system in full utilization of lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Ghosh A, Haverly MR, Lindstrom JK, Johnston PA, Brown RC. Tetrahydrofuran-based two-step solvent liquefaction process for production of lignocellulosic sugars. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00192a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
THF-based solvent liquefaction demonstrates a new economic and sustainable approach for fractionating, saccharifying biomass with simple and efficient solvent recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpa Ghosh
- Bioeconomy Institute
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
| | | | | | | | - Robert C. Brown
- Bioeconomy Institute
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengnan Li
- Center for Interfacial Reaction Engineering and School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Bin Wang
- Center for Interfacial Reaction Engineering and School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Daniel E. Resasco
- Center for Interfacial Reaction Engineering and School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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Rosales-Calderon O, Arantes V. A review on commercial-scale high-value products that can be produced alongside cellulosic ethanol. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:240. [PMID: 31624502 PMCID: PMC6781352 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1529-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The demand for fossil derivate fuels and chemicals has increased, augmenting concerns on climate change, global economic stability, and sustainability on fossil resources. Therefore, the production of fuels and chemicals from alternative and renewable resources has attracted considerable and growing attention. Ethanol is a promising biofuel that can reduce the consumption of gasoline in the transportation sector and related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Lignocellulosic biomass is a promising feedstock to produce bioethanol (cellulosic ethanol) because of its abundance and low cost. Since the conversion of lignocellulose to ethanol is complex and expensive, the cellulosic ethanol price cannot compete with those of the fossil derivate fuels. A promising strategy to lower the production cost of cellulosic ethanol is developing a biorefinery which produces ethanol and other high-value chemicals from lignocellulose. The selection of such chemicals is difficult because there are hundreds of products that can be produced from lignocellulose. Multiple reviews and reports have described a small group of lignocellulose derivate compounds that have the potential to be commercialized. Some of these products are in the bench scale and require extensive research and time before they can be industrially produced. This review examines chemicals and materials with a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of at least 8, which have reached a commercial scale and could be shortly or immediately integrated into a cellulosic ethanol process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Rosales-Calderon
- Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Estrada Municipal do Campinho, Lorena, SP CEP 12602-810 Brazil
| | - Valdeir Arantes
- Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Estrada Municipal do Campinho, Lorena, SP CEP 12602-810 Brazil
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Patri AS, Mostofian B, Pu Y, Ciaffone N, Soliman M, Smith MD, Kumar R, Cheng X, Wyman CE, Tetard L, Ragauskas AJ, Smith JC, Petridis L, Cai CM. A Multifunctional Cosolvent Pair Reveals Molecular Principles of Biomass Deconstruction. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12545-12557. [PMID: 31304747 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The complex structure of plant cell walls resists chemical or biological degradation, challenging the breakdown of lignocellulosic biomass into renewable chemical precursors that could form the basis of future production of green chemicals and transportation fuels. Here, experimental and computational results reveal that the effect of the tetrahydrofuran (THF)-water cosolvents on the structure of lignin and on its interactions with cellulose in the cell wall drives multiple synergistic mechanisms leading to the efficient breakdown and fractionation of biomass into valuable chemical precursors. Molecular simulations show that THF-water is an excellent "theta" solvent, such that lignin dissociates from itself and from cellulose and expands to form a random coil. The expansion of the lignin molecules exposes interunit linkages, rendering them more susceptible to depolymerization by acid-catalyzed cleavage of aryl-ether bonds. Nanoscale infrared sensors confirm cosolvent-mediated molecular rearrangement of lignin in the cell wall of micrometer-thick hardwood slices and track the disappearance of lignin. At bulk scale, adding dilute acid to the cosolvent mixture liberates the majority of the hemicellulose and lignin from biomass, allowing unfettered access of cellulolytic enzymes to the remaining cellulose-rich material, allowing them to sustain high rates of hydrolysis to glucose without enzyme deactivation. Through this multiscale analysis, synergistic mechanisms for biomass deconstruction are identified, portending a paradigm shift toward first-principles design and evaluation of other cosolvent methods to realize low cost fuels and bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek S Patri
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California, Riverside , 900 University Avenue , Riverside , California 92521 , United States.,Center for Environmental Research and Technology, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California, Riverside , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
| | | | | | - Nicholas Ciaffone
- NanoScience Technology Center and ¶Department of Physics , University of Central Florida , Orlando , Florida 32826 , United States
| | - Mikhael Soliman
- NanoScience Technology Center and ¶Department of Physics , University of Central Florida , Orlando , Florida 32826 , United States
| | | | - Rajeev Kumar
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California, Riverside , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
| | - Xiaolin Cheng
- College of Pharmacy , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Charles E Wyman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California, Riverside , 900 University Avenue , Riverside , California 92521 , United States.,Center for Environmental Research and Technology, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California, Riverside , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
| | - Laurene Tetard
- NanoScience Technology Center and ¶Department of Physics , University of Central Florida , Orlando , Florida 32826 , United States
| | | | | | | | - Charles M Cai
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California, Riverside , 900 University Avenue , Riverside , California 92521 , United States.,Center for Environmental Research and Technology, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California, Riverside , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
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Antunes FAF, Chandel AK, Terán-Hilares R, Ingle AP, Rai M, Dos Santos Milessi TS, da Silva SS, Dos Santos JC. Overcoming challenges in lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment for second-generation (2G) sugar production: emerging role of nano, biotechnological and promising approaches. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:230. [PMID: 31139545 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1761-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Production of green chemicals and biofuels in biorefineries is the potential alternative for petrochemicals and gasoline in transitioning of petro-economy into bioeconomy. However, an efficient biomass pretreatment process must be considered for the successful deployment of biorefineries, mainly for use of lignocellulosic raw materials. However, biomass recalcitrance plays a key role in its saccharification to obtain considerable sugar which can be converted into ethanol or other biochemicals. In the last few decades, several pretreatment methods have been developed, but their feasibility at large-scale operations remains as a persistent bottleneck in biorefineries. Pretreatment methods such as hydrodynamic cavitation, ionic liquids, and supercritical fluids have shown promising results in terms of either lignin or hemicellulose removal, thus making remaining carbohydrate fraction amenable to the enzymatic hydrolysis for clean and high amount of fermentable sugar production. However, their techno-economic feasibility at industrial scale has not been yet studied in detail. Besides, nanotechnological-based technologies could play an important role in the economically viable 2G sugar production in future. Considering these facts, in the present review, we have discussed the existing promising pretreatment methods for lignocellulosic biomass and their challenges, besides this strategic role of nano and biotechnological approaches towards the viability and sustainability of biorefineries is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Antonio Fernandes Antunes
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Estrada Municipal do Campinho, s/n-Campinho, Lorena, 12602-810 Brazil
| | - Anuj Kumar Chandel
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Estrada Municipal do Campinho, s/n-Campinho, Lorena, 12602-810 Brazil
| | - Ruly Terán-Hilares
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Estrada Municipal do Campinho, s/n-Campinho, Lorena, 12602-810 Brazil
| | - Avinash P Ingle
- 3Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SGB Amravati University, Amravati, 444 602 India
| | - Mahendra Rai
- 3Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SGB Amravati University, Amravati, 444 602 India
| | | | - Silvio Silvério da Silva
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Estrada Municipal do Campinho, s/n-Campinho, Lorena, 12602-810 Brazil
| | - Júlio César Dos Santos
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Estrada Municipal do Campinho, s/n-Campinho, Lorena, 12602-810 Brazil
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Luo X, Liu J, Zheng P, Li M, Zhou Y, Huang L, Chen L, Shuai L. Promoting enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass by inexpensive soy protein. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:51. [PMID: 30911331 PMCID: PMC6417190 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1387-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liquid hot water (LHW) pretreatment has been considered as one of the most industrially viable and environment-friendly methods for facilitating the transformation of lignocelluloses into biofuels through biological conversion. However, lignin fragments in pretreatment hydrolysates are preferential to condense with each other and then deposit back onto cellulose surface under severe conditions. Particularly, lignin tends to relocate or redistribute under high-temperature LHW pretreatment conditions. The lignin residues on the cellulose surface would result in significant nonproductive binding of cellulolytic enzymes, and therefore negatively affect the enzymatic conversion (EC) of glucan in pretreated substrates. Although additives such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) and Tween series have been used to reduce nonproductive binding of enzymes through blocking the lignin, the high cost or non-biocompatibility of these additives limits their potential in industrial applications. RESULTS Here, we firstly report that a soluble soy protein (SP) extracted from inexpensive defatted soy powder (DSP) showed excellent performance in promoting the EC of glucan in LHW-pretreated lignocellulosic substrates. The addition of the SP (80 mg/g glucan) could readily reduce the cellulase (Celluclast 1.5 L®) loading by 8 times from 96.7 to 12.1 mg protein/g glucan and achieve a glucan EC of 80% at a hydrolysis time of 72 h. With the same cellulase (Celluclast 1.5 L®) loading (24.2 mg protein/g glucan), the ECs of glucan in LHW-pretreated bamboo, eucalyptus, and Masson pine substrates increased from 57%, 54% and 45% (without SP) to 87%, 94% and 86% (with 80 mg SP/g glucan), respectively. Similar effects were also observed when Cellic CTec2, a newer-generation cellulase preparation, was used. Mechanistic studies indicated that the adsorption of soluble SP onto the surface of lignin residues could reduce the nonproductive binding of cellulolytic enzymes to lignin. The cost of the SP required for effective promotion would be equivalent to the cost of 2.9 mg cellulase (Celluclast 1.5 L®) protein (or 1.2 FPU/g glucan), if a proposed semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (semi-SSF) model was used. CONCLUSIONS Near-complete saccharification of glucan in LHW-pretreated lignocellulosic substrates could be achieved with the addition of the inexpensive and biocompatible SP additive extracted from DSP. This simple but remarkably effective technique could readily contribute to improving the economics of the cellulosic biorefinery industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Luo
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Peitao Zheng
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Meng Li
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, 230 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA
| | - Liulian Huang
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Lihui Chen
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Li Shuai
- Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, 230 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA
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Walker TW, Motagamwala AH, Dumesic JA, Huber GW. Fundamental catalytic challenges to design improved biomass conversion technologies. J Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Yu Q, Qin L, Liu Y, Sun Y, Xu H, Wang Z, Yuan Z. In situ deep eutectic solvent pretreatment to improve lignin removal from garden wastes and enhance production of bio-methane and microbial lipids. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 271:210-217. [PMID: 30268813 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biomass pretreatment can improve the conversion efficiency of bioenergy production. Liquid hot water (LHW) pretreatment is a truly green pretreatment due to its zero chemical use, but has the disadvantages of low lignin removal and pseudo-lignin formation. A modified liquid hot water (MLHW) process based on in situ synthesis of deep eutectic solvent (DES) could efficiently improve delignification of Roystonea regia leaves (LR) and leaf sheaths (LSR). LSR was less recalcitrant than LR, and its characteristics of higher porosity (34.8%) and thinner cell walls (5.2 μm) for LSR contributed it higher lignin removal (53.6%) and lower choline chloride (ChCl) consumption (H2O-ChCl mass ratio of 2:1) than those (44.6% and 1:2) from LR. Moreover, a great improvement of 309.0% in bio-methane yield was achieved for the MLHW-treated LSR. In addition, in situ DES in MLHW had good biocompatibility with cellulase, microalgae, and yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lei Qin
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yunyun Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Yongming Sun
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Huijuan Xu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Zhongming Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhenhong Yuan
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
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35
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Patri AS, McAlister L, Cai CM, Kumar R, Wyman CE. CELF significantly reduces milling requirements and improves soaking effectiveness for maximum sugar recovery of Alamo switchgrass over dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:177. [PMID: 31320925 PMCID: PMC6617576 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pretreatment is effective in reducing the natural recalcitrance of plant biomass so polysaccharides in cell walls can be accessed for conversion to sugars. Furthermore, lignocellulosic biomass must typically be reduced in size to increase the pretreatment effectiveness and realize high sugar yields. However, biomass size reduction is a very energy-intensive operation and contributes significantly to the overall capital cost. RESULTS In this study, the effect of particle size reduction and biomass presoaking on the deconstruction of Alamo switchgrass was examined prior to pretreatment by dilute sulfuric acid (DSA) and Co-solvent Enhanced Lignocellulosic Fractionation (CELF) at pretreatment conditions optimized for maximum sugar release by each pretreatment coupled with subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. Sugar yields by enzymatic hydrolysis were measured over a range of enzyme loadings. In general, DSA successfully solubilized hemicellulose, while CELF removed nearly 80% of Klason lignin from switchgrass in addition to the majority of hemicellulose. Presoaking and particle size reduction did not have a significant impact on biomass compositions after pretreatment for both DSA and CELF. However, presoaking for 4 h slightly increased sugar yields by enzymatic hydrolysis of DSA-pretreated switchgrass compared to unsoaked samples, whereas sugar yields from enzymatic hydrolysis of CELF solids continued to increase substantially for up to 18 h of presoaking time. Of particular importance, DSA required particle size reduction by knife milling to < 2 mm in order to achieve adequate sugar yields by subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. CELF solids, on the other hand, realized nearly identical sugar yields from unmilled and milled switchgrass even at very low enzyme loadings. CONCLUSIONS CELF was capable of achieving nearly theoretical sugar yields from enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated switchgrass solids without size reduction, unlike DSA. These results indicate that CELF may be able to eliminate particle size reduction prior to pretreatment and thereby reduce overall costs of biological processing of biomass to fuels. In addition, presoaking proved much more effective for CELF than for DSA, particularly at low enzyme loadings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek S. Patri
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 1084 Columbia Ave, Riverside, CA 92507 USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Laura McAlister
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 1084 Columbia Ave, Riverside, CA 92507 USA
| | - Charles M. Cai
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 1084 Columbia Ave, Riverside, CA 92507 USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 1084 Columbia Ave, Riverside, CA 92507 USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Charles E. Wyman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 1084 Columbia Ave, Riverside, CA 92507 USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
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Holwerda EK, Worthen RS, Kothari N, Lasky RC, Davison BH, Fu C, Wang ZY, Dixon RA, Biswal AK, Mohnen D, Nelson RS, Baxter HL, Mazarei M, Muchero W, Tuskan GA, Cai CM, Gjersing EE, Davis MF, Himmel ME, Wyman CE, Gilna P, Lynd LR. Multiple levers for overcoming the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:15. [PMID: 30675183 PMCID: PMC6335785 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recalcitrance of cellulosic biomass is widely recognized as a key barrier to cost-effective biological processing to fuels and chemicals, but the relative impacts of physical, chemical and genetic interventions to improve biomass processing singly and in combination have yet to be evaluated systematically. Solubilization of plant cell walls can be enhanced by non-biological augmentation including physical cotreatment and thermochemical pretreatment, the choice of biocatalyst, the choice of plant feedstock, genetic engineering of plants, and choosing feedstocks that are less recalcitrant natural variants. A two-tiered combinatoric investigation of lignocellulosic biomass deconstruction was undertaken with three biocatalysts (Clostridium thermocellum, Caldicellulosiruptor bescii, Novozymes Cellic® Ctec2 and Htec2), three transgenic switchgrass plant lines (COMT, MYB4, GAUT4) and their respective nontransgenic controls, two Populus natural variants, and augmentation of biological attack using either mechanical cotreatment or cosolvent-enhanced lignocellulosic fractionation (CELF) pretreatment. RESULTS In the absence of augmentation and under the conditions tested, increased total carbohydrate solubilization (TCS) was observed for 8 of the 9 combinations of switchgrass modifications and biocatalysts tested, and statistically significant for five of the combinations. Our results indicate that recalcitrance is not a trait determined by the feedstock only, but instead is coequally determined by the choice of biocatalyst. TCS with C. thermocellum was significantly higher than with the other two biocatalysts. Both CELF pretreatment and cotreatment via continuous ball milling enabled TCS in excess of 90%. CONCLUSION Based on our results as well as literature studies, it appears that some form of non-biological augmentation will likely be necessary for the foreseeable future to achieve high TCS for most cellulosic feedstocks. However, our results show that this need not necessarily involve thermochemical processing, and need not necessarily occur prior to biological conversion. Under the conditions tested, the relative magnitude of TCS increase was augmentation > biocatalyst choice > plant choice > plant modification > plant natural variants. In the presence of augmentation, plant modification, plant natural variation, and plant choice exhibited a small, statistically non-significant impact on TCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evert K. Holwerda
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering drive, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Robert S. Worthen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering drive, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Ninad Kothari
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Center for Environmental Research and Technology, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
| | - Ronald C. Lasky
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering drive, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
| | - Brian H. Davison
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Chunxiang Fu
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Genomics Division, Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Genomics Division, Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
| | - Richard A. Dixon
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203 USA
| | - Ajaya K. Biswal
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Debra Mohnen
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Richard S. Nelson
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Genomics Division, Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
| | - Holly L. Baxter
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Mitra Mazarei
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Wellington Muchero
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Gerald A. Tuskan
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Charles M. Cai
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Center for Environmental Research and Technology, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
| | - Erica E. Gjersing
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Bioenergy Science and Technology, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Mark F. Davis
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Bioenergy Science and Technology, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Michael E. Himmel
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Bioenergy Science and Technology, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Charles E. Wyman
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Center for Environmental Research and Technology, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
| | - Paul Gilna
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Lee R. Lynd
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering drive, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
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Xin D, Chen X, Wen P, Zhang J. Insight into the role of α-arabinofuranosidase in biomass hydrolysis: cellulose digestibility and inhibition by xylooligomers. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:64. [PMID: 30949240 PMCID: PMC6429694 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1412-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND α-l-Arabinofuranosidase (ARA), a debranching enzyme that can remove arabinose substituents from arabinoxylan and arabinoxylooligomers (AXOS), promotes the hydrolysis of the arabinoxylan fraction of biomass; however, the impact of ARA on the overall digestibility of cellulose is controversial. In this study, we investigated the effects of the addition of ARA on cellulase hydrolytic action. RESULTS We found that approximately 15% of the xylan was converted into AXOS during the hydrolysis of aqueous ammonia-pretreated corn stover and that this AXOS fraction was approximately 12% substituted with arabinose. The addition of ARA removes a portion of the arabinose decoration, but the resulting less-substituted AXOS inhibited cellulase action much more effectively; showing an increase of 45.7%. Kinetic experiments revealed that AXOS with a lower degree of arabinose substitution showed stronger affinity for the active site of cellobiohydrolase, which could be the mechanism of increased inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Our findings strongly suggest that the ratio of ARA and other xylanases should be carefully selected to avoid the strong inhibition caused by the less-substituted AXOS during the hydrolysis of arabinoxylan-containing biomass. This study advances our understanding of the inhibitory mechanism of xylooligomers and provides critical new insights into the relationship of ARA addition and cellulose digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglin Xin
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Xiang Chen
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Peiyao Wen
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
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Zhuo S, Peng B, Yan X, Zhang K, Si M, Liu M, Shi Y. Conquering lignin recalcitrance by Pandoraea sp. B-6 to improve co-solvent pretreatment of corn stover. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kothari N, Holwerda EK, Cai CM, Kumar R, Wyman CE. Biomass augmentation through thermochemical pretreatments greatly enhances digestion of switchgrass by Clostridium thermocellum. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:219. [PMID: 30087696 PMCID: PMC6076393 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thermophilic anaerobic bacterium Clostridium thermocellum is a multifunctional ethanol producer, capable of both saccharification and fermentation, that is central to the consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) approach of converting lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol without external enzyme supplementation. Although CBP organisms have evolved efficient machinery for biomass deconstruction, achieving complete solubilization requires targeted approaches, such as pretreatment, to prepare recalcitrant biomass feedstocks for further biological digestion. Here, differences between how C. thermocellum and fungal cellulases respond to senescent switchgrass prepared by four different pretreatment techniques revealed relationships between biomass substrate composition and its digestion by the two biological approaches. RESULTS Alamo switchgrass was pretreated using hydrothermal, dilute acid, dilute alkali, and co-solvent-enhanced lignocellulosic fractionation (CELF) pretreatments to produce solids with varying glucan, xylan, and lignin compositions. C. thermocellum achieved highest sugar release and metabolite production from de-lignified switchgrass prepared by CELF and dilute alkali pretreatments demonstrating greater resilience to the presence of hemicellulose sugars than fungal enzymes. 100% glucan solubilization and glucan plus xylan release from switchgrass were achieved using the CELF-CBP combination. Lower glucan solubilization and metabolite production by C. thermocellum was observed on solids prepared by dilute acid and hydrothermal pretreatments with higher xylan removal from switchgrass than lignin removal. Further, C. thermocellum (2% by volume inoculum) showed ~ 48% glucan solubilization compared to < 10% through fungal enzymatic hydrolysis (15 and 65 mg protein/g glucan loadings) of unpretreated switchgrass indicating the effectiveness of C. thermocellum's cellulosome. Overall, C. thermocellum performed equivalent to 65 and better than 15 mg protein/g glucan fungal enzymatic hydrolysis on all substrates except CELF-pretreated substrates. CELF pretreatments of switchgrass produced solids that were highly digestible regardless of whether C. thermocellum or fungal enzymes were chosen. CONCLUSIONS The unparalleled comprehensive nature of this work with a comparison of four pretreatment and two biological digestion techniques provides a strong platform for future integration of pretreatment with CBP. Lignin removal had a more positive impact on biological digestion of switchgrass than xylan removal from the biomass. However, the impact of switchgrass structural properties, including cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin characterization, would provide a better understanding of lignocellulose deconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninad Kothari
- Dept. of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside (UCR), Riverside, CA USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Evert K. Holwerda
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Charles M. Cai
- Dept. of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside (UCR), Riverside, CA USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Charles E. Wyman
- Dept. of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside (UCR), Riverside, CA USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN USA
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Zhang L, Zheng W, Wang Z, Ma Y, Jiang L, Wang T. Efficient degradation of lignin in raw wood via pretreatment with heteropoly acids in γ-valerolactone/water. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 261:70-75. [PMID: 29653336 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.03.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the degradation of lignin in raw wood via pretreatment with heteropoly acids as substitutes for traditional H2SO4 in γ-valerolactone/water. By optimizing catalyst concentration, reaction time and temperature, the optimal lignin degradation conditions are obtained (130 °C, 3 h and 20 mM silicotungstic acid). SEM and FTIR measurements demonstrated the efficient lignin degradation ability of HPAs in the GVL/H2O solvent, with negligible damage to cellulose within the raw wood. Furthermore, an elaborated enzymatic hydrolysis study of the thus obtained cellulosic feedstock revealed its suitability for enzymatic digestion, with great potential as starting material for the production of fermentable sugar from biomass in future biorefinery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Zhang
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology, The Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenxiu Zheng
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | | | - Yubo Ma
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology, The Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tianfu Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology, The Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China.
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Raghavendran V, Nitsos C, Matsakas L, Rova U, Christakopoulos P, Olsson L. A comparative study of the enzymatic hydrolysis of batch organosolv-pretreated birch and spruce biomass. AMB Express 2018; 8:114. [PMID: 29992363 PMCID: PMC6039347 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0643-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A shift towards a sustainable and green society is vital to reduce the negative effects of climate change associated with increased CO2 emissions. Lignocellulosic biomass is both renewable and abundant, but is recalcitrant to deconstruction. Among the methods of pretreatment available, organosolv (OS) delignifies cellulose efficiently, significantly improving its digestibility by enzymes. We have assessed the hydrolysability of the cellulose-rich solid fractions from OS-pretreated spruce and birch at 2% w/v loading (dry matter). Almost complete saccharification of birch was possible with 80 mg enzyme preparation/gsolids (12 FPU/gsolids), while the saccharification yield for spruce was only 70%, even when applying 60 FPU/gsolids. As the cellulose content is enriched by OS, the yield of glucose was higher than in their steam-exploded counterparts. The hydrolysate was a transparent liquid due to the absence of phenolics and was also free from inhibitors. OS pretreatment holds potential for use in a large-scale, closed-loop biorefinery producing fuels from the cellulose fraction and platform chemicals from the hemicellulose and lignin fractions respectively.
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Zhuo S, Yan X, Liu D, Si M, Zhang K, Liu M, Peng B, Shi Y. Use of bacteria for improving the lignocellulose biorefinery process: importance of pre-erosion. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:146. [PMID: 29796087 PMCID: PMC5964970 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological pretreatment is an important alternative strategy for biorefining lignocellulose and has attracted increasing attention in recent years. However, current designs for this pretreatment mainly focus on using various white rot fungi, overlooking the bacteria. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, we evaluated the potential contribution of bacteria to lignocellulose pretreatment, with and without a physicochemical process, based on the bacterial strain Pandoraea sp. B-6 (hereafter B-6) that was isolated from erosive bamboo slips. Moreover, the mechanism of the improvement of reducing sugar yield by bacteria was elucidated via analyses of the physicochemical changes of corn stover (CS) before and after pretreatment. RESULTS The digestibility of CS pretreated with B-6 was equivalent to that of untreated CS. The recalcitrant CS surface provided fewer mediators for contact with the extracellular enzymes of B-6. A pre-erosion strategy using a tetrahydrofuran-water co-solvent system was shown to destroy the recalcitrant CS surface. The optimal condition for pre-erosion showed a 6.5-fold increase in enzymatic digestibility compared with untreated CS. The pre-erosion of CS can expose more phenolic compounds that were chelated to oxidized Mn3+ and also provided mediators for combination with laccase, which was attributable to B-6 pretreatment. B-6 pretreatment following pre-erosion exhibited a sugar yield that was 91.2 mg/g greater than that of pre-erosion alone and 7.5-fold higher than that of untreated CS. This pre-erosion application was able to destroy the recalcitrant CS surface, thus leading to a rough and porous architecture that better facilitated the diffusion and transport of lignin derivatives. This enhanced the ability of laccase and manganese peroxidase secreted by B-6 to improve the efficiency of this biological pretreatment. CONCLUSION Bacteria were not found useful alone as a biological pretreatment, but they significantly improved enzymatic digestion after lignocellulose breakdown via other physicochemical methods. Nonetheless, phenyl or phenoxy radicals were used by laccase and manganese peroxidase in B-6 for lignin attack or lignin depolymerization. These particular mediators released from the recalcitrance network of lignocellulose openings are important for the efficacy of this bacterial pretreatment. Our findings thus offer a novel perspective on the effective design of biological pretreatment methods for lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Zhuo
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
| | - Xu Yan
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083 China
| | - Dan Liu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
| | - Mengying Si
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
| | - Kejing Zhang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
| | - Mingren Liu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
| | - Bing Peng
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083 China
| | - Yan Shi
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083 China
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Zhang H, Liu X, Li J, Jiang Z, Hu C. Performances of Several Solvents on the Cleavage of Inter- and Intramolecular Linkages of Lignin in Corncob Residue. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018. [PMID: 29542869 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201800309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The performances of solvents, including γ-butyrolactone (GBL), γ-valerolactone (GVL), tetrahydrofuran (THF), ethyl acetate (EAC), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF), and the corresponding mixtures with H2 O, on the cleavage of inter- and intramolecular linkages of lignin in corncob residue were investigated. At 200 °C, miscible cosolvents (H2 O-GBL, H2 O-GVL, and H2 O-THF) exhibited much better efficiency for lignin dissolution than that of both immiscible cosolvents (H2 O-EAC and H2 O-2-MeTHF) and pure solvents. The synergetic effect between H2 O and organic solvent significantly promoted the breakage of intermolecular linkages between C6-O-H of amorphous cellulose and lignin. GBL and THF solvents preferentially dissolved lignin with H and G units, whereas GVL, EAC, and 2-MeTHF solvents exhibited high selectivity for the dissolution of lignin with S and G units. In addition to dissolution, the intramolecular β-O-4 linkage in lignin could be selectively cleaved in H2 O-GBL cosolvent, whereas the β-O-4, α-O-4, and β-5 linkages were cleaved in H2 O-EAC, H2 O-THF, and H2 O-2-MeTHF cosolvents. At 300 °C, the breakage of the β-γ bond prior to β-O-4 in H2 O-GBL, H2 O-THF, H2 O-EAC, and H2 O-2-MeTHF produced 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol selectively (accounting for ≈70 % of the total identified monophenols), whereas the α-1 bond was preferably broken in H2 O-GVL to form guaiacol (accounting for ≈75 % of the total identified monophenols).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, PR China
| | - Xudong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, PR China
| | - Jianmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, PR China
| | - Zhicheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, PR China
| | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, PR China
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Ghosh A, Bai X, Brown RC. Solubilized Carbohydrate Production by Acid-Catalyzed Depolymerization of Cellulose in Polar Aprotic Solvents. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arpa Ghosh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Iowa State University, Ames; Iowa USA 50011
- Bioeconomy Institute; Iowa State University, Ames; Iowa USA 50011
| | - Xianglan Bai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Iowa State University, Ames; Iowa USA 50011
| | - Robert C. Brown
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Iowa State University, Ames; Iowa USA 50011
- Bioeconomy Institute; Iowa State University, Ames; Iowa USA 50011
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Jiang Z, Zhao P, Li J, Liu X, Hu C. Effect of Tetrahydrofuran on the Solubilization and Depolymerization of Cellulose in a Biphasic System. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:397-405. [PMID: 29148211 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201701861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The dissolution of cellulose from biomass is a crucial but complicated issue for maximizing the utilization of biomass resources to produce valuable chemicals, because of the extreme insolubility of cellulose. A biphasic NaCl-H2 O-tetrahydrofuran (THF) system was studied, in which most of the pure microcrystalline cellulose (M-cellulose, 96.6 % conversion at 220 °C) and that contained in actual biomass were converted. Nearly half of the O6-H⋅⋅⋅O3 intermolecular hydrogen bonds could be broken by THF in the H2 O-THF co-solvent system, whereas the cleavage of O2-H⋅⋅⋅O6 intramolecular hydrogen bonds by H2 O was significantly inhibited. In the NaCl-H2 O-THF system, THF could significantly promote the effects of both H2 O and NaCl on the disruption of O2-H⋅⋅⋅O6 and O3-H⋅⋅⋅O5 intramolecular hydrogen bonds, respectively. In addition, THF could protect and transfer the cellulose-derived products to the organic phase by forming hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom in THF and the hydrogen atom of C4-OH in the glucose or aldehyde group in 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), which can lead more NaCl to combine with the -OH of M-cellulose and further disrupt hydrogen bonding in M-cellulose, thereby improving the yield of small molecular weight products (especially HMF) and further promoting the dissolution of cellulose. As a cheap and reusable system, NaCl-H2 O-THF system may be a promising approach for the dissolution and further conversion of cellulose in lignocellulosic biomass without any enzymes, ionic liquids, or conventional catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Pingping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Jianmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Xudong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
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Wang Q, Tian D, Hu J, Shen F, Yang G, Zhang Y, Deng S, Zhang J, Zeng Y, Hu Y. Fates of hemicellulose, lignin and cellulose in concentrated phosphoric acid with hydrogen peroxide (PHP) pretreatment. RSC Adv 2018; 8:12714-12723. [PMID: 35541248 PMCID: PMC9079361 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00764k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylan, de-alkaline lignin and microcrystalline cellulose were employed as representative models of hemicellulose, lignin and cellulose in lignocellulosic biomass. These three model compounds, together with the real-world biomass, wheat straw were pretreated using the newly developed PHP pretreatment (concentrated phosphoric acid plus hydrogen peroxide) to better understand the structural changes of the recovered solid and chemical fractions in the liquid. Results showed that almost all xylan and higher than 70% lignin were removed from wheat straw, and more than 90% cellulose was recovered in the solid fraction. The pretreated model xylan recovered via ethanol-precipitation still maintained its original structural features. The degree of polymerization of soluble xylooligosaccharides in liquid was reduced, resulting in the increase of monomeric xylose release. Further xylose oxidization via the path of 2-furancarboxylic acid → 2(5H)-furanone → acrylic acid → formic acid was mainly responsible for xylan degradation. The chemical structure of de-alkaline lignin was altered significantly by PHP pretreatment. Basic guaiacyl units of lignin were depolymerized, and aromatic rings and side aliphatic chains were partially decomposed. Ring-opening reactions of the aromatics and cleavage of C–O–C linkages were two crucial paths to lignin oxidative degradation. In contrast to lignin, no apparent changes occurred on microcrystalline cellulose. The reason was likely that acid-depolymerization and oxidative degradation of cellulose were greatly prevented by the formed cellulose phosphate. The transformation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in lignocellulosic biomass in a novel pretreatment are elucidated based on model fractions.![]()
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Thomas VA, Donohoe BS, Li M, Pu Y, Ragauskas AJ, Kumar R, Nguyen TY, Cai CM, Wyman CE. Adding tetrahydrofuran to dilute acid pretreatment provides new insights into substrate changes that greatly enhance biomass deconstruction by Clostridium thermocellum and fungal enzymes. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:252. [PMID: 29213312 PMCID: PMC5707920 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0937-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) by anaerobes, such as Clostridium thermocellum, which combine enzyme production, hydrolysis, and fermentation are promising alternatives to historical economic challenges of using fungal enzymes for biological conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. However, limited research has integrated CBP with real pretreated biomass, and understanding how pretreatment impacts subsequent deconstruction by CBP vs. fungal enzymes can provide valuable insights into CBP and suggest other novel biomass deconstruction strategies. This study focused on determining the effect of pretreatment by dilute sulfuric acid alone (DA) and with tetrahydrofuran (THF) addition via co-solvent-enhanced lignocellulosic fractionation (CELF) on deconstruction of corn stover and Populus with much different recalcitrance by C. thermocellum vs. fungal enzymes and changes in pretreated biomass related to these differences. RESULTS Coupling CELF fractionation of corn stover and Populus with subsequent CBP by the anaerobe C. thermocellum completely solubilized polysaccharides left in the pretreated solids within only 48 h without adding enzymes. These results were better than those from the conventional DA followed by either CBP or fungal enzymes or CELF followed by fungal enzyme hydrolysis, especially at viable enzyme loadings. Enzyme adsorption on CELF-pretreated corn stover and CELF-pretreated Populus solids were virtually equal, while DA improved the enzyme accessibility for corn stover more than Populus. Confocal scanning light microscopy (CSLM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and NMR characterization of solids from both pretreatments revealed differences in cell wall structure and lignin composition, location, coalescence, and migration-enhanced digestibility of CELF-pretreated solids. CONCLUSIONS Adding THF to DA pretreatment (CELF) greatly enhanced deconstruction of corn stover and Populus by fungal enzymes and C. thermocellum CBP, and the CELF-CBP tandem was agnostic to feedstock recalcitrance. Composition measurements, material balances, cellulase adsorption, and CSLM and TEM imaging revealed adding THF enhanced the enzyme accessibility, cell wall fractures, and cellular dislocation and cell wall delamination. Overall, enhanced deconstruction of CELF solids by enzymes and particularly by C. thermocellum could be related to lignin removal and alteration, thereby pointing to these factors being key contributors to biomass recalcitrance as a barrier to low-cost biological conversion to sustainable fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A. Thomas
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Bryon S. Donohoe
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Mi Li
- Joint Institute of Biological Science, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- Joint Institute of Biological Science, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Arthur J. Ragauskas
- Joint Institute of Biological Science, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN USA
- Department of Chemical & Bimolecular Engineering, Center for Renewable Carbon and Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Thanh Yen Nguyen
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
| | - Charles M. Cai
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Charles E. Wyman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
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Gilna P, Lynd LR, Mohnen D, Davis MF, Davison BH. Progress in understanding and overcoming biomass recalcitrance: a BioEnergy Science Center (BESC) perspective. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:285. [PMID: 29213324 PMCID: PMC5707806 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0971-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The DOE BioEnergy Science Center has operated as a virtual center with multiple partners for a decade targeting overcoming biomass recalcitrance. BESC has redefined biomass recalcitrance from an observable phenotype to a better understood and manipulatable fundamental and operational property. These manipulations are the result of deeper biological understanding and can be combined with other advanced biotechnology improvements in biomass conversion to improve bioenergy processes and markets. This article provides an overview of key accomplishments in overcoming recalcitrance via better plants, better microbes, and better tools and combinations. A perspective on the aspects of successful center operation is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gilna
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Bldg. 1505, Rm. 100A, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6037 USA
| | - Lee R. Lynd
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Bldg. 1505, Rm. 100A, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6037 USA
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
| | - Debra Mohnen
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Bldg. 1505, Rm. 100A, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6037 USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Mark F. Davis
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Bldg. 1505, Rm. 100A, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6037 USA
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Brian H. Davison
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Bldg. 1505, Rm. 100A, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6037 USA
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50
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Smith MD, Cheng X, Petridis L, Mostofian B, Smith JC. Organosolv-Water Cosolvent Phase Separation on Cellulose and its Influence on the Physical Deconstruction of Cellulose: A Molecular Dynamics Analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14494. [PMID: 29101352 PMCID: PMC5670135 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Deconstruction of cellulose is crucial for the chemical conversion of lignocellulose into fuel/bioproduct precursors. Recently, a water-organosolv cosolvent system (THF-water) has been shown to both phase-separate on cellulose surfaces and partially deconstruct Avicel (cellulose) in the absence of acid. Here we employ molecular dynamics simulations to determine whether other common water-organosolv cosolvent systems (acetone, ethanol, and γ-valerolactone) exhibit phase separation at cellulose surface and whether this alters a purely physical cellulose dissociation pathway. Despite finding varied degrees of phase-separation of organosolv on cellulose surfaces, physical dissociation is not enhanced. Interestingly, however, the total amount the median water-cellulose contact lifetimes increases for the cosolvent systems in the order of THF > acetone > ethanol > γ-valerolactone. Together our results indicate two points: a purely physical process for deconstruction of cellulose is unlikely for these cosolvents, and in THF-water, unlike γ-valerolactone- (and some concentrations of acetone and ethanol) water cosolvents, a significant fraction of surface water is slowed. This slowing may be of importance in enhancing chemical deconstruction of cellulose, as it permits an increase in potential THF-water-cellulose reactions, even while the amount of water near cellulose is decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micholas Dean Smith
- Center for Molecular Biophysics, University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Xiaolin Cheng
- Center for Molecular Biophysics, University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.,Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Loukas Petridis
- Center for Molecular Biophysics, University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.,Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Barmak Mostofian
- Center for Molecular Biophysics, University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Jeremy C Smith
- Center for Molecular Biophysics, University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA. .,Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA.
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