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Nygren N, Schlapp-Hackl I, Heimala S, Sederholm H, Rissanen M, Hummel M. Spin-dyeing of cellulose fibres with vat dyes using the Ioncell process. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 346:122578. [PMID: 39245479 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Estimated 20 % of global clean water pollution is attributed to textile production. Dyeing and finishing processes use an extensive amount of water and chemicals, and most of the effluents and wastewater is released into the environment. In this study, we explore spin-dyeing of man-made cellulosic fibres (MMCFs) with vat dyes using the Ioncell process, circumventing the ubiquitous use of fresh water and potentially reducing effluents streams to a great extent. Spin-dyeing is an established process for synthetic polymers but is not common for MMCFs. Regenerated cellulose fibres were produced through dissolution of dissolving pulp in the ionic liquid 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene acetate. The produced fibres were processed into yarn and a jersey fabric was knitted. Mechanical and colour fastness properties were tested. The fibres properties were also assessed through SEM, birefringence, and crystallinity measurements. Fibres with excellent mechanical properties (tenacity higher than 50 cN/tex) and colour fastness were produced, with most samples receiving the highest or next highest performance grade. The spun-dyed fibres also hold great potential to be recycled themselves without colour change or loss in colour intensity. Textiles with colours produced in large quantities such as black or navy blue could be the first market entry point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Nygren
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Inge Schlapp-Hackl
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Senni Heimala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Helena Sederholm
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Marja Rissanen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland; Department of Materials Science, University of Tampere, Kuntokatu 3, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Michael Hummel
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
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2
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Huang H, Zheng C, Huang C, Wang S. Dissolution behavior of ionic liquids for different ratios of lignin and cellulose in the preparation of nanocellulose/lignin blends. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 657:767-777. [PMID: 38081111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
Lignin is regarded as a potential solution for boosting the strength of cellulose-based products. However, the mechanism of co-solubilization for lignin and cellulose has not been investigated. In this study, the effect of lignin content on the interaction between lignin and nanocellulose during lignin/cellulose co-dissolution was examined. The results revealed that lignin binds to nanocellulose throughout the dissolution process to limit the degradation of cellulose and to prepare nanocellulose/lignin composites. Moreover, the S units in lignin were more likely to interact with cellulose during the dissolution process, whereas the G units were more likely to condense. However, when the lignin content exceeded 30 wt%, the excess lignin created a severe condensation reaction, which led to a decrease in the lignin content bound to cellulose, resulting in an unequal dissolution of cellulose. Thus, a small amount of lignin attached to cellulose during the co-dissolution of lignin and cellulose inhibits cellulose degradation and can be utilized to create nanocellulose/lignin to extend the potential applications of nanocellulosic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohe Huang
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Chaojian Zheng
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Chongxing Huang
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Shuangfei Wang
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, China
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3
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Argyropoulos DDS, Crestini C, Dahlstrand C, Furusjö E, Gioia C, Jedvert K, Henriksson G, Hulteberg C, Lawoko M, Pierrou C, Samec JSM, Subbotina E, Wallmo H, Wimby M. Kraft Lignin: A Valuable, Sustainable Resource, Opportunities and Challenges. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023:e202300492. [PMID: 37493340 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Kraft lignin, a by-product from the production of pulp, is currently incinerated in the recovery boiler during the chemical recovery cycle, generating valuable bioenergy and recycling inorganic chemicals to the pulping process operation. Removing lignin from the black liquor or its gasification lowers the recovery boiler load enabling increased pulp production. During the past ten years, lignin separation technologies have emerged and the interest of the research community to valorize this underutilized resource has been invigorated. The aim of this Review is to give (1) a dedicated overview of the kraft process with a focus on the lignin, (2) an overview of applications that are being developed, and (3) a techno-economic and life cycle asseeements of value chains from black liquor to different products. Overall, it is anticipated that this effort will inspire further work for developing and using kraft lignin as a commodity raw material for new applications undeniably promoting pivotal global sustainability concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris D S Argyropoulos
- Departments of Chemistry and Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, 431 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
| | - Claudia Crestini
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170, Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | | | - Erik Furusjö
- Division of Bioeconomy and Health, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Lindholmspiren 7 A, SE-41756, Göteborg, Sweden
- Division of Energy Science, Luleå University of Technology, Universitetsområdet Porsön, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Claudio Gioia
- Department of physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Kerstin Jedvert
- Division of Materials and Production, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Lindholmspiren 7 A, SE-41756, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Henriksson
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Hulteberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Lawoko
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clara Pierrou
- RenFuel Materials AB, Rapsgatan 25, SE-754 50, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joseph S M Samec
- Ren Fuel K2B AB, Rapsgatan 25, SE-754 50, Uppsala, Sweden
- RenFuel Materials AB, Rapsgatan 25, SE-754 50, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arhenius väg 16 C, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Elena Subbotina
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, 370 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | | | - Martin Wimby
- Valmet AB, Regnbågsgatan 6, 41755, Göteborg, Sweden
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4
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Design of experiments as a tool to guide the preparation of tailor-made activated carbons. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3977. [PMID: 36894569 PMCID: PMC9998870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30642-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated carbon produced from biomass exhibits a high specific surface area due to the natural hierarchical porous structure of the precursor material. To reduce production costs of activated carbon, bio-waste materials receive more and more attention, which has led to a steep increase in the number of publications over the past decade. However, the characteristics of activated carbon are highly dependent on the properties of the precursor material used, making it difficult to draw assumptions about activation conditions for new precursor materials based on published work. Here, we introduce a Design of Experiment methodology with a Central Composite Design to better predict the properties of activated carbons from biomass. As a model precursor, we employ well-defined regenerated cellulose-based fibers which contain 25 wt.% chitosan as intrinsic dehydration catalyst and nitrogen donor. The use of the DoE methodology opens up the possibility to better identify the crucial dependencies between activation temperature and impregnation ratio on the yield, surface morphology, porosity and chemical composition of the activated carbon, independent of the used biomass. The use of DoE yields contour plots, which allows for more facile analysis on correlations between activation conditions and activated carbon properties, thus enabling its tailor-made manufacturing.
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5
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Liu J, Bengtsson J, Yu S, Burghammer M, Jedvert K. Variation in the hierarchical structure of lignin-blended cellulose precursor fibers. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 225:1555-1561. [PMID: 36427621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Regenerated cellulose fibers have been considered as potential precursor fibers for carbon fibers because of their balanced cost and performance. Increased attention has been paid to blending lignin with the regenerated cellulose to generate precursor fibers which render good mechanical properties and higher carbon yield. The mechanical properties of carbon fibers have been found closely correlated to the structure of precursor fibers. However, the effects of lignin blending on molecular- and morphological structure of the precursor are still unclear. This study aims at clarifying the structural information of lignin-cellulose precursor fibers from molecular level to mesoscale by scanning X-ray microdiffraction. We present the existence of a skin-core morphology for all the precursor fibers. Increase of lignin content in precursor fiber could reduce the portion of skin and cause obvious disorder of the meso- and molecular structure. By correlating structural variations with lignin blending, 30% lignin blending has been found as a potential balance point to obtain precursor fibers maintaining structural order together with high yield rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiliang Liu
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ESRF, Grenoble 38000, France.
| | - Jenny Bengtsson
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Materials and Production, Mölndal 43153, Sweden
| | - Shun Yu
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Bioeconomy and Health, Lund 22370, Sweden
| | | | - Kerstin Jedvert
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Materials and Production, Mölndal 43153, Sweden
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6
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Gao X, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Nguyen TT, Wu J, Guo M, Du C. Inspired by Skeletal Muscles: Study of the Physical and Electrochemical Properties of Derived Lignocellulose-Based Carbon Fibers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8068. [PMID: 36431557 PMCID: PMC9694132 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles exhibit excellent properties due to their well-developed microstructures. Taking inspiration from nature that thick filaments and thin filaments are linked by "cross-bridges", leading to good stability and ion transport performance of muscles. In this work, extracted poplar lignin and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) were connected by biomimetic covalent bonds, akin to biological muscle tissue, in which isophorone diisocyanate was used as the chemical crosslinking agent. Then, poplar lignin-MCC was mixed with polyacrylonitrile to serve as the precursor for electrospinning. The results show that due to the effective covalent-bond connection, the precursor fibers possess excellent morphology, smooth surface, good thermal stability, and high flexibility and toughness (average elongation-at-break is 51.84%). Therefore, after thermal stabilization and carbonization, derived lignocellulose-based carbon fibers (CFs) with a reduced cost, complete fiber morphology with a uniform diameter (0.48 ± 0.22 μm), and high graphitization degree were obtained. Finally, the electrodes fabrication and electrochemical testing were carried out. The results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) indicate that the Rs and Rct values of CFs supercapacitors are 1.18 Ω and 0.14 Ω, respectively. Results of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) suggest that these CFs demonstrate great application potential in electrochemical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Gao
- College of Sports and Human Sciences, Post-Doctoral Mobile Research Station, Graduate School, Harbin Sport University, Harbin 150008, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yueting Wu
- College of Sports and Human Sciences, Post-Doctoral Mobile Research Station, Graduate School, Harbin Sport University, Harbin 150008, China
| | - Tat Thang Nguyen
- College of Wood Industry and Interior Design, Vietnam National University of Forestry, Hanoi 156220, Vietnam
| | - Jie Wu
- College of Sports and Human Sciences, Post-Doctoral Mobile Research Station, Graduate School, Harbin Sport University, Harbin 150008, China
| | - Minghui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chunhua Du
- College of Sports and Human Sciences, Post-Doctoral Mobile Research Station, Graduate School, Harbin Sport University, Harbin 150008, China
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7
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Zahra H, Selinger J, Sawada D, Ogawa Y, Orelma H, Ma Y, Kumagai S, Yoshioka T, Hummel M. Evaluation of Keratin-Cellulose Blend Fibers as Precursors for Carbon Fibers. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:8314-8325. [PMID: 35847521 PMCID: PMC9275789 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
One main challenge to utilize cellulose-based fibers as the precursor for carbon fibers is their inherently low carbon yield. This study aims to evaluate the use of keratin in chicken feathers, a byproduct of the poultry industry generated in large quantities, as a natural charring agent to improve the yield of cellulose-derived carbon fibers. Keratin-cellulose composite fibers are prepared through direct dissolution of the pulp and feather keratin in the ionic liquid 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium acetate ([DBNH]OAc) and subsequent dry jet wet spinning (so-called Ioncell process). Thermogravimetric analysis reveals that there is an increase in the carbon yield by ∼53 wt % with 30 wt % keratin incorporation. This increase is comparable to the one observed for lignin-cellulose composite fibers, in which lignin acts as a carbon booster due to its higher carbon content. Keratin, however, reduces the mechanical properties of cellulose precursor fibers to a lesser extent than lignin. Keratin introduces nitrogen and induces the formation of pores in the precursor fibers and the resulting carbon fibers. Carbon materials derived from the keratin-cellulose composite fiber show potential for applications where nitrogen doping and pores or voids in the carbon are desirable, for example, for low-cost bio-based carbons for energy harvest or storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Zahra
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Julian Selinger
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
- Institute
of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz
University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Daisuke Sawada
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Yu Ogawa
- Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Hannes Orelma
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Biomaterial Processing and Products, Tietotie 4E, 02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Yibo Ma
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Shogo Kumagai
- Graduate
School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku
University, 6-6-07 Aoba,
Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, 980-8579 Sendai, Japan
- Division
for the Establishment of Frontier Sciences of Organization for Advanced
Studies, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, 980-8577 Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Yoshioka
- Graduate
School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku
University, 6-6-07 Aoba,
Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, 980-8579 Sendai, Japan
| | - Michael Hummel
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
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8
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Green and Low-Cost Natural Lignocellulosic Biomass-Based Carbon Fibers—Processing, Properties, and Applications in Sports Equipment: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132591. [PMID: 35808637 PMCID: PMC9269417 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, high-performance carbon fibers (CFs) are mainly produced from petroleum-based materials. However, the high costs and environmental problems of the production process prompted the development of new precursors from natural biopolymers. This review focuses on the latest research on the conversion of natural lignocellulosic biomass into precursor fibers and CFs. The influence of the properties, advantages, separation, and extraction of lignin and cellulose (the most abundant natural biopolymers), as well as the spinning process on the final CF performance are detailed. Recent strategies to further improve the quality of such CFs are discussed. The importance and application of CFs in sports equipment manufacturing are briefly summarized. While the large-scale production of CFs from natural lignocellulosic biomass and their applications in sports equipment have not yet been realized, CFs still provide a promising market prospect as green and low-cost materials. Further research is needed to ensure the market entry of lignocellulosic biomass-based CFs.
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9
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Le ND, Trogen M, Varley RJ, Hummel M, Byrne N. Chemically Accelerated Stabilization of a Cellulose-Lignin Precursor as a Route to High Yield Carbon Fiber Production. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:839-846. [PMID: 35041790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The production of carbon fiber from bio-based or renewable resources has gained considerable attention in recent years with much of the focus upon cellulose, lignin, and cellulose-lignin composite precursor fibers. A critical step in optimizing the manufacture of carbon fiber is the stabilization process, through which the chemical and physical structure of the precursor fiber is transformed, allowing it to withstand very high temperatures. In this work, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is used to explore and optimize stabilization by simulating different stabilization profiles. Using this approach, we explore the influence of atmosphere (nitrogen or air), cellulose-lignin composition, and alternative catalysts on the carbon yield, efficiency, and rate of stabilization. Carbon dioxide and water vapor released during stabilization are analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, providing further information about the stabilization mechanism and the accelerating effect of oxygen and increased char yield (carbon content), especially for lignin. A range of different catalysts are evaluated for their ability to enhance the char yield, and a phosphorus-based flame retardant (H3PO4) proved to be the most effective; in fact, a doubling of the char yield was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen-Duc Le
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Rd, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Mikaela Trogen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Russell J Varley
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Rd, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Michael Hummel
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Nolene Byrne
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Rd, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
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10
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Regenerative Textiles: A Framework for Future Materials Circularity in the Textile Value Chain. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132413910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Materials science breakthroughs have regenerated high value fibres from end-of-life cellulose-based textiles that can be introduced into existing textile fabrication processes from raw material to textile product in established textile value chains. Scientific developments with regenerated cellulose fibres obtained from waste textiles suggest their potential to replace virgin resources. The current scale-up of regeneration technologies for end-of-life cellulose-based textiles towards pilot and commercial scales can potentially achieve a future materials circularity, but there is a lack of a long-term view of the properties of materials after consecutive recycling stages take place. Cellulose-based materials cannot be infinitely recycled and maintain the same quality, a factor which may provide new challenges for future textile processes in the context of the circular bioeconomy. This paper maps collaborative design and materials science projects that use regenerated cellulose obtained from waste feedstock according to materials in the value chain they seek to substitute. It also presents four new processes that use regenerated cellulose materials in relation to their intervention in the value chain (as determined in a PhD investigation). A framework is presented to demonstrate how these circular material design processes take place at earlier stages of the textile value chain after subsequent regeneration stages.
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11
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Tu H, Zhu M, Duan B, Zhang L. Recent Progress in High-Strength and Robust Regenerated Cellulose Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2000682. [PMID: 32686231 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
High-strength petroleum-based materials like plastics have been widely used in various fields, but their nonbiodegradability has caused serious pollution problems. Cellulose, as the most abundant sustainable polymer, has a great chance to act as the ideal substitute for plastics due to its low cost, wide availability, biodegradability, etc. Herein, the recent achievements for developing cellulose "green" solvents and regenerated cellulose materials with high strength via the "bottom-up" route are presented. Cellulose can be regenerated to produce films/membranes, hydrogels/aerogels, filaments/fibers, microspheres/beads, bioplastics, etc., which show potential applications in textiles, biomedicine, energy storage, packaging, etc. Importantly, these cellulose-based materials can be biodegraded in soil and oceans, reducing environmental pollution. The cellulose solvents, dissolving mechanism, and strategies for constructing the regenerated cellulose functional materials with high strength and performances, together with the current achievements and urgent challenges are summarized, and some perspectives are also proposed. The near future will be an exciting era for high-strength biodegradable and renewable materials. The hope is that many environmentally friendly materials with good properties and low cost will be produced for commercial use, which will be beneficial for sustainable development in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Tu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Mengxiang Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Bo Duan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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12
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Fabrication and Application of SERS-Active Cellulose Fibers Regenerated from Waste Resource. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13132142. [PMID: 34209824 PMCID: PMC8272151 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The flexible SERS substrate were prepared base on regenerated cellulose fibers, in which the Au nanoparticles were controllably assembled on fiber through electrostatic interaction. The cellulose fiber was regenerated from waste paper through the dry-jet wet spinning method, an eco-friendly and convenient approach by using ionic liquid. The Au NPs could be controllably distributed on the surface of fiber by adjusting the conditions during the process of assembling. Finite-difference time-domain theoretical simulations verified the intense local electromagnetic fields of plasmonic composites. The flexible SERS fibers show excellent SERS sensitivity and adsorption capability. A typical Raman probe molecule, 4-Mercaptobenzoicacid (4-MBA), was used to verify the SERS cellulose fibers, the sensitivity could achieve to 10−9 M. The flexible SERS fibers were successfully used for identifying dimetridazole (DMZ) from aqueous solution. Furthermore, the flexible SERS fibers were used for detecting DMZ from the surface of fish by simply swabbing process. It is clear that the fabricated plasmonic composite can be applied for the identifying toxins and chemicals.
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13
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Jin Y, Lin J, Cheng Y, Lu C. Lignin-Based High-Performance Fibers by Textile Spinning Techniques. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3378. [PMID: 34207222 PMCID: PMC8234621 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As a major component of lignocellulosic biomass, lignin is one of the largest natural resources of biopolymers and, thus, an abundant and renewable raw material for products, such as high-performance fibers for industrial applications. Direct conversion of lignin has long been investigated, but the fiber spinning process for lignin is difficult and the obtained fibers exhibit unsatisfactory mechanical performance mainly due to the amorphous chemical structure, low molecular weight of lignin, and broad molecular weight distribution. Therefore, different textile spinning techniques, modifications of lignin, and incorporation of lignin into polymers have been and are being developed to increase lignin's spinnability and compatibility with existing materials to yield fibers with better mechanical performance. This review presents the latest advances in the textile fabrication techniques, modified lignin-based high-performance fibers, and their potential in the enhancement of the mechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; (Y.J.); (J.L.); (Y.C.)
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jiaxian Lin
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; (Y.J.); (J.L.); (Y.C.)
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; (Y.J.); (J.L.); (Y.C.)
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Chunhong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; (Y.J.); (J.L.); (Y.C.)
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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14
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Guizani C, Trogen M, Zahra H, Pitkänen L, Moriam K, Rissanen M, Mäkelä M, Sixta H, Hummel M. Fast and quantitative compositional analysis of hybrid cellulose-based regenerated fibers using thermogravimetric analysis and chemometrics. CELLULOSE (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 28:6797-6812. [PMID: 34720464 PMCID: PMC8550718 DOI: 10.1007/s10570-021-03923-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cellulose can be dissolved with another biopolymer in a protic ionic liquid and spun into a bicomponent hybrid cellulose fiber using the Ioncell® technology. Inside the hybrid fibers, the biopolymers are mixed at the nanoscale, and the second biopolymer provides the produced hybrid fiber new functional properties that can be fine-tuned by controlling its share in the fiber. In the present work, we present a fast and quantitative thermoanalytical method for the compositional analysis of man-made hybrid cellulose fibers by using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in combination with chemometrics. First, we incorporated 0-46 wt.% of lignin or chitosan in the hybrid fibers. Then, we analyzed their thermal decomposition behavior in a TGA device following a simple, one-hour thermal treatment protocol. With an analogy to spectroscopy, we show that the derivative thermogram can be used as a predictor in a multivariate regression model for determining the share of lignin or chitosan in the cellulose hybrid fibers. The method generated cross validation errors in the range 1.5-2.1 wt.% for lignin and chitosan. In addition, we discuss how the multivariate regression outperforms more common modeling methods such as those based on thermogram deconvolution or on linear superposition of reference thermograms. Moreover, we highlight the versatility of this thermoanalytical method-which could be applied to a wide range of composite materials, provided that their components can be thermally resolved-and illustrate it with an additional example on the measurement of polyester content in cellulose and polyester fiber blends. The method could predict the polyester content in the cellulose-polyester fiber blends with a cross validation error of 1.94 wt.% in the range of 0-100 wt.%. Finally, we give a list of recommendations on good experimental and modeling practices for the readers who want to extend the application of this thermoanalytical method to other composite materials. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10570-021-03923-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamseddine Guizani
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16300, 00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Mikaela Trogen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16300, 00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Hilda Zahra
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16300, 00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Leena Pitkänen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16300, 00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kaniz Moriam
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16300, 00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Marja Rissanen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16300, 00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Mikko Mäkelä
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Ltd, PO Box 1000, 02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Herbert Sixta
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16300, 00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Michael Hummel
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16300, 00076 Espoo, Finland
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15
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Bengtsson J, Jedvert K, Köhnke T, Theliander H. The challenge of predicting spinnability: Investigating benefits of adding lignin to cellulose solutions in air‐gap spinning. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Bengtsson
- Fiber Development RISE Research Institutes of Sweden Mölndal Sweden
- Division of Forest Products and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Göteborg Sweden
| | - Kerstin Jedvert
- Fiber Development RISE Research Institutes of Sweden Mölndal Sweden
| | - Tobias Köhnke
- Fiber Development RISE Research Institutes of Sweden Mölndal Sweden
| | - Hans Theliander
- Division of Forest Products and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Göteborg Sweden
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16
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Balakshin MY, Capanema EA, Sulaeva I, Schlee P, Huang Z, Feng M, Borghei M, Rojas OJ, Potthast A, Rosenau T. New Opportunities in the Valorization of Technical Lignins. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:1016-1036. [PMID: 33285039 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Sugar-based biorefineries have faced significant economic challenges. Biorefinery lignins are often classified as low-value products (fuel or low-cost chemical feedstock) mainly due to low lignin purities in the crude material. However, recent research has shown that biorefinery lignins have a great chance of being successfully used as high-value products, which in turn should result in an economy renaissance of the whole biorefinery idea. This critical review summarizes recent developments from our groups, along with the state-of-the-art in the valorization of technical lignins, with the focus on biorefinery lignins. A beneficial synergistic effect of lignin and cellulose mixtures used in different applications (wood adhesives, carbon fiber and nanofibers, thermoplastics) has been demonstrated. This phenomenon causes crude biorefinery lignins, which contain a significant amount of residual crystalline cellulose, to perform superior to high-purity lignins in certain applications. Where previously specific applications required high-purity and/or functionalized lignins with narrow molecular weight distributions, simple green processes for upgrading crude biorefinery lignin are suggested here as an alternative. These approaches can be easily combined with lignin micro-/nanoparticles (LMNP) production. The processes should also be cost-efficient compared to traditional lignin modifications. Biorefinery processes allow much greater flexibility in optimizing the lignin characteristics desirable for specific applications than traditional pulping processes. Such lignin engineering, at the same time, requires an efficient strategy capable of handling large datasets to find correlations between process variables, lignin structures and properties and finally their performance in different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Yu Balakshin
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Ewellyn A Capanema
- RISE Reserach Institute of Sweden, Drottning Kistrinas Väg 61, 114 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irina Sulaeva
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria
- Wood K plus - Competence Center for Wood Composites & Wood Chemistry, Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Philipp Schlee
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Zeen Huang
- FPInnovations, 2665 E Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Martin Feng
- FPInnovations, 2665 E Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Maryam Borghei
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
- Bioproducts Institute, Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Chemistry, and Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Antje Potthast
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3, Åbo/Turku, 20500, Finland
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17
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Culebras M, Barrett A, Pishnamazi M, Walker GM, Collins MN. Wood-Derived Hydrogels as a Platform for Drug-Release Systems. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2021; 9:2515-2522. [PMID: 34306837 PMCID: PMC8296679 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c08022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Wood (cellulose and lignin)-based hydrogels were successfully produced as platforms for drug-release systems. Viscoelastic and cross-linking behaviors of precursor solutions were tuned to produce highly porous hydrogel architectures via freeze-drying. Pore sizes in the range of 100-160 μm were obtained. Varying lignin molecular structure played a key role in tailoring swelling and mechanical performance of these gels with organosolv-type lignin showing optimum properties due to its propensity for intermolecular cross-linking, achieving a compressive modulus around 11 kPa. Paracetamol was selected as a standard drug for release tests and its release rate was improved with the presence of lignin (50% more compared to pure cellulose hydrogels). This was attributed to a reduction in molecular interactions between paracetamol and cellulose. These results highlight the potential for the valorization of lignin as a platform for drug-release systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Culebras
- Stokes
Laboratories, School of Engineering, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Plassy Technological Park, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Anthony Barrett
- Stokes
Laboratories, School of Engineering, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Plassy Technological Park, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Mahboubeh Pishnamazi
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, Synthesis and Solid State
Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), University
of Limerick, Plassy Technological
Park, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Gavin Michael Walker
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, Synthesis and Solid State
Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), University
of Limerick, Plassy Technological
Park, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Maurice N. Collins
- Stokes
Laboratories, School of Engineering, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Plassy Technological Park, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
- Health
Research Institute, University of Limerick, Plassy Technological Park, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
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18
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Material-Driven Textile Design (MDTD): A Methodology for Designing Circular Material-Driven Fabrication and Finishing Processes in the Materials Science Laboratory. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13031268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the context of the circular economy, materials in scientific development present opportunities for material design processes that begin at a raw state, before being introduced into established processes and applications. The common separation of the scientific development of materials from design intervention results in a lack of methodological approaches enabling designers to inform new processes that respond to new material properties. This paper presents the results of a PhD investigation that led to the development and application of a Material-Driven Textile Design (MDTD) methodology for design research based in the materials science laboratory. It also presents the development of the fabrication of a textile composite with regenerated cellulose obtained from waste textiles, resulting from the MDTD methodology informing novel textile processes. The methods and practice which make up this methodology include distinct phases of exploration, translation and activation, and were developed via three design-led research residencies in materials science laboratories in Europe. The MDTD methodology proposes an approach to design research in a scientific setting that is decoupled from a specific product or application in order to lift disciplinary boundaries for the development of circular material-driven fabrication and finishing processes at the intersection of materials science and design.
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19
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Shi W, Ching YC, Chuah CH. Preparation of aerogel beads and microspheres based on chitosan and cellulose for drug delivery: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 170:751-767. [PMID: 33412201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spherical aerogels are not easily broken during use and are easier to transport and store which can be used as templates for drug delivery. This review summarizes the possible approaches for the preparation of aerogel beads and microspheres based on chitosan and cellulose, an overview to the methods of manufacturing droplets is presented, afterwards, the transition mechanisms from sol to a spherical gel are reviewed in detail followed by different drying processes to obtain spherical aerogels with porous structures. Additionally, a specific focus is given to aerogel beads and microspheres to be regarded as drug delivery carriers. Furthermore, a core/shell architecture of aerogel beads and microspheres for controlled drug release is described and subjected to inspire readers to create novel drug release system. Finally, the conclusions and outlooks of aerogel beads and microspheres for drug delivery are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Yern Chee Ching
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Cheng Hock Chuah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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20
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Shamsuri AA, Abdan K, Kaneko T. A Concise Review on the Physicochemical Properties of Biopolymer Blends Prepared in Ionic Liquids. Molecules 2021; 26:E216. [PMID: 33406627 PMCID: PMC7796285 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An enhancement of environmental concern lately has improved the awareness of researchers in employing eco-friendly solvents for processing biopolymers. Recently, ionic liquids have been utilized to prepare biopolymer blends as they are non-volatile and recyclable. Biopolymers such as cellulose, chitin, chitosan, keratin, lignin, silk, starch, and zein are widely used for the preparation of biopolymer blends via dissolution in ionic liquids, followed by coagulation procedure. In this concise review, three types of ionic liquids based on imidazolium cations combined with different counter anions that are frequently utilized to prepare biopolymer blends are described. Moreover, three types of biopolymer blends that are prepared in ionic liquids were classified, specifically polysaccharide/polysaccharide blends, polysaccharide/polypeptide blends, and polysaccharide/bioplastic blends. The physicochemical properties of biopolymer blends prepared in different imidazolium-based ionic liquids are also concisely reviewed. This paper may assist the researchers in the polymer blend area and generate fresh ideas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Adlie Shamsuri
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khalina Abdan
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tatsuo Kaneko
- Energy and Environment Area, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi District 923-1292, Ishikawa, Japan;
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21
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Disassociated molecular orientation distributions of a composite cellulose-lignin carbon fiber precursor: A study by rotor synchronized NMR spectroscopy and X-ray scattering. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 254:117293. [PMID: 33357862 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose-lignin composite carbon fibers have shown to be a potential environmentally benign alternative to the traditional polyacrylonitrile precursor. With the associated cost reduction, cellulose-lignin carbon fibers are an attractive light-weight material for, e.g. wind power and automobile manufacturing. The carbon fiber tenacity, tensile modulus and creep resistance is in part determined by the carbon content and the molecular orientation distribution of the precursor. This work disassociates the molecular orientation of different components in cellulose-lignin composite fibers using rotor-synchronized solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and X-ray scattering. Our results show that lignin is completely disordered, in a mechanically stretched cellulose-lignin composite fiber, while the cellulose is ordered. In contrast, the native spruce wood raw material displays both oriented lignin and cellulose. The current processes for fabricating a cellulose-lignin composite fiber cannot regain the oriented lignin as observed from the native wood.
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22
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Gusenbauer C, Nypelö T, Jakob DS, Xu XG, Vezenov DV, Asaadi S, Sixta H, Konnerth J. Differences in surface chemistry of regenerated lignocellulose fibers determined by chemically sensitive scanning probe microscopy. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2520-2527. [PMID: 33736273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuning the composition of regenerated lignocellulosic fibers in the production process enables targeting of specific material properties. In composite materials, such properties could be manipulated by controlled heterogeneous distribution of chemical components of regenerated fibers. This attribute requires a visualization method to show their inherent chemical characteristics. We compared complementary microscopic techniques to analyze the surface chemistry of four differently tuned regenerated lignocellulosic fibers. Adhesion properties were visualized with chemical force microscopy and showed contrasts towards hydrophilic and hydrophobic atomic force microscopy tips. Fibers containing xylan showed heterogeneous adhesion properties within the fiber structure towards hydrophilic tips. Additionally, peak force infrared microscopy mapped spectroscopic contrasts with nanometer resolution and provided point infrared spectra, which were consistent to classical infrared microscopy data. With this setup, infrared signals with a spatial resolution below 20 nm reveal chemical gradients in specific fiber types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gusenbauer
- Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, Department of Materials Sciences and Process Engineering, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Tiina Nypelö
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), Chalmers, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Devon S Jakob
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - Dmitri V Vezenov
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - Shirin Asaadi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Herbert Sixta
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Johannes Konnerth
- Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, Department of Materials Sciences and Process Engineering, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
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23
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Zahra H, Sawada D, Guizani C, Ma Y, Kumagai S, Yoshioka T, Sixta H, Hummel M. Close Packing of Cellulose and Chitosan in Regenerated Cellulose Fibers Improves Carbon Yield and Structural Properties of Respective Carbon Fibers. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:4326-4335. [PMID: 32870661 PMCID: PMC7608939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A low carbon yield is a major limitation for the use of cellulose-based filaments as carbon fiber precursors. The present study aims to investigate the use of an abundant biopolymer chitosan as a natural charring agent particularly on enhancing the carbon yield of the cellulose-derived carbon fiber. The ionic liquid 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium acetate ([DBNH]OAc) was used for direct dissolution of cellulose and chitosan and to spin cellulose-chitosan composite fibers through a dry-jet wet spinning process (Ioncell). The homogenous distribution and tight packing of cellulose and chitosan revealed by X-ray scattering experiments enable a synergistic interaction between the two polymers during the pyrolysis reaction, resulting in a substantial increase of the carbon yield and preservation of mechanical properties of cellulose fiber compared to other cobiopolymers such as lignin and xylan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Zahra
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Daisuke Sawada
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Chamseddine Guizani
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Yibo Ma
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Shogo Kumagai
- Graduate
School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku
University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Yoshioka
- Graduate
School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku
University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Herbert Sixta
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Michael Hummel
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, Espoo 02150, Finland
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24
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Cellulose-lignin composite fibres as precursors for carbon fibres. Part 1 - Manufacturing and properties of precursor fibres. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 252:117133. [PMID: 33183592 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose-lignin composite fibres were spun from ionic liquid (IL) solutions by dry-jet wet spinning. Birch pre-hydrolysed Kraft (PHK) pulp and organosolv beech (BL) or spruce lignin (SL) were dissolved in the IL 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium acetate ([DBNH]OAc) to prepare spinning dopes. Fibres with lignin concentrations of up to 50 % were spun successfully. The fibres were analysed focusing on important properties for the production of carbon fibres (CF). Due to the higher molar mass of the SL compared to the BL, SL showed higher stability in the spinning process, giving higher lignin content in the final fibres. The CF yield after carbonization increased with increasing lignin content. The higher carbon content of SL compared to BL, resulted in moderately higher CF yield of the SL fibres, compared to fibres with BL. Overall, the produced cellulose-lignin composite fibres show great potential as precursors for CF production.
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25
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Protz R, Lehmann A, Ganster J, Fink HP. Solubility and spinnability of cellulose-lignin blends in aqueous NMMO. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 251:117027. [PMID: 33142586 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The direct dissolution and joint spinning of cellulose and lignin from NMMO-water were investigated by using dissolving pulp and purified KRAFT lignin. Compared to the rather narrow dissolution window of cellulose in the NMMO-water system, lignin with concentrations up to 15 wt.-% was shown to dissolve in a range from 30 % NMMO to 70 % NMMO at room temperature. The quasi-ternary phase diagram of cellulose-lignin-(NMMO-monohydrate) is represented by a cross section at 95 °C. Dry-jet wet spinning was realized for the cellulose-lignin compound up to 50 % lignin loading. The spinnability decreases with increasing lignin content. SEM and TEM investigations of the fibers exhibit a core-shell structure with a dense core and a porous shell with lower lignin content. In accordance with the X-ray fiber diagrams, it can be concluded that cellulose governs fiber formation and fiber properties while lignin acts mainly as a filler in the core region.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Protz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - A Lehmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - J Ganster
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - H-P Fink
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
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26
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Dry-Jet Wet Spinning of Thermally Stable Lignin-Textile Grade Polyacrylonitrile Fibers Regenerated from Chloride-Based Ionic Liquids Compounds. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13173687. [PMID: 32825486 PMCID: PMC7504658 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report on the use of amorphous lignin, a waste by-product of the paper industry, for the production of high performance carbon fibers (CF) as precursor with improved thermal stability and thermo-mechanical properties. The precursor was prepared by blending of lignin with polyacrylonitrile (PAN), which was previously dissolved in an ionic liquid. The fibers thus produced offered very high thermal stability as compared with the fiber consisting of pure PAN. The molecular compatibility, miscibility, and thermal stability of the system were studied by means of shear rheological measurements. The achieved mechanical properties were found to be related to the temperature-dependent relaxation time (consistence parameter) of the spinning dope and the diffusion kinetics of the ionic liquids from the fibers into the coagulation bath. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic mechanical tests (DMA) were utilized to understand in-depth the thermal and the stabilization kinetics of the developed fibers and the impact of lignin on the stabilization process of the fibers. Low molecular weight lignin increased the thermally induced physical shrinkage, suggesting disturbing effects on the semi-crystalline domains of the PAN matrix, and suppressed the chemically induced shrinkage of the fibers. The knowledge gained throughout the present paper allows summarizing a novel avenue to develop lignin-based CF designed with adjusted thermal stability.
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27
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Le ND, Trogen M, Ma Y, Varley RJ, Hummel M, Byrne N. Cellulose-lignin composite fibers as precursors for carbon fibers: Part 2 - The impact of precursor properties on carbon fibers. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 250:116918. [PMID: 33049890 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbon fibers, despite being responsible lightweight structures that improve sustainability through fuel efficiency and occupational safety, remain largely derived from fossil fuels. Alternative precursors such as cellulose and lignin (bio-derived and low cost) are rapidly gaining attention as replacements for polyacrylonitrile (PAN, an oil-based and costly precursor). This study uses a cellulose-lignin composite fiber, to elucidate the influence of precursor fabrication parameters (draw ratio and lignin content) on the efficiency of stabilization and carbonization, from the perspective of the chemical, morphological and mechanical changes. The degradation of cellulose chains was the primary contributor to the decrease in mechanical properties during stabilization, but is slowed by the incorporation of lignin. The skin-core phenomenon, a typical effect in PAN-based carbon fibers production, was also observed. Finally, the carbonization of incompletely stabilized fibers is shown to produce hollow carbon fibers, which have potential application in batteries or membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen-Duc Le
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic 3217, Australia
| | - Mikaela Trogen
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Yibo Ma
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Russell J Varley
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic 3217, Australia
| | - Michael Hummel
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Nolene Byrne
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic 3217, Australia.
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28
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Usachev SV, Zlenko DV, Nagornova IV, Koverzanova EV, G. Mikhaleva M, Vedenkin AS, Vtyurina DN, Skoblin AA, Nikolsky SN, Politenkova GG, Stovbun SV. Structure and properties of helical fibers spun from cellulose solutions in [Bmim]Cl. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 235:115866. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Processing and valorization of cellulose, lignin and lignocellulose using ionic liquids. JOURNAL OF BIORESOURCES AND BIOPRODUCTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jobab.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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30
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Mikkilä J, Trogen M, Koivu KAY, Kontro J, Kuuskeri J, Maltari R, Dekere Z, Kemell M, Mäkelä MR, Nousiainen PA, Hummel M, Sipilä J, Hildén K. Fungal Treatment Modifies Kraft Lignin for Lignin- and Cellulose-Based Carbon Fiber Precursors. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:6130-6140. [PMID: 32226896 PMCID: PMC7098016 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The kraft lignin's low molecular weight and too high hydroxyl content hinder its application in bio-based carbon fibers. In this study, we were able to polymerize kraft lignin and reduce the amount of hydroxyl groups by incubating it with the white-rot fungus Obba rivulosa. Enzymatic radical oxidation reactions were hypothesized to induce condensation of lignin, which increased the amount of aromatic rings connected by carbon-carbon bonds. This modification is assumed to be beneficial when aiming for graphite materials such as carbon fibers. Furthermore, the ratio of remaining aliphatic hydroxyls to phenolic hydroxyls was increased, making the structure more favorable for carbon fiber production. When the modified lignin was mixed together with cellulose, the mixture could be spun into intact precursor fibers by using dry-jet wet spinning. The modified lignin leaked less to the spin bath compared with the unmodified lignin starting material, making the recycling of spin-bath solvents easier. The stronger incorporation of modified lignin in the precursor fibers was confirmed by composition analysis, thermogravimetry, and mechanical testing. This work shows how white-rot fungal treatment can be used to modify the structure of lignin to be more favorable for the production of bio-based fiber materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joona Mikkilä
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- .
Tel.: +358504413086
| | - Mikaela Trogen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, Espoo FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Klaus A. Y. Koivu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Kontro
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Kuuskeri
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riku Maltari
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zane Dekere
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marianna Kemell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miia R. Mäkelä
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula A. Nousiainen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Hummel
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, Espoo FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Jussi Sipilä
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Hildén
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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31
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Liu S, Cui R, Ma Y, Yu Q, Kannegulla A, Wu B, Fan H, Wang AX, Kong X. Plasmonic cellulose textile fiber from waste paper for BPA sensing by SERS. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 227:117664. [PMID: 31670224 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Flexible plasmonic Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates were fabricated using cellulose textile fibers, in which the textile fibers were recycled from waste paper in an eco-friendly way. The Glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (GTAC) with positive charges was grafted onto the surface of the cellulose textile fibers through cationization. Plasmonic silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) with negative charges were decorated onto the cellulose textile fibers via electrostatic interactions. After cationization, the variation range of the diameter of the cellulose textile fibers was significantly increased because part of the cellulose was dissolved under alkaline condition, leading to more 'hot spots' for SERS during the shrinking process. The cellulose textile fiber-Ag NPs nanocomposite was employed for monitoring bisphenol A (BPA) in water and soft drink by SERS and the sensitivity of BPA detection achieved 50 ppb. The recovery values of BPA in soda water samples were from 96% to 105%. These results illustrate that the cellulose textile fiber-Ag NPs nanocomposite can be used as flexible, high sensitivity SERS substrates for detecting harmful ingredients in food or environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, Liaoning, 113001, PR China
| | - Rongkai Cui
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, Liaoning, 113001, PR China
| | - Yibo Ma
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Qian Yu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, Liaoning, 113001, PR China.
| | - Akash Kannegulla
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Bo Wu
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Hongtao Fan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, Liaoning, 113001, PR China
| | - Alan X Wang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Xianming Kong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, Liaoning, 113001, PR China.
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32
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Gleuwitz FR, Friedrich C, Laborie MPG. Lignin-Assisted Stabilization of an Oriented Liquid Crystalline Cellulosic Mesophase, Part A: Observation of Microstructural and Mechanical Behavior. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:1069-1077. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Robert Gleuwitz
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Chair of Forest Biomaterials, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Centre (FMF), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Friedrich
- Freiburg Materials Research Centre (FMF), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marie-Pierre G. Laborie
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Chair of Forest Biomaterials, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Centre (FMF), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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33
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Guterman R, Molinari V, Josef E. Ionic Liquid Lignosulfonate: Dispersant and Binder for Preparation of Biocomposite Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13044-13050. [PMID: 31268204 PMCID: PMC7687102 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquid lignins are prepared from sodium lignosulfonate by a cation exchange reaction and display glass transition temperatures as low as -13 °C. Diethyleneglycol-functionalized protic cations inhibit lignin aggregation to produce a free-flowing "ionic liquid lignin", despite it being a high-molecular-weight polyelectrolyte. Through this approach, the properties of both lignin and ionic liquids are combined to create a dispersant and binder for cellulose+gluten mixtures to produce small microphases. Biocomposite testing pieces are produced by hot-pressing this mixture, yielding a material with fewer defects and improved toughness in comparison to other lignins. The use of unmodified lignosulfonate, acetylated lignosulfonate, or free ionic liquid for similar materials production yields poorer substances because of their inability to maximize interfacial contact and complexation with cellulose and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Guterman
- Colloids DepartmentMax Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (MPIKG)Am Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Valerio Molinari
- Colloids DepartmentMax Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (MPIKG)Am Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Elinor Josef
- Colloids DepartmentMax Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (MPIKG)Am Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
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34
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Guterman R, Molinari V, Josef E. Ionic Liquid Lignosulfonate: Dispersant and Binder for Preparation of Biocomposite Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Guterman
- Colloids Department Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (MPIKG) Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Valerio Molinari
- Colloids Department Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (MPIKG) Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Elinor Josef
- Colloids Department Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (MPIKG) Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
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35
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Collins MN, Nechifor M, Tanasă F, Zănoagă M, McLoughlin A, Stróżyk MA, Culebras M, Teacă CA. Valorization of lignin in polymer and composite systems for advanced engineering applications – A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 131:828-849. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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36
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Yang J, Ching YC, Chuah CH. Applications of Lignocellulosic Fibers and Lignin in Bioplastics: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E751. [PMID: 31035331 PMCID: PMC6572173 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic fibers and lignin are two of the most important natural bioresources in the world. They show tremendous potential to decrease energy utilization/pollution and improve biodegradability by replacing synthetic fibers in bioplastics. The compatibility between the fiber-matrix plays an important part in the properties of the bioplastics. The improvement of lignocellulosic fiber properties by most surface treatments generally removes lignin. Due to the environmental pollution and high cost of cellulose modification, focus has been directed toward the use of lignocellulosic fibers in bioplastics. In addition, lignin-reinforced bioplastics are fabricated with varying success. These applications confirm there is no need to remove lignin from lignocellulosic fibers when preparing the bioplastics from a technical point of view. In this review, characterizations of lignocellulosic fibers and lignin related to their applications in bioplastics are covered. Then, we generalize the developments and problems of lignin-reinforced bioplastics and modification of lignin to improve the interaction of lignin-matrix. As for lignocellulosic fiber-reinforced bioplastics, we place importance on the low compatibility of the lignocellulosic fiber-matrix. The applications of lignin-containing cellulose and lignocellulosic fibers without delignification in the bioplastics are reviewed. A comparison between lignocellulosic fibers and lignin in the bioplastics is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Yern Chee Ching
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Cheng Hock Chuah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
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37
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Colson J, Pettersson T, Asaadi S, Sixta H, Nypelö T, Mautner A, Konnerth J. Adhesion properties of regenerated lignocellulosic fibres towards poly(lactic acid) microspheres assessed by colloidal probe technique. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 532:819-829. [PMID: 30145523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the field of polymer reinforcement, it is important to understand the interactions involved between the polymer matrix and the reinforcing component. This paper is a contribution to the fundamental understanding of the adhesion mechanisms involved in natural fibre reinforced composites. We report on the use of the colloidal probe technique for the assessment of the adhesion behaviour between poly(lactic acid) microspheres and embedded cross-sections of regenerated lignocellulosic fibres. These fibres consisted of tailored mixtures of cellulose, lignin and xylan, the amount of which was determined beforehand. The influence of the chemical composition of the fibres on the adhesion behaviour was studied in ambient air and in dry atmosphere. In ambient air, capillary forces resulted in larger adhesion between the sphere and the fibres. Changing the ambient medium to a dry nitrogen atmosphere allowed reducing the capillary forces, leading to a drop in the adhesion forces. Differences between fibres of distinct chemical compositions could be measured only on freshly cut surfaces. Moreover, the surface energy of the fibres was assessed by inverse gas chromatography. Compared to fibres containing solely cellulose, the presence of lignin and/or hemicellulose led to higher adhesion and lower surface energy, suggesting that these chemicals could serve as natural coupling agents between hydrophobic and hydrophilic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Colson
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Department of Materials Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Torbjörn Pettersson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Division of Fibre Technology, Teknikringen 58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Shirin Asaadi
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Herbert Sixta
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Tiina Nypelö
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Kemigården 4, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Andreas Mautner
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Materials Chemistry & Research, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Johannes Konnerth
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Department of Materials Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
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38
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Nypelö T, Asaadi S, Kneidinger G, Sixta H, Konnerth J. Conversion of wood-biopolymers into macrofibers with tunable surface energy via dry-jet wet-spinning. CELLULOSE (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 25:5297-5307. [PMID: 30174375 PMCID: PMC6105199 DOI: 10.1007/s10570-018-1902-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Surface chemistry of regenerated all-wood-biopolymer fibers that are fine-tuned by composition of cellulose, lignin and xylan is elucidated via revealing their surface energy and adhesion. Xylan additive resulted in thin fibers and decreased surface energy of the fiber outer surfaces compared to the cellulose fibers, or when lignin was used as an additive. Lignin increased the water contact angle on the fiber surface and decreased adhesion force between the fiber cross section and a hydrophilic probe, confirming that lignin reduced fiber surface affinity to water. Lignin and xylan enabled fiber decoration with charged groups that could tune the adhesion force between the fiber and an AFM probe. The fibers swelled in water: the neat cellulose fiber cross section area increased 9.2%, the fibers with lignin as the main additive 9.1%, with xylan 6.8%, and the 3-component fibers 5.5%. This indicates that dimensional stability in elevated humidity is improved in the case of 3-component fiber compared to 2-component fibers. Xylan or lignin as an additive neither improved strength nor elongation at break. However, improved deformability was achieved when all the three components were incorporated into the fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Nypelö
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shirin Asaadi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Günther Kneidinger
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Sixta
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Johannes Konnerth
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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39
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Byrne N, De Silva R, Ma Y, Sixta H, Hummel M. Enhanced stabilization of cellulose-lignin hybrid filaments for carbon fiber production. CELLULOSE (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 25:723-733. [PMID: 31997858 PMCID: PMC6956884 DOI: 10.1007/s10570-017-1579-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein we investigate the stabilization behavior of a cellulose-lignin composite fibre towards application as a new bio derived precursor for carbon fibres. Carbon fibre materials are in high demand as we move towards a lower emission high-efficiency society. However, the most prominent current carbon fibre precursor is an expensive fossil-based polymer. Over the past decade significant research has focused on using renewable and bio derived alternatives. By blending cellulose and lignin and spinning a fibre with a continuous bi-component matrix a new approach to overcome the current limitations of both these precursors is proposed. A thorough study is conducted here on understanding the stabilization of the new precursors which is a critical step in the carbon fibre process. We show that stabilization times of the composite fibre are significantly reduced in comparison to pure lignin and improvements in mass yield compared to pure cellulose fibres are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolene Byrne
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216 Australia
| | - Rasike De Silva
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216 Australia
| | - Yibo Ma
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, PO Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Herbert Sixta
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, PO Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Michael Hummel
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, PO Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
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40
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Asaadi S, Hummel M, Ahvenainen P, Gubitosi M, Olsson U, Sixta H. Structural analysis of Ioncell-F fibres from birch wood. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 181:893-901. [PMID: 29254051 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Quite recently, the Ioncell-F process, a novel and promising Lyocell fibre process, has been developed. The ionic liquid 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium acetate ([DBNH]OAc) utilized in this process, was identified as an excellent cellulose solvent for dry-jet wet fibre spinning. Fibres spun from cellulose-[DBNH]OAc solution have shown excellent mechanical properties. Herein, various structural features of these ionic liquid-based fibres were analyzed and correlated with their mechanical properties. The highest slope of tenacity increase of these Ioncell-F fibres (from birch wood) observed at low draw ratios (DRs), while a continuous but slower increase occurs to partly very high draws. The improvements in the mechanical properties do not seem to correlate with changes in the crystallite size or the crystalline orientation based on wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) results. More significant differences were seen for the sample crystallinity, the amorphous orientation (measured by birefringence), the orientation of the voids, the specific surface (measured by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)), and the sorption/desorption properties of the fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Asaadi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Michael Hummel
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Patrik Ahvenainen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Marta Gubitosi
- Physical Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulf Olsson
- Physical Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Herbert Sixta
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
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41
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Ma Y, Stubb J, Kontro I, Nieminen K, Hummel M, Sixta H. Filament spinning of unbleached birch kraft pulps: Effect of pulping intensity on the processability and the fiber properties. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 179:145-151. [PMID: 29111037 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Man-made lignocellulosic fibres were successfully prepared from unbleached birch kraft pulps by using the Ioncell-F technology. Pulps with different lignin content were produced by tailored kraft pulping with varying intensity. The degree of polymerization of the pulps was adjusted by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis and electron beam treatment. All substrates were completely soluble in 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium acetate ([DBNH]OAc) and the respective solutions were spinnable to yield fibres with good to excellent mechanical properties despite the use of only mildly refined wood pulp. The tensile properties decreased gradually as the lignin concentration in the fibres increased. Changes in the chemical composition also affected the structure and morphology of the fibres. Both the molecular orientation and the crystallinity decreased while the presence of lignin enhanced the water accessibility. The effects of the crystallite size and lignin content on monolayer water adsorption are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Ma
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Jonas Stubb
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Inkeri Kontro
- Division of Material physics, Department of Physics, Helsinki University, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Kaarlo Nieminen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Michael Hummel
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Herbert Sixta
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
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Hosseinmardi A, Annamalai PK, Wang L, Martin D, Amiralian N. Reinforcement of natural rubber latex using lignocellulosic nanofibers isolated from spinifex grass. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:9510-9519. [PMID: 28660962 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02632c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Reinforcement of natural rubber (NR) using nanofillers often results in an enhancement of the tensile strength, but at the expense of elongation at break and toughness. In this study, with the objective of strengthening NR without compromising its compliance, we investigate the reinforcement efficiency of a series of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) with variations in residual hemicellulose, lignin and therefore surface chemistry. Different types of high aspect ratio CNF isolated from Triodia pungens (T. pungens), an Australian arid grass commonly known as spinifex, were added at 0.1-2 wt% loadings into a pre-vulcanized NR latex. CNF/NR nanocomposites then were benchmarked against NR nanocomposites incorporating a well-known wood-derived CNF. It was found that the presence of residual lignin and hemicellulose, and the pretreatment with a deep eutectic solvent, a mixture of choline chloride and urea (CCU), could increase the compatibility of CNF with the NR matrix, while still enabling stability and handling of the colloidal latex mixture. Incorporation of 0.5 and 0.1 wt% of the sodium hydroxide treated CNF and choline chloride/urea treated CNF into the NR latex showed respectively 11 and 17% enhancement in tensile stress, and importantly without compromising viscoelastic properties; while addition of 0.1 wt% wood-derived CNF resulted in 18% decrease in both tensile stress and strain coupled with more pronounced latex stiffening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Hosseinmardi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia.
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Beggs KM, Perus MD, Servinis L, O'Dell LA, Fox BL, Gengenbach TR, Henderson LC. Rapid surface functionalization of carbon fibres using microwave irradiation in an ionic liquid. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04260k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon fibre surfaces have been successfully modified using molecular grafting under low power microwave irradiation (20 W) in both 1,2-dichlorobenzene and emimTFSI. Results showed an improved IFSS by 18% for organic solvent and 28% for ionic liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Beggs
- Deakin University
- Institute for Frontier Materials
- Geelong, Australia
- Strategic Research Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Geelong, Australia
| | - Magenta D. Perus
- Deakin University
- Institute for Frontier Materials
- Geelong, Australia
- Strategic Research Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Geelong, Australia
| | - Linden Servinis
- Deakin University
- Institute for Frontier Materials
- Geelong, Australia
- Strategic Research Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Geelong, Australia
| | - Luke A. O'Dell
- Deakin University
- Institute for Frontier Materials
- Geelong, Australia
| | - Bronwyn L. Fox
- Swinburne University
- The Factory of the Future
- , Australia
| | | | - Luke C. Henderson
- Deakin University
- Institute for Frontier Materials
- Geelong, Australia
- Strategic Research Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Geelong, Australia
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