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Komatsuya K, Kikuchi N, Hirabayashi T, Kasahara K. The Regulatory Roles of Cerebellar Glycosphingolipid Microdomains/Lipid Rafts. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065566. [PMID: 36982638 PMCID: PMC10058044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid rafts are dynamic assemblies of glycosphingolipids, sphingomyelin, cholesterol, and specific proteins which are stabilized into platforms involved in the regulation of vital cellular processes. Cerebellar lipid rafts are cell surface ganglioside microdomains for the attachment of GPI-anchored neural adhesion molecules and downstream signaling molecules such as Src-family kinases and heterotrimeric G proteins. In this review, we summarize our recent findings on signaling in ganglioside GD3 rafts of cerebellar granule cells and several findings by other groups on the roles of lipid rafts in the cerebellum. TAG-1, of the contactin group of immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecules, is a phosphacan receptor. Phosphacan regulates the radial migration signaling of cerebellar granule cells, via Src-family kinase Lyn, by binding to TAG-1 on ganglioside GD3 rafts. Chemokine SDF-1α, which induces the tangential migration of cerebellar granule cells, causes heterotrimeric G protein Goα translocation to GD3 rafts. Furthermore, the functional roles of cerebellar raft-binding proteins including cell adhesion molecule L1, heterotrimeric G protein Gsα, and L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels are discussed.
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Zhang W, Huang H, Gui A, Mu D, Zhao T, Li H, Watanabe K, Xiao Z, Ye H, Xu Y. Contactin-6-deficient male mice exhibit the abnormal function of the accessory olfactory system and impaired reproductive behavior. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e2893. [PMID: 36860170 PMCID: PMC10097056 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Contactin-6 (CNTN6), also known as NB-3, is a neural recognition molecule and a member of the contactin subgroup of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Gene encoding CNTN6 is expressed in many regions of the neural system, including the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) in mice. We aim to determine the effect of CNTN6 deficiency on the function of the accessory olfactory system (AOS). METHODS We examined the effect of CNTN6 deficiency on the reproductive behavior of male mice through behavioral experiments such as urine sniffing and mate preference tests. Staining and electron microscopy were used to observe the gross structure and the circuitry activity of the AOS. RESULTS Cntn6 is highly expressed in the vomeronasal organ (VNO) and the AOB, and sparsely expressed in the medial amygdala (MeA) and the medial preoptic area (MPOA), which receive direct and/or indirect projections from the AOB. Behavioral tests to examine reproductive function in mice, which is mostly controlled by the AOS, revealed that Cntn6-/- adult male mice showed less interest and reduced mating attempts toward estrous female mice in comparison with their Cntn6+/+ littermates. Although Cntn6-/- adult male mice displayed no obvious changes in the gross structure of the VNO or AOB, we observed the increased activation of granule cells in the AOB and the lower activation of neurons in the MeA and the MPOA as compared with Cntn6+/+ adult male mice. Moreover, there were an increased number of synapses between mitral cells and granule cells in the AOB of Cntn6-/- adult male mice as compared with wild-type controls. CONCLUSION These results indicate that CNTN6 deficiency affects the reproductive behavior of male mice, suggesting that CNTN6 participated in normal function of the AOS and its ablation was involved in synapse formation between mitral and granule cells in the AOB, rather than affecting the gross structure of the AOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiling Huang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ailing Gui
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Mu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Zhao
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongtao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kazutada Watanabe
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Zhicheng Xiao
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Haihong Ye
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiliang Xu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Baeriswyl T, Schaettin M, Leoni S, Dumoulin A, Stoeckli ET. Endoglycan Regulates Purkinje Cell Migration by Balancing Cell-Cell Adhesion. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:894962. [PMID: 35794952 PMCID: PMC9251411 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.894962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of cell adhesion molecules for the development of the nervous system has been recognized many decades ago. Functional in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated a role of cell adhesion molecules in cell migration, axon growth and guidance, as well as synaptogenesis. Clearly, cell adhesion molecules have to be more than static glue making cells stick together. During axon guidance, cell adhesion molecules have been shown to act as pathway selectors but also as a means to prevent axons going astray by bundling or fasciculating axons. We identified Endoglycan as a negative regulator of cell-cell adhesion during commissural axon guidance across the midline. The presence of Endoglycan allowed commissural growth cones to smoothly navigate the floor-plate area. In the absence of Endoglycan, axons failed to exit the floor plate and turn rostrally. These observations are in line with the idea of Endoglycan acting as a lubricant, as its presence was important, but it did not matter whether Endoglycan was provided by the growth cone or the floor-plate cells. Here, we expand on these observations by demonstrating a role of Endoglycan during cell migration. In the developing cerebellum, Endoglycan was expressed by Purkinje cells during their migration from the ventricular zone to the periphery. In the absence of Endoglycan, Purkinje cells failed to migrate and, as a consequence, cerebellar morphology was strongly affected. Cerebellar folds failed to form and grow, consistent with earlier observations on a role of Purkinje cells as Shh deliverers to trigger granule cell proliferation.
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Zhou Y, Yan F, Han X, Huang X, Cheng X, Geng Y, Jiang X, Han Y, Zhao M, Zhu L. NB-3 expression in endothelial cells contributes to the maintenance of blood brain barrier integrity in a mouse high-altitude cerebral edema model. Exp Neurol 2022; 354:114116. [PMID: 35584741 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
NB-3, a member of the contactin/F3 subgroup in the immunoglobulin superfamily, plays an important role in neural development and injury recovery. The blood brain barrier (BBB) is typically involved in the pathophysiology of neural disorders, such as hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Our previous research found that NB-3 protects against brain damage in a mouse stroke model. However, its role in high-altitude disorders caused by hypobaric hypoxia exposure remains unknown. In the present study, we found that NB-3 was expressed in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) and responded to hypoxia stimulation. Conditional knockout of NB-3 in endothelial cells increased BBB leakage and downregulated tight junction proteins in vivo. NB-3 deficiency promoted the downregulation of tight junction proteins under Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/hypoxia stimulation. Conversely, overexpression or supplementation with NB-3 alleviated endothelial barrier injuries. Transcriptome sequencing showed that NB-3 regulated various cell attachment genomic changes, including the Notch signaling pathway. Blocking the Notch signaling pathway increased VEGF/VEGFR2 pathway activation induced by LPS/hypoxia. Collectively, we present evidence that NB-3 plays key roles in maintaining BBB integrity under high-altitude cerebral edema conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhao Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xue Han
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yanan Geng
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiufang Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ying Han
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; College of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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5
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Cinkir U, Bir LS, Topsakal S, Avci Cicek E, Tekin S. Investigation of blood leptin and adropin levels in patients with multiple sclerosis: A CONSORT-clinical study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27247. [PMID: 34664869 PMCID: PMC8448068 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of adipokines have been investigated in multiple sclerosis (MS) in the literature. Results are uncertain, and subgroups like adropin have not been previously studied. We primarily aimed to determine leptin and adropin levels in MS and their potential use as a biomarker. METHODS This study was an experimental research. While 44 MS patients diagnosed according to McDonald criteria were included in the patient group, 40 people without MS diagnosis and risk factors took part in the control group. Demographic data, height, weight, body mass index, blood glucose, thyroid-stimulating hormone, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, creatinine, low-density lipoprotein, leptin, adropin levels, presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease were recorded. Expanded disability status scale and disease duration were also evaluated in the patient group. Our data were presented as mean ± standard deviations. RESULTS The mean blood leptin value of the patient group (6.12 ± 5.34 ng/mL) was significantly lower than the value of the control group (13.02 ± 8.25 ng/mL) (P < .001). The patient group had a mean adropin level of 504.12 ± 311.17 ng/mL, which was significantly lower than that of the control group (747.0 ± 309.42 ng/mL) (P < .001). Statistically insignificant differences were found between their body mass index, glucose, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, thyroid-stimulating hormone, low-density lipoprotein levels (P > .001). CONCLUSION This is the first study that has evaluated adropin levels in patients with MS. The relationship between MS and leptin levels is still unclear. Therefore, our study might be helpful to elucidate MS pathogenesis and provide supportive criteria for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ufuk Cinkir
- Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Senay Topsakal
- Pamukkale University Faculty of Medicine, Denizli, Turkey
| | | | - Selma Tekin
- Pamukkale University Faculty of Medicine, Denizli, Turkey
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Pol-Fuster J, Cañellas F, Ruiz-Guerra L, Medina-Dols A, Bisbal-Carrió B, Asensio V, Ortega-Vila B, Marzese D, Vidal C, Santos C, Lladó J, Olmos G, Heine-Suñer D, Strauch K, Flaquer A, Vives-Bauzà C. Familial Psychosis Associated With a Missense Mutation at MACF1 Gene Combined With the Rare Duplications DUP3p26.3 and DUP16q23.3, Affecting the CNTN6 and CDH13 Genes. Front Genet 2021; 12:622886. [PMID: 33897758 PMCID: PMC8058362 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.622886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychosis is a highly heritable and heterogeneous psychiatric condition. Its genetic architecture is thought to be the result of the joint effect of common and rare variants. Families with high prevalence are an interesting approach to shed light on the rare variant's contribution without the need of collecting large cohorts. To unravel the genomic architecture of a family enriched for psychosis, with four affected individuals, we applied a system genomic approach based on karyotyping, genotyping by whole-exome sequencing to search for rare single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and SNP array to search for copy-number variants (CNVs). We identified a rare non-synonymous variant, g.39914279 C > G, in the MACF1 gene, segregating with psychosis. Rare variants in the MACF1 gene have been previously detected in SCZ patients. Besides, two rare CNVs, DUP3p26.3 and DUP16q23.3, were also identified in the family affecting relevant genes (CNTN6 and CDH13, respectively). We hypothesize that the co-segregation of these duplications with the rare variant g.39914279 C > G of MACF1 gene precipitated with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Pol-Fuster
- Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.,Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB) and Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut, IUNICS, Palma, Spain
| | - Francesca Cañellas
- Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.,Psychiatry Service, University Hospital Son Espases (HUSE), Palma, Spain
| | - Laura Ruiz-Guerra
- Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.,Research Unit, HUSE, Palma, Spain
| | - Aina Medina-Dols
- Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.,Research Unit, HUSE, Palma, Spain
| | - Bàrbara Bisbal-Carrió
- Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.,Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB) and Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut, IUNICS, Palma, Spain
| | - Víctor Asensio
- Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.,Genomic Service Balearic Islands (GEN-IB), HUSE, Palma, Spain
| | - Bernat Ortega-Vila
- Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.,Genomic Service Balearic Islands (GEN-IB), HUSE, Palma, Spain
| | - Diego Marzese
- Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.,Research Unit, HUSE, Palma, Spain
| | - Carme Vidal
- Genomic Service Balearic Islands (GEN-IB), HUSE, Palma, Spain
| | - Carmen Santos
- Genomic Service Balearic Islands (GEN-IB), HUSE, Palma, Spain
| | - Jerònia Lladó
- Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.,Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB) and Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut, IUNICS, Palma, Spain
| | - Gabriel Olmos
- Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.,Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB) and Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut, IUNICS, Palma, Spain
| | - Damià Heine-Suñer
- Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.,Genomic Service Balearic Islands (GEN-IB), HUSE, Palma, Spain
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Antònia Flaquer
- Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cristòfol Vives-Bauzà
- Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.,Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB) and Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut, IUNICS, Palma, Spain.,Research Unit, HUSE, Palma, Spain
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Cntn4, a risk gene for neuropsychiatric disorders, modulates hippocampal synaptic plasticity and behavior. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:106. [PMID: 33542194 PMCID: PMC7862349 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD), anorexia nervosa (AN), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and schizophrenia (SZ), are heterogeneous brain disorders with unknown etiology. Genome wide studies have revealed a wide variety of risk genes for these disorders, indicating a biological link between genetic signaling pathways and brain pathology. A unique risk gene is Contactin 4 (Cntn4), an Ig cell adhesion molecule (IgCAM) gene, which has been associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders including ASD, AN, AD, and SZ. Here, we investigated the Cntn4 gene knockout (KO) mouse model to determine whether memory dysfunction and altered brain plasticity, common neuropsychiatric symptoms, are affected by Cntn4 genetic disruption. For that purpose, we tested if Cntn4 genetic disruption affects CA1 synaptic transmission and the ability to induce LTP in hippocampal slices. Stimulation in CA1 striatum radiatum significantly decreased synaptic potentiation in slices of Cntn4 KO mice. Neuroanatomical analyses showed abnormal dendritic arborization and spines of hippocampal CA1 neurons. Short- and long-term recognition memory, spatial memory, and fear conditioning responses were also assessed. These behavioral studies showed increased contextual fear conditioning in heterozygous and homozygous KO mice, quantified by a gene-dose dependent increase in freezing response. In comparison to wild-type mice, Cntn4-deficient animals froze significantly longer and groomed more, indicative of increased stress responsiveness under these test conditions. Our electrophysiological, neuro-anatomical, and behavioral results in Cntn4 KO mice suggest that Cntn4 has important functions related to fear memory possibly in association with the neuronal morphological and synaptic plasticity changes in hippocampus CA1 neurons.
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8
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Gandawijaya J, Bamford RA, Burbach JPH, Oguro-Ando A. Cell Adhesion Molecules Involved in Neurodevelopmental Pathways Implicated in 3p-Deletion Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:611379. [PMID: 33519384 PMCID: PMC7838543 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.611379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by impaired social interaction, language delay and repetitive or restrictive behaviors. With increasing prevalence, ASD is currently estimated to affect 0.5–2.0% of the global population. However, its etiology remains unclear due to high genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. Copy number variations (CNVs) are implicated in several forms of syndromic ASD and have been demonstrated to contribute toward ASD development by altering gene dosage and expression. Increasing evidence points toward the p-arm of chromosome 3 (chromosome 3p) as an ASD risk locus. Deletions occurring at chromosome 3p result in 3p-deletion syndrome (Del3p), a rare genetic disorder characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, facial dysmorphisms and often, ASD or ASD-associated behaviors. Therefore, we hypothesize that overlapping molecular mechanisms underlie the pathogenesis of Del3p and ASD. To investigate which genes encoded in chromosome 3p could contribute toward Del3p and ASD, we performed a comprehensive literature review and collated reports investigating the phenotypes of individuals with chromosome 3p CNVs. We observe that high frequencies of CNVs occur in the 3p26.3 region, the terminal cytoband of chromosome 3p. This suggests that CNVs disrupting genes encoded within the 3p26.3 region are likely to contribute toward the neurodevelopmental phenotypes observed in individuals affected by Del3p. The 3p26.3 region contains three consecutive genes encoding closely related neuronal immunoglobulin cell adhesion molecules (IgCAMs): Close Homolog of L1 (CHL1), Contactin-6 (CNTN6), and Contactin-4 (CNTN4). CNVs disrupting these neuronal IgCAMs may contribute toward ASD phenotypes as they have been associated with key roles in neurodevelopment. CHL1, CNTN6, and CNTN4 have been observed to promote neurogenesis and neuronal survival, and regulate neuritogenesis and synaptic function. Furthermore, there is evidence that these neuronal IgCAMs possess overlapping interactomes and participate in common signaling pathways regulating axon guidance. Notably, mouse models deficient for these neuronal IgCAMs do not display strong deficits in axonal migration or behavioral phenotypes, which is in contrast to the pronounced defects in neuritogenesis and axon guidance observed in vitro. This suggests that when CHL1, CNTN6, or CNTN4 function is disrupted by CNVs, other neuronal IgCAMs may suppress behavioral phenotypes by compensating for the loss of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josan Gandawijaya
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary A Bamford
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - J Peter H Burbach
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Asami Oguro-Ando
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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The Interaction Between Contactin and Amyloid Precursor Protein and Its Role in Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuroscience 2020; 424:184-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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10
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Burbach JPH, Meijer DH. Latrophilin's Social Protein Network. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:643. [PMID: 31297045 PMCID: PMC6608557 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Latrophilins (LPHNs) are adhesion GPCRs that are originally discovered as spider's toxin receptors, but are now known to be involved in brain development and linked to several neuronal and non-neuronal disorders. Latrophilins act in conjunction with other cell adhesion molecules and may play a leading role in its network organization. Here, we focus on the main protein partners of latrophilins, namely teneurins, FLRTs and contactins and summarize their respective temporal and spatial expression patterns, links to neurodevelopmental disorders as well as their structural characteristics. We discuss how more recent insights into the separate cell biological functions of these proteins shed light on the central role of latrophilins in this network. We postulate that latrophilins control the refinement of synaptic properties of specific subtypes of neurons, requiring discrete combinations of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Peter H Burbach
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMCU Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Dimphna H Meijer
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
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11
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Castagna C, Merighi A, Lossi L. Decreased Expression of Synaptophysin 1 (SYP1 Major Synaptic Vesicle Protein p38) and Contactin 6 (CNTN6/NB3) in the Cerebellar Vermis of reln Haplodeficient Mice. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:833-856. [PMID: 31098770 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00683-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Reeler heterozygous mice (reln+/-) are seemingly normal but haplodeficient in reln, a gene implicated in autism. Structural/neurochemical alterations in the reln+/- brain are subtle and difficult to demonstrate. Therefore, the usefulness of these mice in translational research is still debated. As evidence implicated several synapse-related genes in autism and the cerebellar vermis is structurally altered in the condition, we have investigated the expression of synaptophysin 1 (SYP1) and contactin 6 (CNTN6) within the vermis of reln+/- mice. Semi-thin plastic sections of the vermis from adult mice of both sexes and different genotypes (reln+/- and reln+/+) were processed with an indirect immunofluorescence protocol. Immunofluorescence was quantified on binary images and statistically analyzed. Reln+/- males displayed a statistically significant reduction of 11.89% in the expression of SYP1 compared to sex-matched wild-type animals, whereas no differences were observed between reln+/+ and reln+/- females. In reln+/- male mice, reductions were particularly evident in the molecular layer: 10.23% less SYP1 than reln+/+ males and 5.84% < reln+/+ females. In reln+/- females, decrease was 9.84% versus reln+/+ males and 5.43% versus reln+/+ females. Both reln+/- males and females showed a stronger decrease in CNTN6 expression throughout all the three cortical layers of the vermis: 17-23% in the granular layer, 24-26% in the Purkinje cell layer, and 9-14% in the molecular layer. Altogether, decrease of vermian SYP1 and CNTN6 in reln+/- mice displayed patterns compatible with the structural modifications of the autistic cerebellum. Therefore, these mice may be a good model in translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Castagna
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, I-10095, Turin, Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| | - Adalberto Merighi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, I-10095, Turin, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Laura Lossi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, I-10095, Turin, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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Chatterjee M, Schild D, Teunissen CE. Contactins in the central nervous system: role in health and disease. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:206-216. [PMID: 30530999 PMCID: PMC6301169 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.244776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Contactins are a group of cell adhesion molecules that are mainly expressed in the brain and play pivotal roles in the organization of axonal domains, axonal guidance, neuritogenesis, neuronal development, synapse formation and plasticity, axo-glia interactions and neural regeneration. Contactins comprise a family of six members. Their absence leads to malformed axons and impaired nerve conduction. Contactin mediated protein complex formation is critical for the organization of the axon in early central nervous system development. Mutations and differential expression of contactins have been identified in neuro-developmental or neurological disorders. Taken together, contactins are extensively studied in the context of nervous system development. This review summarizes the physiological roles of all six members of the Contactin family in neurodevelopment as well as their involvement in neurological/neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhurima Chatterjee
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Detlev Schild
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Cellular Biophysics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Excellence Cluster 171, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Charlotte E. Teunissen
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Huang Z, Yarong G, Shimoda Y, Watanabe K, Liu Y. Induced NB-3 Limits Regenerative Potential of Serotonergic Axons after Complete Spinal Transection. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:436-447. [PMID: 30156464 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NB-3 (contactin-6) is a member of the contactin family and has a wide range of roles during central nervous system development and disease. Here, we found that NB-3 was simultaneously induced in the serotonergic raphespinal tract (sRST) axons and in the scar-forming cells after spinal cord injury (SCI). Regrowth of sRST axons was promoted in vivo by blocking NB-3 expression in either sRST axons or scar-forming cells when post-traumatic axons of the sRST tried to penetrate the glial scar. NB-3 deficiency promoted synapse reformation between sRST regenerative axons and motor neurons and enhanced the potential for electrical activity of muscle contraction and motor coordination. In vivo evidence also suggested that NB-3 induction in both sRST axons and scar-forming cells was required to mediate NB-3 signaling inhibition of sRST axon regeneration after SCI. Our findings suggest that NB-3 protein is a potential molecular target for future SCI treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhui Huang
- 1 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gao Yarong
- 1 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yasushi Shimoda
- 2 Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Yaobo Liu
- 1 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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14
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Tassano E, Uccella S, Giacomini T, Severino M, Fiorio P, Gimelli G, Ronchetto P. Clinical and Molecular Characterization of Two Patients with CNTN6 Copy Number Variations. Cytogenet Genome Res 2018; 156:144-149. [PMID: 30508811 DOI: 10.1159/000494152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Submicroscopic chromosomal alterations usually involve different protein-coding genes and regulatory elements that are responsible for rare contiguous gene disorders, which complicate the understanding of genotype-phenotype correlations. Chromosome band 3p26.3 contains 3 genes encoding neuronal cell adhesion molecules: CHL1, CNTN6, and CNTN4. We describe 2 boys aged 8 years and 11 years mainly affected by intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder, who harbor a paternally inherited 3p26.3 microdeletion and a 3p26.3 microduplication, respectively. Both anomalies involved only the CNTN6 gene, which encodes contactin 6, a member of the contactin family (MIM 607220). Contactins show pronounced brain expression and function. Interestingly, phenotypes in reciprocal microdeletions and microduplications of CNTN6 are very similar. In conclusion, our data, added to those reported in the literature, are particularly significant for understanding the pathogenic effect of single gene dosage alterations. As for other recurrent syndromes with variable phenotype, these findings are challenging in genetic counselling because of an evident variable penetrance.
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15
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Juan-Perez C, Farrand S, Velakoulis D. Schizophrenia and epilepsy as a result of maternally inherited CNTN6 copy number variant. Schizophr Res 2018; 202:111-112. [PMID: 29983269 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copy number variants have made important contributions to understanding neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. Deletions in genes encoding neuronal cell adhesion molecules have identified widely varied neurodevelopmental phenotypes. CASE SUMMARY A 27-year old woman presented with schizophrenia, borderline intellectual functioning and shortened metacarpal bones. Subsequent electroencephalogram confirmed genetic generalised epilepsy and microarray analysis found a 0.2 megabase deletion of chromosome 3p26.3. CONCLUSIONS We report the first case of schizophrenia in a proband with a CNTN6 deletion. Schizophrenia has been reported in relatives of probands with this deletion but not in probands themselves. This finding further contributes to the evolving literature regarding schizophrenia pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Juan-Perez
- Department of Psychiatry, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Ctra. De Colmenar Viejo, km. 9,100, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sarah Farrand
- Neuropsychiatry Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan St, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.
| | - Dennis Velakoulis
- Neuropsychiatry Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan St, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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16
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Abstract
Synapse formation is mediated by a surprisingly large number and wide variety of genes encoding many different protein classes. One of the families increasingly implicated in synapse wiring is the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF). IgSF molecules are by definition any protein containing at least one Ig-like domain, making this family one of the most common protein classes encoded by the genome. Here, we review the emerging roles for IgSF molecules in synapse formation specifically in the vertebrate brain, focusing on examples from three classes of IgSF members: ( a) cell adhesion molecules, ( b) signaling molecules, and ( c) immune molecules expressed in the brain. The critical roles for IgSF members in regulating synapse formation may explain their extensive involvement in neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Solving the IgSF code for synapse formation may reveal multiple new targets for rescuing IgSF-mediated deficits in synapse formation and, eventually, new treatments for psychiatric disorders caused by altered IgSF-induced synapse wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Cameron
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California 95618, USA; ,
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17
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Corbière A, Walet-Balieu ML, Chan P, Basille-Dugay M, Hardouin J, Vaudry D. A Peptidomic Approach to Characterize Peptides Involved in Cerebellar Cortex Development Leads to the Identification of the Neurotrophic Effects of Nociceptin. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:1737-1749. [PMID: 29895708 PMCID: PMC6126386 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is a brain structure involved in motor and cognitive functions. The development of the cerebellar cortex (the external part of the cerebellum) is under the control of numerous factors. Among these factors, neuropeptides including PACAP or somatostatin modulate the survival, migration and/or differentiation of cerebellar granule cells. Interestingly, such peptides contributing to cerebellar ontogenesis usually exhibit a specific transient expression profile with a low abundance at birth, a high expression level during the developmental processes, which take place within the first two postnatal weeks in rodents, and a gradual decline toward adulthood. Thus, to identify new peptides transiently expressed in the cerebellum during development, rat cerebella were sampled from birth to adulthood, and analyzed by a semi-quantitative peptidomic approach. A total of 33 peptides were found to be expressed in the cerebellum. Among these 33 peptides, 8 had a clear differential expression pattern during development, 4 of them i.e. cerebellin 2, nociceptin, somatostatin and VGF [353-372], exhibiting a high expression level during the first two postnatal weeks followed by a significative decrease at adulthood. A focus by a genomic approach on nociceptin, confirmed that its precursor mRNA is transiently expressed during the first week of life in granule neurons within the internal granule cell layer of the cerebellum, and showed that the nociceptin receptor is also actively expressed between P8 and P16 by the same neurons. Finally, functional studies revealed a new role for nociceptin, acting as a neurotrophic peptide able to promote the survival and differentiation of developing cerebellar granule neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auriane Corbière
- From the ‡Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Neuropeptides, Neuronal death and Cell plasticity team, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Marie-Laure Walet-Balieu
- §Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen Proteomic Platform (PISSARO), Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Philippe Chan
- §Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen Proteomic Platform (PISSARO), Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Magali Basille-Dugay
- From the ‡Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Neuropeptides, Neuronal death and Cell plasticity team, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Julie Hardouin
- §Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen Proteomic Platform (PISSARO), Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - David Vaudry
- From the ‡Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Neuropeptides, Neuronal death and Cell plasticity team, 76000 Rouen, France;
- §Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen Proteomic Platform (PISSARO), Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), 76000 Rouen, France
- ¶Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), 76000 Rouen, France
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18
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Mu D, Xu Y, Zhao T, Watanabe K, Xiao Z, Ye H. Cntn6 deficiency impairs allocentric navigation in mice. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e00969. [PMID: 30106251 PMCID: PMC5991572 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CNTN6 is an immunoglobulin domain-containing cell adhesion molecule that belongs to the contactin family. It is involved in the development of the nervous system. We aim to determine the effect of Cntn6 deficiency on the allocentric navigation in mice. METHODS We recorded the travel distance and escape time of wild-type and Cntn6 mutant male and female mice in the Morris water maze task according to the protocol. RESULTS There was hardly any Cntn6 expression in the hippocampus of postnatal day 0 (P0) mice, while obvious Cntn6 expression was present in the hippocampal CA1 region of the P7 mice. During the acquisition period of Morris water maze task (Day 1 to 4), Cntn6-/- male mice failed to shorten the escape time to reach platform on the third day, while the travel distance to platform was not significantly different. There was no significant difference in both escape time and travel distance to the platform among all female subjects. In the probe trial test (Day 5), spatial memory of the female mutant mice was mildly affected, while Cntn6-/- male mice were normal. In the spatial relearning test (Day 7 to 10), Cntn6-/- male mice showed no difference in escape time to the platform compared to the wild-type male mice, while Cntn6 deficient female mice required shorter escape time to travel to the platform on day 7, day 8, and day 10. CONCLUSIONS Cntn6 is expressed in the developing hippocampus in mice. Cntn6 deficiency affects spatial learning and memory, indicating that Cntn6 plays a role in the development of hippocampus and affects allocentric navigation of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Mu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesBeijing Institute for Brain DisordersCenter of SchizophreniaCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yiliang Xu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesBeijing Institute for Brain DisordersCenter of SchizophreniaCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Tian Zhao
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesBeijing Institute for Brain DisordersCenter of SchizophreniaCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Kazutada Watanabe
- Department of BioengineeringNagaoka University of TechnologyNagaokaNiigataJapan
| | - Zhi‐Cheng Xiao
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineInstitute of Molecular and Clinical MedicineKunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental BiologyMonash UniversityClaytonMELAustralia
| | - Haihong Ye
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesBeijing Institute for Brain DisordersCenter of SchizophreniaCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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19
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Gridina MM, Matveeva NM, Fishman VS, Menzorov AG, Kizilova HA, Beregovoy NA, Kovrigin II, Pristyazhnyuk IE, Oscorbin IP, Filipenko ML, Kashevarova AA, Skryabin NA, Nikitina TV, Sazhenova EA, Nazarenko LP, Lebedev IN, Serov OL. Allele-Specific Biased Expression of the CNTN6 Gene in iPS Cell-Derived Neurons from a Patient with Intellectual Disability and 3p26.3 Microduplication Involving the CNTN6 Gene. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6533-6546. [PMID: 29327201 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0851-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Copy number variations (CNVs) of the human CNTN6 gene caused by megabase-scale microdeletions or microduplications in the 3p26.3 region are often the cause of neurodevelopmental disorders, including intellectual disability and developmental delay. Surprisingly, patients with different copy numbers of this gene display notable overlapping of neuropsychiatric symptoms. The complexity of the study of human neuropathologies is associated with the inaccessibility of brain material. This problem can be overcome through the use of reprogramming technologies that permit the generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from fibroblasts and their subsequent in vitro differentiation into neurons. We obtained a set of iPS cell lines derived from a patient carrier of the CNTN6 gene duplication and from two healthy donors. All iPS cell lines displayed the characteristics of pluripotent cells. Some iPS cell lines derived from the patient and from healthy donors were differentiated in vitro by exogenous expression of the Ngn2 transcription factor or by spontaneous neural differentiation of iPS cells through the neural rosette stage. The obtained neurons showed the characteristics of mature neurons as judged by the presence of neuronal markers and by their electrophysiological characteristics. Analysis of allele-specific expression of the CNTN6 gene in these neuronal cells by droplet digital PCR demonstrated that the level of expression of the duplicated allele was significantly reduced compared to that of the wild-type allele. Importantly, according to the sequencing data, both copies of the CNTN6 gene, which were approximately 1 Mb in size, showed no any additional structural rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Gridina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | | | - Veniamin S Fishman
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Aleksei G Menzorov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Helen A Kizilova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Igor P Oscorbin
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Maxim L Filipenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Anna A Kashevarova
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Nikolay A Skryabin
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Tatyana V Nikitina
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Elena A Sazhenova
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Ludmila P Nazarenko
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634050, Russia.,Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Igor N Lebedev
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634050, Russia.,Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Oleg L Serov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. .,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
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20
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Korablev AN, Serova IA, Serov OL. Generation of megabase-scale deletions, inversions and duplications involving the Contactin-6 gene in mice by CRISPR/Cas9 technology. BMC Genet 2017; 18:112. [PMID: 29297312 PMCID: PMC5751523 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-017-0582-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Copy Number Variation (CNV) of the human CNTN6 gene (encoding the contactin-6 protein), caused by deletions or duplications, is responsible for severe neurodevelopmental impairments, often in combination with facial dysmorphias. Conversely, deleterious point mutations of this gene do not show any clinical phenotypes. The aim of this study is to generate mice carrying large deletions, duplications and inversions involving the Cntn6 gene as a new experimental model to study CNV of the human CNTN6 locus. Results To generate large chromosomal rearrangements on mouse chromosome 6, we applied CRISPR/Cas9 technology in zygotes. Two guide RNAs (gRNAs) (flanking a DNA fragment of 1137 Mb) together with Cas9 mRNA and single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides (ssODN) were microinjected into the cytoplasm of 599 zygotes of F1 (C57BL x CBA) mice, and 256 of them were transplanted into oviducts of CD-1 females. As a result, we observed the birth of 41 viable F0 offspring. Genotyping of these mice was performed by PCR analysis and sequencing of PCR products. Among the 41 F0 offspring, we identified seven mice with deletions, two animals carrying duplications of the gene and four carrying inversions. Interestingly, two F0 offspring had both deletions and duplications. It is important to note that while three of seven deletion carriers showed expected sequences at the new joint sites, in another three, we identified an absence of 1–10 nucleotides at the CRISPR/Cas9 cut sites, and in one animal, 103 bp were missing, presumably due to error-prone non-homologous end joining. In addition, we detected the absence of 5 and 13 nucleotides at these sites in two F0 duplication carriers. Similar sequence changes at CRISPR/Cas9 cut sites were observed at the right and left boundaries of inversions. Thus, megabase-scale deletions, duplications and inversions were identified in 11 F0 offspring among 41 analyzed, i.e., approximately 25% efficiency. All genetically modified F0 offspring were viable and able to transmit these large chromosomal rearrangements to the next generation. Conclusions Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we created mice carrying megabase-scale deletions, duplications, and inversions involving the full-sized Cntn6 gene. These mice became founders of new mouse lines, which may be more appropriate experimental models of CNV in the human 3p26.3 region than Сntn6 knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei N Korablev
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Development, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russia Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Irina A Serova
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Development, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russia Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Oleg L Serov
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Development, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russia Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. .,Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634050, Russia.
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21
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Manduca Contactin Regulates Amyloid Precursor Protein-Dependent Neuronal Migration. J Neurosci 2017; 36:8757-75. [PMID: 27535920 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0729-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Amyloid precursor protein (APP) was originally identified as the source of β-amyloid peptides that accumulate in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but it also has been implicated in the control of multiple aspects of neuronal motility. APP belongs to an evolutionarily conserved family of transmembrane proteins that can interact with a variety of adapter and signaling molecules. Recently, we showed that both APP and its insect ortholog [APPL (APP-Like)] directly bind the heterotrimeric G-protein Goα, supporting the model that APP can function as an unconventional Goα-coupled receptor. We also adapted a well characterized assay of neuronal migration in the hawkmoth, Manduca sexta, to show that APPL-Goα signaling restricts ectopic growth within the developing nervous system, analogous to the role postulated for APP family proteins in controlling migration within the mammalian cortex. Using this assay, we have now identified Manduca Contactin (MsContactin) as an endogenous ligand for APPL, consistent with previous work showing that Contactins interact with APP family proteins in other systems. Using antisense-based knockdown protocols and fusion proteins targeting both proteins, we have shown that MsContactin is selectively expressed by glial cells that ensheath the migratory neurons (expressing APPL), and that MsContactin-APPL interactions normally prevent inappropriate migration and outgrowth. These results provide new evidence that Contactins can function as authentic ligands for APP family proteins that regulate APP-dependent responses in the developing nervous system. They also support the model that misregulated Contactin-APP interactions might provoke aberrant activation of Goα and its effectors, thereby contributing to the neurodegenerative sequelae that typify AD. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Members of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) family participate in many aspects of neuronal development, but the ligands that normally activate APP signaling have remained controversial. This research provides new evidence that members of the Contactin family function as authentic ligands for APP and its orthologs, and that this evolutionarily conserved class of membrane-attached proteins regulates key aspects of APP-dependent migration and outgrowth in the embryonic nervous system. By defining the normal role of Contactin-APP signaling during development, these studies also provide the framework for investigating how the misregulation of Contactin-APP interactions might contribute to neuronal dysfunction in the context of both normal aging and neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease.
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22
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Bibollet-Bahena O, Okafuji T, Hokamp K, Tear G, Mitchell KJ. A dual-strategy expression screen for candidate connectivity labels in the developing thalamus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177977. [PMID: 28558017 PMCID: PMC5448750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The thalamus or “inner chamber” of the brain is divided into ~30 discrete nuclei, with highly specific patterns of afferent and efferent connectivity. To identify genes that may direct these patterns of connectivity, we used two strategies. First, we used a bioinformatics pipeline to survey the predicted proteomes of nematode, fruitfly, mouse and human for extracellular proteins containing any of a list of motifs found in known guidance or connectivity molecules. Second, we performed clustering analyses on the Allen Developing Mouse Brain Atlas data to identify genes encoding surface proteins expressed with temporal profiles similar to known guidance or connectivity molecules. In both cases, we then screened the resultant genes for selective expression patterns in the developing thalamus. These approaches identified 82 candidate connectivity labels in the developing thalamus. These molecules include many members of the Ephrin, Eph-receptor, cadherin, protocadherin, semaphorin, plexin, Odz/teneurin, Neto, cerebellin, calsyntenin and Netrin-G families, as well as diverse members of the immunoglobulin (Ig) and leucine-rich receptor (LRR) superfamilies, receptor tyrosine kinases and phosphatases, a variety of growth factors and receptors, and a large number of miscellaneous membrane-associated or secreted proteins not previously implicated in axonal guidance or neuronal connectivity. The diversity of their expression patterns indicates that thalamic nuclei are highly differentiated from each other, with each one displaying a unique repertoire of these molecules, consistent with a combinatorial logic to the specification of thalamic connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatsuya Okafuji
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karsten Hokamp
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Guy Tear
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J. Mitchell
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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23
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Mercati O, Huguet G, Danckaert A, André-Leroux G, Maruani A, Bellinzoni M, Rolland T, Gouder L, Mathieu A, Buratti J, Amsellem F, Benabou M, Van-Gils J, Beggiato A, Konyukh M, Bourgeois JP, Gazzellone MJ, Yuen RKC, Walker S, Delépine M, Boland A, Régnault B, Francois M, Van Den Abbeele T, Mosca-Boidron AL, Faivre L, Shimoda Y, Watanabe K, Bonneau D, Rastam M, Leboyer M, Scherer SW, Gillberg C, Delorme R, Cloëz-Tayarani I, Bourgeron T. CNTN6 mutations are risk factors for abnormal auditory sensory perception in autism spectrum disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:625-633. [PMID: 27166760 PMCID: PMC5378808 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Contactin genes CNTN5 and CNTN6 code for neuronal cell adhesion molecules that promote neurite outgrowth in sensory-motor neuronal pathways. Mutations of CNTN5 and CNTN6 have previously been reported in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), but very little is known on their prevalence and clinical impact. In this study, we identified CNTN5 and CNTN6 deleterious variants in individuals with ASD. Among the carriers, a girl with ASD and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder was carrying five copies of CNTN5. For CNTN6, both deletions (6/1534 ASD vs 1/8936 controls; P=0.00006) and private coding sequence variants (18/501 ASD vs 535/33480 controls; P=0.0005) were enriched in individuals with ASD. Among the rare CNTN6 variants, two deletions were transmitted by fathers diagnosed with ASD, one stop mutation CNTN6W923X was transmitted by a mother to her two sons with ASD and one variant CNTN6P770L was found de novo in a boy with ASD. Clinical investigations of the patients carrying CNTN5 or CNTN6 variants showed that they were hypersensitive to sounds (a condition called hyperacusis) and displayed changes in wave latency within the auditory pathway. These results reinforce the hypothesis of abnormal neuronal connectivity in the pathophysiology of ASD and shed new light on the genes that increase risk for abnormal sensory perception in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Mercati
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - G Huguet
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - A Danckaert
- Imagopole, Citech, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - G André-Leroux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Microbiologie Structurale, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France
- INRA, Unité MaIAGE, UR1404, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - A Maruani
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - M Bellinzoni
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Microbiologie Structurale, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - T Rolland
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - L Gouder
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - A Mathieu
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - J Buratti
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - F Amsellem
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - M Benabou
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - J Van-Gils
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - A Beggiato
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - M Konyukh
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - J-P Bourgeois
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - M J Gazzellone
- Centre for Applied Genomics, Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R K C Yuen
- Centre for Applied Genomics, Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - S Walker
- Centre for Applied Genomics, Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Delépine
- Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France
| | - A Boland
- Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France
| | - B Régnault
- Eukaryote Genotyping Platform, Genopole, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - M Francois
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, ENT and Head and Neck Surgery Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris-VII University, Paris, France
| | - T Van Den Abbeele
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, ENT and Head and Neck Surgery Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris-VII University, Paris, France
| | - A L Mosca-Boidron
- Département de Génétique, CHU Dijon et Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - L Faivre
- Département de Génétique, CHU Dijon et Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Y Shimoda
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Japan
| | - K Watanabe
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Japan
| | - D Bonneau
- Département de Biochimie et Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Angers, France
| | - M Rastam
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M Leboyer
- INSERM U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France
- Université Paris Est, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, DHU Pe-PSY, H. Mondor Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Créteil, France
- FondaMental Foundation, Créteil, France
| | - S W Scherer
- Centre for Applied Genomics, Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - C Gillberg
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R Delorme
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - I Cloëz-Tayarani
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - T Bourgeron
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- FondaMental Foundation, Créteil, France
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A current view on contactin-4, -5, and -6: Implications in neurodevelopmental disorders. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 81:72-83. [PMID: 28064060 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Contactins (Cntns) are a six-member subgroup of the immunoglobulin cell adhesion molecule superfamily (IgCAMs) with pronounced brain expression and function. Recent genetic studies of neuropsychiatric disorders have pinpointed contactin-4 (CNTN4), contactin-5 (CNTN5) and contactin-6 (CNTN6) as candidate genes in neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), but also in intellectual disability, schizophrenia (SCZ), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder (BD), alcohol use disorder (AUD) and anorexia nervosa (AN). This suggests that they have important functions during neurodevelopment. This suggestion is supported by data showing that neurite outgrowth, cell survival and neural circuit formation can be affected by disruption of these genes. Here, we review the current genetic data about their involvement in neuropsychiatric disorders and explore studies on how null mutations affect mouse behavior. Finally, we highlight to role of protein-protein interactions in the potential mechanism of action of Cntn4, -5 and -6 and emphasize that complexes with other membrane proteins may play a role in neuronal developmental functions.
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Anatomy and Cell Biology of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Lessons from Human Genetics. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2017; 224:1-25. [PMID: 28551748 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-52498-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Until recently autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was regarded as a neurodevelopmental condition with unknown causes and pathogenesis. In the footsteps of the revolution of genome technologies and genetics, and with its high degree of heritability, ASD became the first neuropsychiatric disorder for which clues towards molecular and cellular pathogenesis were uncovered by genetic identification of susceptibility genes. Currently several hundreds of risk genes have been assigned, with a recurrence below 1% in the ASD population. The multitude and diversity of known ASD genes has extended the clinical notion that ASD comprises very heterogeneous conditions ranging from severe intellectual disabilities to mild high-functioning forms. The results of genetics have allowed to pinpoint a limited number of cellular and molecular processes likely involved in ASD including protein synthesis, signal transduction, transcription/chromatin remodelling and synaptic function all playing an essential role in the regulation of synaptic homeostasis during brain development. In this context, we highlight the role of protein synthesis as a key process in ASD pathogenesis as it might be central in synaptic deregulation and a potential target for intervention. These current insights should lead to a rational design of interventions in molecular and cellular pathways of ASD pathogenesis that may be applied to affected individuals in the future.
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Zuko A, Oguro-Ando A, Post H, Taggenbrock RLRE, van Dijk RE, Altelaar AFM, Heck AJR, Petrenko AG, van der Zwaag B, Shimoda Y, Pasterkamp RJ, Burbach JPH. Association of Cell Adhesion Molecules Contactin-6 and Latrophilin-1 Regulates Neuronal Apoptosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:143. [PMID: 28018171 PMCID: PMC5156884 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In view of important neurobiological functions of the cell adhesion molecule contactin-6 (Cntn6) that have emerged from studies on null-mutant mice and autism spectrum disorders patients, we set out to examine pathways underlying functions of Cntn6 using a proteomics approach. We identified the cell adhesion GPCR latrophilin-1 (Lphn1, a.k.a. CIRL1/CL, ADGRL1) as a binding partner for Cntn6 forming together a heteromeric cis-complex. Lphn1 expression in cultured neurons caused reduction in neurite outgrowth and increase in apoptosis, which was rescued by coexpression of Cntn6. In cultured neurons derived from Cntn6-/- mice, Lphn1 knockdown reduced apoptosis, suggesting that the observed apoptosis was Lphn1-dependent. In line with these data, the number of apoptotic cells was increased in the cortex of Cntn6-/- mice compared to wild-type littermate controls. These results show that Cntn6 can modulate the activity of Lphn1 by direct binding and suggests that Cntn6 may prevent apoptosis thereby impinging on neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amila Zuko
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Asami Oguro-Ando
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Harm Post
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics CentreUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Renske L R E Taggenbrock
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Roland E van Dijk
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - A F Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics CentreUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics CentreUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Alexander G Petrenko
- Laboratory of Receptor Cell Biology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia
| | - Bert van der Zwaag
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Yasushi Shimoda
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology Nagaoka, Japan
| | - R J Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - J P H Burbach
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
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Lin YC, Frei JA, Kilander MBC, Shen W, Blatt GJ. A Subset of Autism-Associated Genes Regulate the Structural Stability of Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:263. [PMID: 27909399 PMCID: PMC5112273 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a range of neurological conditions that affect individuals’ ability to communicate and interact with others. People with ASD often exhibit marked qualitative difficulties in social interaction, communication, and behavior. Alterations in neurite arborization and dendritic spine morphology, including size, shape, and number, are hallmarks of almost all neurological conditions, including ASD. As experimental evidence emerges in recent years, it becomes clear that although there is broad heterogeneity of identified autism risk genes, many of them converge into similar cellular pathways, including those regulating neurite outgrowth, synapse formation and spine stability, and synaptic plasticity. These mechanisms together regulate the structural stability of neurons and are vulnerable targets in ASD. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of those autism risk genes that affect the structural connectivity of neurons. We sub-categorize them into (1) cytoskeletal regulators, e.g., motors and small RhoGTPase regulators; (2) adhesion molecules, e.g., cadherins, NCAM, and neurexin superfamily; (3) cell surface receptors, e.g., glutamatergic receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases; (4) signaling molecules, e.g., protein kinases and phosphatases; and (5) synaptic proteins, e.g., vesicle and scaffolding proteins. Although the roles of some of these genes in maintaining neuronal structural stability are well studied, how mutations contribute to the autism phenotype is still largely unknown. Investigating whether and how the neuronal structure and function are affected when these genes are mutated will provide insights toward developing effective interventions aimed at improving the lives of people with autism and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chih Lin
- Laboratory of Neuronal Connectivity, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Jeannine A Frei
- Laboratory of Neuronal Connectivity, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Michaela B C Kilander
- Laboratory of Neuronal Connectivity, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Wenjuan Shen
- Laboratory of Neuronal Connectivity, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Gene J Blatt
- Laboratory of Autism Neurocircuitry, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
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28
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Huang Z, Gao Y, Sun Y, Zhang C, Yin Y, Shimoda Y, Watanabe K, Liu Y. NB-3 signaling mediates the cross-talk between post-traumatic spinal axons and scar-forming cells. EMBO J 2016; 35:1745-65. [PMID: 27192985 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201593460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the molecules mediating the cross-talk between post-traumatic axons and scar-forming cells after spinal cord injury. We found that a sustained NB-3 induction was simultaneously present in the terminations of post-traumatic corticospinal axons and scar-forming cells at the spinal lesion site, where they were in direct contact when axons tried to penetrate the glial scar. The regrowth of corticospinal axons was enhanced in vivo with NB-3 deficiency or interruption of NB-3 trans-homophilic interactions. Biochemical, in vitro and in vivo evidence demonstrated that NB-3 homophilically interacted in trans to initiate a growth inhibitory signal transduction from scar-forming cells to neurons by modulating mTOR activity via CHL1 and PTPσ. NB-3 deficiency promoted BMS scores, electrophysiological transmission, and synapse reformation between regenerative axons and neurons. Our findings demonstrate that NB-3 trans-homophilic interactions mediate the cross-talk between post-traumatic axons and scar-forming cells and impair the intrinsic growth ability of injured axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhui Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yarong Gao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuhui Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- The Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yue Yin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yasushi Shimoda
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Yaobo Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Schumann M, Hofmann A, Krutzke SK, Hilger AC, Marsch F, Stienen D, Gembruch U, Ludwig M, Merz WM, Reutter H. Array-based molecular karyotyping in fetuses with isolated brain malformations identifies disease-causing CNVs. J Neurodev Disord 2016; 8:11. [PMID: 27087860 PMCID: PMC4832534 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-016-9144-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The overall birth prevalence for congenital malformations of the central nervous system (CNS) among Europeans may be as high as 1 in 100 live births. The etiological factors remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was to detect causative copy number variations (CNVs) in fetuses of terminated pregnancies with prenatally detected isolated brain malformations. Methods Array-based molecular karyotyping was performed in a cohort of 35 terminated fetuses with isolated CNS malformations. Identified putative disease-causing CNVs were confirmed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction or multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Results Based on their de novo occurrence and/or their established association with congenital brain malformations, we detected five disease-causing CNVs in four fetuses involving chromosomal regions 6p25.1-6p25.3 (FOXC1), 6q27, 16p12.3, Xp22.2-Xp22.32 (MID1), and Xp22.32-Xp22.33. Furthermore, we detected a probably disease-causing CNV involving chromosomal region 3p26.3 in one fetus, and in addition, we detected 12 CNVs in nine fetuses of unknown clinical significance. All CNVs except for two were absent in 1307 healthy in-house controls (frequency <0.0008). Each of the two CNVs present in in-house controls was present only once (frequency = 0.0008). Furthermore, our data suggests the involvement of CNTN6 and KLHL15 in the etiology of agenesis of the corpus callosum, the involvement of RASD1 and PTPRD in Dandy-Walker malformation, and the involvement of ERMARD in ventriculomegaly. Conclusions Our study suggests that CNVs play an important role in the etiology of isolated brain malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madita Schumann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea Hofmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany ; Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Alina C Hilger
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian Marsch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Gembruch
- Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Ludwig
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Waltraut M Merz
- Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heiko Reutter
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany ; Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care & Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
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30
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Zuko A, Oguro-Ando A, van Dijk R, Gregorio-Jordan S, van der Zwaag B, Burbach JPH. Developmental role of the cell adhesion molecule Contactin-6 in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 10:378-92. [PMID: 26939565 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1155018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding the neural cell adhesion molecule Contactin-6 (Cntn6 a.k.a. NB-3) has been implicated as an autism risk gene, suggesting that its mutation is deleterious to brain development. Due to its GPI-anchor at Cntn6 may exert cell adhesion/receptor functions in complex with other membrane proteins, or serve as a ligand. We aimed to uncover novel phenotypes related to Cntn6 functions during development in the cerebral cortex of adult Cntn6(-/-) mice. We first determined Cntn6 protein and mRNA expression in the cortex, thalamic nuclei and the hippocampus at P14, which decreased specifically in the cortex at adult stages. Neuroanatomical analysis demonstrated a significant decrease of Cux1+ projection neurons in layers II-IV and an increase of FoxP2+ projection neurons in layer VI in the visual cortex of adult Cntn6(-/-) mice compared to wild-type controls. Furthermore, the number of parvalbumin+ (PV) interneurons was decreased in Cntn6(-/-) mice, while the amount of NPY+ interneurons remained unchanged. In the hippocampus the delineation and outgrowth of mossy fibers remained largely unchanged, except for the observation of a larger suprapyramidal bundle. The observed abnormalities in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of Cntn6(-/-) mice suggests that Cntn6 serves developmental functions involving cell survival, migration and fasciculation. Furthermore, these data suggest that Cntn6 engages in both trans- and cis-interactions and may be involved in larger protein interaction networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amila Zuko
- a Brain Center Rudolf Magnus , Department of Translational Neuroscience , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Asami Oguro-Ando
- a Brain Center Rudolf Magnus , Department of Translational Neuroscience , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Roland van Dijk
- a Brain Center Rudolf Magnus , Department of Translational Neuroscience , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Sara Gregorio-Jordan
- a Brain Center Rudolf Magnus , Department of Translational Neuroscience , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Bert van der Zwaag
- b Department of Genetics , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - J Peter H Burbach
- a Brain Center Rudolf Magnus , Department of Translational Neuroscience , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
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Caspr3-Deficient Mice Exhibit Low Motor Learning during the Early Phase of the Accelerated Rotarod Task. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147887. [PMID: 26807827 PMCID: PMC4726695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspr3 (Contactin-associated protein-like 3, Cntnap3) is a neural cell adhesion molecule belonging to the Caspr family. We have recently shown that Caspr3 is expressed abundantly between the first and second postnatal weeks in the mouse basal ganglia, including the striatum, external segment of the globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. However, its physiological role remains largely unknown. In this study, we conducted a series of behavioral analyses on Capsr3-knockout (KO) mice and equivalent wild-type (WT) mice to investigate the role of Caspr3 in brain function. No significant differences were observed in most behavioral traits between Caspr3-KO and WT mice, but we found that Caspr3-KO mice performed poorly during the early phase of the accelerated rotarod task in which latency to falling off a rod rotating with increasing velocity was examined. In the late phase, the performance of the Caspr3-KO mice caught up to the level of WT mice, suggesting that the deletion of Caspr3 caused a delay in motor learning. We then examined changes in neural activity after training on the accelerated rotarod by conducting immunohistochemistry using antibody to c-Fos, an indirect marker for neuronal activity. Experience of the accelerated rotarod task caused increases in the number of c-Fos-positive cells in the dorsal striatum, cerebellum, and motor cortex in both Caspr3-KO and WT mice, but the number of c-Fos-positive cells was significantly lower in the dorsal striatum of Caspr3-KO mice than in that of WT mice. The expression of c-Fos in the ventral striatum of Caspr3-KO and WT mice was not altered by the training. Our findings suggest that reduced activation of neural cells in the dorsal striatum in Caspr3-KO mice leads to a decline in motor learning in the accelerated rotarod task.
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Palumbo O, Fischetto R, Palumbo P, Nicastro F, Papadia F, Zelante L, Carella M. De novo microduplication of CHL1 in a patient with non-syndromic developmental phenotypes. Mol Cytogenet 2015; 8:66. [PMID: 26279679 PMCID: PMC4537544 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-015-0170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The CHL1 gene codes for a member of the L1 family of neural cell adhesion molecules. It is highly expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system playing an important role in the building and functioning on the brain. CHL1 proteins are also involved in axonal migration, synaptic formation and plasticity. In mice, functional studies showed that the haploinsufficiency of Chl1 gene in the developing brain results in cognitive deficits suggesting that the CHL1 gene at 3p26.3 is a candidate for an autosomal form of intellectual disability. Furthermore, in humans deletions of CHL1 have been described in patients with neurodevelopmental delay characterized by learning and language difficulties, seizures. Less is known about the potential effect of CHL1 overexpression, and microduplications of CHL1 have been rarely identified. Case presentation In this report, we describe a male patient with a phenotype characterized by developmental delay, symptoms of hyperactivity, short attention span and speech delay. In addition, minor facial dysmorphic features have been observed. Chromosomal microarray analysis revealed a rare de novo 0.85 Mb microduplication on the short arm (p26.3) of chromosome 3, encompassing a single gene, CHL1. To the best of our knowledge, duplication of chromosome 3p26.3, including only the CHL1 gene, has been described in only one intellectually disabled girl with epilepsy. The duplication described here is the smallest reported so far. In addition, this is the first report describing a patient in which the CHL1 duplication is a de novo event. Conclusions The clinical and molecular findings reported here are useful to provide further evidence that CHL1 is a dosage sensitive gene suggesting that not only the deletion but also its duplication can cause non-syndromic neurodevelopmental phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orazio Palumbo
- Laboratorio di Genetica Medica, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, (FG) Italy
| | - Rita Fischetto
- Unità Operativa Malattie Metaboliche Genetica Medica, P.O. Giovanni XXIII, A.O.U. Policlinico Consorziale, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Palumbo
- Laboratorio di Genetica Medica, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, (FG) Italy
| | - Francesco Nicastro
- Unità Operativa Malattie Metaboliche Genetica Medica, P.O. Giovanni XXIII, A.O.U. Policlinico Consorziale, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Papadia
- Unità Operativa Malattie Metaboliche Genetica Medica, P.O. Giovanni XXIII, A.O.U. Policlinico Consorziale, Bari, Italy
| | - Leopoldo Zelante
- Laboratorio di Genetica Medica, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, (FG) Italy
| | - Massimo Carella
- Laboratorio di Genetica Medica, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, (FG) Italy
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Cunningham D, DeBarber AE, Bir N, Binkley L, Merkens LS, Steiner RD, Herman GE. Analysis of hedgehog signaling in cerebellar granule cell precursors in a conditional Nsdhl allele demonstrates an essential role for cholesterol in postnatal CNS development. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:2808-25. [PMID: 25652406 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NSDHL is a 3β-hydroxysterol dehydrogenase that is involved in the removal of two C-4 methyl groups in one of the later steps of cholesterol biosynthesis. Mutations in the gene encoding the enzyme are responsible for the X-linked, male lethal mouse mutations bare patches and striated, as well as most cases of human CHILD syndrome. Rare, hypomorphic NSDHL mutations are also associated with X-linked intellectual disability in males with CK syndrome. Since hemizygous male mice with Nsdhl mutations die by midgestation, we generated a conditional targeted Nsdhl mutation (Nsdhl(tm1.1Hrm)) to investigate the essential role of cholesterol in the early postnatal CNS. Ablation of Nsdhl in radial glia using GFAP-cre resulted in live-born, normal appearing affected male pups. However, the pups develop overt ataxia by postnatal day 8-10 and die shortly thereafter. Histological abnormalities include progressive loss of cortical and hippocampal neurons, as well as deficits in the proliferation and migration of cerebellar granule precursors and subsequent massive apoptosis of the cerebellar cortex. We replicated the granule cell precursor proliferation defect in vitro and demonstrate that it results from defective signaling by SHH. Furthermore, this defect is almost completely rescued by supplementation of the culture media with exogenous cholesterol, while methylsterol accumulation above the enzymatic block appears to be associated with increased cell death. These data support the absolute requirement for cholesterol synthesis in situ once the blood-brain-barrier forms and cholesterol transport to the fetus is abolished. They further emphasize the complex ramifications of cholesterogenic enzyme deficiency on cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cunningham
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Natalie Bir
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Laura Binkley
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Robert D Steiner
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics and Institute on Development and Disability, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA and Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Marshfield and Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gail E Herman
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,
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Kashevarova AA, Nazarenko LP, Schultz-Pedersen S, Skryabin NA, Salyukova OA, Chechetkina NN, Tolmacheva EN, Rudko AA, Magini P, Graziano C, Romeo G, Joss S, Tümer Z, Lebedev IN. Single gene microdeletions and microduplication of 3p26.3 in three unrelated families: CNTN6 as a new candidate gene for intellectual disability. Mol Cytogenet 2014; 7:97. [PMID: 25606055 PMCID: PMC4299808 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-014-0097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Detection of submicroscopic chromosomal alterations in patients with a idiopathic intellectual disability (ID) allows significant improvement in delineation of the regions of the genome that are associated with brain development and function. However, these chromosomal regions usually contain several protein-coding genes and regulatory elements, complicating the understanding of genotype-phenotype correlations. We report two siblings with ID and an unrelated patient with atypical autism who had 3p26.3 microdeletions and one intellectually disabled patient with a 3p26.3 microduplication encompassing only the CNTN6 gene. Results Two 295.1-kb microdeletions and one 766.1-kb microduplication of 3p26.3 involving a single gene, CNTN6, were identified with an Agilent 60K array. Another 271.9-kb microdeletion of 3p26.3 was detected using an Affymetrix CytoScan HD chromosome microarray platform. The CHL1 and CNTN4 genes, although adjacent to the CNTN6 gene, were not affected in either of these patients. Conclusions The protein encoded by CNTN6 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and functions as a cell adhesion molecule that is involved in the formation of axon connections in the developing nervous system. Our results indicate that CNTN6 may be a candidate gene for ID. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13039-014-0097-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Kashevarova
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, 10 Nab. Ushaiki, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Lyudmila P Nazarenko
- Laboratory of Hereditary Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk, Russia ; Department of Medical Genetics, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | | | - Nikolay A Skryabin
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, 10 Nab. Ushaiki, 634050 Tomsk, Russia ; Laboratory of Human Ontogenetics, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Olga A Salyukova
- Laboratory of Hereditary Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk, Russia ; Department of Medical Genetics, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | | | - Ekaterina N Tolmacheva
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, 10 Nab. Ushaiki, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Aleksey A Rudko
- Genetic Clinic, Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Pamela Magini
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Pediatrics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Graziano
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Pediatrics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Romeo
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Pediatrics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Shelagh Joss
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Level 2, Laboratory Medicine Building, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, G51 4TF Scotland UK
| | - Zeynep Tümer
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Igor N Lebedev
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, 10 Nab. Ushaiki, 634050 Tomsk, Russia ; Department of Medical Genetics, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
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Rajagopalan A, Schweizer N, Nordenankar K, Nilufar Jahan S, Emilsson L, Wallén-Mackenzie Å. Reduced gene expression levels of Munc13-1 and additional components of the presynaptic exocytosis machinery upon conditional targeting of Vglut2 in the adolescent mouse. Synapse 2014; 68:624-633. [PMID: 25139798 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Presynaptic proteins orchestrate an intricate interplay of dynamic interactions in order to regulate quantal exocytosis of transmitter-filled vesicles, and their dysregulation might cause neurological and neuropsychiatric dysfunction. Mice carrying a spatiotemporal restriction in the expression of the Vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (Vglut2; aka Slc17a6) in the cortex, amygdala and hippocampal subiculum from the third postnatal week show a strong anxiolytic phenotype and certain behavioral correlates of schizophrenia. To further understand the molecular consequences of this targeted deletion of Vglut2, we performed an unbiased microarray analysis comparing gene expression levels in the subiculum of these conditional Vglut2 knockout mice (Vglut2f/f;CamKII cKO) to those in control littermates. Expression of Unc13C (Munc13-3), a member of the Unc/Munc family, previously shown to be important for glutamatergic transmission, was identified to be significantly down-regulated. Subsequent analysis by quantitative RT-PCR revealed a 50% down-regulation of Munc 13-1, the gene encoding the Unc/Munc subtype described as an essential component in the majority of glutamtergic synapses in the hippocampus. Genes encoding additional components of the presynaptic machinery were also found regulated, including Rab3A, RIM1α, as well as Syntaxin1 and Synaptobrevin. Altered expression levels of these genes were further found in the amygdala and in the retrosplenial group of the cortex, additional regions in which Vglut2 was conditionally targeted. These findings suggest that expression levels of Vglut2 might be important for the maintenance of gene expression in the presynaptic machinery in the adult mouse brain. Synapse 68:624-633, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Rajagopalan
- Department of Neuroscience, Units of Functional Neurobiology and Developmental Genetics, Uppsala University, S-752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nadine Schweizer
- Department of Neuroscience, Units of Functional Neurobiology and Developmental Genetics, Uppsala University, S-752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Nordenankar
- Department of Neuroscience, Units of Functional Neurobiology and Developmental Genetics, Uppsala University, S-752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sultana Nilufar Jahan
- Department of Neuroscience, Units of Functional Neurobiology and Developmental Genetics, Uppsala University, S-752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lina Emilsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Units of Functional Neurobiology and Developmental Genetics, Uppsala University, S-752 37, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, S-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åsa Wallén-Mackenzie
- Department of Neuroscience, Units of Functional Neurobiology and Developmental Genetics, Uppsala University, S-752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
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Wong CM, Wang Y, Lee JTH, Huang Z, Wu D, Xu A, Lam KSL. Adropin is a brain membrane-bound protein regulating physical activity via the NB-3/Notch signaling pathway in mice. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:25976-86. [PMID: 25074942 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.576058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adropin is a highly conserved polypeptide that has been suggested to act as an endocrine factor that plays important roles in metabolic regulation, insulin sensitivity, and endothelial functions. However, in this study, we provide evidence demonstrating that adropin is a plasma membrane protein expressed abundantly in the brain. Using a yeast two-hybrid screening approach, we identified NB-3/Contactin 6, a brain-specific, non-canonical, membrane-tethered Notch1 ligand, as an interaction partner of adropin. Furthermore, this interaction promotes NB3-induced activation of Notch signaling and the expression of Notch target genes. We also generated and characterized adropin knockout mice to explore the role of adropin in vivo. Adropin knockout mice exhibited decreased locomotor activity and impaired motor coordination coupled with defective synapse formation, a phenotype similar to NB-3 knockout mice. Taken together, our data suggest that adropin is a membrane-bound protein that interacts with the brain-specific Notch1 ligand NB3. It regulates physical activity and motor coordination via the NB-3/Notch signaling pathway and plays an important role in cerebellum development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ming Wong
- From the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong and
| | - Yudong Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicine
| | - Jimmy Tsz Hang Lee
- From the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicine
| | - Zhe Huang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicine
| | - Donghai Wu
- the Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy,
| | - Karen Siu Ling Lam
- From the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong and
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Yang X, Hou D, Jiang W, Zhang C. Intercellular protein-protein interactions at synapses. Protein Cell 2014; 5:420-44. [PMID: 24756565 PMCID: PMC4026422 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical synapses are asymmetric intercellular junctions through which neurons send nerve impulses to communicate with other neurons or excitable cells. The appropriate formation of synapses, both spatially and temporally, is essential for brain function and depends on the intercellular protein-protein interactions of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) at synaptic clefts. The CAM proteins link pre- and post-synaptic sites, and play essential roles in promoting synapse formation and maturation, maintaining synapse number and type, accumulating neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels, controlling neuronal differentiation, and even regulating synaptic plasticity directly. Alteration of the interactions of CAMs leads to structural and functional impairments, which results in many neurological disorders, such as autism, Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the functions of CAMs during development and in the mature neural system, as well as in the pathogenesis of some neurological disorders. Here, we review the function of the major classes of CAMs, and how dysfunction of CAMs relates to several neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science, Laboratory of Membrane Ion Channels and Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Dongmei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science, Laboratory of Membrane Ion Channels and Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074 China
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science, Laboratory of Membrane Ion Channels and Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074 China
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
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New insights into the roles of the contactin cell adhesion molecules in neural development. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 8:165-94. [PMID: 25300137 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8090-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the contactin (CNTN) family of neural cell recognition molecules includes six related cell adhesion molecules that play non-overlapping roles in the formation and maintenance of the nervous system. CNTN1 and CNTN2 are the prototypical members of the family and have been involved, through cis- and trans-interactions with distinct cell adhesion molecules, in neural cell migration, axon guidance, and the organization of myelin subdomains. In contrast, the roles of CNTN3-6 are less well characterized although the generation of null mice and the recent identification of a common extracellular binding partner have considerably advanced our grasp of their physiological roles in particular as they relate to the wiring of sensory tissues. In this review, we aim to present a summary of our current understanding of CNTN functions and give an overview of the challenges that lie ahead in understanding the roles these proteins play in nervous system development and maintenance.
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Zuko A, Kleijer KTE, Oguro-Ando A, Kas MJH, van Daalen E, van der Zwaag B, Burbach JPH. Contactins in the neurobiology of autism. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 719:63-74. [PMID: 23872404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autism is a disease of brain plasticity. Inspiring work of Willem Hendrik Gispen on neuronal plasticity has stimulated us to investigate gene defects in autism and the consequences for brain development. The central process in the pathogenesis of autism is local dendritic mRNA translation which is dependent on axodendritic communication. Hence, most autism-related gene products (i) are part of the protein synthesis machinery itself, (ii) are components of the mTOR signal transduction pathway, or (iii) shape synaptic activity and plasticity. Accordingly, prototype drugs have been recognized that interfere with these pathways. The contactin (CNTN) family of Ig cell adhesion molecules (IgCAMs) harbours at least three members that have genetically been implicated in autism: CNTN4, CNTN5, and CNTN6. In this chapter we review the genetic and neurobiological data underpinning their role in normal and abnormal development of brain systems, and the consequences for behavior. Although data on each of these CNTNs are far from complete, we tentatively conclude that these three contactins play roles in brain development in a critical phase of establishing brain systems and their plasticity. They modulate neuronal activities, such as neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis, survival, guidance of projections and terminal branching of axons in forming neural circuits. Current research on these CNTNs concentrate on the neurobiological mechanism of their developmental functions. A future task will be to establish if proposed pharmacological strategies to counteract ASD-related symptomes can also be applied to reversal of phenotypes caused by genetic defects in these CNTN genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amila Zuko
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, UMC Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kristel T E Kleijer
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, UMC Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Asami Oguro-Ando
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, UMC Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martien J H Kas
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, UMC Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Emma van Daalen
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, UMC Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert van der Zwaag
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Peter H Burbach
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, UMC Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Kong L, Choi RC, Tsim KW, Jing N, Nakayama DK, Wang Z. Distribution and expression of Kirre, an IgSF molecule, during postnatal development of rat cerebellum. Neurosci Lett 2013; 543:22-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mercati O, Danckaert A, André-Leroux G, Bellinzoni M, Gouder L, Watanabe K, Shimoda Y, Grailhe R, De Chaumont F, Bourgeron T, Cloëz-Tayarani I. Contactin 4, -5 and -6 differentially regulate neuritogenesis while they display identical PTPRG binding sites. Biol Open 2013; 2:324-34. [PMID: 23519440 PMCID: PMC3603414 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20133343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural cell-adhesion molecules contactin 4, contactin 5 and contactin 6 are involved in brain development, and disruptions in contactin genes may confer increased risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We describe a co-culture of rat cortical neurons and HEK293 cells overexpressing and delivering the secreted forms of rat contactin 4-6. We quantified their effects on the length and branching of neurites. Contactin 4-6 effects were different depending on the contactin member and duration of co-culture. At 4 days in culture, contactin 4 and -6 increased the length of neurites, while contactin 5 increased the number of roots. Up to 8 days in culture, contactin 6 progressively increased the length of neurites while contactin 5 was more efficient on neurite branching. We studied the molecular sites of interaction between human contactin 4, -5 or -6 and the human Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Gamma (PTPRG), a contactin partner, by modeling their 3D structures. As compared to contactin 4, we observed differences in the Ig2 and Ig3 domains of contactin 5 and -6 with the appearance of an omega loop that could adopt three distinct conformations. However, interactive residues between human contactin 4-6 and PTPRG were strictly conserved. We did not observe any differences in PTPRG binding on contactin 5 and -6 either. Our data suggest that the differential contactin effects on neurite outgrowth do not result from distinct interactions with PTPRG. A better understanding of the contactin cellular properties should help elucidate their roles in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriane Mercati
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur , 75015 Paris , France ; CNRS URA 2182 'Genes, synapses and cognition', Institut Pasteur , 75015 Paris , France ; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions , 75013 Paris , France
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Huang Z, Yu Y, Shimoda Y, Watanabe K, Liu Y. Loss of neural recognition molecule NB-3 delays the normal projection and terminal branching of developing corticospinal tract axons in the mouse. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:1227-45. [PMID: 21935948 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neural recognition molecule NB-3 is involved in neural development and synapse formation. However, its role in axon tract formation is unclear. In this study, we found that the temporal expression of NB-3 in the deep layers of the motor cortex in mice was coincident with the development of the corticospinal tract (CST). Clear NB-3 immunoreactivity in the CST trajectory strongly suggested that NB-3 was expressed specifically in projecting CST axons. By tracing CST axons in NB-3−/− mice at different developmental stages, we found that these axons were capable of projecting and forming a normal trajectory. However, the projection was greatly delayed in NB-3−/− mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice from the embryonic to postnatal stages, a period that is coincident with the completion of the CST projection in mice. Subsequently, although their projection was delayed, CST axons in NB-3−/− mice gradually completed a normal projection. By stage P21, the characteristics of CST projections in NB-3−/− mice were not statistically different from those in WT mice. In addition, we found that the branching of CST axons into spinal gray matter also was delayed in NB-3−/− mice. The CST innervation area in the spinal gray matter of NB-3−/− mice was greatly reduced in comparison with WT mice until P30 and gradually became normal by P45. These data suggest that NB-3 is involved in the normal projection and terminal branching of developing CST axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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A cis-complex of NB-2/contactin-5 with amyloid precursor-like protein 1 is localized on the presynaptic membrane. Neurosci Lett 2012; 510:148-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Bukalo O, Dityatev A. Synaptic Cell Adhesion Molecules. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 970:97-128. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0932-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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45
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Stoeckli ET. Neural circuit formation in the cerebellum is controlled by cell adhesion molecules of the Contactin family. Cell Adh Migr 2011; 4:523-6. [PMID: 20622526 DOI: 10.4161/cam.4.4.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF CAMs) have been implicated in neural circuit formation in both the peripheral and the central nervous system. Several recent studies highlight a role of the Contactin group of IgSF CAMs in cerebellar development, in particular in the development of granule cells. Granule cells are the most numerous type of neurons in the nervous system and by forming a secondary proliferative zone in the cerebellum they provide an exception to the rule that neuronal precursors proliferate in the ventricular zone. Granule cells express Contactin-2, Contactin-1, and Contactin-6 in a sequential manner. Contactins are required for axon guidance, fasciculation, and synaptogenesis, and thus affect multiple steps in neural circuit formation in the developing cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther T Stoeckli
- University of Zurich, Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland.
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TrkB (tropomyosin-related kinase B) controls the assembly and maintenance of GABAergic synapses in the cerebellar cortex. J Neurosci 2011; 31:2769-80. [PMID: 21414899 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4991-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory interneurons play a critical role in coordinating the activity of neural circuits. To explore the mechanisms that direct the organization of inhibitory circuits, we analyzed the involvement of tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) in the assembly and maintenance of GABAergic inhibitory synapses between Golgi and granule cells in the mouse cerebellar cortex. We show that TrkB acts directly within each cell-type to regulate synaptic differentiation. TrkB is required not only for assembly, but also maintenance of these synapses and acts, primarily, by regulating the localization of synaptic constituents. Postsynaptically, TrkB controls the localization of a scaffolding protein, gephyrin, but acts at a step subsequent to the localization of a cell adhesion molecule, Neuroligin-2. Importantly, TrkB is required for the localization of an Ig superfamily cell adhesion molecule, Contactin-1, in Golgi and granule cells and the absence of Contactin-1 also results in deficits in inhibitory synaptic development. Thus, our findings demonstrate that TrkB controls the assembly and maintenance of GABAergic synapses and suggest that TrkB functions, in part, through promoting synaptic adhesion.
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Ye H, Zhao T, Tan YLJ, Liu J, Pallen CJ, Xiao ZC. Receptor-like protein-tyrosine phosphatase α enhances cell surface expression of neural adhesion molecule NB-3. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:26071-80. [PMID: 21622556 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.214080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural adhesion molecule NB-3 plays an important role in the apical dendrite development of layer V pyramidal neurons in the visual cortex, and receptor-like protein-tyrosine phosphatase α (PTPα) mediates NB-3 signaling in this process. Here we investigated the role of PTPα in regulating cell surface expression of NB-3. We found that cortical neurons from PTPα knock-out mice exhibited a lower level of NB-3 at the cell surface. When expressed in COS1 cells, NB-3 was enriched in the Golgi apparatus with a low level of cell surface expression. However, co-expression of PTPα increased the cell surface distribution of NB-3. Further analysis showed that PTPα facilitated Golgi exit of NB-3 and stabilized NB-3 protein at the cell surface by preventing its release from the plasma membrane. The extracellular region of PTPα but not its catalytic activity is necessary for its effect on NB-3 expression. Thus, the PTPα-mediated increase of NB-3 level at the cell surface represents a novel function of PTPα in NB-3 signaling in neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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48
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Ye H, Liu J, Wu JY. Cell adhesion molecules and their involvement in autism spectrum disorder. Neurosignals 2011; 18:62-71. [PMID: 21212702 DOI: 10.1159/000322543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by abnormalities in social interaction, language development and behavior. Recent genetic studies demonstrate that alterations in synaptic genes including those encoding cell adhesion molecules and their interaction partners play important roles in the pathogenesis of ASD. Systematic analyses of different cell adhesion molecule genes will help elucidate their normal functions and regulatory mechanisms in the establishment and maintenance of normal neural circuits and uncover genetic aberrations contributing to ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Ye
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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ZUKO AMILA, BOUYAIN SAMUEL, VAN DER ZWAAG BERT, BURBACH JPETERH. Contactins: structural aspects in relation to developmental functions in brain disease. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2011; 84:143-80. [PMID: 21846565 PMCID: PMC9921585 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386483-3.00001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The contactins are members of a protein subfamily of neural immunoglobulin (Ig) domain-containing cell adhesion molecules. Their architecture is based on six N-terminal Ig domains, four fibronectin type III domains, and a C-terminal glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor to the extracellular part of the cell membrane. Genetics of neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly autism spectrum disorders, have pinpointed contactin-4, -5, and -6 (CNTN4, -5, and -6) as potential disease genes in neurodevelopmental disorders and suggested that they participate in pathways important for appropriate brain development. These contactins have distinct but overlapping patterns of brain expression, and null-mutation causes subtle morphological and functional defects in the brain. The molecular basis of their neurodevelopmental functions is likely conferred by heterophilic protein interactions. Cntn4, -5, and -6 interact with protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor gamma (Ptptg) using a shared binding site that spans their second and third Ig repeats. Interactions with amyloid precursor protein (APP), Notch, and other IgCAMs have also been indicated. The present data indicate that Cntn4, -5, and -6 proteins may be part of heteromeric receptor complexes as well as serve as ligands themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- AMILA ZUKO
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - SAMUEL BOUYAIN
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - BERT VAN DER ZWAAG
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J. PETER H. BURBACH
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Synaptic formation in subsets of glutamatergic terminals in the mouse hippocampal formation is affected by a deficiency in the neural cell recognition molecule NB-3. Neurosci Lett 2010; 473:102-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 01/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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