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Yaghootkar H, Lamina C, Scott RA, Dastani Z, Hivert MF, Warren LL, Stancáková A, Buxbaum SG, Lyytikäinen LP, Henneman P, Wu Y, Cheung CY, Pankow JS, Jackson AU, Gustafsson S, Zhao JH, Ballantyne CM, Xie W, Bergman RN, Boehnke M, el Bouazzaoui F, Collins FS, Dunn SH, Dupuis J, Forouhi NG, Gillson C, Hattersley AT, Hong J, Kähönen M, Kuusisto J, Kedenko L, Kronenberg F, Doria A, Assimes TL, Ferrannini E, Hansen T, Hao K, Häring H, Knowles JW, Lindgren CM, Nolan JJ, Paananen J, Pedersen O, Quertermous T, Smith U, Lehtimäki T, Liu CT, Loos RJ, McCarthy MI, Morris AD, Vasan RS, Spector TD, Teslovich TM, Tuomilehto J, van Dijk KW, Viikari JS, Zhu N, Langenberg C, Ingelsson E, Semple RK, Sinaiko AR, Palmer CN, Walker M, Lam KS, Paulweber B, Mohlke KL, van Duijn C, Raitakari OT, Bidulescu A, Wareham NJ, Laakso M, Waterworth DM, Lawlor DA, Meigs JB, Richards JB, Frayling TM. Mendelian randomization studies do not support a causal role for reduced circulating adiponectin levels in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2013; 62:3589-98. [PMID: 23835345 PMCID: PMC3781444 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin is strongly inversely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, but its causal role remains controversial. We used a Mendelian randomization approach to test the hypothesis that adiponectin causally influences insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. We used genetic variants at the ADIPOQ gene as instruments to calculate a regression slope between adiponectin levels and metabolic traits (up to 31,000 individuals) and a combination of instrumental variables and summary statistics-based genetic risk scores to test the associations with gold-standard measures of insulin sensitivity (2,969 individuals) and type 2 diabetes (15,960 case subjects and 64,731 control subjects). In conventional regression analyses, a 1-SD decrease in adiponectin levels was correlated with a 0.31-SD (95% CI 0.26-0.35) increase in fasting insulin, a 0.34-SD (0.30-0.38) decrease in insulin sensitivity, and a type 2 diabetes odds ratio (OR) of 1.75 (1.47-2.13). The instrumental variable analysis revealed no evidence of a causal association between genetically lower circulating adiponectin and higher fasting insulin (0.02 SD; 95% CI -0.07 to 0.11; N = 29,771), nominal evidence of a causal relationship with lower insulin sensitivity (-0.20 SD; 95% CI -0.38 to -0.02; N = 1,860), and no evidence of a relationship with type 2 diabetes (OR 0.94; 95% CI 0.75-1.19; N = 2,777 case subjects and 13,011 control subjects). Using the ADIPOQ summary statistics genetic risk scores, we found no evidence of an association between adiponectin-lowering alleles and insulin sensitivity (effect per weighted adiponectin-lowering allele: -0.03 SD; 95% CI -0.07 to 0.01; N = 2,969) or type 2 diabetes (OR per weighted adiponectin-lowering allele: 0.99; 95% CI 0.95-1.04; 15,960 case subjects vs. 64,731 control subjects). These results do not provide any consistent evidence that interventions aimed at increasing adiponectin levels will improve insulin sensitivity or risk of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Yaghootkar
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Claudia Lamina
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert A. Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Zari Dastani
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Liling L. Warren
- Quantitative Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Sarah G. Buxbaum
- School of Health Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Peter Henneman
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Chloe Y.Y. Cheung
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - James S. Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Christie M. Ballantyne
- Baylor College of Medicine and Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Weijia Xie
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Richard N. Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Fatiha el Bouazzaoui
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Francis S. Collins
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sandra H. Dunn
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Josee Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nita G. Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K
| | | | - Andrew T. Hattersley
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
- Genetics of Diabetes, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Jaeyoung Hong
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Lyudmyla Kedenko
- First Department of Internal Medicine, St. Johann Spital, Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alessandro Doria
- Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Themistocles L. Assimes
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Ele Ferrannini
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ke Hao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Hans Häring
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nephrology, Vascular Medicine and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joshua W. Knowles
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | | | | | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Hagedorn Research Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Ulf Smith
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - the GENESIS Consortium
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Quantitative Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- School of Health Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Baylor College of Medicine and Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, Texas
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Genetics of Diabetes, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
- First Department of Internal Medicine, St. Johann Spital, Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nephrology, Vascular Medicine and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
- Hagedorn Research Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Institute of Child Health and Development, New York, New York
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, U.K
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, U.K
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Red RECAVA Grupo RD06/0014/0015, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria
- Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, U.K
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle, U.K
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Quantitative Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Merion, Pennsylvania
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
- Department of Medicine, Human Genetics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - the RISC Consortium
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Quantitative Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- School of Health Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Baylor College of Medicine and Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, Texas
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Genetics of Diabetes, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
- First Department of Internal Medicine, St. Johann Spital, Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nephrology, Vascular Medicine and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
- Hagedorn Research Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Institute of Child Health and Development, New York, New York
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, U.K
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, U.K
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Red RECAVA Grupo RD06/0014/0015, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria
- Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, U.K
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle, U.K
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Quantitative Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Merion, Pennsylvania
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
- Department of Medicine, Human Genetics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ruth J.F. Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Institute of Child Health and Development, New York, New York
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K
| | - Andrew D. Morris
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, U.K
| | - Ramachandran S. Vasan
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, U.K
| | - Tanya M. Teslovich
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Red RECAVA Grupo RD06/0014/0015, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jorma S. Viikari
- Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Na Zhu
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Robert K. Semple
- The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, U.K
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Alan R. Sinaiko
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Colin N.A. Palmer
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, U.K
| | - Mark Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle, U.K
| | - Karen S.L. Lam
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Bernhard Paulweber
- First Department of Internal Medicine, St. Johann Spital, Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Cornelia van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Aurelian Bidulescu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nick J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K
| | | | | | - Debbie A. Lawlor
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - James B. Meigs
- General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - J. Brent Richards
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, U.K
- Department of Medicine, Human Genetics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Timothy M. Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
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