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Yang J, Zhu L, Pan H, Ueharu H, Toda M, Yang Q, Hallett SA, Olson LE, Mishina Y. A BMP-controlled metabolic/epigenetic signaling cascade directs midfacial morphogenesis. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e165787. [PMID: 38466355 PMCID: PMC11014657 DOI: 10.1172/jci165787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial anomalies, especially midline facial defects, are among the most common birth defects in patients and are associated with increased mortality or require lifelong treatment. During mammalian embryogenesis, specific instructions arising at genetic, signaling, and metabolic levels are important for stem cell behaviors and fate determination, but how these functionally relevant mechanisms are coordinated to regulate craniofacial morphogenesis remain unknown. Here, we report that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) is critical for glycolytic lactate production and subsequent epigenetic histone lactylation, thereby dictating craniofacial morphogenesis. Elevated BMP signaling in CNCCs through constitutively activated ACVR1 (ca-ACVR1) suppressed glycolytic activity and blocked lactate production via a p53-dependent process that resulted in severe midline facial defects. By modulating epigenetic remodeling, BMP signaling-dependent lactate generation drove histone lactylation levels to alter essential genes of Pdgfra, thus regulating CNCC behavior in vitro as well as in vivo. These findings define an axis wherein BMP signaling controls a metabolic/epigenetic cascade to direct craniofacial morphogenesis, thus providing a conceptual framework for understanding the interaction between genetic and metabolic cues operative during embryonic development. These findings indicate potential preventive strategies of congenital craniofacial birth defects via modulating metabolic-driven histone lactylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, and
| | - Lingxin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Haichun Pan
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, and
| | - Hiroki Ueharu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, and
| | - Masako Toda
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, and
| | - Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shawn A. Hallett
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, and
| | - Lorin E. Olson
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, and
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Sasai N, Tada S, Ohshiro J, Kogiso C, Shinozuka T. Regulation of progenitor cell survival by a novel chromatin remodeling factor during neural tube development. Dev Growth Differ 2024; 66:89-100. [PMID: 38014908 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
During development, progenitor cell survival is essential for proper tissue functions, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we show that ERCC6L2, a member of the Snf2 family of helicase-like proteins, plays an essential role in the survival of developing chick neural cells. ERCC6L2 expression is induced by the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling molecule by a mechanism similar to that of the known Shh target genes Ptch1 and Gli1. ERCC6L2 blocks programmed cell death induced by Shh inhibition and this inhibition is independent of neural tube patterning. ERCC6L2 knockdown by siRNA resulted in the aberrant appearance of apoptotic cells. Furthermore, ERCC6L2 cooperates with the Shh signal and plays an essential role in the induction of the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2. Taken together, ERCC6L2 acts as a key factor in ensuring the survival of neural progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Sasai
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Shogo Tada
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Jumi Ohshiro
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Chikara Kogiso
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Takuma Shinozuka
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
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3
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Development and In Vitro Differentiation of Schwann Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233753. [PMID: 36497014 PMCID: PMC9739763 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells are glial cells of the peripheral nervous system. They exist in several subtypes and perform a variety of functions in nerves. Their derivation and culture in vitro are interesting for applications ranging from disease modeling to tissue engineering. Since primary human Schwann cells are challenging to obtain in large quantities, in vitro differentiation from other cell types presents an alternative. Here, we first review the current knowledge on the developmental signaling mechanisms that determine neural crest and Schwann cell differentiation in vivo. Next, an overview of studies on the in vitro differentiation of Schwann cells from multipotent stem cell sources is provided. The molecules frequently used in those protocols and their involvement in the relevant signaling pathways are put into context and discussed. Focusing on hiPSC- and hESC-based studies, different protocols are described and compared, regarding cell sources, differentiation methods, characterization of cells, and protocol efficiency. A brief insight into developments regarding the culture and differentiation of Schwann cells in 3D is given. In summary, this contribution provides an overview of the current resources and methods for the differentiation of Schwann cells, it supports the comparison and refinement of protocols and aids the choice of suitable methods for specific applications.
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Abstract
Facial asymmetry is a feature that occurs to a greater or lesser extent in the general population. As its severity is usually slight, facial asymmetry may not be noticeable to the patient. However, there are cases when severe facial asymmetry not only affects the facial aesthetics by distorting facial proportions, but also contributes to problems related to the function of the stomatognathic system. The nodal signalling pathway appears to be of particular importance in the process of mandibular asymmetry, as it affects not only structures formed from the first pharyngeal arch, but also other organs, such as the heart and lungs. Following the evaluation of the available literature, the inheritance of mandibular asymmetry is a very complex and multifactorial process, and the genes whose altered expression appears to be a more important potential aetiological factor for asymmetry include PITX2, ACTN3, ENPP1 and ESR1. This systematic review attempts to systematise the available literature concerning the impact of signalling pathway disruption, including the disruption of the nodal signalling pathway, on the development of mandibular asymmetry.
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Liao J, Huang Y, Wang Q, Chen S, Zhang C, Wang D, Lv Z, Zhang X, Wu M, Chen G. Gene regulatory network from cranial neural crest cells to osteoblast differentiation and calvarial bone development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:158. [PMID: 35220463 PMCID: PMC11072871 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Calvarial bone is one of the most complex sequences of developmental events in embryology, featuring a uniquely transient, pluripotent stem cell-like population known as the cranial neural crest (CNC). The skull is formed through intramembranous ossification with distinct tissue lineages (e.g. neural crest derived frontal bone and mesoderm derived parietal bone). Due to CNC's vast cell fate potential, in response to a series of inductive secreted cues including BMP/TGF-β, Wnt, FGF, Notch, Hedgehog, Hippo and PDGF signaling, CNC enables generations of a diverse spectrum of differentiated cell types in vivo such as osteoblasts and chondrocytes at the craniofacial level. In recent years, since the studies from a genetic mouse model and single-cell sequencing, new discoveries are uncovered upon CNC patterning, differentiation, and the contribution to the development of cranial bones. In this review, we summarized the differences upon the potential gene regulatory network to regulate CNC derived osteogenic potential in mouse and human, and highlighted specific functions of genetic molecules from multiple signaling pathways and the crosstalk, transcription factors and epigenetic factors in orchestrating CNC commitment and differentiation into osteogenic mesenchyme and bone formation. Disorders in gene regulatory network in CNC patterning indicate highly close relevance to clinical birth defects and diseases, providing valuable transgenic mouse models for subsequent discoveries in delineating the underlying molecular mechanisms. We also emphasized the potential regenerative alternative through scientific discoveries from CNC patterning and genetic molecules in interfering with or alleviating clinical disorders or diseases, which will be beneficial for the molecular targets to be integrated for novel therapeutic strategies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguang Liao
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yuping Huang
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Sisi Chen
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Dan Wang
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Zhengbing Lv
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xingen Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Minimally Invasive Surgery in Orthopaedics & Skeletal Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Mengrui Wu
- Institute of Genetics, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Guiqian Chen
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
- Institute of Genetics, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Classification and Morphometric Features of Pterion in Thai Population with Potential Sex Prediction. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:medicina57111282. [PMID: 34833500 PMCID: PMC8618372 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57111282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The landmark for neurosurgical approaches to access brain lesion is the pterion. The aim of the present study is to classify and examine the prevalence of all types of pterion variations and perform morphometric measurements from previously defined anthropological landmarks. Materials and methods: One-hundred and twenty-four Thai dried skulls were investigated. Classification and morphometric measurement of the pterion was performed. Machine learning models were also used to interpret the morphometric findings with respect to sex and age estimation. Results: Spheno-parietal type was the most common type (62.1%), followed by epipteric (11.7%), fronto-temporal (5.2%) and stellate (1.2%). Complete synostosis of the pterion suture was present in 18.5% and was only present in males. While most morphometric measurements were similar between males and females, the distances from the pterion center to the mastoid process and to the external occipital protuberance were longer in males. Random forest algorithm could predict sex with 80.7% accuracy (root mean square error = 0.38) when the pterion morphometric data were provided. Correlational analysis indicated that the distances from the pterion center to the anterior aspect of the frontozygomatic suture and to the zygomatic angle were positively correlated with age, which may serve as basis for age estimation in the future. Conclusions: Further studies are needed to explore the use of machine learning in anatomical studies and morphometry-based sex and age estimation. Thorough understanding of the anatomy of the pterion is clinically useful when planning pterional craniotomy, particularly when the position of the pterion may change with age.
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Primate-specific stress-induced transcription factor POU2F1Z protects human neuronal cells from stress. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18808. [PMID: 34552146 PMCID: PMC8458439 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98323-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of new primate-specific genes is an essential factor in human and primate brain development and functioning. POU2F1/Oct-1 is a transcription regulator in higher eukaryotes which is involved in the regulation of development, differentiation, stress response, and other processes. We have demonstrated that the Tigger2 transposon insertion into the POU2F1 gene which occurred in the primate lineage led to the formation of an additional exon (designated the Z-exon). Z-exon-containing primate-specific Oct-1Z transcript includes a short upstream ORF (uORF) located at its 5’-end and the main ORF encoding the Oct-1Z protein isoform (Pou2F1 isoform 3, P14859-3), which differs from other Oct-1 isoforms by its N-terminal peptide. The Oct-1Z-encoding transcript is expressed mainly in human brain cortex. Under normal conditions, the translation of the ORF coding for the Oct-1Z isoform is repressed by uORF. Under various stress conditions, uORF enables a strong increase in the translation of the Oct-1Z-encoding ORF. Increased Oct-1Z expression levels in differentiating human neuroblasts activate genes controlling stress response, neural cell differentiation, brain formation, and organogenesis. We have shown that the Oct-1Z isoform of the POU2F1/Oct-1 transcription factor is an example of a primate-specific genomic element contributing to brain development and cellular stress defense.
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Xu PF, Borges RM, Fillatre J, de Oliveira-Melo M, Cheng T, Thisse B, Thisse C. Construction of a mammalian embryo model from stem cells organized by a morphogen signalling centre. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3277. [PMID: 34078907 PMCID: PMC8172561 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23653-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Generating properly differentiated embryonic structures in vitro from pluripotent stem cells remains a challenge. Here we show that instruction of aggregates of mouse embryonic stem cells with an experimentally engineered morphogen signalling centre, that functions as an organizer, results in the development of embryo-like entities (embryoids). In situ hybridization, immunolabelling, cell tracking and transcriptomic analyses show that these embryoids form the three germ layers through a gastrulation process and that they exhibit a wide range of developmental structures, highly similar to neurula-stage mouse embryos. Embryoids are organized around an axial chordamesoderm, with a dorsal neural plate that displays histological properties similar to the murine embryo neuroepithelium and that folds into a neural tube patterned antero-posteriorly from the posterior midbrain to the tip of the tail. Lateral to the chordamesoderm, embryoids display somitic and intermediate mesoderm, with beating cardiac tissue anteriorly and formation of a vasculature network. Ventrally, embryoids differentiate a primitive gut tube, which is patterned both antero-posteriorly and dorso-ventrally. Altogether, embryoids provide an in vitro model of mammalian embryo that displays extensive development of germ layer derivatives and that promises to be a powerful tool for in vitro studies and disease modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Jonathan Fillatre
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Maraysa de Oliveira-Melo
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tao Cheng
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bernard Thisse
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Christine Thisse
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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9
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Rekler D, Kalcheim C. From Neural Crest to Definitive Roof Plate: The Dynamic Behavior of the Dorsal Neural Tube. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3911. [PMID: 33920095 PMCID: PMC8070085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on the development of the dorsal neural tube is particularly challenging. In this highly dynamic domain, a temporal transition occurs between early neural crest progenitors that undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and exit the neural primordium, and the subsequent roof plate, a resident epithelial group of cells that constitutes the dorsal midline of the central nervous system. Among other functions, the roof plate behaves as an organizing center for the generation of dorsal interneurons. Despite extensive knowledge of the formation, emigration and migration of neural crest progenitors, little is known about the mechanisms leading to the end of neural crest production and the transition into a roof plate stage. Are these two mutually dependent or autonomously regulated processes? Is the generation of roof plate and dorsal interneurons induced by neural tube-derived factors throughout both crest and roof plate stages, respectively, or are there differences in signaling properties and responsiveness as a function of time? In this review, we discuss distinctive characteristics of each population and possible mechanisms leading to the shift between the above cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chaya Kalcheim
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC) and the Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, P.O.Box 12272, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel;
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10
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Deal KK, Rosebrock JC, Eeds AM, DeKeyser JML, Musser MA, Ireland SJ, May-Zhang AA, Buehler DP, Southard-Smith EM. Sox10-cre BAC transgenes reveal temporal restriction of mesenchymal cranial neural crest and identify glandular Sox10 expression. Dev Biol 2020; 471:119-137. [PMID: 33316258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Diversity of neural crest derivatives has been studied with a variety of approaches during embryonic development. In mammals Cre-LoxP lineage tracing is a robust means to fate map neural crest relying on cre driven from regulatory elements of early neural crest genes. Sox10 is an essential transcription factor for normal neural crest development. A variety of efforts have been made to label neural crest derivatives using partial Sox10 regulatory elements to drive cre expression. To date published Sox10-cre lines have focused primarily on lineage tracing in specific tissues or during early fetal development. We describe two new Sox10-cre BAC transgenes, constitutive (cre) and inducible (cre/ERT2), that contain the complete repertoire of Sox10 regulatory elements. We present a thorough expression profile of each, identifying a few novel sites of Sox10 expression not captured by other neural crest cre drivers. Comparative mapping of expression patterns between the Sox10-cre and Sox10-cre/ERT2 transgenes identified a narrow temporal window in which Sox10 expression is present in mesenchymal derivatives prior to becoming restricted to neural elements during embryogenesis. In more caudal structures, such as the intestine and lower urinary tract, our Sox10-cre BAC transgene appears to be more efficient in labeling neural crest-derived cell types than Wnt1-cre. The analysis reveals consistent expression of Sox10 in non-neural crest derived glandular epithelium, including salivary, mammary, and urethral glands of adult mice. These Sox10-cre and Sox10-cre/ERT2 transgenic lines are verified tools that will enable refined temporal and cell-type specific lineage analysis of neural crest derivatives as well as glandular tissues that rely on Sox10 for proper development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K Deal
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer C Rosebrock
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Angela M Eeds
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jean-Marc L DeKeyser
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Present address: Northwestern University, Dept. of Pharmacology, USA
| | - Melissa A Musser
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Present address: Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara J Ireland
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Aaron A May-Zhang
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dennis P Buehler
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - E Michelle Southard-Smith
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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11
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Pini J, Kueper J, Hu YD, Kawasaki K, Yeung P, Tsimbal C, Yoon B, Carmichael N, Maas RL, Cotney J, Grinblat Y, Liao EC. ALX1-related frontonasal dysplasia results from defective neural crest cell development and migration. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e12013. [PMID: 32914578 PMCID: PMC7539331 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A pedigree of subjects presented with frontonasal dysplasia (FND). Genome sequencing and analysis identified a p.L165F missense variant in the homeodomain of the transcription factor ALX1 which was imputed to be pathogenic. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) were derived from the subjects and differentiated to neural crest cells (NCC). NCC derived from ALX1L165F/L165F iPSC were more sensitive to apoptosis, showed an elevated expression of several neural crest progenitor state markers, and exhibited impaired migration compared to wild-type controls. NCC migration was evaluated in vivo using lineage tracing in a zebrafish model, which revealed defective migration of the anterior NCC stream that contributes to the median portion of the anterior neurocranium, phenocopying the clinical presentation. Analysis of human NCC culture media revealed a change in the level of bone morphogenic proteins (BMP), with a low level of BMP2 and a high level of BMP9. Soluble BMP2 and BMP9 antagonist treatments were able to rescue the defective migration phenotype. Taken together, these results demonstrate a mechanistic requirement of ALX1 in NCC development and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Pini
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janina Kueper
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
- Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yiyuan David Hu
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenta Kawasaki
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pan Yeung
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Casey Tsimbal
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Baul Yoon
- Departments of Integrative Biology, Neuroscience, and Genetics Ph.D. Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nikkola Carmichael
- Department of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard L Maas
- Department of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justin Cotney
- Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Yevgenya Grinblat
- Departments of Integrative Biology, Neuroscience, and Genetics Ph.D. Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Eric C Liao
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
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12
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Yin C, Cai H, Yang D, Jian Y, Zhang J, Li Z, Wang D. Cigarette smoke induced neural tube defects by down-regulating noggin expression. Birth Defects Res 2020; 113:5-13. [PMID: 32949110 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal smoking or passive smoking during gestation increases the risk of congenital birth defects, including neural tube defects (NTDs). Cigarette smoke is a recognized teratogen that causes NTDs, although the mechanisms are not well understood. METHODS An established model of passive smoking in pregnant golden hamsters was used to observe the effect of cigarette smoke on neural tube development using scanning electron microscopy. Level of noggin expression in placenta and neural tube was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Our results indicated that cigarette smoke can cause the neural tube closure of the golden hamster embryo to be delayed or not closed. In normal placental tissues noggin protein and RNA levels were highly expressed, and the expression level in the term placenta was lower than in that of the first trimester or second trimester through analyzing the Human Protein Atlas and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. Cigarette smoke can down-regulate noggin expression in the placenta and promote cell apoptosis. We observed that noggin expression was reduced and BMP2 expression was increased by cigarette smoke. CONCLUSIONS Cigarette smoke may cause cell apoptosis and accelerate placenta maturation. Meanwhile, cigarette smoke may inhibit the development of the embryo, and lead to the formation of NTDs via downregulating the expression of noggin and dis-inhibition of BMP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhui Yin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Heng Cai
- Department of introduction to medicine, School of basic medicine, Shandong first medical university & Shandong academy of medical sciences, Shandong, China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Jian
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiwen Li
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Centre, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
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13
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Méndez-Maldonado K, Vega-López GA, Aybar MJ, Velasco I. Neurogenesis From Neural Crest Cells: Molecular Mechanisms in the Formation of Cranial Nerves and Ganglia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:635. [PMID: 32850790 PMCID: PMC7427511 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a transient multipotent cell population that originates in the dorsal neural tube. Cells of the NC are highly migratory, as they travel considerable distances through the body to reach their final sites. Derivatives of the NC are neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the enteric nervous system as well as non-neural cells. Different signaling pathways triggered by Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs), Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs), Wnt proteins, Notch ligands, retinoic acid (RA), and Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) participate in the processes of induction, specification, cell migration and neural differentiation of the NC. A specific set of signaling pathways and transcription factors are initially expressed in the neural plate border and then in the NC cell precursors to the formation of cranial nerves. The molecular mechanisms of control during embryonic development have been gradually elucidated, pointing to an important role of transcriptional regulators when neural differentiation occurs. However, some of these proteins have an important participation in malformations of the cranial portion and their mutation results in aberrant neurogenesis. This review aims to give an overview of the role of cell signaling and of the function of transcription factors involved in the specification of ganglia precursors and neurogenesis to form the NC-derived cranial nerves during organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Méndez-Maldonado
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular - Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Guillermo A Vega-López
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Manuel J Aybar
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Iván Velasco
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular - Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Ciudad de México, Mexico
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14
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Kuzmicz-Kowalska K, Kicheva A. Regulation of size and scale in vertebrate spinal cord development. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 10:e383. [PMID: 32391980 PMCID: PMC8244110 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
All vertebrates have a spinal cord with dimensions and shape specific to their species. Yet how species‐specific organ size and shape are achieved is a fundamental unresolved question in biology. The formation and sculpting of organs begins during embryonic development. As it develops, the spinal cord extends in anterior–posterior direction in synchrony with the overall growth of the body. The dorsoventral (DV) and apicobasal lengths of the spinal cord neuroepithelium also change, while at the same time a characteristic pattern of neural progenitor subtypes along the DV axis is established and elaborated. At the basis of these changes in tissue size and shape are biophysical determinants, such as the change in cell number, cell size and shape, and anisotropic tissue growth. These processes are controlled by global tissue‐scale regulators, such as morphogen signaling gradients as well as mechanical forces. Current challenges in the field are to uncover how these tissue‐scale regulatory mechanisms are translated to the cellular and molecular level, and how regulation of distinct cellular processes gives rise to an overall defined size. Addressing these questions will help not only to achieve a better understanding of how size is controlled, but also of how tissue size is coordinated with the specification of pattern. This article is categorized under:Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Regulation of Size, Proportion, and Timing Signaling Pathways > Global Signaling Mechanisms Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: General Principles
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15
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The Morphology of Cross-Beaks and BMP4 Gene Expression in Huiyang Bearded Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9121143. [PMID: 31847260 PMCID: PMC6940792 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recently, the emergence of cross-beaks has been reported in several domestic chickens. Despite several candidate genes, bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) has been suggested as responsible for chicken cross-beaks. The subtypes of the morphology term, etiopathogenesis, and the relationship of the candidate BMP4 gene to cross-beaks are not yet known. The objective of this study was to describe the subtypes of cross-beaks by left or right and upper and lower jaw bones and to figure out the relationship between BMP4 and the development of craniofacial bones in Huiyang bearded chickens. Abstract Bird beaks are important for biological purposes such as food intake, removing parasites, and defining phenotypic attributes. Cross-beaks are a threat to poultry health and are harmful to productivity, wasting some units in the poultry industry. However, there is still limited research on subtypes of cross-beaks and the genetic basis of cross-beaks as well. Here, we described the subtypes of cross-beaks in terms of left or right and upper or lower jaw bones. We evaluated the impact of cross-beaks on craniofacial bones and figured out the relationship between bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and the development of craniofacial bones in Huiyang bearded chickens. We identified five typical subtypes of cross-beaks by morphological assessment and X-ray scanning. We found that cross-beaks caused certain changes in the facial bone morphology, including changes to the length and width of the bone around the ocular area (p < 0.05). The relative expressions of BMP4 in lacrimal, mandible, premaxilla, frontal, and parietal bones were significantly higher in the severe cross-beak group, followed by that of the medium cross-beak group, weak cross-beak group, and control group (p < 0.05). Overall, we constructed a generally applicable method to classify cross-beaks in term of the angle. The skeleton around the ocular area was affected by the cross-beak. The expression levels of BMP4 in craniofacial bones may provide insight to potential role of BMP4 in the development of cross-beaks.
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16
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Huang S, Wang Y, Luo L, Li X, Jin X, Li S, Yu X, Yang M, Guo Z. BMP2 Is Related to Hirschsprung's Disease and Required for Enteric Nervous System Development. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:523. [PMID: 31849612 PMCID: PMC6901830 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is derived from neural crest cells (NCCs). Defects in ENS NCCs colonizing in the intestines lead to an absence of enteric ganglia in the colon and results in Hirschsprung’s disease (HSCR). Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play diverse roles in the proliferation, migration and survival of ENS NCCs; however, whether BMPs are involved in HSCR and the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that BMP2 expression is significantly decreased in HSCR patients. Further experiments demonstrated that BMP2 is involved in the regulation of NCC proliferation, migration and differentiation. In a detailed analysis of the role of BMP2 in HSCR development in vivo, we demonstrated that BMP2b regulates the proliferation, migration and differentiation of vagal NCCs in zebrafish and that BMP2b is required for intestinal smooth muscle development. In addition, we showed that BMP2b is involved in regulating the expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the intestine, which mediates the regulation of ENS development by BMP2b in zebrafish. These results highlight a central role of the BMP-GDNF cascade in intestinal patterning and ENS development. Our results further demonstrate the key role of BMP2 in the etiology of HSCR in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhou Huang
- Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingfei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Organism Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianqing Jin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuangshuang Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Department of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenhua Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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17
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Xu J, Liu H, Lan Y, Adam M, Clouthier DE, Potter S, Jiang R. Hedgehog signaling patterns the oral-aboral axis of the mandibular arch. eLife 2019; 8:40315. [PMID: 30638444 PMCID: PMC6347453 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of vertebrate jaws involves patterning neural crest-derived mesenchyme cells into distinct subpopulations along the proximal-distal and oral-aboral axes. Although the molecular mechanisms patterning the proximal-distal axis have been well studied, little is known regarding the mechanisms patterning the oral-aboral axis. Using unbiased single-cell RNA-seq analysis followed by in situ analysis of gene expression profiles, we show that Shh and Bmp4 signaling pathways are activated in a complementary pattern along the oral-aboral axis in mouse embryonic mandibular arch. Tissue-specific inactivation of hedgehog signaling in neural crest-derived mandibular mesenchyme led to expansion of BMP signaling activity to throughout the oral-aboral axis of the distal mandibular arch and subsequently duplication of dentary bone in the oral side of the mandible at the expense of tongue formation. Further studies indicate that hedgehog signaling acts through the Foxf1/2 transcription factors to specify the oral fate and pattern the oral-aboral axis of the mandibular mesenchyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Xu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Han Liu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Yu Lan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States.,Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States.,Shriners Hospitals for Children - Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Mike Adam
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - David E Clouthier
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, United States
| | - Steven Potter
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Rulang Jiang
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States.,Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States.,Shriners Hospitals for Children - Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States
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18
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Indencleef K, Roosenboom J, Hoskens H, White JD, Shriver MD, Richmond S, Peeters H, Feingold E, Marazita ML, Shaffer JR, Weinberg SM, Hens G, Claes P. Six NSCL/P Loci Show Associations With Normal-Range Craniofacial Variation. Front Genet 2018; 9:502. [PMID: 30410503 PMCID: PMC6210408 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Orofacial clefting is one of the most prevalent craniofacial malformations. Previous research has demonstrated that unaffected relatives of patients with non-syndromic cleft lip with/without cleft palate (NSCL/P) show distinctive facial features, which can be an expression of underlying NSCL/P susceptibility genes. These results support the hypothesis that genes involved in the occurrence of a cleft also play a role in normal craniofacial development. In this study, we investigated the influence of genetic variants associated with NSCL/P on normal-range variation in facial shape. Methods: A literature review of genome wide association studies (GWAS) investigating the genetic etiology of NSCL/P was performed, resulting in a list of 75 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in 38 genetic loci. Genotype data were available for 65 of these selected SNPs in three datasets with a combined sample size of 7,418 participants of European ancestry, whose 3D facial images were also available. The effect of each SNP was tested using a multivariate canonical correlation analysis (CCA) against 63 hierarchically-constructed facial segments in each of the three datasets and meta-analyzed. This allowed for the investigation of associations between SNPs known to be involved in NSCL/P and normal-range facial shape variations in a global-to-local perspective, without preselecting specific facial shape features or characteristics. Results: Six NSCL/P SNPs showed significant associations with variation in normal-range facial morphology. rs6740960 showed significant effects in the chin area (p = 3.71 × 10−28). This SNP lies in a non-coding area. Another SNP, rs227731 near the NOG gene, showed a significant effect in the philtrum area (p = 1.96 × 10−16). Three SNPs showed significant effects on the shape of the nose. rs742071 (p = 8.71 × 10−14), rs34246903 (p = 6.87 × 10−12), and rs10512248 (p = 8.4 × 10−9). Respectively, these SNPs are annotated to PAX7, MSX1, and PTCH1. Finally, rs7590268, an intron variant of THADA, showed an effect in the shape of the supraorbital ridge (p = 3.84 × 10−7). Conclusions: This study provides additional evidence NSCL/P-associated genetic variants influence normal-range craniofacial morphology, with significant effects observed for the chin, the nose, the supraorbital ridges and the philtrum area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlijne Indencleef
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jasmien Roosenboom
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hanne Hoskens
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julie D White
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Mark D Shriver
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Stephen Richmond
- Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Hilde Peeters
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eleanor Feingold
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - John R Shaffer
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Greet Hens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Claes
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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19
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Chen J, Tan X, Wang Z, Liu Y, Zhou J, Rong X, Lu L, Li Y. The ribosome biogenesis protein Esf1 is essential for pharyngeal cartilage formation in zebrafish. FEBS J 2018; 285:3464-3484. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian‐Yang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs (Ocean University of China) Chinese Ministry of Education Qingdao China
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy Ocean University of China Qingdao China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Biological Products Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology China
| | - Xungang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao China
| | - Zheng‐Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs (Ocean University of China) Chinese Ministry of Education Qingdao China
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy Ocean University of China Qingdao China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Biological Products Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao China
| | - Yun‐Zhang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs (Ocean University of China) Chinese Ministry of Education Qingdao China
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy Ocean University of China Qingdao China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Biological Products Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology China
| | - Jian‐Feng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs (Ocean University of China) Chinese Ministry of Education Qingdao China
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy Ocean University of China Qingdao China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Biological Products Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology China
| | - Xiao‐Zhi Rong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs (Ocean University of China) Chinese Ministry of Education Qingdao China
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy Ocean University of China Qingdao China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Biological Products Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology China
| | - Ling Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs (Ocean University of China) Chinese Ministry of Education Qingdao China
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy Ocean University of China Qingdao China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Biological Products Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology China
| | - Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs (Ocean University of China) Chinese Ministry of Education Qingdao China
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy Ocean University of China Qingdao China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Biological Products Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology China
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20
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Eixarch H, Calvo-Barreiro L, Montalban X, Espejo C. Bone morphogenetic proteins in multiple sclerosis: Role in neuroinflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 68:1-10. [PMID: 28249802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are growth factors that represent the largest subgroup of signalling ligands of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily. Their participation in the proliferation, survival and cell fate of several cell types and their involvement in many pathological conditions are now well known. BMP expression is altered in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, suggesting that BMPs have a role in the pathogenesis of this disease. MS is a demyelinating and neurodegenerative autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). MS is a complex pathological condition in which genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors converge, although its aetiology remains elusive. Multifunctional molecules, such as BMPs, are extremely interesting in the field of MS because they are involved in the regulation of several adult tissues, including the CNS and the immune system. In this review, we discuss the extensive data available regarding the role of BMP signalling in neuronal progenitor/stem cell fate and focus on the participation and expression of BMPs in CNS demyelination. Additionally, we provide an overview of the involvement of BMPs as modulators of the immune system, as this subject has not been thoroughly explored even though it is of great interest in autoimmune disorders. Moreover, we describe the data on BMP signalling in autoimmunity and inflammatory diseases, including MS and its experimental models. Thus, we aim to provide an integrated view of the putative role of BMPs in MS pathogenesis and to open the field for the further development of alternative therapeutic strategies for MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herena Eixarch
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Laura Calvo-Barreiro
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Carmen Espejo
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
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21
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McLennan R, Bailey CM, Schumacher LJ, Teddy JM, Morrison JA, Kasemeier-Kulesa JC, Wolfe LA, Gogol MM, Baker RE, Maini PK, Kulesa PM. DAN (NBL1) promotes collective neural crest migration by restraining uncontrolled invasion. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3339-3354. [PMID: 28811280 PMCID: PMC5626539 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201612169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells are both highly migratory and significant to vertebrate organogenesis. However, the signals that regulate neural crest cell migration remain unclear. In this study, we identify DAN as a novel factor that inhibits uncontrolled neural crest and metastatic melanoma invasion in a manner consistent with the inhibition of BMP signaling. Neural crest cells are both highly migratory and significant to vertebrate organogenesis. However, the signals that regulate neural crest cell migration remain unclear. In this study, we test the function of differential screening-selected gene aberrant in neuroblastoma (DAN), a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist we detected by analysis of the chick cranial mesoderm. Our analysis shows that, before neural crest cell exit from the hindbrain, DAN is expressed in the mesoderm, and then it becomes absent along cell migratory pathways. Cranial neural crest and metastatic melanoma cells avoid DAN protein stripes in vitro. Addition of DAN reduces the speed of migrating cells in vivo and in vitro, respectively. In vivo loss of function of DAN results in enhanced neural crest cell migration by increasing speed and directionality. Computer model simulations support the hypothesis that DAN restrains cell migration by regulating cell speed. Collectively, our results identify DAN as a novel factor that inhibits uncontrolled neural crest and metastatic melanoma invasion and promotes collective migration in a manner consistent with the inhibition of BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caleb M Bailey
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University-Idaho, Rexburg, ID
| | - Linus J Schumacher
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, England, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ruth E Baker
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Philip K Maini
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Paul M Kulesa
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS
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22
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Benítez-Burraco A, Lattanzi W, Murphy E. Language Impairments in ASD Resulting from a Failed Domestication of the Human Brain. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:373. [PMID: 27621700 PMCID: PMC5002430 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are pervasive neurodevelopmental disorders entailing social and cognitive deficits, including marked problems with language. Numerous genes have been associated with ASD, but it is unclear how language deficits arise from gene mutation or dysregulation. It is also unclear why ASD shows such high prevalence within human populations. Interestingly, the emergence of a modern faculty of language has been hypothesized to be linked to changes in the human brain/skull, but also to the process of self-domestication of the human species. It is our intention to show that people with ASD exhibit less marked domesticated traits at the morphological, physiological, and behavioral levels. We also discuss many ASD candidates represented among the genes known to be involved in the “domestication syndrome” (the constellation of traits exhibited by domesticated mammals, which seemingly results from the hypofunction of the neural crest) and among the set of genes involved in language function closely connected to them. Moreover, many of these genes show altered expression profiles in the brain of autists. In addition, some candidates for domestication and language-readiness show the same expression profile in people with ASD and chimps in different brain areas involved in language processing. Similarities regarding the brain oscillatory behavior of these areas can be expected too. We conclude that ASD may represent an abnormal ontogenetic itinerary for the human faculty of language resulting in part from changes in genes important for the “domestication syndrome” and, ultimately, from the normal functioning of the neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wanda Lattanzi
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome, Italy
| | - Elliot Murphy
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London London, UK
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Anderson MJ, Schimmang T, Lewandoski M. An FGF3-BMP Signaling Axis Regulates Caudal Neural Tube Closure, Neural Crest Specification and Anterior-Posterior Axis Extension. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006018. [PMID: 27144312 PMCID: PMC4856314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During vertebrate axis extension, adjacent tissue layers undergo profound morphological changes: within the neuroepithelium, neural tube closure and neural crest formation are occurring, while within the paraxial mesoderm somites are segmenting from the presomitic mesoderm (PSM). Little is known about the signals between these tissues that regulate their coordinated morphogenesis. Here, we analyze the posterior axis truncation of mouse Fgf3 null homozygotes and demonstrate that the earliest role of PSM-derived FGF3 is to regulate BMP signals in the adjacent neuroepithelium. FGF3 loss causes elevated BMP signals leading to increased neuroepithelium proliferation, delay in neural tube closure and premature neural crest specification. We demonstrate that elevated BMP4 depletes PSM progenitors in vitro, phenocopying the Fgf3 mutant, suggesting that excessive BMP signals cause the Fgf3 axis defect. To test this in vivo we increased BMP signaling in Fgf3 mutants by removing one copy of Noggin, which encodes a BMP antagonist. In such mutants, all parameters of the Fgf3 phenotype were exacerbated: neural tube closure delay, premature neural crest specification, and premature axis termination. Conversely, genetically decreasing BMP signaling in Fgf3 mutants, via loss of BMP receptor activity, alleviates morphological defects. Aberrant apoptosis is observed in the Fgf3 mutant tailbud. However, we demonstrate that cell death does not cause the Fgf3 phenotype: blocking apoptosis via deletion of pro-apoptotic genes surprisingly increases all Fgf3 defects including causing spina bifida. We demonstrate that this counterintuitive consequence of blocking apoptosis is caused by the increased survival of BMP-producing cells in the neuroepithelium. Thus, we show that FGF3 in the caudal vertebrate embryo regulates BMP signaling in the neuroepithelium, which in turn regulates neural tube closure, neural crest specification and axis termination. Uncovering this FGF3-BMP signaling axis is a major advance toward understanding how these tissue layers interact during axis extension with important implications in human disease. During embryological development, the vertebrate embryo undergoes profound growth in a head-to-tail direction. During this process, formation of different structures within adjacent tissue layers must occur in a coordinated fashion. Insights into how these adjacent tissues molecularly communicate with each other is essential to understanding both basic embryology and the underlying causes of human birth defects. Mice lacking Fgf3, which encodes a secreted signaling factor, have long been known to have premature axis termination, but the underlying mechanism has not been studied until now. Through a series of complex genetic experiments, we show that FGF3 is an essential factor for coordination of neural tube development and axis extension. FGF3 is secreted from the mesodermal layer, which is the major driver of extending the axis, and negatively regulates expression of another class of secreted signaling molecules in the neuroepithelium, BMPs. In the absence of FGF3, excessive BMP signals cause a delay in neural tube closure, premature specification of neural crest cells and negatively affect the mesoderm, causing a premature termination of the embryological axis. Our work suggests that FGF3 may be a player in the complex etiology of the human birth defect, spina bifida, the failure of posterior neural tube closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Anderson
- Genetics of Vertebrate Development Section, Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas Schimmang
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Mark Lewandoski
- Genetics of Vertebrate Development Section, Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chen J, Riazifar H, Guan MX, Huang T. Modeling autosomal dominant optic atrophy using induced pluripotent stem cells and identifying potential therapeutic targets. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:2. [PMID: 26738566 PMCID: PMC4704249 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0264-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many retinal degenerative diseases are caused by the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Autosomal dominant optic atrophy is the most common hereditary optic atrophy disease and is characterized by central vision loss and degeneration of RGCs. Currently, there is no effective treatment for this group of diseases. However, stem cell therapy holds great potential for replacing lost RGCs of patients. Compared with embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be derived from adult somatic cells, and they are associated with fewer ethical concerns and are less prone to immune rejection. In addition, patient-derived iPSCs may provide us with a cellular model for studying the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic agents for optic atrophy. Methods In this study, iPSCs were obtained from patients carrying an OPA1 mutation (OPA1+/−-iPSC) that were diagnosed with optic atrophy. These iPSCs were differentiated into putative RGCs, which were subsequently characterized by using RGC-specific expression markers BRN3a and ISLET-1. Results Mutant OPA1+/−-iPSCs exhibited significantly more apoptosis and were unable to efficiently differentiate into RGCs. However, with the addition of neural induction medium, Noggin, or estrogen, OPA1+/−-iPSC differentiation into RGCs was promoted. Conclusions Our results suggest that apoptosis mediated by OPA1 mutations plays an important role in the pathogenesis of optic atrophy, and both noggin and β-estrogen may represent potential therapeutic agents for OPA1-related optic atrophy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0264-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Hamidreza Riazifar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Min-Xin Guan
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Taosheng Huang
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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25
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Tsurubuchi T, Allender EV, Siddiqui MR, Shim KW, Ichi S, Boshnjaku V, Mania-Farnell B, Xi G, Finnell RH, McLone DG, Tomita T, Mayanil CS. A critical role of noggin in developing folate-nonresponsive NTD in Fkbp8 -/- embryos. Childs Nerv Syst 2014; 30:1343-53. [PMID: 24817375 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-014-2428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Maternal folate intake has reduced the incidence of human neural tube defects by 60-70 %. However, 30-40 % of cases remain nonresponsive to folate intake. The main purpose of this study was to understand the molecular mechanism of folate nonresponsiveness in a mouse model of neural tube defect. METHODS We used a folate-nonresponsive Fkbp8 knockout mouse model to elucidate the molecular mechanism(s) of folate nonresponsiveness. Neurospheres were grown from neural stem cells isolated from the lumbar neural tube of E9.5 Fkbp8 (-/-) and wild-type embryos. Immunostaining was used to determine the protein levels of oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (Olig2), Nkx6.1, class III beta-tubulin (TuJ1), O4, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), histone H3 Lys27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat (UTX), and Msx2, and quantitative real-time (RT)-PCR was used to determine the message levels of Olig2, Nkx6.1, Msx2, and noggin in neural stem cells differentiated in the presence and absence of folic acid. RESULTS Fkbp8 (-/-)-derived neural stem cells showed (i) increased noggin expression; (ii) decreased Msx2 expression; (iii) premature differentiation--neurogenesis, oligodendrogenesis (Olig2 expression), and gliogenesis (GFAP expression); and (iv) increased UTX expression and decreased H3K27me3 polycomb modification. Exogenous folic acid did not reverse these markers. CONCLUSIONS Folate nonresponsiveness could be attributed in part to increased noggin expression in Fkbp8 (-/-) embryos, resulting in decreased Msx2 expression. Folate treatment further increases Olig2 and noggin expression, thereby exacerbating ventralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Tsurubuchi
- Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Developmental Biology Program, Lurie Children's Research Center, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60614, USA
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26
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Matsui M, Klingensmith J. Multiple tissue-specific requirements for the BMP antagonist Noggin in development of the mammalian craniofacial skeleton. Dev Biol 2014; 392:168-81. [PMID: 24949938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Proper morphogenesis is essential for both form and function of the mammalian craniofacial skeleton, which consists of more than twenty small cartilages and bones. Skeletal elements that support the oral cavity are derived from cranial neural crest cells (NCCs) that develop in the maxillary and mandibular buds of pharyngeal arch 1 (PA1). Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling has been implicated in most aspects of craniofacial skeletogenesis, including PA1 development. However, the roles of the BMP antagonist Noggin in formation of the craniofacial skeleton remain unclear, in part because of its multiple domains of expression during formative stages. Here we used a tissue-specific gene ablation approach to assess roles of Noggin (Nog) in two different tissue domains potentially relevant to mandibular and maxillary development. We found that the axial midline domain of Nog expression is critical to promote PA1 development in early stages, necessary for adequate outgrowth of the mandibular bud. Subsequently, Nog expression in NCCs regulates craniofacial cartilage and bone formation. Mice lacking Nog in NCCs have an enlarged mandible that results from increased cell proliferation in and around Meckel׳s cartilage. These mutants also show complete secondary cleft palate, most likely due to inhibition of posterior palatal shelf elevation by disrupted morphology of the developing skull base. Our findings demonstrate multiple roles of Noggin in different domains for craniofacial skeletogenesis, and suggest an indirect mechanism for secondary cleft palate in Nog mutants that may be relevant to human cleft palate as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Matsui
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC27710, USA.
| | - John Klingensmith
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC27710, USA.
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27
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Directed Bmp4 expression in neural crest cells generates a genetic model for the rare human bony syngnathia birth defect. Dev Biol 2014; 391:170-81. [PMID: 24785830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Congenital bony syngnathia, a rare but severe human birth defect, is characterized by bony fusion of the mandible to the maxilla. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying this birth defect are poorly understood, largely due to limitation of available animal models. Here we present evidence that transgenic expression of Bmp4 in neural crest cells causes a series of craniofacial malformations in mice, including a bony fusion between the maxilla and hypoplastic mandible, resembling the bony syngnathia syndrome in humans. In addition, the anterior portion of the palatal shelves emerged from the mandibular arch instead of the maxilla in the mutants. Gene expression assays showed an altered expression of several facial patterning genes, including Hand2, Dlx2, Msx1, Barx1, Foxc2 and Fgf8, in the maxillary and mandibular processes of the mutants, indicating mis-patterned cranial neural crest (CNC) derived cells in the facial region. However, despite of formation of cleft palate and ectopic cartilage, forced expression of a constitutively active form of BMP receptor-Ia (caBmprIa) in CNC lineage did not produce the syngnathia phenotype, suggesting a non-cell autonomous effect of the augmented BMP4 signaling. Our studies demonstrate that aberrant BMP4-mediated signaling in CNC cells leads to mis-patterned facial skeleton and congenital bony syngnathia, and suggest an implication of mutations in BMP signaling pathway in human bony syngnathia.
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28
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Cases O, Perea-Gomez A, Aguiar DP, Nykjaer A, Amsellem S, Chandellier J, Umbhauer M, Cereghini S, Madsen M, Collignon J, Verroust P, Riou JF, Creuzet SE, Kozyraki R. Cubilin, a high affinity receptor for fibroblast growth factor 8, is required for cell survival in the developing vertebrate head. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:16655-16670. [PMID: 23592779 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.451070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cubilin (Cubn) is a multiligand endocytic receptor critical for the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12 and renal protein reabsorption. During mouse development, Cubn is expressed in both embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues, and Cubn gene inactivation results in early embryo lethality most likely due to the impairment of the function of extra-embryonic Cubn. Here, we focus on the developmental role of Cubn expressed in the embryonic head. We report that Cubn is a novel, interspecies-conserved Fgf receptor. Epiblast-specific inactivation of Cubn in the mouse embryo as well as Cubn silencing in the anterior head of frog or the cephalic neural crest of chick embryos show that Cubn is required during early somite stages to convey survival signals in the developing vertebrate head. Surface plasmon resonance analysis reveals that fibroblast growth factor 8 (Fgf8), a key mediator of cell survival, migration, proliferation, and patterning in the developing head, is a high affinity ligand for Cubn. Cell uptake studies show that binding to Cubn is necessary for the phosphorylation of the Fgf signaling mediators MAPK and Smad1. Although Cubn may not form stable ternary complexes with Fgf receptors (FgfRs), it acts together with and/or is necessary for optimal FgfR activity. We propose that plasma membrane binding of Fgf8, and most likely of the Fgf8 family members Fgf17 and Fgf18, to Cubn improves Fgf ligand endocytosis and availability to FgfRs, thus modulating Fgf signaling activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Cases
- Institut de la Vision, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR7210, Université Pierre et Marie Curie UMRS968, 17 Rue Moreau, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Aitana Perea-Gomez
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Diego P Aguiar
- Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred-Fessard, CNRS UPR3294, Développement, Evolution et Plasticité du Système Nerveux, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anders Nykjaer
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Centre MIND, Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Olle Worms Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sabine Amsellem
- Institut de la Vision, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR7210, Université Pierre et Marie Curie UMRS968, 17 Rue Moreau, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Jacqueline Chandellier
- Institut de la Vision, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR7210, Université Pierre et Marie Curie UMRS968, 17 Rue Moreau, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Muriel Umbhauer
- CNRS UMR7622, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 9 Quai Saint Bernard, F-75252 Paris, France
| | - Silvia Cereghini
- CNRS UMR7622, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 9 Quai Saint Bernard, F-75252 Paris, France
| | - Mette Madsen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Olle Worms Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jérôme Collignon
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Verroust
- Institut de la Vision, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR7210, Université Pierre et Marie Curie UMRS968, 17 Rue Moreau, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Riou
- CNRS UMR7622, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 9 Quai Saint Bernard, F-75252 Paris, France
| | - Sophie E Creuzet
- Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred-Fessard, CNRS UPR3294, Développement, Evolution et Plasticité du Système Nerveux, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Renata Kozyraki
- Institut de la Vision, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR7210, Université Pierre et Marie Curie UMRS968, 17 Rue Moreau, F-75012 Paris, France.
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29
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Hyzy SL, Olivares-Navarrete R, Schwartz Z, Boyan BD. BMP2 induces osteoblast apoptosis in a maturation state and noggin-dependent manner. J Cell Biochem 2013; 113:3236-45. [PMID: 22628200 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Large doses of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) are used clinically to induce bone formation in challenging bone defects. However, complications after treatment include swelling, ectopic bone formation, and adjacent bone resorption. While BMP2 can be effective, it is important to characterize the mechanism of the deleterious effects to optimize its use. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of BMP2 on apoptosis in osteoblast lineage cells and to determine the role of the BMP inhibitor Noggin in this process. Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), immature osteoblast-like MG63 cells, and mature normal human osteoblasts (NHOst) were treated with BMP2. A model system of increased endogenous BMP signaling was created by silencing Noggin (shNOG-MG63). Finally, the BMP pathway regulating apoptosis in NHOst was examined using BMP signaling inhibitors (5Z-7-oxozeaenol, dorsomorphin, H-8). Apoptosis was characterized by caspase-3, BAX/BCL2, p53, and DNA fragmentation. BMP2 induced apoptosis in a cell-type dependent manner. While the effect was minor in MSCs, MG63 cells had modest increases and NHOst cells had robust increases apoptosis after BMP2 treatment. Apoptosis was significantly higher in shNOG-MG63 than MG63 cells. 5Z-7-oxozeaenol and dorsomorphin eliminated the BMP2-induced increase in DNA fragmentation in NHOst, suggesting roles for TAB/TAK1 and Smad signaling. These results indicate that the apoptotic effect of BMP2 is dependent on cell maturation state, inducing apoptosis in committed osteoblasts through Smad and TAB/TAK1 signaling, and is regulated by Noggin. Dose and delivery must be optimized in therapeutic applications of BMP2 to minimize complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L Hyzy
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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30
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Stuhlmiller TJ, García-Castro MI. Current perspectives of the signaling pathways directing neural crest induction. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:3715-37. [PMID: 22547091 PMCID: PMC3478512 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0991-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The neural crest is a migratory population of embryonic cells with a tremendous potential to differentiate and contribute to nearly every organ system in the adult body. Over the past two decades, an incredible amount of research has given us a reasonable understanding of how these cells are generated. Neural crest induction involves the combinatorial input of multiple signaling pathways and transcription factors, and is thought to occur in two phases from gastrulation to neurulation. In the first phase, FGF and Wnt signaling induce NC progenitors at the border of the neural plate, activating the expression of members of the Msx, Pax, and Zic families, among others. In the second phase, BMP, Wnt, and Notch signaling maintain these progenitors and bring about the expression of definitive NC markers including Snail2, FoxD3, and Sox9/10. In recent years, additional signaling molecules and modulators of these pathways have been uncovered, creating an increasingly complex regulatory network. In this work, we provide a comprehensive review of the major signaling pathways that participate in neural crest induction, with a focus on recent developments and current perspectives. We provide a simplified model of early neural crest development and stress similarities and differences between four major model organisms: Xenopus, chick, zebrafish, and mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Stuhlmiller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103, USA
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31
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Emmett LSD, O'Shea KS. Geminin is required for epithelial to mesenchymal transition at gastrulation. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2395-409. [PMID: 22335560 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Geminin is a multifunctional protein previously suggested to both maintain the bone morphogenetic protein inhibition required for neural induction and to control cell-cycle progression and cell fate in the early embryo. Since Geminin is required in the blastocyst on E3.5, we employed shRNA to examine its role during postimplantation development. Geminin knockdown inhibited the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) required at gastrulation and neural crest delamination, resulting in anterior-posterior axis and patterning defects, while overexpression promoted EMT at both locations. Geminin was negatively correlated with expression of E-cadherin, which is critically involved in controlling epithelial architecture. In addition, Geminin expression level was correlated with Wnt signaling and expression of the Wnt target gene Axin2 and with Msx2, and negatively correlated with the expression of Bmp4 and Neurog1 in quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of RNAs from individual embryos. These results suggest that in addition to patterning the early embryo, Geminin plays a previously unrecognized role in EMT via its ability to affect Wnt signaling and E-cadherin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S D Emmett
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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32
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Salisbury E, Rodenberg E, Sonnet C, Hipp J, Gannon FH, Vadakkan TJ, Dickinson ME, Olmsted-Davis EA, Davis AR. Sensory nerve induced inflammation contributes to heterotopic ossification. J Cell Biochem 2012; 112:2748-58. [PMID: 21678472 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO), or bone formation in soft tissues, is often the result of traumatic injury. Much evidence has linked the release of BMPs (bone morphogenetic proteins) upon injury to this process. HO was once thought to be a rare occurrence, but recent statistics from the military suggest that as many as 60% of traumatic injuries, resulting from bomb blasts, have associated HO. In this study, we attempt to define the role of peripheral nerves in this process. Since BMP2 has been shown previously to induce release of the neuroinflammatory molecules, substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), from peripheral, sensory neurons, we examined this process in vivo. SP and CGRP are rapidly expressed upon delivery of BMP2 and remain elevated throughout bone formation. In animals lacking functional sensory neurons (TRPV1(-/-) ), BMP2-mediated increases in SP and CGRP were suppressed as compared to the normal animals, and HO was dramatically inhibited in these deficient mice, suggesting that neuroinflammation plays a functional role. Mast cells, known to be recruited by SP and CGRP, were elevated after BMP2 induction. These mast cells were localized to the nerve structures and underwent degranulation. When degranulation was inhibited using cromolyn, HO was again reduced significantly. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed nerves expressing the stem cell markers nanog and Klf4, as well as the osteoblast marker osterix, after BMP2 induction, in mice treated with cromolyn. The data collectively suggest that BMP2 can act directly on sensory neurons to induce neurogenic inflammation, resulting in nerve remodeling and the migration/release of osteogenic and other stem cells from the nerve. Further, blocking this process significantly reduces HO, suggesting that the stem cell population contributes to bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Salisbury
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Mukhopadhyay P, Brock G, Webb C, Pisano MM, Greene RM. Strain-specific modifier genes governing craniofacial phenotypes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 94:162-75. [PMID: 22371338 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.22890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of strain-specific modifier genes is known to modulate the phenotype and pathophysiology of mice harboring genetically engineered mutations. Thus, identification of genetic modifier genes is requisite to understanding control of phenotypic expression. c-Ski is a transcriptional regulator. Ski(-/-) mice on a C57BL6J (B6) background exhibit facial clefting, while Ski(-/-) mice on a 129P3 (129) background present with exencephaly. METHODS In the present study, oligonucleotide-based gene expression profiling was used to identify potential strain-specific modifier gene candidates present in wild type mice of B6 and 129 genetic backgrounds. Changes in gene expression were verified by TaqMan quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Steady-state levels of 89 genes demonstrated a significantly higher level of expression, and those of 68 genes demonstrated a significantly lower level of expression in the developing neural tubes from embryonic day (E) 8.5, B6 embryos when compared to expression levels in neural tubes derived from E 8.5, 129 embryos. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results from the current comparative microarray study, and taking into consideration a number of relevant published reports, several potential strain-specific gene candidates, likely to modify the craniofacial phenotypes in various knockout mouse models have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Mukhopadhyay
- University of Louisville Birth Defects Center, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology, ULSD, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
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Hu X, Wang Y, He F, Li L, Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Chen YP. Noggin is required for early development of murine upper incisors. J Dent Res 2012; 91:394-400. [PMID: 22302143 DOI: 10.1177/0022034511435939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BMP signaling plays crucial roles in the development of many organs, including the tooth. Equally important is BMP signaling homeostasis, as demonstrated by multiple organ defects in mice lacking the extracellular BMP antagonist Noggin. Here, we show that Noggin is initially expressed in the maxillary mesenchyme adjunct to the upper incisor at the initiation stage, and then in the developing teeth, including incisors and molars, from the bud stage. Noggin mutants develop normal molars and mandibular incisors, but form a single, medially located upper incisor that is arrested at the late bud stage. Histological and molecular marker analyses demonstrated that two distinct upper incisor placodes initiate independently at E11.5, but begin to fuse at E12.5, coupling with elevated cell proliferation rates in the developing tooth germs. We further found that Chordin and Gremlin, two other BMP antagonists, are co-expressed with Noggin in the developing lower incisor and molar teeth. These observations indicate the importance of BMP signaling homeostasis, and suggest a functional redundancy between BMP antagonists during tooth development.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Hu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neuro Biology, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, P.R. China
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35
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Abstract
Noggin, along with other secreted bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) inhibitors, plays a crucial role in neural induction and neural tube patterning as well as in somitogenesis, cardiac morphogenesis and formation of the skeleton in vertebrates. The BMP signalling pathway is one of the seven fundamental pathways that drive embryonic development and pattern formation in animals. Understanding its evolutionary origin and role in pattern formation is, therefore, important to evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo). We have studied the evolutionary origin of BMP-Noggin antagonism in hydra, which is a powerful diploblastic model to study evolution of pattern-forming mechanisms because of the unusual cellular dynamics during its pattern formation and its remarkable ability to regenerate. We cloned and characterized the noggin gene from hydra and found it to exhibit considerable similarity with its orthologues at the amino acid level. Microinjection of hydra Noggin mRNA led to duplication of the dorsoventral axis in Xenopus embryos, demonstrating its functional conservation across the taxa. Our data, along with those of others, indicate that the evolutionarily conserved antagonism between BMP and its inhibitors predates bilateral divergence. This article reviews the various roles of Noggin in different organisms and some of our recent work on hydra Noggin in the context of evolution of developmental signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Chandramore
- Division of Animal Sciences, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411 004, India
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Wang Y, Liu C, Rohr J, Liu H, He F, Yu J, Sun C, Li L, Gu S, Chen Y. Tissue interaction is required for glenoid fossa development during temporomandibular joint formation. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:2466-73. [PMID: 21953591 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian temporomandibular joint (TMJ) develops from two distinct mesenchymal condensations that grow toward each other and ossify through different mechanisms, with the glenoid fossa undergoing intramembranous ossification while the condyle being endochondral in origin. In this study, we used various genetically modified mouse models to investigate tissue interaction between the condyle and glenoid fossa during TMJ formation in mice. We report that either absence or dislocation of the condyle results in an arrested glenoid fossa development. In both cases, glenoid fossa development was initiated, but failed to sustain, and became regressed subsequently. However, condyle development appears to be independent upon the presence of the forming glenoid fossa. In addition, we show that substitution of condyle by Meckel's cartilage is able to sustain glenoid fossa development. These observations suggest that proper signals from the developing condyle or Meckel's cartilage are required to sustain the glenoid fossa development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, College of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P R China
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Lana-Elola E, Tylzanowski P, Takatalo M, Alakurtti K, Veistinen L, Mitsiadis TA, Graf D, Rice R, Luyten FP, Rice DP. Noggin null allele mice exhibit a microform of holoprosencephaly. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:4005-15. [PMID: 21821669 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a heterogeneous craniofacial and neural developmental anomaly characterized in its most severe form by the failure of the forebrain to divide. In humans, HPE is associated with disruption of Sonic hedgehog and Nodal signaling pathways, but the role of other signaling pathways has not yet been determined. In this study, we analyzed mice which, due to the lack of the Bmp antagonist Noggin, exhibit elevated Bmp signaling. Noggin(-/-) mice exhibited a solitary median maxillary incisor that developed from a single dental placode, early midfacial narrowing as well as abnormalities in the developing hyoid bone, pituitary gland and vomeronasal organ. In Noggin(-/-) mice, the expression domains of Shh, as well as the Shh target genes Ptch1 and Gli1, were reduced in the frontonasal region at key stages of early facial development. Using E10.5 facial cultures, we show that excessive BMP4 results in reduced Fgf8 and Ptch1 expression. These data suggest that increased Bmp signaling in Noggin(-/-) mice results in downregulation of the hedgehog pathway at a critical stage when the midline craniofacial structures are developing, which leads to a phenotype consistent with a microform of HPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lana-Elola
- Department of Craniofacial Development, King's College, London, UK
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Blocking bone morphogenetic protein function using in vivo noggin therapy does not rescue premature suture fusion in rabbits with delayed-onset craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011; 127:1163-1172. [PMID: 21364419 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e318205f23b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Craniosynostosis is defined as the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), regulators of ossification, have been implicated in premature suture fusion. Noggin, an extracellular BMP inhibitor, has been shown experimentally to inhibit resynostosis following surgery. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that BMP inhibition using noggin therapy may rescue sutures destined to fuse by inhibiting initial ossification. METHODS Twenty-six, 10-day old rabbits with familial, delayed-onset, coronal suture synostosis were randomly divided into three groups: (1) the sham surgical control group, (2) the bovine serum albumin-treated group [10 μg/suture (protein/vehicle controls)], and (3) the noggin therapy group (10 μg/suture; experimental group). Sutural growth was monitored by radiopaque markers implanted at 10 days of age. At 25 days, the bovine serum albumin or noggin was combined with a slow-resorbing collagen vehicle and injected subperiosteally above the coronal suture. Somatic and sutural growth data were collected at 10, 25, 42, and 84 days of age. Coronal sutures were harvested at 84 days to histologically assess fusion. RESULTS Results showed no significant (p > 0.05) differences in suture separation at any age. Suture fusion assessed by histomorphology did not differ among the three groups. Although previous data showed noggin to inhibit postoperative resynostosis in this craniosynostotic rabbit model, here there was no effect on initial suture fusion. CONCLUSION These results suggest that in this rabbit model of craniosynostosis, BMPs do not play a role in the pathogenesis of craniosynostosis and only play a role in postoperative bony wound healing.
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Stottmann RW, Klingensmith J. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling is required in the dorsal neural folds before neurulation for the induction of spinal neural crest cells and dorsal neurons. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:755-65. [PMID: 21394823 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) activity has been implicated as a key regulator of multiple aspects of dorsal neural tube development. BMP signaling in the dorsal-most neuroepithelial cells presumably plays a critical role. We use tissue-specific gene ablation to probe the roles of BMPR1A, the type 1 BMP receptor that is seemingly the best candidate to mediate the activities of BMPs on early dorsal neural development. We use two different Cre lines expressed in the dorsal neural folds, one prior to spinal neurulation and one shortly afterward, together with a Bmpr1a conditional null mutation. Our findings indicate that BMPR1A signaling in the dorsal neural folds is important for hindbrain neural tube closure, but suggest it is dispensable for spinal neurulation. Our results also demonstrate a requirement for BMP signaling in patterning of dorsal neural tube cell fate and in neural crest cell formation, and imply a critical period shortly before neural tube closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf W Stottmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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40
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Mayanil CS, Ichi S, Farnell BM, Boshnjaku V, Tomita T, McLone DG. Maternal intake of folic acid and neural crest stem cells. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2011; 87:143-73. [PMID: 22127242 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386015-6.00028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Maternal folic acid (FA) intake has beneficial effects in preventing neural tube defects and may also play a role in the prevention of adult onset diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, dementia, neuropsychiatric disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cerebral ischemia. This review will focus on the effects of maternal FA intake on neural crest stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Although FA is generally considered beneficial, it has the potential of promoting cell proliferation at the expense of differentiation. In some situations, this may lead to miscarriage or postnatal developmental abnormalities. Therefore, a blind approach such as "FA for everyone" is not necessarily the best course of action. Ultimately, the best approach for FA supplementation, and potentially other nutritional supplements, will include customized patient genomic profiles for determining dose and duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra S Mayanil
- Developmental Biology Program, Children's Memorial Research Center, Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Memorial Medical Center and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Cordero DR, Brugmann S, Chu Y, Bajpai R, Jame M, Helms JA. Cranial neural crest cells on the move: their roles in craniofacial development. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 155A:270-9. [PMID: 21271641 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The craniofacial region is assembled through the active migration of cells and the rearrangement and sculpting of facial prominences and pharyngeal arches, which consequently make it particularly susceptible to a large number of birth defects. Genetic, molecular, and cellular processes must be temporally and spatially regulated to culminate in the three-dimension structures of the face. The starting constituent for the majority of skeletal and connective tissues in the face is a pluripotent population of cells, the cranial neural crest cells (NCCs). In this review we discuss the newest scientific findings in the development of the craniofacial complex as related to NCCs. Furthermore, we present recent findings on NCC diseases called neurocristopathies and, in doing so, provide clinicians with new tools for understanding a growing number of craniofacial genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight R Cordero
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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42
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He F, Xiong W, Wang Y, Matsui M, Yu X, Chai Y, Klingensmith J, Chen Y. Modulation of BMP signaling by Noggin is required for the maintenance of palatal epithelial integrity during palatogenesis. Dev Biol 2010; 347:109-21. [PMID: 20727875 PMCID: PMC3010875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BMP signaling plays many important roles during organ development, including palatogenesis. Loss of BMP signaling leads to cleft palate formation. During development, BMP activities are finely tuned by a number of modulators at the extracellular and intracellular levels. Among the extracellular BMP antagonists is Noggin, which preferentialy binds to BMP2, BMP4 and BMP7, all of which are expressed in the developing palatal shelves. Here we use targeted Noggin mutant mice as a model for gain of BMP signaling function to investigate the role of BMP signaling in palate development. We find prominent Noggin expression in the palatal epithelium along the anterior-posterior axis during early palate development. Loss of Noggin function leads to overactive BMP signaling, particularly in the palatal epithelium. This results in disregulation of cell proliferation, excessive cell death, and changes in gene expression, leading to formation of complete palatal cleft. The excessive cell death in the epithelium disrupts the palatal epithelium integrity, which in turn leads to an abnormal palate-mandible fusion and prevents palatal shelf elevation. This phenotype is recapitulated by ectopic expression of a constitutively active form of BMPR-IA but not BMPR-IB in the epithelium of the developing palate; this suggests a role for BMPR-IA in mediating overactive BMP signaling in the absence of Noggin. Together with the evidence that overexpression of Noggin in the palatal epithelium does not cause a cleft palate defect, we conclude from our results that Noggin mediated modulation of BMP signaling is essential for palatal epithelium integrity and for normal palate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglei He
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Maiko Matsui
- Department of Cell Biology Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xueyan Yu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - John Klingensmith
- Department of Cell Biology Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - YiPing Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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Duband JL. Diversity in the molecular and cellular strategies of epithelium-to-mesenchyme transitions: Insights from the neural crest. Cell Adh Migr 2010; 4:458-82. [PMID: 20559020 DOI: 10.4161/cam.4.3.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although epithelial to mesenchymal transitions (EMT) are often viewed as a unique event, they are characterized by a great diversity of cellular processes resulting in strikingly different outcomes. They may be complete or partial, massive or progressive, and lead to the complete disruption of the epithelium or leave it intact. Although the molecular and cellular mechanisms of EMT are being elucidated owing chiefly from studies on transformed epithelial cell lines cultured in vitro or from cancer cells, the basis of the diversity of EMT processes remains poorly understood. Clues can be collected from EMT occuring during embryonic development and which affect equally tissues of ectodermal, endodermal or mesodermal origins. Here, based on our current knowledge of the diversity of processes underlying EMT of neural crest cells in the vertebrate embryo, we propose that the time course and extent of EMT do not depend merely on the identity of the EMT transcriptional regulators and their cellular effectors but rather on the combination of molecular players recruited and on the possible coordination of EMT with other cellular processes.
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Tang S, Snider P, Firulli AB, Conway SJ. Trigenic neural crest-restricted Smad7 over-expression results in congenital craniofacial and cardiovascular defects. Dev Biol 2010; 344:233-47. [PMID: 20457144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Smad7 is a negative regulator of TGFbeta superfamily signaling. Using a three-component triple transgenic system, expression of the inhibitory Smad7 was induced via doxycycline within the NCC lineages at pre- and post-migratory stages. Consistent with its role in negatively regulating both TGFbeta and BMP signaling in vitro, induction of Smad7 within the NCC significantly suppressed phosphorylation levels of both Smad1/5/8 and Smad2/3 in vivo, resulting in subsequent loss of NCC-derived craniofacial, pharyngeal and cardiac OFT cushion cells. At the cellular level, increased cell death was observed in pharyngeal arches. However, cell proliferation and NCC-derived smooth muscle differentiation were unaltered. NCC lineage mapping demonstrated that cardiac NCC emigration and initial migration were not affected, but subsequent colonization of the OFT was significantly reduced. Induction of Smad7 in post-migratory NCC resulted in interventricular septal chamber septation defects, suggesting that TGFbeta superfamily signaling is also essential for cardiac NCC at post-migratory stages to govern normal cardiac development. Taken together, the data illustrate that tightly regulated TGFbeta superfamily signaling plays an essential role during craniofacial and cardiac NCC colonization and cell survival in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyong Tang
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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45
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Klingensmith J, Matsui M, Yang YP, Anderson RM. Roles of bone morphogenetic protein signaling and its antagonism in holoprosencephaly. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 154C:43-51. [PMID: 20104603 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common malformation of the forebrain, resulting from a failure to completely septate the left and right hemispheres at the rostral end of the neural tube. Because of the tissue interactions that drive head development, these forebrain defects are typically accompanied by midline deficiencies of craniofacial structures. Early events in setting up tissue precursors of the head, as well as later interactions between these tissues, are critical for normal head formation. Defects in either process can result in HPE. Signaling by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), a family of secreted cytokines, generally plays negative roles in early stages of head formation, and thus must be attenuated in multiple contexts to ensure proper forebrain and craniofacial development. Chordin and Noggin are endogenous, extracellular antagonists of BMP signaling that promote the normal organization of the forebrain and face. Mouse mutants with reduced levels of both factors display mutant phenotypes remarkably analogous to the range of malformations seen in human HPE sequence. Chordin and Noggin function in part by antagonizing the inhibitory effects of BMP signaling on the Sonic hedgehog and Nodal pathways, genetic lesions in each being associated with human HPE. Study of Chordin;Noggin mutant mice is helping us to understand the molecular, cellular, and genetic pathogenesis of HPE and associated malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Klingensmith
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Pachori AS, Custer L, Hansen D, Clapp S, Kemppa E, Klingensmith J. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 mediates myocardial ischemic injury through JNK-dependent signaling pathway. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 48:1255-65. [PMID: 20096288 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling regulates embryonic development of many organ systems and defective BMP signaling has been implicated in adult disorders of many of these systems. However, its relevance in cardiac disease has not been reported. Here we demonstrate for the first time that Bmp4 activity promotes cellular apoptosis following ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury induced myocardial infarction (MI). Bmp4 heterozygous null mice (Bmp4(+/)(-)) demonstrated reduced infarct size, less myocardial apoptosis and down-regulation of pro-apoptotic proteins relative to wild-type mice following I/R injury. This was associated with reduction in I/R induced BMP4 levels in the left ventricular infarcted region. Furthermore, treatment of neonatal cardiomyocytes with BMP4 resulted in time and dose-dependent increase in cellular apoptosis and activation of the JNK MAP kinase pathway. In contrast, while JNK activation was significantly attenuated in Bmp4(+/)(-) mice and following Smad1 inhibition in myocytes, inhibition of JNK with a specific inhibitory peptide, TAT-JBD(20,) blocked BMP4 induced apoptosis. In vivo treatment of mice with Noggin, an endogenous extracellular BMP antagonist, or dorsomorphin, a small molecule inhibitor of BMP signaling, reduced infarct size, and inhibited pro-apoptotic signaling accompanied by an inhibition of Smad1 phosphorylation and JNK activation. These studies identify a novel role for Bmp4 in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction and illustrate the use of a small molecule inhibitor of BMP signaling for treatment of acute I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok S Pachori
- Translational Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33548, USA.
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47
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Misra K, Matise MP. A critical role for sFRP proteins in maintaining caudal neural tube closure in mice via inhibition of BMP signaling. Dev Biol 2009; 337:74-83. [PMID: 19850029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Both the BMP and Wnt pathways have been implicated in directing aspects of dorsal neural tube closure and cell fate specification. However, the mechanisms that control the diverse responses to these signals are poorly understood. In this study, we provide genetic and functional evidence that the secreted sFRP1 and sFRP2 proteins, which have been primarily implicated as negative regulators of Wnt signaling, can also antagonize BMP signaling in the caudal neural tube and that this function is critical to maintain proper neural tube closure and dorsal cell fate segregation. Our studies thus reveal a novel role for specific sFRP proteins in balancing the response of cells to two critical extracellular signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamana Misra
- Department of Neuroscience & Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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48
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Joó JG. Recent perspectives on the genetic background of neural tube defects with special regard to iniencephaly. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2009; 9:281-93. [PMID: 19379086 DOI: 10.1586/erm.09.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Iniencephaly is a rare and mostly lethal type of neural tube defect. The pattern of inheritance of this group of malformations is multifactorial, rendering the identification of the underlying causes. Numerous studies have been conducted to elucidate the genetic basis of human neurulation. Essential signaling pathways of the development of the CNS include the planar cell polarity pathway, which is important for the initiation of neural tube closure, as well as the sonic hedgehog pathway, which regulates the neural plate bending. Genes influencing the different stages of neurulation have been investigated for their eventual role in the development of these malformations. Among the environmental factors, folic acid seems to be the most important modifier of the risk of human neural tube defects. Genes of the folate metabolism pathways have also been investigated to identify mutations resulting in increased risk of neural tube defects. In this review we have attempted to summarize the knowledge on iniencephaly and neural tube defects, with special regard to genetic factors of the etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Gábor Joó
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of General Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Baross utca 27, Hungary.
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Choi M, Stottmann RW, Yang YP, Meyers EN, Klingensmith J. The bone morphogenetic protein antagonist noggin regulates mammalian cardiac morphogenesis. Circ Res 2007; 100:220-8. [PMID: 17218603 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000257780.60484.6a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play many roles in mammalian cardiac development. Here we address the functions of Noggin, a dedicated BMP antagonist, in the developing mouse heart. In early cardiac tissues, the Noggin gene is mainly expressed in the myocardial cells of the outflow tract, atrioventricular canal, and future right ventricle. The major heart phenotypes of Noggin mutant embryos are thicker myocardium and larger endocardial cushions. Both defects result from increased cell number. Cell proliferation is increased and cell cycle exit is decreased in the myocardium. Although we find evidence of increased BMP signal transduction in the myocardium and endocardium, we show that the cardiac defects of Noggin mutants are rescued by halving the gene dosage of Bmp4. In culture, BMP increases the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) of endocardial explant cells. Increased EMT likely accounts for the enlarged atrioventricular cushion. In the outflow tract cushion, we observed an increased contribution of cardiac neural crest cells to the mutant cushion mesenchyme, although many cells of the cushion were not derived from neural crest. Thus the enlarged outflow tract cushion of Noggin mutants likely arises by increased contributions both of endocardial cells that have undergone EMT as well as cells that have migrated from the neural crest. These data indicate that antagonism of BMP signaling by Noggin plays a critical role in ensuring proper levels of cell proliferation and EMT during cardiac morphogenesis in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murim Choi
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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50
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Stottmann RW, Berrong M, Matta K, Choi M, Klingensmith J. The BMP antagonist Noggin promotes cranial and spinal neurulation by distinct mechanisms. Dev Biol 2006; 295:647-63. [PMID: 16712836 PMCID: PMC3001110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2005] [Revised: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Here we characterize the consequences of elevated bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling on neural tube morphogenesis by analyzing mice lacking the BMP antagonist, Noggin. Noggin is expressed dorsally in the closing neural folds and ventrally in the notochord and somites. All Noggin-/- pups are born with lumbar spina bifida; depending on genetic background, they may also have exencephaly. The exencephaly is due to a primary failure of neurulation, resulting from a lack of mid/hindbrain dorsolateral hinge point (DLHP) formation. Thus, as previously shown for Shh signaling at spinal levels, BMP activity may inhibit cranial DLHP morphogenesis. However, the increased BMP signaling observed in the Noggin-/- dorsal neural tube is not sufficient to cause exencephaly; it appears to also depend on the action of a genetic modifier, which may act to increase dorsal Shh signaling. The spinal neural tube defect results from a different mechanism: increased BMP signaling in the mesoderm between the limb buds leads to abnormal somite differentiation and axial skeletal malformation. The resulting lack of mechanical support for the neural tube causes spina bifida. We show that this defect is due to elevated BMP4 signaling. Thus, Noggin is required for mammalian neurulation in two contexts, dependent on position along the rostrocaudal axis.
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