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Gianchecchi E, Torelli A, Piu P, Bonifazi C, Ganfini L, Montomoli E. Flow cytometry as an integrative method for the evaluation of vaccine immunogenicity: A validation approach. Biochem Biophys Rep 2023; 34:101472. [PMID: 37153861 PMCID: PMC10160688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The applied bioanalytical assays used for the evaluation of human immune responses from samples collected during clinical trials must be well characterized, fully validated and properly documented to provide reliable results. Even though recommendations for the standardization of flow cytometry instrumentation and assay validation for its clinical application have been published by several organizations, definitive guidelines are not available yet. The aim of the present paper is to provide a validation approach for flow cytometry, examining parameters such as linearity, relative accuracy, repeatability, intermediate precision, range and detection limits and specificity, in order to demonstrate and document its applicability for clinical research purposes and its possible use as one of the methods for the evaluation of vaccine immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Torelli
- CSL Seqirus, Via Del Pozzo 3/A, S. Martino, 53035, Monteriggioni, SI, Italy
| | | | - Carolina Bonifazi
- VisMederi S.r.l., Siena, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Emanuele Montomoli
- VisMederi S.r.l., Siena, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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2
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Kim M, Foster JC, Moore MD, Chen M. Improving Single-Molecule Antibody Detection Selectivity through Optimization of Peptide Epitope Presentation in OmpG Nanopore. ACS Sens 2023. [PMID: 37379512 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Outer membrane protein G (OmpG) is a monomeric porin found in Escherichia coli, which possesses seven flexible loops. OmpG has been engineered as a nanopore sensor, where its loops can host affinity epitopes for selective detection of biological molecules. In this study, we investigated various loop positions to incorporate a FLAG peptide antigen epitope in the most flexible loop 6 and tested the efficacy and sensitivity of these nanopore constructs in antibody detection. We observed an OmpG construct containing inserted FLAG sequence, which exhibited strong interaction with anti-FLAG antibodies in flow cytometry; however, it could not translate molecule interactions into a readable signal in current recordings. Further optimization of the peptide presentation strategy by replacing specific sections of loop 6 sequences with the FLAG tag created a construct capable of generating unique and distinct signals when interacting with various monoclonal or polyclonal anti-FLAG clones IgG antibodies in the mixture. The peptide display scheme demonstrated in this study can be generalized for the engineering of OmpG sensors, which can be used for screening and validating positive clones during antibody development, as well as for real-time quality control of cell cultures in monoclonal antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Kim
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Joshua C Foster
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Matthew D Moore
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Min Chen
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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3
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Welsh JA, Arkesteijn GJA, Bremer M, Cimorelli M, Dignat-George F, Giebel B, Görgens A, Hendrix A, Kuiper M, Lacroix R, Lannigan J, van Leeuwen TG, Lozano-Andrés E, Rao S, Robert S, de Rond L, Tang VA, Tertel T, Yan X, Wauben MHM, Nolan JP, Jones JC, Nieuwland R, van der Pol E. A compendium of single extracellular vesicle flow cytometry. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12299. [PMID: 36759917 PMCID: PMC9911638 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry (FCM) offers a multiparametric technology capable of characterizing single extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, most flow cytometers are designed to detect cells, which are larger than EVs. Whereas cells exceed the background noise, signals originating from EVs partly overlap with the background noise, thereby making EVs more difficult to detect than cells. This technical mismatch together with complexity of EV-containing fluids causes limitations and challenges with conducting, interpreting and reproducing EV FCM experiments. To address and overcome these challenges, researchers from the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), International Society for Advancement of Cytometry (ISAC), and the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) joined forces and initiated the EV FCM working group. To improve the interpretation, reporting, and reproducibility of future EV FCM data, the EV FCM working group published an ISEV position manuscript outlining a framework of minimum information that should be reported about an FCM experiment on single EVs (MIFlowCyt-EV). However, the framework contains limited background information. Therefore, the goal of this compendium is to provide the background information necessary to design and conduct reproducible EV FCM experiments. This compendium contains background information on EVs, the interaction between light and EVs, FCM hardware, experimental design and preanalytical procedures, sample preparation, assay controls, instrument data acquisition and calibration, EV characterization, and data reporting. Although this compendium focuses on EVs, many concepts and explanations could also be applied to FCM detection of other particles within the EV size range, such as bacteria, lipoprotein particles, milk fat globules, and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Welsh
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ger J A Arkesteijn
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Bremer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Cimorelli
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Françoise Dignat-George
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
- Hematology and Vascular Biology Department, CHU La Conception, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - André Görgens
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Clinical Research Center, Department for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Evox Therapeutics Ltd, Oxford, UK
| | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martine Kuiper
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Dutch Metrology Institute, VSL, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Romaric Lacroix
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
- Hematology and Vascular Biology Department, CHU La Conception, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Joanne Lannigan
- Flow Cytometry Support Services, LLC, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - Ton G van Leeuwen
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Estefanía Lozano-Andrés
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shoaib Rao
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stéphane Robert
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
- Hematology and Vascular Biology Department, CHU La Conception, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Leonie de Rond
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vera A Tang
- Flow Cytometry & Virometry Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tobias Tertel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Xiaomei Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - John P Nolan
- Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, USA
- Cellarcus Biosciences, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jennifer C Jones
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Nettersheim FS, Armstrong SS, Durant C, Blanco-Dominguez R, Roy P, Orecchioni M, Suryawanshi V, Ley K. Titration of 124 antibodies using CITE-Seq on human PBMCs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20817. [PMID: 36460735 PMCID: PMC9718773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-Seq) is widely used to characterize immune cell populations. However, mRNA levels correlate poorly with expression of surface proteins, which are well established to define immune cell types. CITE-Seq (cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing) utilizes oligonucleotide-tagged antibodies to simultaneously analyze surface phenotypes and transcriptomes. Considering the high costs of adding surface phenotyping to scRNA-Seq, we aimed to determine which of 188 tested CITE-Seq antibodies can detect their antigens on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), a commonly interrogated cell population in immunology, and find the optimal concentration for staining. The recommended concentration was optimal for 76 antibodies, whereas staining quality of 7 antibodies improved when the concentration was doubled. 33 and 8 antibodies still worked well when the concentration was reduced to 1/5 or 1/25, respectively. 64 antigens were not detected at any antibody concentration. Optimizing the antibody panel by removing antibodies not able to detect their target antigens and adjusting concentrations of the remaining antibodies will improve the analysis and may reduce costs. In conclusion, our data are a resource for building an informative and cost-effective panel of CITE-Seq antibodies and use them at their optimal concentrations in future CITE-seq experiments on human PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Sebastian Nettersheim
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Rafael Blanco-Dominguez
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Payel Roy
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | | | - Klaus Ley
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
- Immunology Center of Georgia (IMMCG), Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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5
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Oh J, Yoo TY, Saal TM, Tsay L, Faquin WC, Carlson JC, Deschler DG, Pai SI, Weissleder R. Multiplexed single-cell analysis of FNA allows accurate diagnosis of salivary gland tumors. Cancer Cytopathol 2022; 130:581-594. [PMID: 35666645 PMCID: PMC9542730 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosing salivary gland tumors (SGTs) through fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies is challenging due to the overlapping cytomorphologic features between benign and malignant tumors. The authors developed an innovative, multiplexed cycling technology for the rapid analyses of single cells obtained from FNA that can facilitate the molecular analyses and diagnosis of SGTs. Antibodies against 29 protein markers associated with 7 SGT subtypes were validated and chemically modified via custom linker-bio-orthogonal probes (FAST). Single-cell homogenates and FNA samples were profiled by FAST cyclic imaging and computational analysis. A prediction model was generated using a training set of 151,926 cells from primary SGTs (N = 26) and validated on a separate cohort (N = 30). Companion biomarker testing, such as neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK), was also assessed with the FAST technology. The FAST molecular diagnostic assay was able to distinguish between benign and malignant SGTs with an accuracy of 0.86 for single-cell homogenate samples and 0.88 for FNA samples. Profiling of multiple markers as compared to a single marker increased the diagnostic accuracy (0.82 as compared to 0.65-0.74, respectively), independent of the cell number sampled. NTRK expression was also assessed by the FAST assay, highlighting the potential therapeutic application of this technology. Application of the novel multiplexed single-cell technology facilitates rapid biomarker testing from FNA samples at low cost. The customizable and modular FAST-FNA approach has relevance to multiple pathologies and organ systems where cytologic samples are often scarce and/or indeterminate resulting in improved diagnostic workflows and timely therapeutic clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Oh
- Center for Systems BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusetts
- Department of RadiologyMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | - Tae Yeon Yoo
- Department of Systems BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | - Talia M. Saal
- Center for Systems BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusetts
| | - Lisa Tsay
- Center for Systems BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusetts
| | - William C. Faquin
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | - Jonathan C.T. Carlson
- Center for Systems BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusetts
- Mass General Cancer CenterMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | - Daniel G. Deschler
- Department of OtolaryngologyMassachusetts Eye and Ear InfirmaryBostonMassachusetts
- Department of Otology and LaryngologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | - Sara I. Pai
- Center for Systems BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusetts
- Mass General Cancer CenterMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
- Department of SurgeryMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusetts
- Department of RadiologyMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
- Department of Systems BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
- Mass General Cancer CenterMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
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6
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Abstract
Mass cytometry has revolutionized immunophenotyping, particularly in exploratory settings where simultaneous breadth and depth of characterization of immune populations is needed with limited samples such as in preclinical and clinical tumor immunotherapy. Mass cytometry is also a powerful tool for single-cell immunological assays, especially for complex and simultaneous characterization of diverse intratumoral immune subsets or immunotherapeutic cell populations. Through the elimination of spectral overlap seen in optical flow cytometry by replacement of fluorescent labels with metal isotopes, mass cytometry allows, on average, robust analysis of 60 individual parameters simultaneously. This is, however, associated with significantly increased complexity in the design, execution, and interpretation of mass cytometry experiments. To address the key pitfalls associated with the fragmentation, complexity, and analysis of data in mass cytometry for immunologists who are novices to these techniques, we have developed a comprehensive resource guide. Included in this review are experiment and panel design, antibody conjugations, sample staining, sample acquisition, and data pre-processing and analysis. Where feasible multiple resources for the same process are compared, allowing researchers experienced in flow cytometry but with minimal mass cytometry expertise to develop a data-driven and streamlined project workflow. It is our hope that this manuscript will prove a useful resource for both beginning and advanced users of mass cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Iyer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Anouk A. J. Hamers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Asha B. Pillai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Sheila and David Fuente Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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7
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Kužílková D, Puñet-Ortiz J, Aui PM, Fernández J, Fišer K, Engel P, van Zelm MC, Kalina T. Standardization of Workflow and Flow Cytometry Panels for Quantitative Expression Profiling of Surface Antigens on Blood Leukocyte Subsets: An HCDM CDMaps Initiative. Front Immunol 2022; 13:827898. [PMID: 35222411 PMCID: PMC8874145 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.827898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Human Cell Differentiation Molecules (HCDM) organizes Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen (HLDA) workshops to test and name clusters of antibodies that react with a specific antigen. These cluster of differentiation (CD) markers have provided the scientific community with validated antibody clones, consistent naming of targets and reproducible identification of leukocyte subsets. Still, quantitative CD marker expression profiles and benchmarking of reagents at the single-cell level are currently lacking. Objective To develop a flow cytometric procedure for quantitative expression profiling of surface antigens on blood leukocyte subsets that is standardized across multiple research laboratories. Methods A high content framework to evaluate the titration and reactivity of Phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was created. Two flow cytometry panels were designed: an innate cell tube for granulocytes, dendritic cells, monocytes, NK cells and innate lymphoid cells (12-color) and an adaptive lymphocyte tube for naive and memory B and T cells, including TCRγδ+, regulatory-T and follicular helper T cells (11-color). The potential of these 2 panels was demonstrated via expression profiling of selected CD markers detected by PE-conjugated antibodies and evaluated using 561 nm excitation. Results Using automated data annotation and dried backbone reagents, we reached a robust workflow amenable to processing hundreds of measurements in each experiment in a 96-well plate format. The immunophenotyping panels enabled discrimination of 27 leukocyte subsets and quantitative detection of the expression of PE-conjugated CD markers of interest that could quantify protein expression above 400 units of antibody binding capacity. Expression profiling of 4 selected CD markers (CD11b, CD31, CD38, CD40) showed high reproducibility across centers, as well as the capacity to benchmark unique clones directed toward the same CD3 antigen. Conclusion We optimized a procedure for quantitative expression profiling of surface antigens on blood leukocyte subsets. The workflow, bioinformatics pipeline and optimized flow panels enable the following: 1) mapping the expression patterns of HLDA-approved mAb clones to CD markers; 2) benchmarking new antibody clones to established CD markers; 3) defining new clusters of differentiation in future HLDA workshops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kužílková
- Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague (CLIP), Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Joan Puñet-Ortiz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pei M. Aui
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Javier Fernández
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karel Fišer
- Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague (CLIP), Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pablo Engel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Menno C. van Zelm
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tomáš Kalina
- Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague (CLIP), Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Tomáš Kalina,
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8
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Mathews J, Amaravadi L, Eck S, Stevenson L, Wang YMC, Devanarayan V, Allinson J, Lundsten K, Gunsior M, Ni YG, Pepin MO, Gagnon A, Sheldon C, Trampont PC, Litwin V. Best practices for the development and fit-for-purpose validation of biomarker methods: a conference report. AAPS OPEN 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s41120-021-00050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThis conference report summarized a full-day workshop, “best practices for the development and fit-for-purpose validation of biomarker methods,” which was held prior to the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS) PharmSci360 Congress, San Antonio, TX, November 2019. The purpose of the workshop was to bring together thought leaders in biomarker assay development in order to identify which assay parameters and key statistical measures need to be considered when developing a biomarker assay. A diverse group of more than 40 scientists participated in the workshop. The workshop and subsequent working dinner stimulated robust discussion. While a consensus on best practices was not achieved, some common themes and major points to consider for biomarker assay development have been identified and agreed on. The focus of this conference report is to summarize the presentations and discussions which occurred at the workshop. Biomarker assay validation is a complex and an evolving area with discussions ongoing.
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9
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Brestoff JR, Frater JL. Contemporary Challenges in Clinical Flow Cytometry: Small Samples, Big Data, Little Time. J Appl Lab Med 2022; 7:931-944. [DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfab176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Immunophenotypic analysis of cell populations by flow cytometry has an established role in primary diagnosis and disease monitoring of many hematologic diseases. A persistent problem in evaluation of specimens is suboptimal cell counts and low cell viability, which results in an undesirable rate of analysis failure. In addition, the increased amount of data generated in flow cytometry challenges existing data analysis and reporting paradigms.
Content
We describe current and emerging technological improvements in cell analysis that allow the clinical laboratory to perform multiparameter analysis of specimens, including those with low cell counts and other quality issues. These technologies include conventional multicolor flow cytometry and new high-dimensional technologies, such as spectral flow cytometry and mass cytometry that enable detection of over 40 antigens simultaneously. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach are discussed. We also describe new innovations in flow cytometry data analysis, including artificial intelligence-aided techniques.
Summary
Improvements in analytical technology, in tandem with innovations in data analysis, data storage, and reporting mechanisms, help to optimize the quality of clinical flow cytometry. These improvements are essential because of the expanding role of flow cytometry in patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Brestoff
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - John L Frater
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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10
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Graham A, Korecky J, Schultz E, Gregory M, Asosingh K. Considerations for user consultation in a flow cytometry shared resource laboratory. Cytometry A 2021; 101:228-236. [PMID: 34787950 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
User consultation is an essential first step in assuring high-quality flow cytometric data. A central challenge to shared resource laboratory (SRL) staff is how to best guide new and current users to meet each projects' needs. One solution to this challenge is to follow a standard user consultation platform addressing all critical steps between the conception of the experiment and the actual acquisition of samples. Here we describe considerations to help an SRL understand the researcher's goals and how best the SRL staff can provide expert advice in a structured manner. User consultation has an educational nature, informing users about current best practices in cytometry that apply to their specific utilization. A consultation report also improves communication between the SRL, principal investigator, and lab members of the collaborating researcher. Development of best SRL practices is spearheaded by the ISAC SRL committee and this communication sets the foundation to initiate such report for user consultation. Implementation of best practices during user consultation will improve rigor and reproducibility in cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Graham
- Flow Cytometry Core Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jena Korecky
- Flow Cytometry Core Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Eric Schultz
- Flow Cytometry Core Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael Gregory
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - Kewal Asosingh
- Flow Cytometry Core Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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11
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Roy AL, Wilder EL, Anderson JM. Validation of antibodies: Lessons learned from the Common Fund Protein Capture Reagents Program. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabl7148. [PMID: 34757791 PMCID: PMC8580312 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl7148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale generation of protein capture reagents remains a technical challenge, but their generation is just the beginning. Validation is a critical, iterative process that yields different results for different uses. Independent, community-based validation offers the possibility of transparent data sharing, with use case–specific results made broadly available. This type of resource, which can grow as new validation data are obtained for an expanding group of reagents, provides a community resource that should accompany future reagent-generating efforts. To address a pressing need for antibodies or other reagents that recognize human proteins, the National Institutes of Health Common Fund launched the Protein Capture Reagents Program in 2010 as a pilot to target human transcription factors. Here, we describe lessons learned from this program concerning generation and validation of research reagents, which we believe are generally applicable for future research endeavors working in a similar space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda L. Roy
- Office of Strategic Coordination, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Division of Program Coordination, Planning and Strategic Initiatives, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth L. Wilder
- Office of Strategic Coordination, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Division of Program Coordination, Planning and Strategic Initiatives, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James M. Anderson
- Division of Program Coordination, Planning and Strategic Initiatives, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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12
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Urriola N, Lang B, Adelstein S. Evaluation of commercially available antibodies and fluorescent conotoxins for the detection of surface ganglionic acetylcholine receptor on the neuroblastoma cell line, IMR-32 by flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 2021; 498:113124. [PMID: 34425081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Commercially available antibodies that bind to the human muscle acetylcholine receptor (ACHR) have been validated previously for flow cytometric use (Keefe et al., 2009; Leite et al., 2008; Lozier et al., 2015). Despite a multitude of commercially available antibodies to other nicotinic ACHRs, validation in a wide variety of immunoassay formats is lacking; when studied, a large proportion of these antibodies have been deemed not fit for most research purposes (Garg and Loring, 2017). We have recently described a flow cytometric immunomodulation assay for the diagnosis of Autoimmune Autonomic Ganglionopathy (AAG) (Urriola et al., 2021) that utilises the monoclonal antibody mab35(Urriola et al., 2021) which is specific for ganglionic ACHR (gnACHR) that contain α3 subunits (Vernino et al., 1998). Other fluorescent ligands for α3-gnACHR have not been validated for flow cytometric use. We investigated 7 commercially sourced antibodies and 3 synthetic fluorescent novel conotoxins purported to specifically bind to the extracellular domains of the gnACHR, and compared the results to staining by mab35, using flow cytometry with the neuroblastoma cell line IMR-32. We also evaluated the degree of non-specific binding by depleting the cell membrane of the relevant acetylcholine receptor with a pre-incubation step involving the serum from a patient with Autoimmune Autonomic Ganglionopathy containing pathogenic antibodies to the ganglionic acetylcholine receptor. None of the assessed conotoxins, and only one antibody (mab35) was found to perform adequately in flow cytometric staining of the native ganglionic acetylcholine receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Urriola
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Bethan Lang
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Adelstein
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Central Sydney Immunopathology Laboratory, NSW Health Pathology, Australia
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13
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Lot-to-lot reproducibility, stability and life cycle management of antibody reagents for flow cytometry. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:745-759. [PMID: 34009005 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing number of biopharmaceuticals, gene and cell therapies in development has seen a growing use of flow cytometry to measure biomarkers, generate pharmacokinetic data, assess immunogenicity and investigate target engagement. The importance of these data types and their inclusion in regulatory submissions mean that flow cytometry analyses are now expected to demonstrate robust performance and comply with both regulatory and scientific recommendations during their validation and subsequent use in sample analysis. The control of the 'critical reagents' commonly used in flow cytometry presents some specific challenges, particularly when an assay is required for use over a long period of time across different phases of a drug development program, or where it is deployed in complex, multisite clinical studies. This paper highlights some key challenges in flow cytometry reagent management with some of the strategies employed to control and monitor flow cytometry critical reagents.
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14
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Carstensen S, Benediktus E, Litzenburger T, Hohlfeld JM, Müller M. Basophil activation test: Assay precision and BI 1002494 SYK inhibition in healthy and mild asthmatics. Cytometry A 2021; 101:86-94. [PMID: 33797185 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Application of basophil activation test (BAT) in clinical trials requires assay validity. Whether assay variability differs between healthy and asthmatic subjects is mostly unknown. This study compares basophil stimulation using blood from healthy and asthmatic subjects with or without inhibition of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK). METHODS Whole blood of healthy and mild asthmatic subjects was stimulated with anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE/DNP bovine serum albumin and anti-IgE. Basophil activation was detected by CD63 and CD203c expression. CD63 expression levels were compared with serum IgE levels. Three operators repeated experiments with three subjects each from both groups at 3 days to observe assay precision. The effect of the SYK inhibitor BI 1002494 was assessed in BAT for both healthy and asthmatic subjects. RESULTS BAT was reproducible in both groups. Acceptance criteria of <25% CV were mostly fulfilled. Stimulation with anti-DNP (p < 0.001, r = -0.80) but not anti-IgE (p = 0.74, r = 0.05) was related to serum IgE with levels > 200 IU/ml limiting anti-DNP stimulation. BI 1002494 IC50 values were 497 nM and 1080 nM in healthy and 287 nM and 683 nM in asthmatics for anti-DNP and anti-IgE stimulation, respectively. CONCLUSION BAT, performed with blood from healthy or asthmatic subjects, is a robust test for the measurement of a physiological response in clinical trials. Blood from asthmatic donors with serum IgE > 200 IU/ml is less feasible when using anti-DNP stimulation. SYK inhibition was not affected by disease status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Carstensen
- Department of Biomarker Analysis and Development, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ewald Benediktus
- Department of Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Tobias Litzenburger
- Department of Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Jens M Hohlfeld
- Division of Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany.,Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Meike Müller
- Department of Biomarker Analysis and Development, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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15
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Bucheli OTM, Sigvaldadóttir I, Eyer K. Measuring single-cell protein secretion in immunology: Technologies, advances, and applications. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1334-1347. [PMID: 33734428 PMCID: PMC8252417 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics, nature, strength, and ultimately protective capabilities of an active immune response are determined by the extracellular constitution and concentration of various soluble factors. Generated effector cells secrete such mediators, including antibodies, chemo‐ and cytokines to achieve functionality. These secreted factors organize the individual immune cells into functional tissues, initiate, orchestrate, and regulate the immune response. Therefore, a single‐cell resolved analysis of protein secretion is a valuable tool for studying the heterogeneity and functionality of immune cells. This review aims to provide a comparative overview of various methods to characterize immune reactions by measuring single‐cell protein secretion. Spot‐based and cytometry‐based assays, such as ELISpot and flow cytometry, respectively, are well‐established methods applied in basic research and clinical settings. Emerging novel technologies, such as microfluidic platforms, offer new ways to measure and exploit protein secretion in immune reactions. Further technological advances will allow the deciphering of protein secretion in immunological responses with unprecedented detail, linking secretion to functionality. Here, we summarize the development and recent advances of tools that allow the analysis of protein secretion at the single‐cell level, and discuss and contrast their applications within immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia T M Bucheli
- ETH Laboratory for Functional Immune Repertoire Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ingibjörg Sigvaldadóttir
- ETH Laboratory for Functional Immune Repertoire Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Eyer
- ETH Laboratory for Functional Immune Repertoire Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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16
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Arbaciauskaite M, Lei Y, Cho YK. High-specificity antibodies and detection methods for quantifying phosphorylated tau from clinical samples. Antib Ther 2021; 4:34-44. [PMID: 33928234 PMCID: PMC7944500 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to measure total and phosphorylated tau levels in clinical samples is transforming the detection of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, recent reports indicate that accurate detection of low levels of phosphorylated tau (p-tau) in plasma provides a reliable biomarker of AD long before sensing memory loss. Therefore, the diagnosis and monitoring of neurodegenerative diseases progression using blood samples is becoming a reality. These major advances were achieved by using antibodies specific to p-tau as well as sophisticated high-sensitivity immunoassay platforms. This review focuses on these enabling advances in high-specificity antibody development, engineering, and novel signal detection methods. We will draw insights from structural studies on p-tau antibodies, engineering efforts to improve their binding properties, and efforts to validate their specificity. A comprehensive survey of high-sensitivity p-tau immunoassay platforms along with sensitivity limits will be provided. We conclude that although robust approaches for detecting certain p-tau species have been established, systematic efforts to validate antibodies for assay development is still needed for the recognition of biomarkers for AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Arbaciauskaite
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Yu Lei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Yong Ku Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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17
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Chattopadhyay PK, Filby A, Jellison ER, Ferrari G, Green C, Cherian S, Irish J, Litwin V. A Cytometrist's Guide to Coordinating and Performing Effective COVID-19 Research. Cytometry A 2021; 99:11-18. [PMID: 32881296 PMCID: PMC7461086 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cytometry is playing a crucial role in addressing the COVID-19 pandemic. In this commentary-written by a variety of stakeholders in the cytometry, immunology, and infectious disease communities-we review cytometry's role in the COVID-19 response and discuss workflow issues critical to planning and executing effective research in this emerging field. We discuss sample procurement and processing, biosafety, technology options, data sharing, and the translation of research findings into clinical environments. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Filby
- Flow Cytometry Core and Innovation, Methodology and Application Research ThemeBiosciences Institute, Newcastle UniversityNewcastleUK
| | - Evan R. Jellison
- Department of ImmunologyUConn School of MedicineFarmingtonConnecticutUSA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery – EQAPOL Flow Cytometry ProgramDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Cherie Green
- Biomarker DevelopmentGenentech/RocheOceansideCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sindhu Cherian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & PathologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
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18
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Jensen HA, Wnek R. Analytical performance of a
25‐marker
spectral cytometry immune monitoring assay in peripheral blood. Cytometry A 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holly A. Jensen
- Translational Molecular Biomarkers Merck & Co., Inc Kenilworth New Jersey USA
| | - Richard Wnek
- Translational Molecular Biomarkers Merck & Co., Inc Kenilworth New Jersey USA
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19
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Cabral-Marques O, Schimke LF, de Oliveira EB, El Khawanky N, Ramos RN, Al-Ramadi BK, Segundo GRS, Ochs HD, Condino-Neto A. Flow Cytometry Contributions for the Diagnosis and Immunopathological Characterization of Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases With Immune Dysregulation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2742. [PMID: 31849949 PMCID: PMC6889851 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost 70 years after establishing the concept of primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs), more than 320 monogenic inborn errors of immunity have been identified thanks to the remarkable contribution of high-throughput genetic screening in the last decade. Approximately 40 of these PIDs present with autoimmune or auto-inflammatory symptoms as the primary clinical manifestation instead of infections. These PIDs are now recognized as diseases of immune dysregulation. Loss-of function mutations in genes such as FOXP3, CD25, LRBA, IL-10, IL10RA, and IL10RB, as well as heterozygous gain-of-function mutations in JAK1 and STAT3 have been reported as causative of these disorders. Identifying these syndromes has considerably contributed to expanding our knowledge on the mechanisms of immune regulation and tolerance. Although whole exome and whole genome sequencing have been extremely useful in identifying novel causative genes underlying new phenotypes, these approaches are time-consuming and expensive. Patients with monogenic syndromes associated with autoimmunity require faster diagnostic tools to delineate therapeutic strategies and avoid organ damage. Since these PIDs present with severe life-threatening phenotypes, the need for a precise diagnosis in order to initiate appropriate patient management is necessary. More traditional approaches such as flow cytometry are therefore a valid option. Here, we review the application of flow cytometry and discuss the relevance of this powerful technique in diagnosing patients with PIDs presenting with immune dysregulation. In addition, flow cytometry represents a fast, robust, and sensitive approach that efficiently uncovers new immunopathological mechanisms underlying monogenic PIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otavio Cabral-Marques
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lena F Schimke
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center-University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | | | - Nadia El Khawanky
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Precision Medicine Theme, The South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Nalio Ramos
- INSERM U932, SiRIC Translational Immunotherapy Team, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Basel K Al-Ramadi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Hans D Ochs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Antonio Condino-Neto
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Kalina T. Reproducibility of Flow Cytometry Through Standardization: Opportunities and Challenges. Cytometry A 2019; 97:137-147. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Kalina
- CLIP‐Childhood Leukemia Investigation Prague, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology2nd Medical School, Charles University and University Hospital Motol Prague Czech Republic
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