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McKay EJ, Luijten I, Weng X, Martinez de Morentin PB, De Frutos González E, Gao Z, Kolonin MG, Heisler LK, Semple RK. Mesenchymal-specific Alms1 knockout in mice recapitulates metabolic features of Alström syndrome. Mol Metab 2024; 84:101933. [PMID: 38583571 PMCID: PMC11047791 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alström Syndrome (AS), caused by biallelic ALMS1 mutations, includes obesity with disproportionately severe insulin resistant diabetes, dyslipidemia, and fatty liver. Prior studies suggest that hyperphagia is accounted for by loss of ALMS1 function in hypothalamic neurones, whereas disproportionate metabolic complications may be due to impaired adipose tissue expandability. We tested this by comparing the metabolic effects of global and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-specific Alms1 knockout. METHODS Global Alms1 knockout (KO) mice were generated by crossing floxed Alms1 and CAG-Cre mice. A Pdgfrα-Cre driver was used to abrogate Alms1 function selectively in MSCs and their descendants, including preadipocytes. We combined metabolic phenotyping of global and Pdgfrα+ Alms1-KO mice on a 45% fat diet with measurements of body composition and food intake, and histological analysis of metabolic tissues. RESULTS Assessed on 45% fat diet to promote adipose expansion, global Alms1 KO caused hyperphagia, obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, and fatty liver. Pdgfrα-cre driven KO of Alms1 (MSC KO) recapitulated insulin resistance, fatty liver, and dyslipidaemia in both sexes. Other phenotypes were sexually dimorphic: increased fat mass was only present in female Alms1 MSC KO mice. Hyperphagia was not evident in male Alms1 MSC KO mice, but was found in MSC KO females, despite no neuronal Pdgfrα expression. CONCLUSIONS Mesenchymal deletion of Alms1 recapitulates metabolic features of AS, including fatty liver. This confirms a key role for Alms1 in the adipose lineage, where its loss is sufficient to cause systemic metabolic effects and damage to remote organs. Hyperphagia in females may depend on Alms1 deficiency in oligodendrocyte precursor cells rather than neurones. AS should be regarded as a forme fruste of lipodystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor J McKay
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ineke Luijten
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Xiong Weng
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pablo B Martinez de Morentin
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Elvira De Frutos González
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; Área de Fisiología Humana, Departamento de Ciencias básicas de la Salud, Facultad de ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Zhanguo Gao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mikhail G Kolonin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lora K Heisler
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Robert K Semple
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Montero-Vallejo R, Maya-Miles D, Ampuero J, Martín F, Romero-Gómez M, Gallego-Durán R. Novel insights into metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease preclinical models. Liver Int 2024; 44:644-662. [PMID: 38291855 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) encompasses a wide spectrum of metabolic conditions associated with an excess of fat accumulation in the liver, ranging from simple hepatic steatosis to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Finding appropriate tools to study its development and progression is essential to address essential unmet therapeutic and staging needs. This review discusses advantages and shortcomings of different dietary, chemical and genetic factors that can be used to mimic this disease and its progression in mice from a hepatic and metabolic point of view. Also, this review will highlight some additional factors and considerations that could have a strong impact on the outcomes of our model to end up providing recommendations and a checklist to facilitate the selection of the appropriate MASLD preclinical model based on clinical aims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Montero-Vallejo
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/CSIC/Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- Hepatic and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Douglas Maya-Miles
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/CSIC/Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- Hepatic and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Javier Ampuero
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/CSIC/Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- Hepatic and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Sevilla, Spain
- Digestive Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Franz Martín
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, University Pablo Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Seville, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network on Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases-CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Romero-Gómez
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/CSIC/Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- Hepatic and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Sevilla, Spain
- Digestive Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rocío Gallego-Durán
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/CSIC/Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- Hepatic and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Sevilla, Spain
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Han JC, Rasmussen MC, Forte AR, Schrage SB, Zafar SK, Haqq AM. Management of Monogenic and Syndromic Obesity. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2023; 52:733-750. [PMID: 37919024 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Similar to the general population, lifestyle interventions focused on nutrition and physical activity form the foundation for treating obesity caused by rare genetic disorders. Additional therapies, including metreleptin and setmelanotide, that target defects within the leptin signaling pathway can effectively synergize with lifestyle efforts to treat monogenic disorders of leptin, leptin receptor, proopiomelanocortin (POMC), and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1 (PCSK1) and syndromic conditions, such as the ciliopathies Bardet-Biedl and Alström syndromes, whose pathophysiological mechanisms also converge on the leptin pathway. Investigational treatments for Prader-Willi syndrome target specific defects caused by reduced expression of paternally derived genes within the chromosome 15q region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan C Han
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Marcus C Rasmussen
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alison R Forte
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie B Schrage
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah K Zafar
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea M Haqq
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Stephenson EJ, Kinney CE, Stayton AS, Han JC. Energy expenditure deficits drive obesity in a mouse model of Alström syndrome. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:2786-2798. [PMID: 37712194 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alström syndrome (AS) is a rare multisystem disorder of which early onset childhood obesity is a cardinal feature. Like humans with AS, animal models with Alms1 loss-of-function mutations develop obesity, supporting the notion that ALMS1 is required for the regulatory control of energy balance across species. This study aimed to determine which component(s) of energy balance are reliant on ALMS1. METHODS Comprehensive energy balance phenotyping was performed on Alms1tvrm102 mice at both 8 and 18 weeks of age. RESULTS It was found that adiposity gains occurred early and rapidly in Alms1tvrm102 male mice but much later in females. Rapid increases in body fat in males were due to a marked reduction in energy expenditure (EE) during early life and not due to any genotype-specific increases in energy intake under chow conditions. Energy intake did increase in a genotype-specific manner when mice were provided a high-fat diet, exacerbating the effects of reduced EE on obesity progression. The EE deficit observed in male Alms1tvrm102 mice did not persist as mice aged. CONCLUSIONS Either loss of ALMS1 causes a developmental delay in the mechanisms controlling early life EE or activation of compensatory mechanisms occurs after obesity is established in AS. Future studies will determine how ALMS1 modulates EE and how sex moderates this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin J Stephenson
- Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies and Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Clint E Kinney
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amanda S Stayton
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joan C Han
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Kravis Children's Hospital, New York, New York, USA
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McKay EJ, Luijten I, Weng X, Martinez de Morentin PB, De Frutos González E, Gao Z, Kolonin MG, Heisler LK, Semple RK. Mesenchymal-specific Alms1 knockout in mice recapitulates key metabolic features of Alström Syndrome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.12.562074. [PMID: 37873427 PMCID: PMC10592792 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.12.562074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Background Alström Syndrome (AS), a multi-system disease caused by mutations in the ALMS1 gene, includes obesity with disproportionately severe insulin resistant diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hepatosteatosis. How loss of ALMS1 causes this phenotype is poorly understood, but prior studies have circumstancially implicated impaired adipose tissue expandability. We set out to test this by comparing the metabolic effects of selective Alms1 knockout in mesenchymal cells including preadipocytes to those of global Alms1 knockout. Methods Global Alms1 knockout (KO) mice were generated by crossing floxed Alms1 and CAG-Cre mice. A Pdgfrα -Cre driver was used to abrogate Alms1 function selectively in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their descendants, including preadipocytes. We combined metabolic phenotyping of global and Pdgfrα + Alms1 -KO mice on a 45% fat diet with measurements of body composition and food intake, and histological analysis of metabolic tissues. Results Global Alms1 KO caused hyperphagia, obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, and fatty liver. Pdgfrα - cre driven KO of Alms1 (MSC KO) recapitulated insulin resistance, fatty liver, and dyslipidaemia in both sexes. Other phenotypes were sexually dimorphic: increased fat mass was only present in female Alms1 MSC KO mice. Hyperphagia was not evident in male Alms1 MSC KO mice, but was found in MSC KO females, despite no neuronal Pdgfr α expression. Conclusions Mesenchymal deletion of Alms1 recapitulates the metabolic features of AS, including severe fatty liver. This confirms a key role for Alms1 in the adipose lineage, where its loss is sufficient to cause systemic metabolic effects and damage to remote organs. AS should be regarded as a forme fruste of lipodystrophy. Therapies should prioritise targeting positive energy balance.
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Monu SR, Potter DL, Liao TD, King KN, Ortiz PA. Role of Alström syndrome 1 in the regulation of glomerular hemodynamics. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F418-F425. [PMID: 37560774 PMCID: PMC10639022 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00017.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivating mutations in the ALMS1 gene in humans cause Alström syndrome, characterized by the early onset of obesity, insulin resistance, and renal dysfunction. However, the role of ALMS1 in renal function and hemodynamics is unclear. We previously found that ALMS1 is expressed in thick ascending limbs, where it binds and decreases Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter activity. We hypothesized that ALMS1 is expressed in macula densa cells and that its deletion enhances tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) and reduces glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in rats. To test this, homozygous ALMS1 knockout (KO) and littermate wild-type Dahl salt-sensitive rats were studied. TGF sensitivity was higher in ALMS1 KO rats as measured by in vivo renal micropuncture. Using confocal microscopy, we confirmed immunolabeling of ALMS1 in macula densa cells (nitric oxide synthase 1 positive), supporting a role for ALMS1 in TGF regulation. Baseline glomerular capillary pressure was higher in ALMS1 KO rats, as was mean arterial pressure. Renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure was lower in ALMS1 KO rats, which is linked to increased Na+ reabsorption and hypertension. GFR was reduced in ALMS1 KO rats. Seven-week-old ALMS1 KO rats were not proteinuric, but proteinuria was present in 18- to 22-wk-old ALMS1 KO rats. The glomerulosclerosis index was higher in 18-wk-old ALMS1 KO rats. In conclusion, ALMS1 is involved in the control of glomerular hemodynamics in part by enhancing TGF sensitivity, and this may contribute to decreased GFR. Increased TGF sensitivity, enhanced glomerular capillary pressure, and hypertension may lead to glomerular damage in ALMS1 KO rats. These are the first data supporting the role of ALMS1 in TGF and glomerular hemodynamics.NEW & NOTEWORTHY ALMS1 is a novel protein involved in regulating tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) sensitivity, glomerular capillary pressure, and blood pressure, and its dysfunction may reduce renal function and cause glomerular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit R Monu
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - D'Anna L Potter
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Tang-Dong Liao
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Keyona Nicole King
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Pablo A Ortiz
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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Basha A, May SC, Anderson RM, Samala N, Mirmira RG. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Translating Disease Mechanisms into Therapeutics Using Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9996. [PMID: 37373143 PMCID: PMC10298283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a range of pathologies arising from fat accumulation in the liver in the absence of excess alcohol use or other causes of liver disease. Its complications include cirrhosis and liver failure, hepatocellular carcinoma, and eventual death. NAFLD is the most common cause of liver disease globally and is estimated to affect nearly one-third of individuals in the United States. Despite knowledge that the incidence and prevalence of NAFLD are increasing, the pathophysiology of the disease and its progression to cirrhosis remain insufficiently understood. The molecular pathogenesis of NAFLD involves insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Better insight into these molecular pathways would allow for therapies that target specific stages of NAFLD. Preclinical animal models have aided in defining these mechanisms and have served as platforms for screening and testing of potential therapeutic approaches. In this review, we will discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms thought to contribute to NAFLD, with a focus on the role of animal models in elucidating these mechanisms and in developing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Basha
- Kovler Diabetes Center, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sarah C. May
- Kovler Diabetes Center, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ryan M. Anderson
- Kovler Diabetes Center, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Niharika Samala
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Raghavendra G. Mirmira
- Kovler Diabetes Center, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Domingues I, Michalowski CB, Marotti V, Zhang W, Van Hul M, Cani PD, Leclercq IA, Beloqui A. Exploiting the biological effect exerted by lipid nanocapsules in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Control Release 2023; 356:542-553. [PMID: 36907563 PMCID: PMC7614370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects approximately 25% of the global adult population and can progress to end-stage liver disease with life-threatening complications; however, no pharmacologic therapy has been approved. Drug delivery systems such as lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) are a very versatile platform, easy to produce, and can induce the secretion of the native glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) when orally administered. GLP-1 analogs are currently being extensively studied in clinical trials in the context of NAFLD. Our nanosystem provides with increased levels of GLP-1, triggered by the nanocarrier itself, and by the plasmatic absorption of the encapsulated synthetic analog (exenatide). Our goal in this study was to demonstrate a better outcome and a greater impact on the metabolic syndrome and liver disease progression associated with NAFLD with our nanosystem than with the subcutaneous injection of the GLP-1 analog alone. To that end, we studied the effect of chronic administration (one month) of our nanocarriers in two mouse models of early NASH: a genetic model (foz/foz mice fed a high fat diet (HFD)) and a dietary model (C57BL/6J mice fed with a western diet plus fructose (WDF)). Our strategy had a positive impact in promoting the normalization of glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance in both models, mitigating the progression of the disease. In the liver, diverging results were observed between the models, with the foz/foz mice presenting a better outcome. Although a complete resolution of NASH was not achieved in either model, the oral administration of the nanosystem was more efficient at preventing the progression of the disease into more severe states than the subcutaneous injection. We thus confirmed our hypothesis that the oral administration of our formulation has a stronger effect on alleviating the metabolic syndrome associated with NAFLD than the subcutaneous injection of the peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Domingues
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials Group, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 73, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cecilia Bohns Michalowski
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials Group, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 73, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valentina Marotti
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials Group, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 73, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wunan Zhang
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials Group, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 73, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthias Van Hul
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Group, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 73, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology), WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Avenue Pasteur, 6, 1300 Wavre, Belgium
| | - Patrice D Cani
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Group, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 73, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology), WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Avenue Pasteur, 6, 1300 Wavre, Belgium
| | - Isabelle A Leclercq
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 53, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ana Beloqui
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials Group, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 73, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology), WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Avenue Pasteur, 6, 1300 Wavre, Belgium.
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Wu Y, Zhou J, Yang Y. Peripheral and central control of obesity by primary cilia. J Genet Genomics 2023; 50:295-304. [PMID: 36632916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are hair-like structures that protrude from the cell surface. They are capable of sensing external cues and conveying a vast array of signals into cells to regulate a variety of physiological activities. Mutations in cilium-associated genes are linked to a group of diseases with overlapping clinical manifestations, collectively known as ciliopathies. A significant proportion of human ciliopathy cases are accompanied by metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, the mechanisms through which dysfunction of primary cilia contributes to obesity are complex. In this article, we present an overview of primary cilia and highlight obesity-related ciliopathies. We also discuss the potential role of primary cilia in peripheral organs, with a focus on adipose tissues. In addition, we emphasize the significance of primary cilia in the central regulation of obesity, especially the involvement of ciliary signaling in the hypothalamic control of feeding behavior. This article therefore proposes a framework of both peripheral and central regulation of obesity by primary cilia, which may benefit further exploration of the ciliary role in metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Yunfan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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Flessa CM, Nasiri-Ansari N, Kyrou I, Leca BM, Lianou M, Chatzigeorgiou A, Kaltsas G, Kassi E, Randeva HS. Genetic and Diet-Induced Animal Models for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Research. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415791. [PMID: 36555433 PMCID: PMC9780957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapidly increasing incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is noted worldwide due to the adoption of western-type lifestyles and eating habits. This makes the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that drive the pathogenesis of this chronic disease and the development of newly approved treatments of utmost necessity. Animal models are indispensable tools for achieving these ends. Although the ideal mouse model for human NAFLD does not exist yet, several models have arisen with the combination of dietary interventions, genetic manipulations and/or administration of chemical substances. Herein, we present the most common mouse models used in the research of NAFLD, either for the whole disease spectrum or for a particular disease stage (e.g., non-alcoholic steatohepatitis). We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each model, along with the challenges facing the researchers who aim to develop and use animal models for translational research in NAFLD. Based on these characteristics and the specific study aims/needs, researchers should select the most appropriate model with caution when translating results from animal to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina-Maria Flessa
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Narjes Nasiri-Ansari
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kyrou
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
- Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Quality of Life, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Bianca M. Leca
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Maria Lianou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory Kaltsas
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Eva Kassi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (H.S.R.)
| | - Harpal S. Randeva
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (H.S.R.)
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11
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Brewer KM, Brewer KK, Richardson NC, Berbari NF. Neuronal cilia in energy homeostasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1082141. [PMID: 36568981 PMCID: PMC9773564 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1082141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of genetic disorders termed ciliopathies are associated with obesity. The mechanisms behind cilia dysfunction and altered energy homeostasis in these syndromes are complex and likely involve deficits in both development and adult homeostasis. Interestingly, several cilia-associated gene mutations also lead to morbid obesity. While cilia have critical and diverse functions in energy homeostasis, including their roles in centrally mediated food intake and peripheral tissues, many questions remain. Here, we briefly discuss syndromic ciliopathies and monogenic cilia signaling mutations associated with obesity. We then focus on potential ways neuronal cilia regulate energy homeostasis. We discuss the literature around cilia and leptin-melanocortin signaling and changes in ciliary G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. We also discuss the different brain regions where cilia are implicated in energy homeostasis and the potential for cilia dysfunction in neural development to contribute to obesity. We close with a short discussion on the challenges and opportunities associated with studies looking at neuronal cilia and energy homeostasis. This review highlights how neuronal cilia-mediated signaling is critical for proper energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M. Brewer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Katlyn K. Brewer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Nicholas C. Richardson
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Nicolas F. Berbari
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States,Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States,*Correspondence: Nicolas F. Berbari,
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12
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Phung HH, Lee CH. Mouse models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and their application to new drug development. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:761-794. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01410-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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13
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Raman V, Gupta A, Ashraf AP, Breidbart E, Gourgari E, Kamboj M, Kohn B, Krishnan S, Lahoti A, Matlock K, Mehta S, Mistry S, Miller R, Page L, Reynolds D, Han JC. Pharmacologic Weight Management in the Era of Adolescent Obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:2716-2728. [PMID: 35932277 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pediatric obesity is a serious health problem in the United States. While lifestyle modification therapy with dietary changes and increased physical activity are integral for the prevention and treatment of mild to moderate obesity in youth, only a modest effect on sustained weight reduction is observed in children and young adults with severe obesity. This underscores the need for additional evidence-based interventions for children and adolescents with severe obesity, including pharmacotherapy, before considering invasive procedures such as bariatric surgery. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION This publication focuses on recent advances in pharmacotherapy of obesity with an emphasis on medications approved for common and rarer monogenic forms of pediatric obesity. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS We review medications currently available in the United States, both those approved for weight reduction in children and "off-label" medications that have a broad safety margin. CONCLUSION It is intended that this review will provide guidance for practicing clinicians and will encourage future exploration for successful pharmacotherapy and other interventions for obesity in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Raman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84113, USA
| | - Anshu Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Richmond at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA
| | - Ambika P Ashraf
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35233, USA
| | - Emily Breidbart
- Department of Pediatrics, Division Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Evgenia Gourgari
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia 20007, USA
| | - Manmohan Kamboj
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Nationwide Children's Hospital at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
| | - Brenda Kohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Sowmya Krishnan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Amit Lahoti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Kristal Matlock
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
| | - Shilpa Mehta
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
| | - Sejal Mistry
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
| | - Ryan Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21093, USA
| | - Laura Page
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Danielle Reynolds
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - Joan C Han
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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14
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Chang KJ, Wu HY, Yarmishyn AA, Li CY, Hsiao YJ, Chi YC, Lo TC, Dai HJ, Yang YC, Liu DH, Hwang DK, Chen SJ, Hsu CC, Kao CL. Genetics behind Cerebral Disease with Ocular Comorbidity: Finding Parallels between the Brain and Eye Molecular Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179707. [PMID: 36077104 PMCID: PMC9456058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral visual impairments (CVIs) is an umbrella term that categorizes miscellaneous visual defects with parallel genetic brain disorders. While the manifestations of CVIs are diverse and ambiguous, molecular diagnostics stand out as a powerful approach for understanding pathomechanisms in CVIs. Nevertheless, the characterization of CVI disease cohorts has been fragmented and lacks integration. By revisiting the genome-wide and phenome-wide association studies (GWAS and PheWAS), we clustered a handful of renowned CVIs into five ontology groups, namely ciliopathies (Joubert syndrome, Bardet–Biedl syndrome, Alstrom syndrome), demyelination diseases (multiple sclerosis, Alexander disease, Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease), transcriptional deregulation diseases (Mowat–Wilson disease, Pitt–Hopkins disease, Rett syndrome, Cockayne syndrome, X-linked alpha-thalassaemia mental retardation), compromised peroxisome disorders (Zellweger spectrum disorder, Refsum disease), and channelopathies (neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder), and reviewed several mutation hotspots currently found to be associated with the CVIs. Moreover, we discussed the common manifestations in the brain and the eye, and collated animal study findings to discuss plausible gene editing strategies for future CVI correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kao-Jung Chang
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yu Wu
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | | | - Cheng-Yi Li
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jer Hsiao
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Chi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chen Lo
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - He-Jhen Dai
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chiang Yang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Hao Liu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - De-Kuang Hwang
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chien Hsu
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-C.H.); (C.-L.K.); Tel.: +886-2-287-573-25 (C.-C.H.); +886-2-287-573-63 (C.-L.K.)
| | - Chung-Lan Kao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-Devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-C.H.); (C.-L.K.); Tel.: +886-2-287-573-25 (C.-C.H.); +886-2-287-573-63 (C.-L.K.)
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15
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Du Y, Zhang W, Qiu H, Xiao C, Shi J, Reid LM, He Z. Mouse Models of Liver Parenchyma Injuries and Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:903740. [PMID: 35721478 PMCID: PMC9198899 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.903740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice have genetic and physiological similarities with humans and a well-characterized genetic background that is easy to manipulate. Murine models have become the most favored, robust mammalian systems for experimental analyses of biological processes and disease conditions due to their low cost, rapid reproduction, a wealth of mouse strains with defined genetic conditions (both native ones as well as ones established experimentally), and high reproducibility with respect to that which can be done in experimental studies. In this review, we focus on murine models for liver, an organ with renown regenerative capacity and the organ most central to systemic, complex metabolic and physiological functions for mammalian hosts. Establishment of murine models has been achieved for all aspects of studies of normal liver, liver diseases, liver injuries, and regenerative repair mechanisms. We summarize key information on current mouse systems that partially model facets of clinical scenarios, particularly those associated with drug-induced acute or chronic liver injuries, dietary related, non-alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD), hepatitis virus infectious chronic liver diseases, and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). In addition, we also include mouse models that are suitable for studying liver cancers (e.g., hepatocellular carcinomas), the aging process (senescence, apoptosis), and various types of liver injuries and regenerative processes associated with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Du
- Department of General Surgery, Ji’an Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Ji’an, China
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wencheng Zhang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Stem Cells Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Ji’an Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Ji’an, China
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Canjun Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Ji’an Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Ji’an, China
| | - Jun Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Ji’an Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Ji’an, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiying He, ; Lola M. Reid, , ; Jun Shi,
| | - Lola M. Reid
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Zhiying He, ; Lola M. Reid, , ; Jun Shi,
| | - Zhiying He
- Department of General Surgery, Ji’an Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Ji’an, China
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Stem Cells Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiying He, ; Lola M. Reid, , ; Jun Shi,
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16
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Lee CH, Kang GM, Kim MS. Mechanisms of Weight Control by Primary Cilia. Mol Cells 2022; 45:169-176. [PMID: 35387896 PMCID: PMC9001153 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.2046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A primary cilium, a hair-like protrusion of the plasma membrane, is a pivotal organelle for sensing external environmental signals and transducing intracellular signaling. An interesting linkage between cilia and obesity has been revealed by studies of the human genetic ciliopathies Bardet-Biedl syndrome and Alström syndrome, in which obesity is a principal manifestation. Mouse models of cell type-specific cilia dysgenesis have subsequently demonstrated that ciliary defects restricted to specific hypothalamic neurons are sufficient to induce obesity and hyperphagia. A potential mechanism underlying hypothalamic neuron cilia-related obesity is impaired ciliary localization of G protein-coupled receptors involved in the regulation of appetite and energy metabolism. A well-studied example of this is melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), mutations in which are the most common cause of human monogenic obesity. In the paraventricular hypothalamus neurons, a blockade of ciliary trafficking of MC4R as well as its downstream ciliary signaling leads to hyperphagia and weight gain. Another potential mechanism is reduced leptin signaling in hypothalamic neurons with defective cilia. Leptin receptors traffic to the periciliary area upon leptin stimulation. Moreover, defects in cilia formation hamper leptin signaling and actions in both developing and differentiated hypothalamic neurons. The list of obesity-linked ciliary proteins is expending and this supports a tight association between cilia and obesity. This article provides a brief review on the mechanism of how ciliary defects in hypothalamic neurons facilitate obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Hee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Gil Myoung Kang
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Min-Seon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
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17
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Zhang Q, Ding Y, Feng B, Tang Y, Chen Y, Wang Y, Chang G, Liu S, Wang J, Li Q, Fu L, Wang X. Molecular and Phenotypic Expansion of Alström Syndrome in Chinese Patients. Front Genet 2022; 13:808919. [PMID: 35211159 PMCID: PMC8861322 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.808919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alström syndrome (ALMS) is a rare inherited metabolic disease and ciliopathy. Large cohorts of ALMS are lacking around the world. Detailed genetic and phenotypic data were obtained from all affected individuals. Olfactory function was evaluated by the Chinese Smell Identification Test and facial pattern was analyzed with Face2gene. Fifty ALMS patients were included in this study, aged from 0.3 to 21.7 years old. Sixty-one ALMS1 variants in 50 patients from 47 different families were confirmed, including 59 truncating and two exon deletions. Twenty-four of those variants were novel. We also summarized all previously reported cases of Chinese ALMS patients (69 patients) and identified specific and common variants within the Chinese population. Besides, the Chinese Smell Identification Test scores in patients was lower than that in controls (11.97 Vs. 10.44, p < .05), indicating olfactory identification impairments in ALMS patients. The facial pattern in ALMS patients was also distinctive from that of the controls (p < .05). In conclusion, this is the largest cohort of Chinese ALMS patients. We have successfully identified both specific and common variants in our cohort. We found a new phenotype of olfactory impairments in ALMS patients through a case-control study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Biyun Feng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijun Tang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yirou Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoying Chang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shijian Liu
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Li
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health in Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Ali ES, Girard D, Petrovsky N. Impaired Ca 2+ signaling due to hepatic steatosis mediates hepatic insulin resistance in Alström syndrome mice that is reversed by GLP-1 analog treatment. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 321:C187-C198. [PMID: 34106786 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00020.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ signaling plays a critical role in the regulation of hepatic metabolism by hormones including insulin. Changes in cytoplasmic Ca2+ regulate synthesis and posttranslational modification of key signaling proteins in the insulin pathways. Emerging evidence suggests that hepatocyte intracellular Ca2+ signaling is altered in lipid-loaded liver cells isolated from obese rodent models. The mechanisms of altered Ca2+-insulin and insulin-Ca2+ signaling pathways in obesity remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the kinetics of insulin-initiated intracellular (initial) Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum is significantly impaired in steatotic hepatocytes from obese Alström syndrome mice. Furthermore, exenatide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog, reversed lipid-induced inhibition of intracellular Ca2+ release kinetics in steatotic hepatocytes, without affecting the total content of intracellular Ca2+ released. Exenatide reversed the lipid-induced inhibition of intracellular Ca2+ release, at least partially, via lipid reduction in hepatocytes, which then restored hormone-regulated cytoplasmic Ca2+ signaling and insulin sensitivity. This data provides additional evidence for the important role of Ca2+ signaling pathways in obesity-associated impaired hepatic lipid homeostasis and insulin signaling. It also highlights a potential advantage of GLP-1 analogs when used to treat type 2 diabetes associated with hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunus S Ali
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Vaxine Pty Ltd, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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19
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Zhang JJ, Wang JQ, Sun MQ, Xu D, Xiao Y, Lu WL, Dong ZY. Alström syndrome with a novel mutation of ALMS1 and Graves’ hyperthyroidism: A case report and review of the literature. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:3200-3211. [PMID: 33969109 PMCID: PMC8080750 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i13.3200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alström syndrome (AS, OMIM ID 203800) is a rare disease involving multiple organs in children and is mostly reported in non-Chinese patients. In the Chinese population, there are few reports on the clinical manifestations and pathogenesis of AS. This is the first report on the association between AS and Graves’ hyperthyroidism.
CASE SUMMARY An 8-year-old Chinese girl was diagnosed with AS. Two years later, Graves’ hyperthyroidism developed with progressive liver dysfunction. The patient’s clinical data were collected; DNA from peripheral blood of the proband, parents and sibling was collected for gene mutation detection using the second-generation sequencing method and gene panel for diabetes. The association between the patient’s genotype and clinical phenotype was analyzed. She carried the pathogenic compound heterozygous mutation of ALMS1 (c.2296_2299del4 and c.11460C>A). These stop-gain mutations likely caused truncation of the ALMS1 protein.
CONCLUSION The manifestation of hyperthyroidism may suggest rapid progression of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Juan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jun-Qi Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Man-Qing Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - De Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yuan Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wen-Li Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhi-Ya Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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20
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Bettini S, Bombonato G, Dassie F, Favaretto F, Piffer L, Bizzotto P, Busetto L, Chemello L, Senzolo M, Merkel C, Angeli P, Vettor R, Milan G, Maffei P. Liver Fibrosis and Steatosis in Alström Syndrome: A Genetic Model for Metabolic Syndrome. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11050797. [PMID: 33924909 PMCID: PMC8170882 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11050797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alström syndrome (ALMS) is an ultra-rare monogenic disease characterized by insulin resistance, multi-organ fibrosis, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and hypertriglyceridemia with high and early incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We evaluated liver fibrosis quantifying liver stiffness (LS) by shear wave elastography (SWE) and steatosis using ultrasound sonographic (US) liver/kidney ratios (L/K) in 18 patients with ALMS and 25 controls, and analyzed the contribution of metabolic and genetic alterations in NAFLD progression. We also genetically characterized patients. LS and L/K values were significantly higher in patients compared with in controls (p < 0.001 versus p = 0.013). In patients, LS correlated with the Fibrosis-4 Index and age, while L/K was associated with triglyceride levels. LS showed an increasing trend in patients with metabolic comorbidities and displayed a significant correlation with waist circumference, the homeostasis model assessment, and glycated hemoglobin A1c. SWE and US represent promising tools to accurately evaluate early liver fibrosis and steatosis in adults and children with ALMS during follow-up. We described a new pathogenic variant of exon 8 in ALMS1. Patients with ALMS displayed enhanced steatosis, an early increased age-dependent LS that is associated with obesity and T2DM but also linked to genetic alterations, suggesting that ALMS1 could be involved in liver fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bettini
- Internal Medicine 3, Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (F.F.); (L.B.); (R.V.); (G.M.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (F.D.); Tel.: +39-333-204-6896 (S.B.); Tel.: +39-049-821-7021 (F.D.)
| | - Giancarlo Bombonato
- Internal Medicine 5, Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (G.B.); (L.P.); (P.B.); (L.C.); (C.M.); (P.A.)
| | - Francesca Dassie
- Internal Medicine 3, Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (F.F.); (L.B.); (R.V.); (G.M.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (F.D.); Tel.: +39-333-204-6896 (S.B.); Tel.: +39-049-821-7021 (F.D.)
| | - Francesca Favaretto
- Internal Medicine 3, Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (F.F.); (L.B.); (R.V.); (G.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Luca Piffer
- Internal Medicine 5, Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (G.B.); (L.P.); (P.B.); (L.C.); (C.M.); (P.A.)
| | - Paola Bizzotto
- Internal Medicine 5, Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (G.B.); (L.P.); (P.B.); (L.C.); (C.M.); (P.A.)
| | - Luca Busetto
- Internal Medicine 3, Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (F.F.); (L.B.); (R.V.); (G.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Liliana Chemello
- Internal Medicine 5, Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (G.B.); (L.P.); (P.B.); (L.C.); (C.M.); (P.A.)
| | - Marco Senzolo
- Gastroenterology Department of Oncological and Gastroenterological Surgical Sciences, DiSCOG, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy;
| | - Carlo Merkel
- Internal Medicine 5, Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (G.B.); (L.P.); (P.B.); (L.C.); (C.M.); (P.A.)
| | - Paolo Angeli
- Internal Medicine 5, Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (G.B.); (L.P.); (P.B.); (L.C.); (C.M.); (P.A.)
| | - Roberto Vettor
- Internal Medicine 3, Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (F.F.); (L.B.); (R.V.); (G.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Gabriella Milan
- Internal Medicine 3, Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (F.F.); (L.B.); (R.V.); (G.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Pietro Maffei
- Internal Medicine 3, Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (F.F.); (L.B.); (R.V.); (G.M.); (P.M.)
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21
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Dassie F, Favaretto F, Bettini S, Parolin M, Valenti M, Reschke F, Danne T, Vettor R, Milan G, Maffei P. Alström syndrome: an ultra-rare monogenic disorder as a model for insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Endocrine 2021; 71:618-625. [PMID: 33566311 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-021-02643-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alström syndrome (ALMS) is a monogenic ultra-rare disorder with a prevalence of one per million inhabitants caused by pathogenic variants of ALMS1 gene. ALMS1 is located on chromosome 2p13, spans 23 exons and encodes a predicted 461.2-kDa protein of 4169 amino acids. The infantile cone-rod dystrophy with nystagmus and severe visual impairment is the earliest and most consistent clinical manifestation of ALMS. In addition, infantile transient cardiomyopathy, early childhood obesity with hyperphagia, deafness, insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), systemic fibrosis and progressive renal or liver dysfunction are common findings. ALMS1 encodes a large ubiquitously expressed protein that is associated with the centrosome and the basal body of primary cilium. CURRENT RESEARCH The localisation of ALMS1 to the ciliary basal body suggests its contribution to ciliogenesis and/or normal ciliary function, or centriolar stability. ALMS1 regulate glucose transport through the actin cytoskeleton, which plays an important role in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 transport. Both extreme IR and β-cell failure are the two determinant factors responsible for the development of glucose metabolism alterations in ALMS. TREATMENT Currently, there is no known cure for ALMS other than managing the underlying systemic diseases. When possible, individuals with ALMS and families should be referred to a centre of expertise and followed by a multidisciplinary team. Lifestyle modification, aerobic exercise and dietary induced weight loss are highly recommended as primary treatment for ALMS patients with T2DM and obesity. CONCLUSION Managing a rare disease requires not only medical care but also a support network including patient associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Dassie
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Clinica Medica 3, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Favaretto
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Clinica Medica 3, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Bettini
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Clinica Medica 3, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Parolin
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Clinica Medica 3, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Marina Valenti
- Italian Association of Alström Syndrome Patients-ASS.A.I., Endo-ERN ePAG, Padua, Italy
| | - Felix Reschke
- Department of General Pediatrics, Endocrinology/Diabetology and Clinical Research, Children's Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Danne
- Department of General Pediatrics, Endocrinology/Diabetology and Clinical Research, Children's Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roberto Vettor
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Clinica Medica 3, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Gabriella Milan
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Clinica Medica 3, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Pietro Maffei
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Clinica Medica 3, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy.
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22
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Dassie F, Lorusso R, Benavides-Varela S, Milan G, Favaretto F, Callus E, Cagnin S, Reggiani F, Minervini G, Tosatto S, Vettor R, Semenza C, Maffei P. Neurocognitive assessment and DNA sequencing expand the phenotype and genotype spectrum of Alström syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:732-742. [PMID: 33410256 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alström syndrome (OMIM#203800) is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive monogenic disease presenting pathogenic variants in ALMS1 (chromosome 2p13). It is characterized by early onset of blindness, hearing loss and systemic comorbidities, with delayed development without cognitive impairment. We aimed to investigate the cognitive functions and describe new pathogenic variants in Alström syndrome patients. Nineteen patients (13 adults, 6 children) underwent a thorough clinical, genetic, laboratory, instrumental, and neurocognitive assessment. Six new pathogenic variants in ALMS1 including the first described in exon 6 were identified. Four patients displayed a "mild phenotype" characterized by slow disease onset or absence of complications, including childhood obesity and association with at least one pathogenic variant in exon 5 or 6. At neurocognitive testing, a significant proportion of patients had deficits in three neurocognitive domains: similarities, phonological memory, and apraxia. In particular, 53% of patients showed difficulties in the auditory working memory test. We found ideomotor and buccofacial apraxia in 74% of patients. "Mild phenotype" patients performed better on auditory working memory and ideomotor apraxia test than "typical phenotype" ones (91.9 + 16.3% vs. 41.7 + 34.5% of correct answers, Z = 64.5, p < .01 and 92.5 + 9.6 vs. 61.7 + 26.3, Z = 61, p < .05, respectively). Deficits in auditory working memory, ideomotor, and buccofacial apraxia were found in these patients and fewer neuropsychological deficits were found in the "mild" phenotype group. Furthermore, in the "mild" phenotype group, it was found that all pathogenic variants are localized before exon 8.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Edward Callus
- Clinical Psychology Service, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Cagnin
- DiBio, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy.,CRIBI Biotechnology Center, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Silvio Tosatto
- DSB, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Semenza
- DNS (PNC), Università di Padova, Padova, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale S Camillo, Venezia, Italy
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23
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Leng YR, Zhang MH, Luo JG, Zhang H. Pathogenesis of NASH and Promising Natural Products. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:12-27. [PMID: 33516448 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a common clinical condition that can lead to advanced liver diseases. The mechanism of the diaease progression, which is lacking effective therapy, remains obsure. Therefore, there is a need to understand the pathogenic mechanisms responsible for disease development and progression in order to develop innovative therapies. To accomplish this goal, experimental animal models that recapitulate the human disease are necessary. Currently, an increasing number of studies have focused on natural constituents from medicinal plants which have been emerged as a new hope for NASH. This review summarized the pathogenesis of NASH, animal models commonly used, and the promising targets for therapeutics. We also reviewed the natural constituents as potential NASH therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Rong Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mei-Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jian-Guang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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24
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Bardet-Biedl syndrome and related disorders in Japan. J Hum Genet 2020; 65:847-853. [PMID: 32451492 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-020-0778-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by obesity, mental impairment, rod-cone dystrophy, polydactyly, male hypogonadism, and renal abnormalities. This disorder is caused by mutations in BBS1-21. Alström syndrome (AS), caused solely by mutations in ALMS1, is another genetic obesity syndrome clinically similar to BBS. We previously conducted the first nationwide survey of BBS in Japan and found four patients with genetically definite BBS. In this study, exome analyses were performed on new patients whose symptoms fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for BBS. We identified one reported heterozygous mutation in BBS1 (p.R429*) in one patient, two novel mutations (p.L493R and p.H719Y) in BBS20 in a second patient, and one novel mutation (p.Q920*) and one reported mutation (p.R2928*) in ALMS1 in a third patient, who was subsequently diagnosed with AS. The first patient with BBS was previously considered to have digenic heterozygous mutations in BBS1 and BBS4. RT-PCR and long-range genomic PCR analyses identified a new heterozygous mutation in BBS1, the deletion of exons 10 and 11. Thus, this patient was compound heterozygous for mutations in BBS1. Many studies have described digenic heterozygous mutations in BBS. However, undetected mutations might have existed in either one of the mutated genes.
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25
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Engle SE, Bansal R, Antonellis PJ, Berbari NF. Cilia signaling and obesity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 110:43-50. [PMID: 32466971 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An emerging number of rare genetic disorders termed ciliopathies are associated with pediatric obesity. It is becoming clear that the mechanisms associated with cilia dysfunction and obesity in these syndromes are complex. In addition to ciliopathic syndromic forms of obesity, several cilia-associated signaling gene mutations also lead to morbid obesity. While cilia have critical and diverse functions in energy homeostasis including their roles in centrally mediated food intake as well as in peripheral tissues, many questions remain. Here, we briefly discuss the syndromic ciliopathies and monoallelic cilia signaling gene mutations associated with obesity. We also describe potential ways cilia may be involved in common obesity. We discuss how neuronal cilia impact food intake potentially through leptin signaling and changes in ciliary G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. We highlight several recent studies that have implicated the potential for cilia in peripheral tissues such as adipose and the pancreas to contribute to metabolic dysfunction. Then we discuss the potential for cilia to impact energy homeostasis through their roles in both development and adult tissue homeostasis. The studies discussed in this review highlight how a comprehensive understanding of the requirement of cilia for the regulation of diverse biological functions will contribute to our understanding of common forms of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staci E Engle
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ruchi Bansal
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Patrick J Antonellis
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nicolas F Berbari
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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26
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Whole exome sequencing identified two homozygous ALMS1 mutations in an Iranian family with Alström syndrome. Gene 2020; 727:144228. [PMID: 31669637 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alström syndrome (AS) is a rare monogenic multi-system ciliopathy disorder with cardinal features, including cone-rod dystrophy, sensory neural hearing loss, metabolic dysfunctions and multiple organ failure caused by bi-allelic mutations in a centrosomal basal body protein-coding gene known as ALMS1. This study aimed to identify pathogenic mutations in a consanguineous Iranian family with AS. Next-generation sequencing was performed on the genomic DNA obtained from a 12 years old girl with AS. According to the bioinformatics analysis, computational modelling and segregation of variants, we identified two homozygous mutations close together in exon 8 of ALMS1 in the patient, including c.7262 G > T and c.7303-7305delAG. The clinically normal parents were heterozygous for both mutations. These mutations have a very rare frequency and only reported in the heterozygous state in the public genomic databases. Overall, due to the large size of the ALMS1 gene and clinical similarity with other ciliopathies and genetic disorders, whole exome sequencing can be useful for the identification of pathogenic mutations and the improvement of AS clinical management.
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27
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Reimer KC, Wree A, Roderburg C, Tacke F. New drugs for NAFLD: lessons from basic models to the clinic. Hepatol Int 2019; 14:8-23. [PMID: 31802390 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-019-10001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The term nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprises a spectrum of increasingly harmful conditions ranging from nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to liver fibrosis and end-stage cirrhosis. NAFLD is the currently most common form of chronic liver disease in both adults and children worldwide. As NAFLD evolves as a global pandemic alongside the still growing prevalence of metabolic syndrome, obesity, and diabetes, it is inevitable to develop effective counterstrategies. Over the last decades, great effort has been dedicated to the understanding of the pathogenesis of NAFLD. This includes the development of an array of models for NAFLD, ranging from advanced in vitro (primary cells, 3D cultures, biochip, spheroids, organoids) to in vivo rodent models (particularly in mice). Based on these approaches novel therapies have been proposed and subsequently evaluated for patients with advanced forms of NAFLD, in particular those with NASH and liver fibrosis or cirrhosis. In this review, we delineate the current understanding of disease pathophysiology and depict how novel therapeutic strategies aim to exploit these different mechanisms to ameliorate, treat, or stop progression of NASH. We also discuss obstacles and chances along the way from basic models to promising clinical treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina C Reimer
- Department of Medicine II, Nephrology/Rheumatology/Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Wree
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medical Center, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Roderburg
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medical Center, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medical Center, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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28
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Hearn T. ALMS1 and Alström syndrome: a recessive form of metabolic, neurosensory and cardiac deficits. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 97:1-17. [PMID: 30421101 PMCID: PMC6327082 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1714-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alström syndrome (AS) is characterised by metabolic deficits, retinal dystrophy, sensorineural hearing loss, dilated cardiomyopathy and multi-organ fibrosis. Elucidating the function of the mutated gene, ALMS1, is critical for the development of specific treatments and may uncover pathways relevant to a range of other disorders including common forms of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Interest in ALMS1 is heightened by the recent discovery of its involvement in neonatal cardiomyocyte cell cycle arrest, a process with potential relevance to regenerative medicine. ALMS1 encodes a ~ 0.5 megadalton protein that localises to the base of centrioles. Some studies have suggested a role for this protein in maintaining centriole-nucleated sensory organelles termed primary cilia, and AS is now considered to belong to the growing class of human genetic disorders linked to ciliary dysfunction (ciliopathies). However, mechanistic details are lacking, and recent studies have implicated ALMS1 in several processes including endosomal trafficking, actin organisation, maintenance of centrosome cohesion and transcription. In line with a more complex picture, multiple isoforms of the protein likely exist and non-centrosomal sites of localisation have been reported. This review outlines the evidence for both ciliary and extra-ciliary functions of ALMS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hearn
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
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29
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Han JC, Reyes-Capo DP, Liu CY, Reynolds JC, Turkbey E, Turkbey IB, Bryant J, Marshall JD, Naggert JK, Gahl WA, Yanovski JA, Gunay-Aygun M. Comprehensive Endocrine-Metabolic Evaluation of Patients With Alström Syndrome Compared With BMI-Matched Controls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:2707-2719. [PMID: 29718281 PMCID: PMC6276679 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alström syndrome (AS), a monogenic form of obesity, is caused by recessive mutations in the centrosome- and basal body-associated gene ALMS1. AS is characterized by retinal dystrophy, sensory hearing loss, cardiomyopathy, childhood obesity, and metabolic derangements. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize the endocrine and metabolic features of AS while accounting for obesity as a confounder by comparing patients with AS to body mass index (BMI)-matched controls. METHODS We evaluated 38 patients with AS (age 2 to 38 years) who were matched with 76 controls (age 2 to 48 years) by age, sex, race, and BMI. Fasting biochemistries, mixed meal test (MMT), indirect calorimetry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and MRI/magnetic resonance spectroscopy were performed. RESULTS Frequent abnormalities in AS included 76% obesity, 37% type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 29% hypothyroidism (one-third central, two-thirds primary), 3% central adrenal insufficiency, 57% adult hypogonadism (one-third central, two-thirds primary), and 25% female hyperandrogenism. Patients with AS and controls had similar BMI z scores, body fat, waist circumference, abdominal visceral fat, muscle fat, resting energy expenditure (adjusted for lean mass), free fatty acids, glucagon, prolactin, ACTH, and cortisol. Compared with controls, patients with AS were shorter and had lower IGF-1 concentrations (Ps ≤ 0.001). Patients with AS had significantly greater fasting and MMT insulin resistance indices, higher MMT glucose, insulin, and C-peptide values, higher HbA1c, and higher prevalence of T2DM (Ps < 0.001). Patients with AS had significantly higher triglycerides, lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and a 10-fold greater prevalence of metabolic syndrome (Ps < 0.001). Patients with AS demonstrated significantly greater liver triglyceride accumulation and higher transaminases (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Severe insulin resistance and T2DM are the hallmarks of AS. However, patients with AS may present with multiple other endocrinopathies affecting growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan C Han
- Unit on Metabolism and Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National
Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda,
Maryland
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of
Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Departments of Pediatrics and Physiology, University of Tennessee Health
Science Center and Le Bonheur Children’s Foundation Research Institute, Memphis,
Tennessee
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Joan C. Han, MD, Departments of Pediatrics and Physiology, University of Tennessee
Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children’s Foundation Research Institute, 50 North
Dunlap Street, Room 454R, Memphis, Tennessee 38103. E-mail:
| | - Daniela P Reyes-Capo
- Unit on Metabolism and Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National
Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda,
Maryland
| | - Chia-Ying Liu
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health Clinical Research
Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James C Reynolds
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health Clinical Research
Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Evrim Turkbey
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health Clinical Research
Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ismail Baris Turkbey
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joy Bryant
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human
Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - William A Gahl
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human
Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jack A Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of
Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Meral Gunay-Aygun
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human
Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- The McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics,
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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30
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Yang CP, Li X, Wu Y, Shen Q, Zeng Y, Xiong Q, Wei M, Chen C, Liu J, Huo Y, Li K, Xue G, Yao YG, Zhang C, Li M, Chen Y, Luo XJ. Comprehensive integrative analyses identify GLT8D1 and CSNK2B as schizophrenia risk genes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:838. [PMID: 29483533 PMCID: PMC5826945 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified multiple risk loci that show strong associations with schizophrenia. However, pinpointing the potential causal genes at the reported loci remains a major challenge. Here we identify candidate causal genes for schizophrenia using an integrative genomic approach. Sherlock integrative analysis shows that ALMS1, GLT8D1, and CSNK2B are schizophrenia risk genes, which are validated using independent brain expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) data and integrative analysis method (SMR). Consistently, gene expression analysis in schizophrenia cases and controls further supports the potential role of these three genes in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Finally, we show that GLT8D1 and CSNK2B knockdown promote the proliferation and inhibit the differentiation abilities of neural stem cells, and alter morphology and synaptic transmission of neurons. These convergent lines of evidence suggest that the ALMS1, CSNK2B, and GLT8D1 genes may be involved in pathophysiology of schizophrenia. More than 100 risk loci for schizophrenia have been identified by genome-wide association studies. Here, the authors apply an integrative genomic approach to prioritize risk genes and validate GLT8D1 and CSNK2B as candidate causal genes by in vitro studies in neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Ping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Qiushuo Shen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, 650031, China
| | - Qiuxia Xiong
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, 650031, China
| | - Mengping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chunhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jiewei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Yongxia Huo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Kaiqin Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Gui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yongbin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China. .,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnna, 650223, China.
| | - Xiong-Jian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China. .,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnna, 650223, China.
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Santhekadur PK, Kumar DP, Sanyal AJ. Preclinical models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2018; 68:230-237. [PMID: 29128391 PMCID: PMC5775040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can manifest as non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH is often associated with progressive fibrosis which can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NASH is increasing as an aetiology for end-stage liver disease as well as HCC. There are currently no approved therapies for NASH. A major barrier to development of therapeutics for NASH is the lack of preclinical models of disease that are appropriately validated to represent the biology and outcomes of human disease. Many in vitro and animal models have been developed. In vitro models do not fully capture the hepatic and extrahepatic milieu of human NASH and large animal models are expensive and logistically difficult to use. Therefore, there is considerable interest in the development and validation of mouse models for NAFLD, including NASH. Several models based on varying genetic or dietary manipulations have been developed. However, the majority do not recreate steatohepatitis, strictly defined as the presence of hepatocellular ballooning with or without Mallory-Denk bodies, accompanied by inflammation in the presence of macrovesicular steatosis. Others lack validation against human disease. Herein, we describe the best practices in development of mouse models of NASH. We further review existing models and the literature supporting their use as a surrogate for human disease. Finally, data on models to evaluate protective genes are discussed. It is hoped that this review will provide guidance for the interpretation of data derived from mouse models and also for the development and validation of newer models.
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Abstract
The ciliopathies Bardet-Biedl syndrome and Alström syndrome cause obesity. How ciliary dysfunction leads to obesity has remained mysterious, partly because of a lack of understanding of the physiological roles of primary cilia in the organs and pathways involved in the regulation of metabolism and energy homeostasis. Historically, the study of rare monogenetic disorders that present with obesity has informed our molecular understanding of the mechanisms involved in nonsyndromic forms of obesity. Here, we present a framework, based on genetic studies in mice and humans, of the molecular and cellular pathways underlying long-term regulation of energy homeostasis. We focus on recent progress linking these pathways to the function of the primary cilia with a particular emphasis on the roles of neuronal primary cilia in the regulation of satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Vaisse
- Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Nicolas F Berbari
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
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Chen J, Geberhiwot T, Barrett TG, Paisey R, Semple RK. Refining genotype-phenotype correlation in Alström syndrome through study of primary human fibroblasts. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2017; 5:390-404. [PMID: 28717663 PMCID: PMC5511801 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alström syndrome (AS), featuring retinal dystrophy, neuronal deafness, cardiomyopathy, metabolic syndrome, and diffuse fibrosis, is caused by biallelic mutations in the centrosomal protein ALMS1. Genotype-phenotype correlation has been suggested without assessment of ALMS1 expression. METHODS ALMS1 expression (real-time PCR and immunocytochemistry) and cilia formation (immunocytochemistry) were assessed in fibroblasts from deeply phenotyped volunteers diagnosed with AS recruited from a dedicated AS Service. Exome sequencing was used in two participants without convincing biallelic ALMS1 mutations, and BBS2 (Bardet-Biedl syndrome 2) protein expression was assessed in one patient with biallelic BBS2 mutations. Hedgehog-induced GLI1 expression and PDGFA signaling was assessed using quantitative real-time PCR, immunoblotting, or immunostaining of fixed cells after stimulation. RESULTS In 16 of the patient cell lines examined, ALMS1 protein was undetectable (14 with biallelic loss-of-function (LoF) mutations), and in two, ALMS1 staining was equivocal (one with biallelic LoF mutations). In five lines, ALMS1 expression was normal using at least one fixation method (one with biallelic LoF mutations). These differences were not accounted for by major differences in ALMS1 mRNA expression. Exome sequencing of two participants with normal ALMS1 expression identified biallelic LoF BBS2 mutations in one. No second, known ciliopathy mutation was found in the other patient, who had one LoF ALMS1 mutation. Phenotypes were milder or atypical in participants with preserved ALMS1 immunostaining, even when two with likely alternative genetic diagnoses were excluded. All cells studied developed normal cilia, ALMS1 and BBS2 mutant cells showed normal Hedgehog-induced upregulation of GLI1 expression, and PDGFA signaling was normal in ALMS1-deficient cells. CONCLUSION Milder or atypical presentations of AS should prompt genetic evaluation for alternative, clinically overlapping ciliopathies. A subgroup of patients with bona fide ALMS1 defects have milder phenotypes due to residual ALMS1 expression, which may be more important than mutation site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian‐Hua Chen
- Wellcome Trust‐MRC Institute of Metabolic ScienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK,The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research CentreCambridgeUK
| | | | | | - Richard Paisey
- South Devon Healthcare NHS Foundation TrustTorbay HospitalTorquayUK
| | - Robert K. Semple
- Wellcome Trust‐MRC Institute of Metabolic ScienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK,The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research CentreCambridgeUK
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Haczeyni F, Poekes L, Wang H, Mridha AR, Barn V, Geoffrey Haigh W, Ioannou GN, Yeh MM, Leclercq IA, Teoh NC, Farrell GC. Obeticholic acid improves adipose morphometry and inflammation and reduces steatosis in dietary but not metabolic obesity in mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:155-165. [PMID: 27804232 PMCID: PMC5849463 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the outcome of interactions between overnutrition, energy metabolism, and adipose function. Obeticholic acid (OCA) improves steatosis in patients but for unknown reasons does not resolve NASH pathology. This study therefore investigated OCA effects in Wt mice, which develop obesity with atherogenic dietary feeding, and appetite-dysregulated, Alms1 mutant foz/foz mice fed the same diet, which develop metabolic obesity and diabetes. METHODS OCA (1 mg/kg) was administered orally to female foz/foz mice and Wt littermates from weaning until 28 weeks. Adipose indices, glucose tolerance, and fatty liver pathology were studied. Experiments were repeated with OCA 10 mg/kg. RESULTS OCA reduced body weight and hepatic lipids and improved glucose disposal only in Wt mice. OCA limited Wt adipose expansion, altered morphometry in favor of small adipocytes, enhanced expression of genes indicating adipose browning, and reduced crown-like structure number in visceral adipose tissue. foz/foz mice showed more crown-like structures in all compartments; OCA failed to alter adipose morphometry, browning, inflammation, or improve NASH severity, even at 10 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS OCA improved adipose indices, glucose tolerance, and steatosis in a milder metabolic phenotype but failed to improve these factors in morbidly obese diabetic mice. These results help explain OCA's limited efficacy to reverse human NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahrettin Haczeyni
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School at the Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Laurence Poekes
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hans Wang
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School at the Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Auvro R Mridha
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School at the Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Vanessa Barn
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School at the Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - W Geoffrey Haigh
- Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - George N Ioannou
- Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Matthew M Yeh
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Isabelle A Leclercq
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Narcissus C Teoh
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School at the Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Geoffrey C Farrell
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School at the Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Defective adaptive thermogenesis contributes to metabolic syndrome and liver steatosis in obese mice. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 131:285-296. [PMID: 27803297 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fatty liver diseases are complications of the metabolic syndrome associated with obesity, insulin resistance and low grade inflammation. Our aim was to uncover mechanisms contributing to hepatic complications in this setting. We used foz/foz mice prone to obesity, insulin resistance and progressive fibrosing non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Foz/foz mice are hyperphagic but wild-type (WT)-matched calorie intake failed to protect against obesity, adipose inflammation and glucose intolerance. Obese foz/foz mice had similar physical activity level but reduced energy expenditure. Thermogenic adaptation to high-fat diet (HFD) or to cold exposure was severely impaired in foz/foz mice compared with HFD-fed WT littermates due to lower sympathetic tone in their brown adipose tissue (BAT). Intermittent cold exposure (ICE) restored BAT function and thereby improved glucose tolerance, decreased fat mass and liver steatosis. We conclude that failure of BAT adaptation drives the metabolic complications of obesity in foz/foz mice, including development of liver steatosis. Induction of endogenous BAT function had a significant therapeutic impact on obesity, glucose tolerance and liver complications and is a potential new avenue for therapy of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
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36
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Chakroun A, Ben Said M, Ennouri A, Achour I, Mnif M, Abid M, Ghorbel A, Marshall JD, Naggert JK, Masmoudi S. Long-term clinical follow-up and molecular testing for diagnosis of the first Tunisian family with Alström syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2016; 59:444-51. [PMID: 27523285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alström syndrome is a clinically complex disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of sensory functions, resulting in visual and audiological impairment as well as metabolic disturbances. It is caused by recessively inherited mutations in the ALMS1 gene, which codes for a centrosomal/basal body protein. The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic and clinical features of two Tunisian affected siblings with Alström syndrome. Detailed clinical examinations were performed including complete ophthalmic examination, serial audiograms and several biochemical and hormonal blood tests. For the molecular study, first genomic DNA was isolated using a standard protocol. Then, linkage analysis with microsatellite markers was performed and DNA array was used to detect known mutations. Subsequently, all ALMS1 exons were simultaneously sequenced for one affected patient with the TaGSCAN targeted sequencing panel. Finally, segregation of the causal variant was performed by Sanger sequencing. Both affected siblings had cone rod dystrophy with impaired visual acuity, sensorineural hearing loss and truncal obesity. One affected individual showed insulin resistance without diabetes mellitus. Other clinical features including cardiac and pulmonary dysfunction, hypothyroidism, hyperlipidemia, acanthosis nigricans, renal and hepatic dysfunction were absent. Genetic analysis showed the presence of a homozygous splice site mutation (c.10388-2A > G) in both affected siblings. Although Alström syndrome is relatively well characterized disease, this syndrome is probably misdiagnosed in Tunisia. Here, we describe the first report of Tunisian patients affected by this syndrome and carrying a homozygous ALMS1 mutation. The diagnosis was suspected after long-term clinical follow-up and confirmed by genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Chakroun
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, Tunisia; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Habib Bourguiba Teaching Hospital, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Mariem Ben Said
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Amine Ennouri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Habib Bourguiba Teaching Hospital, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Imen Achour
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Habib Bourguiba Teaching Hospital, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Mnif
- Department of Endocrinology, Hedi Chaker Teaching Hospital, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Abid
- Department of Endocrinology, Hedi Chaker Teaching Hospital, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Abdelmonem Ghorbel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Habib Bourguiba Teaching Hospital, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | | | - Saber Masmoudi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, Tunisia
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Abstract
Primary cilia are organelles that are present on many different cell types, either transiently or permanently. They play a crucial role in receiving signals from the environment and passing these signals to other parts of the cell. In that way, they are involved in diverse processes such as adipocyte differentiation and olfactory sensation. Mutations in genes coding for ciliary proteins often have pleiotropic effects and lead to clinical conditions, ciliopathies, with multiple symptoms. In this study, we reviewed observations from ciliopathies with obesity as one of the symptoms. It shows that variation in cilia-related genes is itself not a major cause of obesity in the population but may be a part of the multifactorial aetiology of this complex condition. Both common polymorphisms and rare deleterious variants may contribute to the obesity risk. Genotype-phenotype relationships have been noticed. Among the ciliary genes, obesity differs with regard to severity and age of onset, which may relate to the influence of each gene on the balance between pro- and anti-adipogenic processes. Analysis of the function and location of the proteins encoded by these ciliary genes suggests that obesity is more linked to activities at the basal area of the cilium, including initiation of the intraflagellar transport, but less to the intraflagellar transport itself. Regarding the role of cilia, three possible mechanistic processes underlying obesity are described: adipogenesis, neuronal food intake regulation and food odour perception.
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Jacobs A, Warda A, Verbeek J, Cassiman D, Spincemaille P. An Overview of Mouse Models of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: From Past to Present. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 6:185-200. [DOI: 10.1002/cpmo.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ans Jacobs
- Department of Hepatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Anne‐Sophie Warda
- Department of Hepatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Jef Verbeek
- Department of Hepatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - David Cassiman
- Department of Hepatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Metabolic Center, University Hospitals KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Pieter Spincemaille
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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Jacobs DT, Silva LM, Allard BA, Schonfeld MP, Chatterjee A, Talbott GC, Beier DR, Tran PV. Dysfunction of intraflagellar transport-A causes hyperphagia-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:789-98. [PMID: 27482817 PMCID: PMC4958314 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.025791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia extend from the plasma membrane of most vertebrate cells and mediate signaling pathways. Ciliary dysfunction underlies ciliopathies, which are genetic syndromes that manifest multiple clinical features, including renal cystic disease and obesity. THM1 (also termed TTC21B or IFT139) encodes a component of the intraflagellar transport-A complex and mutations in THM1 have been identified in 5% of individuals with ciliopathies. Consistent with this, deletion of murine Thm1 during late embryonic development results in cystic kidney disease. Here, we report that deletion of murine Thm1 during adulthood results in obesity, diabetes, hypertension and fatty liver disease, with gender differences in susceptibility to weight gain and metabolic dysfunction. Pair-feeding of Thm1 conditional knock-out mice relative to control littermates prevented the obesity and related disorders, indicating that hyperphagia caused the obese phenotype. Thm1 ablation resulted in increased localization of adenylyl cyclase III in primary cilia that were shortened, with bulbous distal tips on neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, an integrative center for signals that regulate feeding and activity. In pre-obese Thm1 conditional knock-out mice, expression of anorexogenic pro-opiomelanocortin (Pomc) was decreased by 50% in the arcuate nucleus, which likely caused the hyperphagia. Fasting of Thm1 conditional knock-out mice did not alter Pomc nor orexogenic agouti-related neuropeptide (Agrp) expression, suggesting impaired sensing of changes in peripheral signals. Together, these data indicate that the Thm1-mutant ciliary defect diminishes sensitivity to feeding signals, which alters appetite regulation and leads to hyperphagia, obesity and metabolic disease. Summary: Disruption of the IFT-A complex gene, Thm1, in adult mice misregulates response to feeding signals, altering appetite regulation and resulting in obesity through hyperphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon T Jacobs
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Luciane M Silva
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Bailey A Allard
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Michael P Schonfeld
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Anindita Chatterjee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - George C Talbott
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David R Beier
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Pamela V Tran
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Liang Y, Li Z, Liang S, Li Y, Yang L, Lu M, Gu HF, Xia N. Hepatic adenylate cyclase 3 is upregulated by Liraglutide and subsequently plays a protective role in insulin resistance and obesity. Nutr Diabetes 2016; 6:e191. [PMID: 26807509 PMCID: PMC4742720 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2015.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies have demonstrated that adenylate cyclase 3 (AC3) has a protective role in obesity. This gene resides at the pathway with glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1. Liraglutide is a GLP-1 analog and has independent glucose and body weight (BW)-reducing effects. In the present study, we aimed to examine whether hepatic AC3 activity was regulated by Liraglutide and to further understand the effect of AC3 in reduction of BW and insulin resistance. SUBJECTS The diabesity and obese mice were induced from db/db and C57BL/6 J mice, respectively, by high-fat diet. Liraglutide (0.1 mg kg(-1) per 12 h) was given to the mice twice daily for 12 weeks. C57BL/6 J mice fed with chow diet and obese or diabesity mice treated with saline were used as the controls. Hepatic AC3 gene expression at mRNA and protein levels was analyzed with real-time reverse transcription-PCR and western blot. Fasting blood glucose and serum insulin levels were measured and followed insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was evaluated according to the homeostasis model assessment. RESULTS After administration of Liraglutide, BW and HOMA-IR in obese and diabesity mice were decreased, whereas hepatic AC3 mRNA and protein expression levels were upregulated. The AC3 gene expression was negatively correlated with BW, HOMA-IR and the area ratio of hepatic fat deposition in the liver. CONCLUSIONS The present study thus provides the evidence that hepatic AC3 gene expression is upregulated by Liraglutide. The reduction of BW and improvement of insulin resistance with Liraglutide may be partially explained by AC3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Z Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - S Liang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Y Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - L Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - M Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H F Gu
- Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N Xia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Citton V, Maffei P, Marshall JD, Baglione A, Collin GB, Milan G, Vettor R, Naggert JK, Manara R. Pituitary morphovolumetric changes in Alström syndrome. J Neuroradiol 2015; 43:195-9. [PMID: 26704672 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurad.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Alström syndrome (AS) is a rare monogenic ciliopathy characterized by cone-code dystrophy, leading to early blindness, and obesity. Early endocrinological dysfunctions, especially growth hormone deficiency and hypogonadism, are detected in about half of AS patients. This MRI study investigates the presence of pituitary gland abnormalities in a large cohort of AS patients. METHODS Pituitary morphological changes (gland flattening with partial or total empty sella) were evaluated on midsagittal high-resolution T1-weighted images of 32 AS patients (mean-age 23.2±9.4 years; range: 6-45, 15 females) and 21 unrelated healthy subjects (mean age 23.2±11.2 years; range: 6-43; 10 females). RESULTS Among AS patients, 11/32 (34%) had total empty sella and 6/32 (19%) partial empty sella, while 3/21 (14%) of controls had partial empty sella and none presented with total empty sella (P<0.005). AS patients harboring a total or partial empty sella did not differ from those with normal pituitary gland for gender (P=0.98), BMI (P=0.10) or visual impairment (P=0.21), while the presence of empty sella was associated with an older age (P=0.007) being especially frequent above the age of 30. CONCLUSIONS Total or partial empty sella appears commonly during the course of AS. Pituitary gland flattening might represent the morphological underpinning of subtle endocrinologic dysfunctions and raises the need to further investigate the pituitary function in this rare ciliopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Citton
- University Hospital of Padua, Department of Neuroradiology, 35100 Padua, Italy.
| | - Pietro Maffei
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Gabriella Milan
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Roberto Vettor
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Renzo Manara
- Department of Neurosciences,Neuroradiology Unit, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
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Haczeyni F, Barn V, Mridha AR, Yeh MM, Estevez E, Febbraio MA, Nolan CJ, Bell-Anderson KS, Teoh NC, Farrell GC. Exercise improves adipose function and inflammation and ameliorates fatty liver disease in obese diabetic mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:1845-55. [PMID: 26250514 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipose inflammation and dysfunction underlie metabolic obesity. Exercise improves glycemic control and metabolic indices, but effects on adipose function and inflammation are less clear. Accordingly, it was hypothesized that exercise improves adipose morphometry to reduce adipose inflammation in hyperphagic obese mice. METHODS Alms1 mutant foz/foz mice housed in pairs were fed an atherogenic or chow diet; half the cages were fitted with a computer-monitored wheel for voluntary exercise. Insulin-induced AKT-phosphorylation, adipocyte size distribution, and inflammatory recruitment were studied in visceral versus subcutaneous depots, and severity of fatty liver disease was determined. RESULTS Exercise prevented obesity and diabetes development in chow-fed foz/foz mice and delayed their onset in atherogenic-fed counterparts. Insulin-stimulated phospho-AKT levels in muscle were improved with exercise, but not in adipose or liver. Exercise suppressed adipose inflammatory recruitment, particularly in visceral adipose, associated with an increased number of small adipocyte subpopulations, and enhanced expression of beige adipocyte factor PRDM16 in subcutaneous fat. In atherogenic-fed foz/foz mice liver, exercise suppressed development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and related liver fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Exercise confers metabo-protective effects in atherogenic-fed hyperphagic mice by preventing early onset of obesity and diabetes in association with enhanced muscle insulin sensitivity, improved adipose morphometry, and suppressed adipose and liver inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahrettin Haczeyni
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School at the Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Vanessa Barn
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School at the Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Auvro R Mridha
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School at the Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Matthew M Yeh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Emma Estevez
- Cellular and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark A Febbraio
- Cellular and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher J Nolan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Kim S Bell-Anderson
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Narci C Teoh
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School at the Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Geoffrey C Farrell
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School at the Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Álvarez-Satta M, Castro-Sánchez S, Valverde D. Alström syndrome: current perspectives. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2015; 8:171-9. [PMID: 26229500 PMCID: PMC4516341 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s56612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alström syndrome (ALMS) is a rare genetic disorder that has been included in the ciliopathies group, in the last few years. Ciliopathies are a growing group of diseases associated with defects in ciliary structure and function. The development of more powerful genetic approaches has been replaced the strategies to follow for getting a successful molecular diagnosis for these patients, especially for those without the typical ALMS phenotype. In an effort to deepen the understanding of the pathogenesis of ALMS disease, much work has been done, in order to establish the biological implication of ALMS1 protein, which is still being elucidated. In addition to its role in ciliary function and structure maintenance, this protein has been implicated in intracellular trafficking, regulation of cilia signaling pathways, and cellular differentiation, among others. All these progresses will lead to identifying therapeutic targets, thus opening the way to future personalized therapies for human ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Álvarez-Satta
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Sheila Castro-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Diana Valverde
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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Oh EC, Vasanth S, Katsanis N. Metabolic regulation and energy homeostasis through the primary Cilium. Cell Metab 2015; 21:21-31. [PMID: 25543293 PMCID: PMC4370781 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes represent a significant healthcare concern. In contrast to genome-wide association studies that, some exceptions notwithstanding, have offered modest clues about pathomechanism, the dissection of rare disorders in which obesity represents a core feature have highlighted key molecules and structures critical to energy regulation. Here we focus on the primary cilium, an organelle whose roles in energy homeostasis have been underscored by the high incidence of obesity and type II diabetes in patients and mouse mutants with compromised ciliary function. We discuss recent evidence linking ciliary dysfunction to metabolic defects and we explore the contribution of neuronal and nonneuronal cilia to these phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin C Oh
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Shivakumar Vasanth
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Ioannou GN, Van Rooyen DM, Savard C, Haigh WG, Yeh MM, Teoh NC, Farrell GC. Cholesterol-lowering drugs cause dissolution of cholesterol crystals and disperse Kupffer cell crown-like structures during resolution of NASH. J Lipid Res 2014; 56:277-85. [PMID: 25520429 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m053785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol crystals form within hepatocyte lipid droplets in human and experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and are the focus of crown-like structures (CLSs) of activated Kupffer cells (KCs). Obese, diabetic Alms1 mutant (foz/foz) mice were a fed high-fat (23%) diet containing 0.2% cholesterol for 16 weeks and then assigned to four intervention groups for 8 weeks: a) vehicle control, b) ezetimibe (5 mg/kg/day), c) atorvastatin (20 mg/kg/day), or d) ezetimibe and atorvastatin. Livers of vehicle-treated mice developed fibrosing NASH with abundant cholesterol crystallization within lipid droplets calculated to extend over 3.3% (SD, 2.2%) of liver surface area. Hepatocyte lipid droplets with prominent cholesterol crystallization were surrounded by TNFα-positive (activated) KCs forming CLSs (≥ 3 per high-power field). KCs that formed CLSs stained positive for NLRP3, implicating activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in response to cholesterol crystals. In contrast, foz/foz mice treated with ezetimibe and atorvastatin showed near-complete resolution of cholesterol crystals [0.01% (SD, 0.02%) of surface area] and CLSs (0 per high-power field), with amelioration of fibrotic NASH. Ezetimibe or atorvastatin alone had intermediate effects on cholesterol crystallization, CLSs, and NASH. These findings are consistent with a causative link between exposure of hepatocytes and KCs to cholesterol crystals and with the development of NASH possibly mediated by NLRP3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George N Ioannou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Derrick M Van Rooyen
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School at the Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT, Australia
| | - Christopher Savard
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - W Geoffrey Haigh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Matthew M Yeh
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Narci C Teoh
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School at the Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT, Australia
| | - Geoffrey C Farrell
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School at the Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT, Australia
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Gan LT, Van Rooyen DM, Koina ME, McCuskey RS, Teoh NC, Farrell GC. Hepatocyte free cholesterol lipotoxicity results from JNK1-mediated mitochondrial injury and is HMGB1 and TLR4-dependent. J Hepatol 2014; 61:1376-84. [PMID: 25064435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Free cholesterol (FC) accumulates in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) but not in simple steatosis. We sought to establish how FC causes hepatocyte injury. METHODS In NASH-affected livers from diabetic mice, subcellular FC distribution (filipin fluorescence) was established by subcellular marker co-localization. We loaded murine hepatocytes with FC by incubation with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and studied the effects of FC on JNK1 activation, mitochondrial injury and cell death and on the amplifying roles of the high-mobility-group-box 1 (HMGB1) protein and the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). RESULTS In NASH, FC localized to hepatocyte plasma membrane, mitochondria and ER. This was reproduced in FC-loaded hepatocytes. At 40 μM LDL, hepatocyte FC increased to cause LDH leakage, apoptosis and necrosis associated with JNK1 activation (c-Jun phosphorylation), mitochondrial membrane pore transition, cytochrome c release, oxidative stress (GSSG:GSH ratio) and ATP depletion. Mitochondrial swelling and crystae disarray were evident by electron microscopy. Jnk1(-/-) and Tlr4(-/-) hepatocytes were refractory to FC lipotoxicity; JNK inhibitors (1-2 μM CC-401, CC-930) blocked apoptosis and necrosis. Cyclosporine A and caspase-3 inhibitors protected FC-loaded hepatocytes, confirming mitochondrial cell death pathways; in contrast, 4-phenylbutyric acid, which improves ER folding capacity did not protect FC-loaded hepatocytes. HMGB1 was released into the culture medium of FC-loaded wild type (WT) but not Jnk1(-/-) or Tlr4(-/-) hepatocytes, while anti-HMGB1 anti-serum prevented JNK activation and FC lipotoxicity in WT hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS These novel findings show that mitochondrial FC deposition causes hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis by activating JNK1; inhibition of which could be a novel therapeutic approach in NASH. Further, there is a tight link between JNK1-dependent HMGB1 secretion from lipotoxic hepatocytes and a paracrine cytolytic effect on neighbouring cholesterol-loaded hepatocytes operating via TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lay T Gan
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University (ANU) Medical School at The Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT, Australia
| | - Derrick M Van Rooyen
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University (ANU) Medical School at The Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT, Australia
| | - Mark E Koina
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, ACT Pathology, The Canberra Hospital, ACT, Australia
| | - Robert S McCuskey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, USA
| | - Narcissus C Teoh
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University (ANU) Medical School at The Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT, Australia
| | - Geoffrey C Farrell
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University (ANU) Medical School at The Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT, Australia.
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GLUT4 defects in adipose tissue are early signs of metabolic alterations in Alms1GT/GT, a mouse model for obesity and insulin resistance. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109540. [PMID: 25299671 PMCID: PMC4192353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of signaling pathways in adipose tissue leading to insulin resistance can contribute to the development of obesity-related metabolic disorders. Alström Syndrome, a recessive ciliopathy, caused by mutations in ALMS1, is characterized by progressive metabolic alterations such as childhood obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and type 2 diabetes. Here we investigated the role of Alms1 disruption in AT expansion and insulin responsiveness in a murine model for Alström Syndrome. A gene trap insertion in Alms1 on the insulin sensitive C57BL6/Ei genetic background leads to early hyperinsulinemia and a progressive increase in body weight. At 6 weeks of age, before the onset of the metabolic disease, the mutant mice had enlarged fat depots with hypertrophic adipocytes, but without signs of inflammation. Expression of lipogenic enzymes was increased. Pre-adipocytes isolated from mutant animals demonstrated normal adipogenic differentiation but gave rise to mature adipocytes with reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Assessment of whole body glucose homeostasis revealed glucose intolerance. Insulin stimulation resulted in proper AKT phosphorylation in adipose tissue. However, the total amount of glucose transporter 4 (SLC4A2) and its translocation to the plasma membrane were reduced in mutant adipose depots compared to wildtype littermates. Alterations in insulin stimulated trafficking of glucose transporter 4 are an early sign of metabolic dysfunction in Alström mutant mice, providing a possible explanation for the reduced glucose uptake and the compensatory hyperinsulinemia. The metabolic signaling deficits either reside downstream or are independent of AKT activation and suggest a role for ALMS1 in GLUT4 trafficking. Alström mutant mice represent an interesting model for the development of metabolic disease in which adipose tissue with a reduced glucose uptake can expand by de novo lipogenesis to an obese state.
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Farrell GC, Mridha AR, Yeh MM, Arsov T, Van Rooyen DM, Brooling J, Nguyen T, Heydet D, Delghingaro-Augusto V, Nolan CJ, Shackel NA, McLennan SV, Teoh NC, Larter CZ. Strain dependence of diet-induced NASH and liver fibrosis in obese mice is linked to diabetes and inflammatory phenotype. Liver Int 2014; 34:1084-93. [PMID: 24107103 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Obese Alms1 mutant (foz/foz) NOD.B10 mice develop diabetes and fibrotic NASH when fed high-fat(HF) diet. To establish whether diabetes or obesity is more closely associated with NASH fibrosis, we compared diabetic foz/foz C57BL6/J with non-diabetic foz/foz BALB/c mice. We also determined hepatic cytokines, growth factors and related profibrotic pathways. METHODS Male and female foz/foz BALB/c and C57BL6/J mice were fed HF or chow for 24 weeks before determining metabolic indices, liver injury, cytokines, growth factors, pathology/fibrosis and matrix deposition pathways. RESULTS All foz/foz mice were obese. Hepatomegaly, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycaemia and hypoadiponectinaemia occurred only in foz/foz C57BL6/J mice, whereas foz/foz BALB/c formed more adipose. Serum ALT, steatosis, ballooning, liver inflammation and NAFLD activity score were worse in C57BL6/J mice. In HF-fed mice, fibrosis was severe in foz/foz C57BL6/J, appreciable in WT C57BL6/J, but absent in foz/foz BALB/c mice. Hepatic mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-12, IL-4, IL-10 was increased (but not IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-17A), and IL-4:IFN-γ ratio (indicating Th-2 predominance) was higher in HF-fed foz/foz C57BL6/J than BALB/c mice. In livers of HF-fed foz/foz C57BL6/J mice, TGF-β was unaltered but PDGFα and CTGF were increased in association with enhanced α-SMA, CD147and MMP activity. CONCLUSIONS In mice with equivalent genetic/dietary obesity, NASH development is linked to strain differences in hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia inversely related to lipid partitioning between adipose and liver. Diabetes-mediated CTGF-regulation of MMPs as well as cytokines/growth factors (Th-2 cytokine predominant, PDGFα, not TGF-β) mobilized in the resultant hepatic necroinflammatory change may contribute to strain differences in NASH fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey C Farrell
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School at The Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT, Australia
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress does not contribute to steatohepatitis in obese and insulin-resistant high-fat-diet-fed foz/foz mice. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 127:507-18. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20140026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Unlike in mice developing simple steatosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress does not contribute to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and steatohepatitis in high-fat-diet-fed foz/foz mice, which develop progressive liver disease in the metabolic context seen in human non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
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50
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Poekes L, Legry V, Farrell G, Leclercq I. Role of ciliary dysfunction in a new model of obesity and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: the foz/fozmice. Arch Public Health 2014. [PMCID: PMC4094321 DOI: 10.1186/2049-3258-72-s1-o7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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