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Zaib S, Areeba, Khan I. Purinergic Signaling and its Role in the Stem Cell Differentiation. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:863-883. [PMID: 37828668 DOI: 10.2174/0113895575261206231003151416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling is a mechanism in which extracellular purines and pyrimidines interact with specialized cell surface receptors known as purinergic receptors. These receptors are divided into two families of P1 and P2 receptors, each responding to different nucleosides and nucleotides. P1 receptors are activated by adenosine, while P2 receptors are activated by pyrimidine and purines. P2X receptors are ligand-gated ion channels, including seven subunits (P2X1-7). However, P2Y receptors are the G-protein coupled receptors comprising eight subtypes (P2Y1/2/4/6/11/12/13/14). The disorder in purinergic signaling leads to various health-related issues and diseases. In various aspects, it influences the activity of non-neuronal cells and neurons. The molecular mechanism of purinergic signaling provides insight into treating various human diseases. On the contrary, stem cells have been investigated for therapeutic applications. Purinergic signaling has shown promising effect in stem cell engraftment. The immune system promotes the autocrine and paracrine mechanisms and releases the significant factors essential for successful stem cell therapy. Each subtype of purinergic receptor exerts a beneficial effect on the damaged tissue. The most common effect caused by purinergic signaling is the proliferation and differentiation that treat different health-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Zaib
- Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Areeba
- Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Khan
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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2
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Yamamoto-Fukuda T, Akiyama N, Tatsumi N, Okabe M, Kojima H. Keratinocyte Growth Factor Stimulates Growth of p75 + Neural Crest Lineage Cells During Middle Ear Cholesteatoma Formation in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:1573-1591. [PMID: 36210210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
During development, cranial neural crest (NC) cells display a striking transition from collective to single-cell migration and undergo a mesenchymal-to-epithelial transformation to form a part of the middle ear epithelial cells (MEECs). While MEECs derived from NC are known to control homeostasis of the epithelium and repair from otitis media, paracrine action of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) promotes the growth of MEECs and induces middle ear cholesteatoma (cholesteatoma). The animal model of cholesteatoma was previously established by transfecting a human KGF-expression vector. Herein, KGF-inducing cholesteatoma was studied in Wnt1-Cre/Floxed-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) mice that conditionally express EGFP in the NC lineages. The cytokeratin 14-positive NC lineage expanded into the middle ear and formed cholesteatoma. Moreover, the green fluorescent protein-positive NC lineages comprising the cholesteatoma tissue expressed p75, an NC marker, with high proliferative activity. Similarly, a large number of p75-positive cells were observed in human cholesteatoma tissues. Injections of the immunotoxin murine p75-saporin induced depletion of the p75-positive NC lineages, resulting in the reduction of cholesteatoma in vivo. The p75 knockout in the MEECs had low proliferative activity with or without KGF protein in vitro. Controlling p75 signaling may reduce the proliferation of NC lineages and may represent a new therapeutic target for cholesteatoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Yamamoto-Fukuda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Anatomy, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Naotaro Akiyama
- Department of Anatomy, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norifumi Tatsumi
- Department of Anatomy, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masataka Okabe
- Department of Anatomy, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kojima
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Stančin P, Song MS, Alajbeg I, Mitrečić D. Human Oral Mucosa Stem Cells Increase Survival of Neurons Affected by In Vitro Anoxia and Improve Recovery of Mice Affected by Stroke Through Time-limited Secretion of miR-514A-3p. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022:10.1007/s10571-022-01276-7. [PMID: 36083390 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The success rate of regenerative medicine largely depends on the type of stem cells applied in such procedures. Consequently, to achieve the needed level for clinical standardization, we need to investigate the viability of accessible sources with sufficient quantity of cells. Since the oral region partly originates from the neural crest, which naturally develops in niche with decreased levels of oxygen, the main goal of this work was to test if human oral mucosa stem cells (hOMSC) might be used to treat neurons damaged by anoxia. Here we show that hOMSC are more resistant to anoxia than human induced pluripotent stem cells and that they secrete BDNF, GDNF, VEGF and NGF. When hOMSC were added to human neurons damaged by anoxia, they significantly improved their survival. This regenerative capability was at least partly achieved through miR-514A-3p and SHP-2 and it decreased in hOMSC exposed to neural cells for 14 or 28 days. In addition, the beneficial effect of hOMSC were also confirmed in mice affected by stroke. Hence, in this work we have confirmed that hOMSC, in a time-limited manner, improve the survival of anoxia-damaged neurons and significantly contribute to the recovery of experimental animals following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Stančin
- Laboratory for Stem Cells, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Ivan Alajbeg
- Department of Oral Medicine, University of Zagreb School of Dental Medicine and University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dinko Mitrečić
- Laboratory for Stem Cells, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.
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4
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Xie JL, Wang XR, Li MM, Tao ZH, Teng WW, Saijilafu. Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy in Spinal Cord Injury: Mechanisms and Prospects. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:862673. [PMID: 35722621 PMCID: PMC9204037 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.862673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to severe motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction in patients and imposes a huge economic cost to individuals and society. Due to its complicated pathophysiological mechanism, there is not yet an optimal treatment available for SCI. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are promising candidate transplant cells for use in SCI treatment. The multipotency of MSCs, as well as their rich trophic and immunomodulatory abilities through paracrine signaling, are expected to play an important role in neural repair. At the same time, the simplicity of MSCs isolation and culture and the bypassing of ethical barriers to stem cell transplantation make them more attractive. However, the MSCs concept has evolved in a specific research context to encompass different populations of cells with a variety of biological characteristics, and failure to understand this can undermine the quality of research in the field. Here, we review the development of the concept of MSCs in order to clarify misconceptions and discuss the controversy in MSCs neural differentiation. We also summarize a potential role of MSCs in SCI treatment, including their migration and trophic and immunomodulatory effects, and their ability to relieve neuropathic pain, and we also highlight directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Le Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Orthopaedic Institute, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xing-Ran Wang
- Orthopaedic Institute, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mei-Mei Li
- Orthopaedic Institute, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zi-Han Tao
- Orthopaedic Institute, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wen-Wen Teng
- Orthopaedic Institute, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Saijilafu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Orthopaedic Institute, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,*Correspondence: Saijilafu,
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Windmöller BA, Höving AL, Knabbe C, Greiner JFW. Inter- and Intrapopulational Heterogeneity of Characteristic Markers in Adult Human Neural Crest-derived Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 18:1510-1520. [PMID: 34748196 PMCID: PMC9033708 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10277-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Adult human neural crest-derived stem cells (NCSCs) are found in a variety of adult tissues and show an extraordinary broad developmental potential. Despite their great differentiation capacity, increasing evidence suggest a remaining niche-dependent variability between different NCSC-populations regarding their differentiation behavior and expression signatures. In the present study, we extended the view on heterogeneity of NCSCs by identifying heterogeneous expression levels and protein amounts of characteristic markers even between NCSCs from the same niche of origin. In particular, populations of neural crest-derived inferior turbinate stem cells (ITSCs) isolated from different individuals showed significant variations in characteristic NCSC marker proteins Nestin, S100 and Slug in a donor-dependent manner. Notably, increased nuclear protein amounts of Slug were accompanied by a significantly elevated level of nuclear NF-κB-p65 protein, suggesting an NF-κB-dependent regulation of NCSC-makers. In addition to this interpopulational genetic heterogeneity of ITSC-populations from different donors, single ITSCs also revealed a strong heterogeneity regarding the protein amounts of Nestin, S100, Slug and NF-κB-p65 even within the same clonal culture. Our present findings therefor strongly suggest ITSC-heterogeneity to be at least partly based on an interpopulational genetic heterogeneity dependent on the donor accompanied by a stochastic intrapopulational heterogeneity between single cells. We propose this stochastic intrapopulational heterogeneity to occur in addition to the already described genetic variability between clonal NCSC-cultures and the niche-dependent plasticity of NCSCs. Our observations offer a novel perspective on NCSC-heterogeneity, which may build the basis to understand heterogeneous NCSC-behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice A Windmöller
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.,Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld FBMB e.V, Bielefeld, Germany.,Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anna L Höving
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.,Institute for Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Heart and Diabetes Centre NRW, Ruhr-University Bochum, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Cornelius Knabbe
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld FBMB e.V, Bielefeld, Germany.,Institute for Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Heart and Diabetes Centre NRW, Ruhr-University Bochum, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Johannes F W Greiner
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany. .,Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld FBMB e.V, Bielefeld, Germany.
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Hayakawa K, Snyder EY, Lo EH. Meningeal Multipotent Cells: A Hidden Target for CNS Repair? Neuromolecular Med 2021; 23:339-343. [PMID: 33893971 PMCID: PMC8450679 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-021-08663-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, the primary role of the meninges is thought to be structural, i.e., to act as a surrounding membrane that contains and cushions the brain with cerebrospinal fluid. During development, the meninges is formed by both mesenchymal and neural crest cells. There is now emerging evidence that subsets of undifferentiated stem cells might persist in the adult meninges. In this mini-review, we survey representative studies of brain-meningeal interactions and discuss the hypothesis that the meninges are not just protective membranes, but instead contain multiplex stem cell subsets that may contribute to central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. Further investigations into meningeal multipotent cells may reveal a "hidden" target for promoting neurovascular remodeling and repair after CNS injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide Hayakawa
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
| | - Evan Y. Snyder
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eng H. Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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Unachukwu U, Shiomi T, Goldklang M, Chada K, D'Armiento J. Renal neoplasms in tuberous sclerosis mice are neurocristopathies. iScience 2021; 24:102684. [PMID: 34222844 PMCID: PMC8243016 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis (TS) is a rare disorder exhibiting multi-systemic benign neoplasms. We hypothesized the origin of TS neoplastic cells derived from the neural crest given the heterogeneous ecto-mesenchymal phenotype of the most common TS neoplasms. To test this hypothesis, we employed Cre-loxP lineage tracing of myelin protein zero (Mpz)-expressing neural crest cells (NCCs) in spontaneously developing renal tumors of Tsc2 +/- /Mpz(Cre)/TdT fl/fl reporter mice. In these mice, ectopic renal tumor onset was detected at 4 months of age increasing in volume by 16 months of age with concomitant increase in the subpopulation of tdTomato+ NCCs from 0% to 6.45% of the total number of renal tumor cells. Our results suggest that Tsc2 +/- mouse renal tumors arise from domiciled proliferative progenitor cell populations of neural crest origin that co-opt tumorigenesis due to mutations in Tsc2 loci. Targeting neural crest antigenic determinants will provide a potential alternative therapeutic approach for TS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uchenna Unachukwu
- Center for LAM and Rare Lung Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Takayuki Shiomi
- Department of Pathology, International University of Health and Welfare, School of Medicine, 4-3 Kouzunomori, Narita-shi, Chiba 286-8686, Japan
| | - Monica Goldklang
- Center for LAM and Rare Lung Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kiran Chada
- Department of Biochemistry, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jeanine D'Armiento
- Center for LAM and Rare Lung Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Can Human Oral Mucosa Stem Cells Differentiate to Corneal Epithelia? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115976. [PMID: 34205905 PMCID: PMC8198937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human oral mucosa stem cells (hOMSCs) arise from the neural crest, they can self-renew, proliferate, and differentiate to several cell lines and could represent a good source for application in tissue engineering. Because of their anatomical location, hOMSCs are easy to isolate, have multilineage differentiation capacity and express embryonic stem cells markers such as—Sox2, Oct3/4 and Nanog. We have used SHEM (supplemented hormonal epithelial medium) media and cultured hOMSCs over human amniotic membrane and determined the cell’s capacity to differentiate to an epithelial-like phenotype and to express corneal specific epithelial markers—CK3, CK12, CK19, Pan-cadherin and E-cadherin. Our results showed that hOMSCs possess the capacity to attach to the amniotic membrane and express CK3, CK19, Pan-Cadherin and E-Cadherin without induction with SHEM media and expressed CK12 or changed the expression pattern of E-Cadherin to a punctual-like feature when treated with SHEM media. The results observed in this study show that hOMSCs possess the potential to differentiate toward epithelial cells. In conclusion, our results revealed that hOMSCs readily express markers for corneal determination and could provide the ophthalmology field with a therapeutic alternative for tissue engineering to achieve corneal replacement when compared with other techniques. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to develop a predictable therapeutic alternative for cornea replacement.
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9
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Jimenez-García MP, Lucena-Cacace A, Otero-Albiol D, Carnero A. Regulation of sarcomagenesis by the empty spiracles homeobox genes EMX1 and EMX2. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:515. [PMID: 34016958 PMCID: PMC8137939 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03801-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The EMX (Empty Spiracles Homeobox) genes EMX1 and EMX2 are two homeodomain gene members of the EMX family of transcription factors involved in the regulation of various biological processes, such as cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, during brain development and neural crest migration. They play a role in the specification of positional identity, the proliferation of neural stem cells, and the differentiation of certain neuronal cell phenotypes. In general, they act as transcription factors in early embryogenesis and neuroembryogenesis from metazoans to higher vertebrates. The EMX1 and EMX2's potential as tumor suppressor genes has been suggested in some cancers. Our work showed that EMX1/EMX2 act as tumor suppressors in sarcomas by repressing the activity of stem cell regulatory genes (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, MYC, NANOG, NES, and PROM1). EMX protein downregulation, therefore, induced the malignance and stemness of cells both in vitro and in vivo. In murine knockout (KO) models lacking Emx genes, 3MC-induced sarcomas were more aggressive and infiltrative, had a greater capacity for tumor self-renewal, and had higher stem cell gene expression and nestin expression than those in wild-type models. These results showing that EMX genes acted as stemness regulators were reproduced in different subtypes of sarcoma. Therefore, it is possible that the EMX genes could have a generalized behavior regulating proliferation of neural crest-derived progenitors. Together, these results indicate that the EMX1 and EMX2 genes negatively regulate these tumor-altering populations or cancer stem cells, acting as tumor suppressors in sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Pedro Jimenez-García
- grid.411109.c0000 0000 9542 1158Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain ,CIBER de Cancer, IS Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Lucena-Cacace
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daniel Otero-Albiol
- grid.411109.c0000 0000 9542 1158Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain ,CIBER de Cancer, IS Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- grid.411109.c0000 0000 9542 1158Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain ,CIBER de Cancer, IS Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Yoo MC, Chon J, Jung J, Kim SS, Bae S, Kim SH, Yeo SG. Potential Therapeutic Strategies and Substances for Facial Nerve Regeneration Based on Preclinical Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094926. [PMID: 34066483 PMCID: PMC8124575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in microsurgical technology and an improved understanding of nerve regeneration, obtaining satisfactory results after facial nerve injury remains a difficult clinical problem. Among existing peripheral nerve regeneration studies, relatively few have focused on the facial nerve, particularly how experimental studies of the facial nerve using animal models play an essential role in understanding functional outcomes and how such studies can lead to improved axon regeneration after nerve injury. The purpose of this article is to review current perspectives on strategies for applying potential therapeutic methods for facial nerve regeneration. To this end, we searched Embase, PubMed, and the Cochrane library using keywords, and after applying exclusion criteria, obtained a total of 31 qualifying experimental studies. We then summarize the fundamental experimental studies on facial nerve regeneration, highlighting recent bioengineering studies employing various strategies for supporting facial nerve regeneration, including nerve conduits with stem cells, neurotrophic factors, and/or other therapeutics. Our summary of the methods and results of these previous reports reveal a common feature among studies, showing that various neurotrophic factors arising from injured nerves contribute to a microenvironment that plays an important role in functional recovery. In most cases, histological examinations showed that this microenvironmental influence increased axonal diameter as well as myelination thickness. Such an analysis of available research on facial nerve injury and regeneration represents the first step toward future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Chul Yoo
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (M.C.Y.); (J.C.)
| | - Jinmann Chon
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (M.C.Y.); (J.C.)
| | - Junyang Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Sung Su Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Seonhwan Bae
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (S.B.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Sang Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (S.B.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Seung Geun Yeo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (S.B.); (S.H.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-958-8980; Fax: +82-2-958-8470
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Duband JL, Nekooie-Marnany N, Dufour S. Establishing Primary Cultures of Trunk Neural Crest Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 88:e109. [PMID: 32609435 DOI: 10.1002/cpcb.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells constitute a unique population of progenitor cells with extensive stem cell capacities able to navigate throughout various environments in the embryo and are a source of multiple cell types, including neurons, glia, melanocytes, smooth muscles, endocrine cells, cardiac cells, and also skeletal and supportive tissues in the head. Neural crest cells are not restricted to the embryo but persist as well in adult tissues where they provide a reservoir of stem cells with great therapeutic promise. Many fundamental questions in cell, developmental, and stem cell biology can be addressed using this system. During the last decades there has been an increased availability of elaborated techniques, animal models, and molecular tools to tackle neural crest cell development. However, these approaches are often very challenging and difficult to establish and they are not adapted for rapid functional investigations of mechanisms driving cell migration and differentiation. In addition, they are not adequate for collecting pure populations of neural crest cells usable in large scale analyses and for stem cell studies. Transferring and adapting the neural crest system in tissue culture may then represent an attractive alternative, opening up numerous prospects. Here we describe a simple method for establishing primary cultures of neural crest cells derived from trunk neural tubes using the avian embryo as a source of cells. This protocol is suited for producing pure populations of neural crest cells that can be processed for cytological, cellular, and functional approaches aimed at characterizing their phenotype, behavior, and potential. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Primary cultures of avian trunk neural crest cells Support Protocol: Adaptations for immunofluorescence labeling and videomicroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Loup Duband
- Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Nioosha Nekooie-Marnany
- Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
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12
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Jäger A, Heim N, Kramer FJ, Setiawan M, Peitz M, Konermann A. A novel serum-free medium for the isolation, expansion and maintenance of stemness and tissue-specific markers of primary human periodontal ligament cells. Ann Anat 2020; 231:151517. [PMID: 32229241 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Periodontal ligament (PDL) cell cultures are classically maintained in serum-containing media. However, unwanted side-effects of these conditions on cellular and molecular characteristics demand a serum-free alternative. Even though these limitations are well known and efforts for the development of adequate serum-free alternatives have been made, these approaches for replacement remained unsuccessful so far. This study aimed at developing a well-defined, serum-free formulation supporting both isolation from tissue samples and efficient expansion of PDL cells. Here, of particular focus was the perpetuation of tissue-characteristic markers detectable in primary tissues and of stemness features. BASIC PROCEDURES Primary PDL cell cultures from generally healthy human donors (n = 3) were maintained in basal media N2B27 and E6 together with different concentrations of growth and attachment factors. Cell proliferation was recorded via microscopy and WST assay. Gene expression of RUNX2, Periostin, ALP, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD45, SOX10 and SOX2 was compared to primary PDL explants via qRT-PCR. Immunocytochemistry was performed for anti-CD105, SSEA-3, CD271, HNK1. Serum-containing sDMEM medium served as control. MAIN FINDINGS N2B27 medium substituted with 25 ng/mL EGF, 25 ng/mL IGF1, 0.5 mg/mL Fetuin plus gelatine coating (designated N2B27-PDLsf) emerged as potent serum-free formulation ensuring adequate culture isolation and expansion. Here, PDL primary tissue signature markers RUNX2 and Periostin remained stable in N2B27-PDLsf compared to controls (229.0-fold ±101.0 and 83.2-fold ±9.6 increase). Additionally, stemness markers ALP and CD105 were significantly upregulated on transcriptional, and CD105 and SOX2 on protein level. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS This investigation identified a novel serum-free medium for the isolation, and expansion of primary human PDL cells with constantly high proliferation rates. Here, purity and stemness properties are maintained. Thus, N2B27-PDLsf represents a valid replacement for serum-containing media in PDL cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jäger
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - N Heim
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - F J Kramer
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - M Setiawan
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - M Peitz
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - A Konermann
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
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13
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Poncet N, Halley PA, Lipina C, Gierliński M, Dady A, Singer GA, Febrer M, Shi Y, Yamaguchi TP, Taylor PM, Storey KG. Wnt regulates amino acid transporter Slc7a5 and so constrains the integrated stress response in mouse embryos. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48469. [PMID: 31789450 PMCID: PMC6944906 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are essential for cellular metabolism, and it is important to understand how nutrient supply is coordinated with changing energy requirements during embryogenesis. Here, we show that the amino acid transporter Slc7a5/Lat1 is highly expressed in tissues undergoing morphogenesis and that Slc7a5-null mouse embryos have profound neural and limb bud outgrowth defects. Slc7a5-null neural tissue exhibited aberrant mTORC1 activity and cell proliferation; transcriptomics, protein phosphorylation and apoptosis analyses further indicated induction of the integrated stress response as a potential cause of observed defects. The pattern of stress response gene expression induced in Slc7a5-null embryos was also detected at low level in wild-type embryos and identified stress vulnerability specifically in tissues undergoing morphogenesis. The Slc7a5-null phenotype is reminiscent of Wnt pathway mutants, and we show that Wnt/β-catenin loss inhibits Slc7a5 expression and induces this stress response. Wnt signalling therefore normally supports the metabolic demands of morphogenesis and constrains cellular stress. Moreover, operation in the embryo of the integrated stress response, which is triggered by pathogen-mediated as well as metabolic stress, may provide a mechanistic explanation for a range of developmental defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Poncet
- Division of Cell & Developmental BiologySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
- Present address:
Institute of PhysiologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Pamela A Halley
- Division of Cell & Developmental BiologySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Christopher Lipina
- Division of Cell Signalling and ImmunologySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Marek Gierliński
- Division of Computational BiologySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Alwyn Dady
- Division of Cell & Developmental BiologySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Gail A Singer
- Division of Cell & Developmental BiologySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Melanie Febrer
- Sequencing FacilitySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
- Present address:
Illumina CanadaVictoriaBCCanada
| | - Yun‐Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular MorphogenesisNICHD, NIHBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Terry P Yamaguchi
- Cancer and Developmental Biology LaboratoryCenter for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute‐Frederick, NIHFrederickMDUSA
| | - Peter M Taylor
- Division of Cell Signalling and ImmunologySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Kate G Storey
- Division of Cell & Developmental BiologySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
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14
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Zhang K, Cui X, Zhang B, Song X, Liu Q, Yang S. Multipotent stem cells with neural crest stem cells characteristics exist in bovine adipose tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 522:819-825. [PMID: 31791582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) often referred to as the fourth germ layer, comprise a migratory, stem and progenitor cell population and are synonymous with vertebrate evolution and development. The cells follow specific paths to migrate to different locations of the body where they generate a diverse array of cell types and tissues. There are NCSCs which are maintained in an undifferentiated state throughout the life in the animal tissues. Based on some cells migratory property, we successfully developed a separation strategy to isolate and identify a population of adipose-derived stem cells with neural crest stem cell features in adult bovine adipose tissues within minimally-invasive surgical procedures. The cells have a high degree of multi-potency and self-renewal capabilities, can be cultured and maintained in feeder-free adhesion conditions as monolayer cells, and also be able to grow in the suspension condition in the form of neurosphere. For the purpose of simple description, we name this type cell as bovine adipose-derived neural crest stem cell (baNCSC). Taken together our study describes a readily accessible source of multipotent baNCSC for autologous tissue engineer and cell-based therapeutic researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicines, Shanxi Agricultural University, 030801, Taigu, Shanxi Province, PR China; Feed and Veterinary Medicine Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 030036, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, PR China
| | - Xiaozhen Cui
- Feed and Veterinary Medicine Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 030036, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, PR China
| | - Bochi Zhang
- Feed and Veterinary Medicine Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 030036, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, PR China
| | - Xianyi Song
- Feed and Veterinary Medicine Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 030036, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, PR China
| | - Qiang Liu
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicines, Shanxi Agricultural University, 030801, Taigu, Shanxi Province, PR China.
| | - Shiyu Yang
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
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15
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Xiong Z, Dankova G, Howe LJ, Lee MK, Hysi PG, de Jong MA, Zhu G, Adhikari K, Li D, Li Y, Pan B, Feingold E, Marazita ML, Shaffer JR, McAloney K, Xu SH, Jin L, Wang S, de Vrij FMS, Lendemeijer B, Richmond S, Zhurov A, Lewis S, Sharp GC, Paternoster L, Thompson H, Gonzalez-Jose R, Bortolini MC, Canizales-Quinteros S, Gallo C, Poletti G, Bedoya G, Rothhammer F, Uitterlinden AG, Ikram MA, Wolvius E, Kushner SA, Nijsten TEC, Palstra RJTS, Boehringer S, Medland SE, Tang K, Ruiz-Linares A, Martin NG, Spector TD, Stergiakouli E, Weinberg SM, Liu F, Kayser M. Novel genetic loci affecting facial shape variation in humans. eLife 2019; 8:e49898. [PMID: 31763980 PMCID: PMC6905649 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human face represents a combined set of highly heritable phenotypes, but knowledge on its genetic architecture remains limited, despite the relevance for various fields. A series of genome-wide association studies on 78 facial shape phenotypes quantified from 3-dimensional facial images of 10,115 Europeans identified 24 genetic loci reaching study-wide suggestive association (p < 5 × 10-8), among which 17 were previously unreported. A follow-up multi-ethnic study in additional 7917 individuals confirmed 10 loci including six unreported ones (padjusted < 2.1 × 10-3). A global map of derived polygenic face scores assembled facial features in major continental groups consistent with anthropological knowledge. Analyses of epigenomic datasets from cranial neural crest cells revealed abundant cis-regulatory activities at the face-associated genetic loci. Luciferase reporter assays in neural crest progenitor cells highlighted enhancer activities of several face-associated DNA variants. These results substantially advance our understanding of the genetic basis underlying human facial variation and provide candidates for future in-vivo functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Xiong
- Department of Genetic IdentificationErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamNetherlands
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamNetherlands
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of GenomicsUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)BeijingChina
| | - Gabriela Dankova
- Department of Genetic IdentificationErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Laurence J Howe
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Myoung Keun Lee
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral BiologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
| | - Pirro G Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic EpidemiologyKing’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Markus A de Jong
- Department of Genetic IdentificationErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamNetherlands
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Special Dental Care, and OrthodonticsErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamNetherlands
- Department of Biomedical Data SciencesLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Gu Zhu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Kaustubh Adhikari
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, and EnvironmentUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Dan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational BiologyChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)ShanghaiChina
- CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology (PICB)Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)ShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)ShanghaiChina
| | - Yi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of GenomicsUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)BeijingChina
| | - Bo Pan
- Department of Auricular ReconstructionPlastic Surgery HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Eleanor Feingold
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral BiologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral BiologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
- Department of Human GeneticsUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
| | - John R Shaffer
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral BiologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
- Department of Human GeneticsUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
| | | | - Shu-Hua Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational BiologyChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)ShanghaiChina
- CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology (PICB)Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)ShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)ShanghaiChina
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and GeneticsChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
| | - Li Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational BiologyChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)ShanghaiChina
- CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology (PICB)Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)ShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)ShanghaiChina
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Sijia Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational BiologyChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)ShanghaiChina
- CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology (PICB)Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)ShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)ShanghaiChina
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and GeneticsChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
| | - Femke MS de Vrij
- Department of PsychiatryErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Bas Lendemeijer
- Department of PsychiatryErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Stephen Richmond
- Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, University Dental SchoolCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Alexei Zhurov
- Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, University Dental SchoolCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Sarah Lewis
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Gemma C Sharp
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
- School of Oral and Dental SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Holly Thompson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Rolando Gonzalez-Jose
- Instituto Patagonico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, CENPAT-CONICETPuerto MadrynArgentina
| | | | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- UNAM-Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica, Facultad de QuımicaUnidad de Genomica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la SaludMexico CityMexico
| | - Carla Gallo
- Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y FilosofıaUniversidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaLimaPeru
| | - Giovanni Poletti
- Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y FilosofıaUniversidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaLimaPeru
| | - Gabriel Bedoya
- GENMOL (Genetica Molecular)Universidad de AntioquiaMedellınColombia
| | | | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamNetherlands
- Department of Internal MedicineErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamNetherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Eppo Wolvius
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Special Dental Care, and OrthodonticsErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Steven A Kushner
- Department of PsychiatryErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Tamar EC Nijsten
- Department of DermatologyErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Robert-Jan TS Palstra
- Department of BiochemistryErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Stefan Boehringer
- Department of Biomedical Data SciencesLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | | | - Kun Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational BiologyChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)ShanghaiChina
- CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology (PICB)Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)ShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)ShanghaiChina
| | - Andres Ruiz-Linares
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, EFS, ADESMarseilleFrance
| | | | - Timothy D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic EpidemiologyKing’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Evie Stergiakouli
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
- School of Oral and Dental SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral BiologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
- Department of Human GeneticsUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Genetic IdentificationErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamNetherlands
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of GenomicsUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)BeijingChina
| | - Manfred Kayser
- Department of Genetic IdentificationErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamNetherlands
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16
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Greiner JFW, Merten M, Kaltschmidt C, Kaltschmidt B. Sexual dimorphisms in adult human neural, mesoderm-derived, and neural crest-derived stem cells. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:3338-3352. [PMID: 31529465 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphisms contribute, at least in part, to the severity and occurrence of a broad range of neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and bone disorders. In addition to hormonal factors, increasing evidence suggests that stem cell-intrinsic mechanisms account for sex-specific differences in human physiology and pathology. Here, we discuss sex-related intrinsic mechanisms in adult stem cell populations, namely mesoderm-derived stem cells, neural stem cells (NSCs), and neural crest-derived stem cells (NCSCs), and their implications for stem cell differentiation and regeneration. We particularly focus on sex-specific differences in stem cell-mediated bone regeneration, in neuronal development, and in NSC-mediated neuroprotection. Moreover, we review our own recently published observations regarding the sex-dependent role of NF-κB-p65 in neuroprotection of human NCSC-derived neurons and sex differences in NCSC-related disorders, so-called neurocristopathies. These observations are in accordance with the increasing evidence pointing toward sex-specific differences in neurocristopathies and degenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease or osteoporosis. All findings discussed here indicate that sex-specific variability in stem cell biology may become a crucial parameter for the design of future treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madlen Merten
- Molecular Neurobiology, Bielefeld University, Germany
| | | | - Barbara Kaltschmidt
- Department of Cell Biology, Bielefeld University, Germany.,Molecular Neurobiology, Bielefeld University, Germany
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17
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Veríssimo CP, Carvalho JDS, da Silva FJM, Campanati L, Moura-Neto V, Coelho-Aguiar JDM. Laminin and Environmental Cues Act in the Inhibition of the Neuronal Differentiation of Enteric Glia in vitro. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:914. [PMID: 31551680 PMCID: PMC6733987 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric glia, a neural crest-derived cell type that composes the Enteric Nervous System, is involved in controlling gut functions, including motility, gut permeability, and neuronal communication. Moreover this glial cell could to give rise to new neurons. It is believed that enteric neurons are generated up to 21 days postnatally; however, adult gut cells with glial characteristics can give rise to new enteric neurons under certain conditions. The factors that activate this capability of enteric glia to differentiate into neurons remain unknown. Here, we followed the progress of this neuronal differentiation and investigated this ability by challenging enteric glial cells with different culture conditions. We found that, in vitro, enteric glial cells from the gut of adult and neonate mice have a high capability to acquire neuronal markers and undergoing morphological changes. In a co-culture system with 3T3 fibroblasts, the number of glial cells expressing βIIItubulin decreased after 7 days. The effect of 3T3-conditioned medium on adult cells was not significant, and fewer enteric glial cells from neonate mice began the neurogenic process in this medium. Laminin, an extracellular matrix protein that is highly expressed by the niche of the enteric ganglia, seemed to have a large role in inhibiting the differentiation of enteric glia, at least in cells from the adult gut. Our results suggest that, in an in vitro approach that provides conditions more similar to those of enteric glial cells in vivo, these cells could, to some extent, retain their morphology and marker expression, with their neurogenic potential inhibited. Importantly, laminin seemed to inhibit differentiation of adult enteric glial cells. It is possible that the differentiation of enteric glia into neurons is related to severe changes in the microenvironment, leading to disruption of the basement membrane. In summary, our data indicated that the interaction between the enteric glial cells and their microenvironment molecules significantly affects the control of their behavior and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pires Veríssimo
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Pós-graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana da Silva Carvalho
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Loraine Campanati
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Mattos Coelho-Aguiar
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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18
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Shellard A, Mayor R. Integrating chemical and mechanical signals in neural crest cell migration. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2019; 57:16-24. [PMID: 31306988 PMCID: PMC6838680 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells are a multipotent embryonic stem cell population that migrate large distances to contribute a variety of tissues. The cranial neural crest, which contribute to tissues of the face and skull, undergo collective migration whose movement has been likened to cancer metastasis. Over the last few years, a variety of mechanisms for the guidance of collective cranial neural crest cell migration have been described: mostly chemical, but more recently mechanical. Here we review these different mechanisms and attempt to integrate them to provide a unified model of collective cranial neural crest cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shellard
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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19
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Etchevers HC, Dupin E, Le Douarin NM. The diverse neural crest: from embryology to human pathology. Development 2019; 146:146/5/dev169821. [PMID: 30858200 DOI: 10.1242/dev.169821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We review here some of the historical highlights in exploratory studies of the vertebrate embryonic structure known as the neural crest. The study of the molecular properties of the cells that it produces, their migratory capacities and plasticity, and the still-growing list of tissues that depend on their presence for form and function, continue to enrich our understanding of congenital malformations, paediatric cancers and evolutionary biology. Developmental biology has been key to our understanding of the neural crest, starting with the early days of experimental embryology and through to today, when increasingly powerful technologies contribute to further insight into this fascinating vertebrate cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C Etchevers
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, MMG, U1251, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Elisabeth Dupin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Nicole M Le Douarin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
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20
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21
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Le Douarin NM, Dupin E. The “beginnings” of the neural crest. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S3-S13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Dupin E, Calloni GW, Coelho-Aguiar JM, Le Douarin NM. The issue of the multipotency of the neural crest cells. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S47-S59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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23
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3D bio-printed scaffold-free nerve constructs with human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells promote rat facial nerve regeneration. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6634. [PMID: 29700345 PMCID: PMC5919929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24888-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the promising neuro-regenerative capacities of stem cells, there is currently no licensed stem cell-based product in the repair and regeneration of peripheral nerve injuries. Here, we explored the potential use of human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) as the only cellular component in 3D bio-printed scaffold-free neural constructs that were transplantable to bridge facial nerve defects in rats. We showed that GMSCs have the propensity to aggregate into compact 3D-spheroids that could produce their own matrix. When cultured under either 2D- or 3D-collagen scaffolds, GMSC spheroids were found to be more capable of differentiating into both neuronal and Schwann-like cells than their adherent counterparts. Using a scaffold-free 3D bio-printer system, nerve constructs were printed from GMSC spheroids in the absence of exogenous scaffolds and allowed to mature in a bioreactor. In vivo transplantation of the GMSC-laden nerve constructs promoted regeneration and functional recovery when used to bridge segmental defects in rat facial nerves. Our findings suggest that GMSCs represent an easily accessible source of MSCs for 3D bio-printing of scaffold-free nervous tissue constructs with promising potential application for repair and regeneration of peripheral nerve defects.
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24
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Galkowski D, Ratajczak MZ, Kocki J, Darzynkiewicz Z. Of Cytometry, Stem Cells and Fountain of Youth. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 13:465-481. [PMID: 28364326 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9733-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Outlined are advances of cytometry applications to identify and sort stem cells, of laser scanning cytometry and ImageStream imaging instrumentation to further analyze morphometry of these cells, and of mass cytometry to classify a multitude of cellular markers in large cell populations. Reviewed are different types of stem cells, including potential candidates for cancer stem cells, with respect to their "stemness", and other characteristics. Appraised is further progress in identification and isolation of the "very small embryonic-like stem cells" (VSELs) and their autogenous transplantation for tissue repair and geroprotection. Also assessed is a function of hyaluronic acid, the major stem cells niche component, as a guardian and controller of stem cells. Briefly appraised are recent advances and challenges in the application of stem cells in regenerative medicine and oncology and their future role in different disciplines of medicine, including geriatrics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Janusz Kocki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University in Lublin, 20-080, Lublin, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz
- Brander Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10095, USA.
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25
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Zhang Q, Nguyen PD, Shi S, Burrell JC, Xu Q, Cullen KD, Le AD. Neural Crest Stem-Like Cells Non-genetically Induced from Human Gingiva-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Facial Nerve Regeneration in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6965-6983. [PMID: 29372546 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0913-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-genetic induction of somatic cells into neural crest stem-like cells (NCSCs) is promising for potential cell-based therapies for post-traumatic peripheral nerve regeneration. Here, we report that human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) could be reproducibly and readily induced into NCSCs via non-genetic approaches. Compared to parental GMSCs, induced NCSC population had increased expression in NCSC-related genes and displayed robust differentiation into neuronal and Schwann-like cells. Knockdown of the expression of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), a critical mechanosensor and mechanotransducer, attenuated the expression of NCSC-related genes; specific blocking of RhoA/ROCK activity and non-muscle myosin II (NM II)-dependent contraction suppressed YAP1 and NCSC-related genes and concurrently abolished neural spheroid formation in NCSCs. Using a rat model of facial nerve defect, implantation of NCSC-laden nerve conduits promoted functional regeneration of the injured nerve. These promising findings demonstrate that induced NCSCs derived from GMSCs represent an easily accessible and promising source of neural stem-like cells for peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunzhou Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Phuong D Nguyen
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Shihong Shi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Justin C Burrell
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3320 Smith Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Qilin Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kacy D Cullen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3320 Smith Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Anh D Le
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Penn Medicine Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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26
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Lignell A, Kerosuo L, Streichan SJ, Cai L, Bronner ME. Identification of a neural crest stem cell niche by Spatial Genomic Analysis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1830. [PMID: 29184067 PMCID: PMC5705662 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01561-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest is an embryonic population of multipotent stem cells that form numerous defining features of vertebrates. Due to lack of reliable techniques to perform transcriptional profiling in intact tissues, it remains controversial whether the neural crest is a heterogeneous or homogeneous population. By coupling multiplex single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization with machine learning algorithm based cell segmentation, we examine expression of 35 genes at single cell resolution in vivo. Unbiased hierarchical clustering reveals five spatially distinct subpopulations within the chick dorsal neural tube. Here we identify a neural crest stem cell niche that centers around the dorsal midline with high expression of neural crest genes, pluripotency factors, and lineage markers. Interestingly, neural and neural crest stem cells express distinct pluripotency signatures. This Spatial Genomic Analysis toolkit provides a straightforward approach to study quantitative multiplex gene expression in numerous biological systems, while offering insights into gene regulatory networks via synexpression analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Lignell
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Laura Kerosuo
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Sebastian J Streichan
- Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Long Cai
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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Kerosuo L, Bronner ME. cMyc Regulates the Size of the Premigratory Neural Crest Stem Cell Pool. Cell Rep 2017; 17:2648-2659. [PMID: 27926868 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest is a transient embryonic population that originates within the central nervous system (CNS) and then migrates into the periphery and differentiates into multiple cell types. The mechanisms that govern neural crest stem-like characteristics and self-renewal ability are poorly understood. Here, we show that the proto-oncogene cMyc is a critical factor in the chick dorsal neural tube, where it regulates the size of the premigratory neural crest stem cell pool. Loss of cMyc dramatically decreases the number of emigrating neural crest cells due to reduced self-renewal capacity, increased cell death, and shorter duration of the emigration process. Interestingly, rather than via E-Box binding, cMyc acts in the dorsal neural tube by interacting with another transcription factor, Miz1, to promote self-renewal. The finding that cMyc operates in a non-canonical manner in the premigratory neural crest highlights the importance of examining its role at specific time points and in an in vivo context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kerosuo
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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28
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Fonseca BF, Couly G, Dupin E. Respective contribution of the cephalic neural crest and mesoderm to SIX1-expressing head territories in the avian embryo. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 17:13. [PMID: 29017464 PMCID: PMC5634862 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-017-0155-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Vertebrate head development depends on a series of interactions between many cell populations of distinct embryological origins. Cranial mesenchymal tissues have a dual embryonic source: - the neural crest (NC), which generates most of craniofacial skeleton, dermis, pericytes, fat cells, and tenocytes; and - the mesoderm, which yields muscles, blood vessel endothelia and some posterior cranial bones. The molecular players that orchestrate co-development of cephalic NC and mesodermal cells to properly construct the head of vertebrates remain poorly understood. In this regard, Six1 gene, a vertebrate homolog of Drosophila Sine Oculis, is known to be required for development of ear, nose, tongue and cranial skeleton. However, the embryonic origin and fate of Six1-expressing cells have remained unclear. In this work, we addressed these issues in the avian embryo model by using quail-chick chimeras, cephalic NC cultures and immunostaining for SIX1. Results Our data show that, at early NC migration stages, SIX1 is expressed by mesodermal cells but excluded from the NC cells (NCC). Then, SIX1 becomes widely expressed in NCC that colonize the pre-otic mesenchyme. In contrast, in the branchial arches (BAs), SIX1 is present only in mesodermal cells that give rise to jaw muscles. At later developmental stages, the distribution of SIX1-expressing cells in mesoderm-derived tissues is consistent with a possible role of this factor in the myogenic program of all types of head muscles, including pharyngeal, extraocular and tongue muscles. In NC derivatives, SIX1 is notably expressed in perichondrium and chondrocytes of the nasal septum and in the sclera, although other facial cartilages such as Meckel’s were negative at the stages considered. Moreover, in cephalic NC cultures, chondrocytes and myofibroblasts, not the neural and melanocytic cells express SIX1. Conclusion The present results point to a dynamic tissue-specific expression of SIX1 in a variety of cephalic NC- and mesoderm-derived cell types and tissues, opening the way for further analysis of Six1 function in the coordinated development of these two cellular populations during vertebrate head formation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12861-017-0155-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara F Fonseca
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Gérard Couly
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Institut de la Bouche et du Visage de l'Enfant, Hôpital Universitaire Necker, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Dupin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.
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29
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Linares-Clemente P, Aguilar-Morante D, Rodríguez-Prieto I, Ramírez G, de Torres C, Santamaría V, Pascual-Vaca D, Colmenero-Repiso A, Vega FM, Mora J, Cabello R, Márquez C, Rivas E, Pardal R. Neural crest derived progenitor cells contribute to tumor stroma and aggressiveness in stage 4/M neuroblastoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:89775-89792. [PMID: 29163787 PMCID: PMC5685708 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric tumors arise upon oncogenic transformation of stem/progenitor cells during embryonic development. Given this scenario, the existence of non-tumorigenic stem cells included within the aberrant tumoral niche, with a potential role in tumor biology, is an intriguing and unstudied possibility. Here, we describe the presence and function of non-tumorigenic neural crest-derived progenitor cells in aggressive neuroblastoma (NB) tumors. These cells differentiate into neural crest typical mesectodermal derivatives, giving rise to tumor stroma and promoting proliferation and tumor aggressiveness. Furthermore, an analysis of gene expression profiles in stage 4/M NB revealed a neural crest stem cell (NCSC) gene signature that was associated to stromal phenotype and high probability of relapse. Thus, this NCSC gene expression signature could be used in prognosis to improve stratification of stage 4/M NB tumors. Our results might facilitate the design of new therapies by targeting NCSCs and their contribution to tumor stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Linares-Clemente
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Diana Aguilar-Morante
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ismael Rodríguez-Prieto
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Gema Ramírez
- Departamento de Oncología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carmen de Torres
- Departamento de Oncología, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Santamaría
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Departamento de Oncología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Diego Pascual-Vaca
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Colmenero-Repiso
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco M Vega
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jaume Mora
- Departamento de Oncología, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Cabello
- Departamento de Cirugía Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Catalina Márquez
- Departamento de Oncología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eloy Rivas
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pardal
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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30
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Gnanasegaran N, Govindasamy V, Kathirvaloo P, Musa S, Abu Kasim NH. Effects of cell cycle phases on the induction of dental pulp stem cells toward dopaminergic-like cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e881-e893. [PMID: 28079995 DOI: 10.1002/term.2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by tremors and cognitive issues, and is due to the death of dopaminergic (DA-ergic) neurons in brain circuits that are responsible for producing neurotransmitter dopamine (DA). Currently, cell replacement therapies are underway to improve upon existing therapeutic approaches such as drug treatments and electrical stimulation. Among the widely available sources, dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) from deciduous teeth have gained popularity because of their neural crest origin and inherent propensity toward neuronal lineage. Despite the various pre-clinical studies conducted, an important factor yet to be elucidated is the influence of growth phases in a typical trans-differentiation process. This study selected DPSCs at three distinct time points with variable growth phase proportions (G0/G1, S and G2/M) for in vitro trans-differentiation into DA-ergic-like cells. Using commercially available PCR arrays, we identified distinct gene profiles pertaining to cell cycles in these phases. The differentiation outcomes were assessed in terms of morphology and gene and protein expression, as well as with functional assays. It was noted that DPSCs with the highest G0/G1 phase were comparatively the best, representing at least a 2-fold up regulation (p < 0.05) of DA-ergic molecular cues compared to those from the remaining time points. Further investigations in terms of protein expression and DA-release assays also revealed a similar phenomenon (p < 0.05). These findings are expected to provide vital information for consideration in improving standard operating procedures in future cell transplantation work. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nareshwaran Gnanasegaran
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vijayendran Govindasamy
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Premasangery Kathirvaloo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sabri Musa
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noor Hayaty Abu Kasim
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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31
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Human bone marrow harbors cells with neural crest-associated characteristics like human adipose and dermis tissues. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177962. [PMID: 28683107 PMCID: PMC5500284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neural crest stem-derived cells (NCSC) are of extraordinary high plasticity and promising candidates for use in regenerative medicine. Several locations such as skin, adipose tissue, dental pulp or bone marrow have been described in rodent, as sources of NCSC. However, very little information is available concerning their correspondence in human tissues, and more precisely for human bone marrow. The main objective of this study was therefore to characterize NCSC from adult human bone marrow. In this purpose, we compared human bone marrow stromal cells to human adipose tissue and dermis, already described for containing NCSC. We performed comparative analyses in terms of gene and protein expression as well as functional characterizations. It appeared that human bone marrow, similarly to adipose tissue and dermis, contains NESTIN+ / SOX9+ / TWIST+ / SLUG+ / P75NTR+/ BRN3A+/ MSI1+/ SNAIL1+ cells and were able to differentiate into melanocytes, Schwann cells and neurons. Moreover, when injected into chicken embryos, all those cells were able to migrate and follow endogenous neural crest migration pathways. Altogether, the phenotypic characterization and migration abilities strongly suggest the presence of neural crest-derived cells in human adult bone marrow.
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32
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Ramírez-García L, Cevallos R, Gazarian K. Unveiling and initial characterization of neural crest-like cells in mesenchymal populations from the human periodontal ligament. J Periodontal Res 2017; 52:609-616. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Ramírez-García
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology; Institute of Biomedical Research; Mexican National Autonomous University; Mexico City Mexico
| | - R. Cevallos
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology; Institute of Biomedical Research; Mexican National Autonomous University; Mexico City Mexico
| | - K. Gazarian
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology; Institute of Biomedical Research; Mexican National Autonomous University; Mexico City Mexico
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33
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Neural differentiation potential of sympathoadrenal progenitors derived from fresh and cryopreserved neonatal porcine adrenal glands. Cryobiology 2016; 73:152-61. [PMID: 27539465 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Stem/progenitor cells are thought to have the potential in the treatment of severe neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, sympathoadrenal progenitors expressing specific markers of neural crest derivatives and capable to differentiate into neurons were discovered in adult bovine and human adrenal glands, but there was no reported data on cryopreservation of sympathoadrenal progenitors. The aim of the present study was to examine the neural differentiation potential of sympathoadrenal progenitors derived from fresh and cryopreserved neonatal porcine adrenal glands. Considering impact of various initial state of frozen biomaterial on cell recovery, we carried out a comparative estimation of cryopreservation outcome both for adrenal tissue fragments and isolated primary cells. The estimation consisted of determining cell yield, viability, ability to adhere, proliferate and differentiate in vitro. Cells isolated from the fresh adrenal glands were cultured until confluence. A formation of sympathoadrenal progenitors-embedded spherical cell colonies, whose cells are differentiated then into βIII-tubulin-positive cells with neuron-like morphology, was observed on the monolayer. The colonies were well preserved after cryopreservation of cell culture with a cooling rate of 1 °C/min in the cryoprotectant media containing 5-15% of dimethylsulfoxide. Adrenal tissue fragments were cryopreserved in the presence of 10% dimethylsulfoxide at the cooling rates of 0.3; 1: 5; 40 and > 100 °C/min. Sympathoadrenal progenitors were recovered after cryopreservation with 0.3 °C/min cooling rate but not higher.
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Melo FR, Bressan RB, Costa-Silva B, Trentin AG. Effects of Folic Acid and Homocysteine on the Morphogenesis of Mouse Cephalic Neural Crest Cells In Vitro. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:371-376. [PMID: 27236697 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0383-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Folate deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia have long been associated with developmental anomalies, particularly neural tube defects and neurocristopathies-a group of diverse disorders that result from defective growth, differentiation, and migration of neural crest (NC) cells. However, the exact mechanisms by which homocysteine (Hcys) and/or folate deficiencies disrupt NC development are still poorly understood in mammals. In this work, we employed a well-defined culture system to investigate the effects of Hcys and folic acid (FA) supplementation on the morphogenetic processes of murine NC cells in vitro. We demonstrated that Hcys increases outgrowth and proliferation of cephalic NC cells and impairs their differentiation into smooth muscle cells. In addition, we showed that FA alone does not directly affect the developmental dynamics of the cephalic NC cells but is able to prevent the Hcys-induced effects. Our results, therefore, suggest that elevated Hcys levels per se cause dysmorphogenesis of the cephalic NC and might contribute to neurocristopathies in mammalian embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Rosene Melo
- Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Costa-Silva
- Department of Pediatrics, Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Andrea Gonçalves Trentin
- Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
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35
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Le Douarin NM, Dupin E. The Pluripotency of Neural Crest Cells and Their Role in Brain Development. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 116:659-78. [PMID: 26970647 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is, in the Chordate phylum, an innovation of vertebrates, which exhibits several original characteristics: its component cells are pluripotent and give rise to both ectodermal and mesodermal cell types. Moreover, during the early stages of neurogenesis, the NC cells exert a paracrine stimulating effect on the development of the preotic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Le Douarin
- Collège de France, 3 rue d'Ulm, Paris, France; INSERM U968, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7210, Paris, France.
| | - Elisabeth Dupin
- INSERM U968, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7210, Paris, France
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36
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Fast isolation and expansion of multipotent cells from adipose tissue based on chitosan-selected primary culture. Biomaterials 2015; 65:154-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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37
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Kerosuo L, Nie S, Bajpai R, Bronner ME. Crestospheres: Long-Term Maintenance of Multipotent, Premigratory Neural Crest Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 5:499-507. [PMID: 26441305 PMCID: PMC4625028 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Premigratory neural crest cells comprise a transient, embryonic population that arises within the CNS, but subsequently migrates away and differentiates into many derivatives. Previously, premigratory neural crest could not be maintained in a multipotent, adhesive state without spontaneous differentiation. Here, we report conditions that enable maintenance of neuroepithelial “crestospheres” that self-renew and retain multipotency for weeks. Moreover, under differentiation conditions, these cells can form multiple derivatives in vitro and in vivo after transplantation into chick embryos. Similarly, human embryonic stem cells directed to a neural crest fate can be maintained as crestospheres and subsequently differentiated into several derivatives. By devising conditions that maintain the premigratory state in vitro, these results demonstrate that neuroepithelial neural crest precursors are capable of long-term self-renewal. This approach will help uncover mechanisms underlying their developmental potential, differentiation and, together with the induced pluripotent stem cell techniques, the pathology of human neurocristopathies. Long-term maintenance of premigratory chick neural crest cells as crestospheres A self-renewing population of multipotent neuroepithelial neural crest stem cells Crestospheres differentiate into neural crest derivatives in vitro and in vivo Long-term maintenance of human ESC-derived crestospheres for several weeks
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kerosuo
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Shuyi Nie
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Ruchi Bajpai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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Characterization of Nestin, a Selective Marker for Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:762098. [PMID: 26236348 PMCID: PMC4506912 DOI: 10.1155/2015/762098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells capable of differentiating into multiple cell lineages and contributing to tissue repair and regeneration. Characterization of the physiological function of MSCs has been largely hampered by lack of unique markers. Nestin, originally found in neuroepithelial stem cells, is an intermediate filament protein expressed in the early stages of development. Increasing studies have shown a particular association between Nestin and MSCs. Nestin could characterize a subset of bone marrow perivascular MSCs which contributed to bone development and closely contacted with hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Nestin expressing (Nes(+)) MSCs also play a role in the progression of various diseases. However, Nes(+) cells were reported to participate in angiogenesis as MSCs or endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in several tissues and be a heterogeneous population comprising mesenchymal cells and endothelial cells in the developing bone marrow. In this review article, we will summarize the progress of the research on Nestin, particularly the function of Nes(+) cells in bone marrow, and discuss the feasibility of using Nestin as a specific marker for MSCs.
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Shahjouei S, Hanaei S, Nejat F, Monajemzadeh M, Khashab ME. Sacrococcygeal teratoma with intradural extension: case report. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2015; 15:380-3. [PMID: 25612665 DOI: 10.3171/2014.10.peds1445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Intradural sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) is a rare entity that has been reported in only a few cases previously. The authors present the case of a 2-week-old, otherwise healthy neonate with a mass in the buttock. The imaging findings and the high level of serum alpha-fetoprotein were highly suggestive of SCT. On operation the authors found intradural extension of the teratoma. The lesion was managed successfully without any remaining sequelae. The authors briefly review the currently proposed etiology regarding teratoma formation and the intradural extension of SCT.
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Coelho-Aguiar JDM, Bon-Frauches AC, Gomes ALT, Veríssimo CP, Aguiar DP, Matias D, Thomasi BBDM, Gomes AS, Brito GADC, Moura-Neto V. The enteric glia: identity and functions. Glia 2015; 63:921-35. [PMID: 25703790 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Enteric glial cells were first described at the end of the 19th century, but they attracted more interest from researchers only in the last decades of the 20th. Although, they have a different embryological origin, the enteric GLIA share many characteristics with astrocytes, the main glial cell type of the central nervous system (CNS), such as in their expression of the same markers and in their functions. Here we review the construction of the enteric nervous system (ENS), with a focus on enteric glia, and also the main studies that have revealed the action of enteric glia in different aspects of gastrointestinal tract homeostasis, such as in the intestinal barrier, in communications with neurons, and in their action as progenitor cells. We also discuss recent discoveries about the roles of enteric glia in different disorders that affect the ENS, such as degenerative pathologies including Parkinson's and prion diseases, and in cases of intestinal diseases and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana de Mattos Coelho-Aguiar
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro - SES/RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Xu W, Sun Y, Zhang J, Xu K, Pan L, He L, Song Y, Njunge L, Xu Z, Chiang MYM, Sung KLP, Chuong CM, Yang L. Perivascular-derived stem cells with neural crest characteristics are involved in tendon repair. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:857-68. [PMID: 25381682 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendons and ligaments exhibit limited regenerative capacity following injury, with damaged tissue being replaced by a fibrotic scar. The physiological role of scar tissue is complex and has been studied extensively. In this study, we demonstrate that rat tendons contain a unique subpopulation of cells exhibiting stem cell characteristics, including clonogenicity, multipotency, and self-renewal capacity. Additionally, these putative stem cells expressed markers consistent with neural crest stem cells (NCSCs). Using immunofluorescent labeling, we identified P75(+) (p75 neurotrophin receptor) cells in the perivascular regions of the native rat tendon. Importantly, P75(+) cells were frequently localized near vascular cells and increased in number within the peritenon after injury. Ultrastructural analysis showed that perivascular cells detached from vessels in response to injury, migrated into the interstitial space, and deposited extracellular matrix. Characterization of P75(+) cells isolated from the scar tissue indicated that this population also expressed the NCSC markers, Vimentin, Sox10, and Snail. In conclusion, our results suggest that neural crest-like stem cells of perivascular origin reside within the rat peritenon and give rise to scar-forming stromal cells following tendon injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- 1 Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University , Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Kaebisch C, Schipper D, Babczyk P, Tobiasch E. The role of purinergic receptors in stem cell differentiation. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2014; 13:75-84. [PMID: 26900431 PMCID: PMC4720018 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge modern society has to face is the increasing need for tissue regeneration due to degenerative diseases or tumors, but also accidents or warlike conflicts. There is great hope that stem cell-based therapies might improve current treatments of cardiovascular diseases, osteochondral defects or nerve injury due to the unique properties of stem cells such as their self-renewal and differentiation potential. Since embryonic stem cells raise severe ethical concerns and are prone to teratoma formation, adult stem cells are still in the focus of research. Emphasis is placed on cellular signaling within these cells and in between them for a better understanding of the complex processes regulating stem cell fate. One of the oldest signaling systems is based on nucleotides as ligands for purinergic receptors playing an important role in a huge variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, migration and differentiation. Besides their natural ligands, several artificial agonists and antagonists have been identified for P1 and P2 receptors and are already used as drugs. This review outlines purinergic receptor expression and signaling in stem cells metabolism. We will briefly describe current findings in embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells as well as in cancer-, hematopoietic-, and neural crest-derived stem cells. The major focus will be placed on recent findings of purinergic signaling in mesenchymal stem cells addressed in in vitro and in vivo studies, since stem cell fate might be manipulated by this system guiding differentiation towards the desired lineage in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Edda Tobiasch
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhine-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Von-Liebig-Str. 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
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Cao H, Kou X, Yang R, Liu D, Wang X, Song Y, Feng L, He D, Gan Y, Zhou Y. Force-induced Adrb2 in periodontal ligament cells promotes tooth movement. J Dent Res 2014; 93:1163-9. [PMID: 25252876 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514551769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) regulates bone resorption through β-2 adrenergic receptor (Adrb2). In orthodontic tooth movement (OTM), mechanical force induces and regulates alveolar bone remodeling. Compressive force-associated osteoclast differentiation and alveolar bone resorption are the rate-limiting steps of tooth movement. However, whether mechanical force can activate Adrb2 and thus contribute to OTM remains unknown. In this study, orthodontic nickel-titanium springs were applied to the upper first molars of rats and Adrb1/2(-/-) mice to confirm the role of SNS and Adrb2 in OTM. The results showed that blockage of SNS activity in the jawbones of rats by means of superior cervical ganglion ectomy reduced OTM distance from 860 to 540 μm after 14 d of force application. In addition, the injection of nonselective Adrb2 agonist isoproterenol activated the downstream signaling of SNS to accelerate OTM from 300 to 540 μm after 7 d of force application. Adrb1/2(-/-) mice showed significantly reduced OTM distance (19.5 μm) compared with the wild-type mice (107.6 μm) after 7 d of force application. Histopathologic analysis showed that the number of Adrb2-positive cells increased in the compressive region of periodontal ligament after orthodontic force was applied on rats. Mechanistically, mechanical compressive force upregulated Adrb2 expression in primary-cultured human periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) through the elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. Activation of Adrb2 in PDLCs increased the RANKL/OPG ratio and promoted the peripheral blood mononuclear cell differentiation to osteoclasts in the cocultured system. Upregulation of Adrb2 in PDLCs promoted osteoclastogenesis, which accelerated OTM through Adrb2-enhanced bone resorption. In summary, this study suggests that mechanical force-induced Adrb2 activation in PDLCs contributes to SNS-regulated OTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Cao
- Department of Orthodontics Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration
| | - X Kou
- Department of Orthodontics Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration
| | - R Yang
- Department of Orthodontics Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration
| | - D Liu
- Department of Orthodontics Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration
| | - X Wang
- Department of Orthodontics Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration
| | - Y Song
- Department of Orthodontics Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration
| | - L Feng
- Department of Orthodontics Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration
| | - D He
- Department of Orthodontics Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration
| | - Y Gan
- Center for Temporomandibular Disorders and Orofacial Pain, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Y Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration
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Ostyn P, El Machhour R, Begard S, Kotecki N, Vandomme J, Flamenco P, Segard P, Masselot B, Formstecher P, Touil Y, Polakowska R. Transient TNF regulates the self-renewing capacity of stem-like label-retaining cells in sphere and skin equivalent models of melanoma. Cell Commun Signal 2014; 12:52. [PMID: 25223735 PMCID: PMC4172864 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-014-0052-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well established that inflammation promotes cancer, including melanoma, although the exact mechanisms involved are less known. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that inflammatory factors affect the cancer stem cell (CSC) compartment responsible for tumor development and relapse. RESULTS Using an inducible histone 2B-GFP fusion protein as a tracer of cell divisional history, we determined that tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which is a classical pro-inflammatory cytokine, enlarged the CSC pool of GFP-positive label-retaining cells (LRCs) in tumor-like melanospheres. Although these cells acquired melanoma stem cell markers, including ABCB5 and CD271, and self-renewal ability, they lost their capacity to differentiate, as evidenced by the diminished MelanA expression in melanosphere cells and the loss of pigmentation in a skin equivalent model of human melanoma. The undifferentiated cell phenotype could be reversed by LY294002, which is an inhibitor of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and this reversal was accompanied by a significant reduction in CSC phenotypic markers and functional properties. Importantly, the changes induced by a transient exposure to TNF were long-lasting and observed for many generations after TNF withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that pro-inflammatory TNF targets the quiescent/slow-cycling melanoma SC compartment and promotes PI3K/AKT-driven expansion of melanoma SCs most likely by preventing their asymmetrical self-renewal. This TNF effect is maintained and transferred to descendants of LRC CSCs and is manifested in the absence of TNF, suggesting that a transient exposure to inflammatory factors imprints long-lasting molecular and/or cellular changes with functional consequences long after inflammatory signal suppression. Clinically, these results may translate into an inflammation-triggered accumulation of quiescent/slow-cycling CSCs and a post-inflammatory onset of an aggressive tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Ostyn
- />Inserm U837 Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), 1, Place de Verdun 59045, Lille Cedex, France
| | - Raja El Machhour
- />Inserm U837 Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), 1, Place de Verdun 59045, Lille Cedex, France
| | - Severine Begard
- />Inserm U837 Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), 1, Place de Verdun 59045, Lille Cedex, France
| | - Nuria Kotecki
- />Inserm U837 Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), 1, Place de Verdun 59045, Lille Cedex, France
| | - Jerome Vandomme
- />Inserm U837 Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), 1, Place de Verdun 59045, Lille Cedex, France
- />Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Pilar Flamenco
- />Inserm U837 Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), 1, Place de Verdun 59045, Lille Cedex, France
| | - Pascaline Segard
- />Inserm U837 Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), 1, Place de Verdun 59045, Lille Cedex, France
- />Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bernadette Masselot
- />Inserm U837 Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), 1, Place de Verdun 59045, Lille Cedex, France
- />Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Pierre Formstecher
- />Inserm U837 Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), 1, Place de Verdun 59045, Lille Cedex, France
- />Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
- />CHULille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Yasmine Touil
- />Inserm U837 Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), 1, Place de Verdun 59045, Lille Cedex, France
- />SIRIC ONCOLille, Lille, France
| | - Renata Polakowska
- />Inserm U837 Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), 1, Place de Verdun 59045, Lille Cedex, France
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Nemeth CL, Janebodin K, Yuan AE, Dennis JE, Reyes M, Kim DH. Enhanced chondrogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells using nanopatterned PEG-GelMA-HA hydrogels. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:2817-29. [PMID: 24749806 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have examined the effects of surface nanotopography and hyaluronic acid (HA) on in vitro chondrogenesis of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). Ultraviolet-assisted capillary force lithography was employed to fabricate well-defined nanostructured scaffolds of composite PEG-GelMA-HA hydrogels that consist of poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA), methacrylated gelatin (GelMA), and HA. Using this microengineered platform, we first demonstrated that DPSCs formed three-dimensional spheroids, which provide an appropriate environment for in vitro chondrogenic differentiation. We also found that DPSCs cultured on nanopatterned PEG-GelMA-HA scaffolds showed a significant upregulation of the chondrogenic gene markers (Sox9, Alkaline phosphatase, Aggrecan, Procollagen type II, and Procollagen type X), while downregulating the pluripotent stem cell gene, Nanog, and epithelial-mesenchymal genes (Twist, Snail, Slug) compared with tissue culture polystyrene-cultured DPSCs. Immunocytochemistry showed more extensive deposition of collagen type II in DPSCs cultured on the nanopatterned PEG-GelMA-HA scaffolds. These findings suggest that nanotopography and HA provide important cues for promoting chondrogenic differentiation of DPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron L Nemeth
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
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46
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Murray IR, West CC, Hardy WR, James AW, Park TS, Nguyen A, Tawonsawatruk T, Lazzari L, Soo C, Péault B. Natural history of mesenchymal stem cells, from vessel walls to culture vessels. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1353-74. [PMID: 24158496 PMCID: PMC11113613 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1462-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) can regenerate tissues by direct differentiation or indirectly by stimulating angiogenesis, limiting inflammation, and recruiting tissue-specific progenitor cells. MSCs emerge and multiply in long-term cultures of total cells from the bone marrow or multiple other organs. Such a derivation in vitro is simple and convenient, hence popular, but has long precluded understanding of the native identity, tissue distribution, frequency, and natural role of MSCs, which have been defined and validated exclusively in terms of surface marker expression and developmental potential in culture into bone, cartilage, and fat. Such simple, widely accepted criteria uniformly typify MSCs, even though some differences in potential exist, depending on tissue sources. Combined immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and cell culture have allowed tracking the artifactual cultured mesenchymal stem/stromal cells back to perivascular anatomical regions. Presently, both pericytes enveloping microvessels and adventitial cells surrounding larger arteries and veins have been described as possible MSC forerunners. While such a vascular association would explain why MSCs have been isolated from virtually all tissues tested, the origin of the MSCs grown from umbilical cord blood remains unknown. In fact, most aspects of the biology of perivascular MSCs are still obscure, from the emergence of these cells in the embryo to the molecular control of their activity in adult tissues. Such dark areas have not compromised intents to use these cells in clinical settings though, in which purified perivascular cells already exhibit decisive advantages over conventional MSCs, including purity, thorough characterization and, principally, total independence from in vitro culture. A growing body of experimental data is currently paving the way to the medical usage of autologous sorted perivascular cells for indications in which MSCs have been previously contemplated or actually used, such as bone regeneration and cardiovascular tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain R. Murray
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center and Broad Stem Cell Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Christopher C. West
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Winters R. Hardy
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center and Broad Stem Cell Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Aaron W. James
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tea Soon Park
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Alan Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tulyapruek Tawonsawatruk
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lorenza Lazzari
- Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Chia Soo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Departments of Surgery and Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Bruno Péault
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center and Broad Stem Cell Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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Ulrich H, Bocsi J, Glaser T, Tárnok A. Cytometry in the brain: studying differentiation to diagnostic applications in brain disease and regeneration therapy. Cell Prolif 2014; 47:12-9. [PMID: 24450810 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During brain development, a population of uniform embryonic cells migrates and differentiates into a large number of neural phenotypes - origin of the enormous complexity of the adult nervous system. Processes of cell proliferation, differentiation and programmed death of no longer required cells, do not occur only during embryogenesis, but are also maintained during adulthood and are affected in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disease states. As neurogenesis is an endogenous response to brain injury, visible as proliferation (of to this moment silent stem or progenitor cells), its further stimulation can present a treatment strategy in addition to stem cell transfer for cell regeneration therapy. Concise techniques for studying such events in vitro and in vivo permit understanding of underlying mechanisms. Detection of subtle physiological alterations in brain cell proliferation and neurogenesis can be explored, that occur during environmental stimulation, exercise and ageing. Here, we have collected achievements in the field of basic research on applications of cytometry, including automated imaging for quantification of morphological or fluorescence-based parameters in cell cultures, towards imaging of three-dimensional brain architecture together with DNA content and proliferation data. Multi-parameter and more recently in vivo flow cytometry procedures, have been developed for quantification of phenotypic diversity and cell processes that occur during brain development as well as in adulthood, with importance for therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, S.P 05508-900, Brazil
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48
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Gericota B, Anderson JS, Mitchell G, Borjesson DL, Sturges BK, Nolta JA, Sieber-Blum M. Canine epidermal neural crest stem cells: characterization and potential as therapy candidate for a large animal model of spinal cord injury. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:334-45. [PMID: 24443004 PMCID: PMC3952930 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of multipotent neural crest-derived stem cells, named epidermal neural crest stem cells (EPI-NCSC), that persist postnatally in an easy-to-access location-the bulge of hair follicles-opens a spectrum of novel opportunities for patient-specific therapies. We present a detailed characterization of canine EPI-NCSC (cEPI-NCSC) from multiple dog breeds and protocols for their isolation and ex vivo expansion. Furthermore, we provide novel tools for research in canines, which currently are still scarce. In analogy to human and mouse EPI-NCSC, the neural crest origin of cEPI-NCSC is shown by their expression of the neural crest stem cell molecular signature and other neural crest-characteristic genes. Similar to human EPI-NCSC, cEPI-NCSC also expressed pluripotency genes. We demonstrated that cEPI-NCSC can generate all major neural crest derivatives. In vitro clonal analyses established multipotency and self-renewal ability of cEPI-NCSC, establishing cEPI-NCSC as multipotent somatic stem cells. A critical analysis of the literature on canine spinal cord injury (SCI) showed the need for novel treatments and suggested that cEPI-NCSC represent viable candidates for cell-based therapies in dog SCI, particularly for chondrodystrophic dogs. This notion is supported by the close ontological relationship between neural crest stem cells and spinal cord stem cells. Thus, cEPI-NCSC promise to offer not only a potential treatment for canines but also an attractive and realistic large animal model for human SCI. Taken together, we provide the groundwork for the development of a novel cell-based therapy for a condition with extremely poor prognosis and no available effective treatment.
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49
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Czarnobaj J, Bagnall KM, Bamforth JS, Milos NC. The different effects on cranial and trunk neural crest cell behaviour following exposure to a low concentration of alcohol in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:500-12. [PMID: 24631632 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic neural crest cells give rise to large regions of the face and peripheral nervous system. Exposure of these cells to high alcohol concentrations leads to cell death in the craniofacial region resulting in facial defects. However, the effects of low concentrations of alcohol on neural crest cells are not clear. In this study, cranial neural crest cells from Xenopus laevis were cultured in an ethanol concentration approximately equivalent to one drink. Techniques were developed to study various aspects of neural crest cell behaviour and a number of cellular parameters were quantified. In the presence of alcohol, a significant number of cranial neural crest cells emigrated from the explant on fibronectin but the liberation of individual cells was delayed. The cells also remained close to the explant and their morphology changed. Cranial neural crest cells did not grow on Type 1 collagen. For the purposes of comparison, the behaviour of trunk neural crest cells was also studied. The presence of alcohol correlated with increased retention of single cells on fibronectin but left other parameters unchanged. The behaviour of trunk neural crest cells growing on Type 1 collagen in the presence of alcohol did not differ from controls. Low concentrations of alcohol therefore significantly affected both cranial and trunk neural crest cells, with a wider variety of effects on cells from the cranial as opposed to the trunk region. The results suggest that low concentrations of alcohol may be more detrimental to early events in organ formation than currently suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Czarnobaj
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, 7020 Katz Building University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.
| | - Keith M Bagnall
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Box 17666 Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - J Steven Bamforth
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, 8-53 Medical Science Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7.
| | - Nadine C Milos
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, 7020 Katz Building University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.
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50
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Ross AP, Zarbalis KS. The emerging roles of ribosome biogenesis in craniofacial development. Front Physiol 2014; 5:26. [PMID: 24550838 PMCID: PMC3912750 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) are a transient, migratory cell population, which originates during neurulation at the neural folds and contributes to the majority of tissues, including the mesenchymal structures of the craniofacial skeleton. The deregulation of the complex developmental processes that guide migration, proliferation, and differentiation of NCCs may result in a wide range of pathological conditions grouped together as neurocristopathies. Recently, due to their multipotent properties neural crest stem cells have received considerable attention as a possible source for stem cell based regenerative therapies. This exciting prospect underlines the need to further explore the developmental programs that guide NCC differentiation. This review explores the particular importance of ribosome biogenesis defects in this context since a specific interface between ribosomopathies and neurocristopathies exists as evidenced by disorders such as Treacher-Collins-Franceschetti syndrome (TCS) and Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Ross
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Konstantinos S Zarbalis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis Sacramento, CA, USA
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