1
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Poe AR, Zhu L, Tang SH, Valencia E, Kayser MS. Energetic demands regulate sleep-wake rhythm circuit development. eLife 2024; 13:RP97256. [PMID: 39037919 PMCID: PMC11262794 DOI: 10.7554/elife.97256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Sleep and feeding patterns lack strong daily rhythms during early life. As diurnal animals mature, feeding is consolidated to the day and sleep to the night. In Drosophila, circadian sleep patterns are initiated with formation of a circuit connecting the central clock to arousal output neurons; emergence of circadian sleep also enables long-term memory (LTM). However, the cues that trigger the development of this clock-arousal circuit are unknown. Here, we identify a role for nutritional status in driving sleep-wake rhythm development in Drosophila larvae. We find that in the 2nd instar larval period (L2), sleep and feeding are spread across the day; these behaviors become organized into daily patterns by the 3rd instar larval stage (L3). Forcing mature (L3) animals to adopt immature (L2) feeding strategies disrupts sleep-wake rhythms and the ability to exhibit LTM. In addition, the development of the clock (DN1a)-arousal (Dh44) circuit itself is influenced by the larval nutritional environment. Finally, we demonstrate that larval arousal Dh44 neurons act through glucose metabolic genes to drive onset of daily sleep-wake rhythms. Together, our data suggest that changes to energetic demands in developing organisms trigger the formation of sleep-circadian circuits and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Poe
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Lucy Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Si Hao Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Ella Valencia
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Matthew S Kayser
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
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2
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Harvey-Carroll J, Stevenson TJ, Bussière LF, Spencer KA. Pre-natal exposure to glucocorticoids causes changes in developmental circadian clock gene expression and post-natal behaviour in the Japanese quail. Horm Behav 2024; 163:105562. [PMID: 38810363 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The embryonic environment is critical in shaping developmental trajectories and consequently post-natal phenotypes. Exposure to elevated stress hormones during this developmental stage is known to alter a variety of post-natal phenotypic traits, and it has been suggested that pre-natal stress can have long term effects on the circadian rhythm of glucocorticoid hormone production. Despite the importance of the circadian system, the potential impact of developmental glucocorticoid exposure on circadian clock genes, has not yet been fully explored. Here, we showed that pre-natal exposure to corticosterone (CORT, a key glucocorticoid) resulted in a significant upregulation of two key hypothalamic circadian clock genes during the embryonic period in the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Altered expression was still present 10 days into post-natal life for both genes, but then disappeared by post-natal day 28. At post-natal day 28, however, diel rhythms of eating and resting were influenced by exposure to pre-natal CORT. Males exposed to pre-natal CORT featured an earlier acrophase, alongside spending a higher proportion of time feeding. Females exposed to pre-natal CORT featured a less pronounced shift in acrophase and spent less time eating. Both males and females exposed to pre-natal CORT spent less time inactive during the day. Pre-natal CORT males appeared to feature a delay in peak activity levels. Our novel data suggest that these circadian clock genes and aspects of diurnal behaviours are highly susceptible to glucocorticoid disruption during embryonic development, and these effects are persistent across developmental stages, at least into early post-natal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Harvey-Carroll
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, Scotland; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences & Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Tyler J Stevenson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Luc F Bussière
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences & Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karen A Spencer
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, Scotland
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3
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Buono L, Annona G, Magri MS, Negueruela S, Sepe RM, Caccavale F, Maeso I, Arnone MI, D’Aniello S. Conservation of cis-Regulatory Syntax Underlying Deuterostome Gastrulation. Cells 2024; 13:1121. [PMID: 38994973 PMCID: PMC11240583 DOI: 10.3390/cells13131121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Throughout embryonic development, the shaping of the functional and morphological characteristics of embryos is orchestrated by an intricate interaction between transcription factors and cis-regulatory elements. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of deuterostome cis-regulatory landscapes during gastrulation, focusing on four paradigmatic species: the echinoderm Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, the cephalochordate Branchiostoma lanceolatum, the urochordate Ciona intestinalis, and the vertebrate Danio rerio. Our approach involved comparative computational analysis of ATAC-seq datasets to explore the genome-wide blueprint of conserved transcription factor binding motifs underlying gastrulation. We identified a core set of conserved DNA binding motifs associated with 62 known transcription factors, indicating the remarkable conservation of the gastrulation regulatory landscape across deuterostomes. Our findings offer valuable insights into the evolutionary molecular dynamics of embryonic development, shedding light on conserved regulatory subprograms and providing a comprehensive perspective on the conservation and divergence of gene regulation underlying the gastrulation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Buono
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (R.M.S.); (F.C.); (M.I.A.)
| | - Giovanni Annona
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (R.M.S.); (F.C.); (M.I.A.)
- Department of Research Infrastructure for Marine Biological Resources (RIMAR), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Marta Silvia Magri
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
| | | | - Rosa Maria Sepe
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (R.M.S.); (F.C.); (M.I.A.)
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via Ammiraglio Ferdinando Acton, 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Caccavale
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (R.M.S.); (F.C.); (M.I.A.)
| | - Ignacio Maeso
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Ina Arnone
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (R.M.S.); (F.C.); (M.I.A.)
| | - Salvatore D’Aniello
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (R.M.S.); (F.C.); (M.I.A.)
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4
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Poe AR, Zhu L, Tang SH, Valencia E, Kayser MS. Energetic Demands Regulate Sleep-Wake Rhythm Circuit Development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.19.558472. [PMID: 37786713 PMCID: PMC10541615 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.19.558472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Sleep and feeding patterns lack strong daily rhythms during early life. As diurnal animals mature, feeding is consolidated to the day and sleep to the night. In Drosophila, circadian sleep patterns are initiated with formation of a circuit connecting the central clock to arousal output neurons; emergence of circadian sleep also enables long-term memory (LTM). However, the cues that trigger the development of this clock-arousal circuit are unknown. Here, we identify a role for nutritional status in driving sleep-wake rhythm development in Drosophila larvae. We find that in the 2nd instar larval period (L2), sleep and feeding are spread across the day; these behaviors become organized into daily patterns by the 3rd instar larval stage (L3). Forcing mature (L3) animals to adopt immature (L2) feeding strategies disrupts sleep-wake rhythms and the ability to exhibit LTM. In addition, the development of the clock (DN1a)-arousal (Dh44) circuit itself is influenced by the larval nutritional environment. Finally, we demonstrate that larval arousal Dh44 neurons act through glucose metabolic genes to drive onset of daily sleep-wake rhythms. Together, our data suggest that changes to energetic demands in developing organisms trigger the formation of sleep-circadian circuits and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R. Poe
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lucy Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Si Hao Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ella Valencia
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew S. Kayser
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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5
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Anatskaya OV, Vinogradov AE. Polyploidy Promotes Hypertranscription, Apoptosis Resistance, and Ciliogenesis in Cancer Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Various Origins: Comparative Transcriptome In Silico Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4185. [PMID: 38673782 PMCID: PMC11050069 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) attract an increasing amount of attention due to their unique therapeutic properties. Yet, MSC can undergo undesirable genetic and epigenetic changes during their propagation in vitro. In this study, we investigated whether polyploidy can compromise MSC oncological safety and therapeutic properties. For this purpose, we compared the impact of polyploidy on the transcriptome of cancer cells and MSC of various origins (bone marrow, placenta, and heart). First, we identified genes that are consistently ploidy-induced or ploidy-repressed through all comparisons. Then, we selected the master regulators using the protein interaction enrichment analysis (PIEA). The obtained ploidy-related gene signatures were verified using the data gained from polyploid and diploid populations of early cardiomyocytes (CARD) originating from iPSC. The multistep bioinformatic analysis applied to the cancer cells, MSC, and CARD indicated that polyploidy plays a pivotal role in driving the cell into hypertranscription. It was evident from the upregulation of gene modules implicated in housekeeping functions, stemness, unicellularity, DNA repair, and chromatin opening by means of histone acetylation operating via DNA damage associated with the NUA4/TIP60 complex. These features were complemented by the activation of the pathways implicated in centrosome maintenance and ciliogenesis and by the impairment of the pathways related to apoptosis, the circadian clock, and immunity. Overall, our findings suggest that, although polyploidy does not induce oncologic transformation of MSC, it might compromise their therapeutic properties because of global epigenetic changes and alterations in fundamental biological processes. The obtained results can contribute to the development and implementation of approaches enhancing the therapeutic properties of MSC by removing polyploid cells from the cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Anatskaya
- Institute of Cytology Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia;
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6
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Parasram K, Zuccato A, Shin M, Willms R, DeVeale B, Foley E, Karpowicz P. The emergence of circadian timekeeping in the intestine. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1788. [PMID: 38413599 PMCID: PMC10899604 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45942-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock is a molecular timekeeper, present from cyanobacteria to mammals, that coordinates internal physiology with the external environment. The clock has a 24-h period however development proceeds with its own timing, raising the question of how these interact. Using the intestine of Drosophila melanogaster as a model for organ development, we track how and when the circadian clock emerges in specific cell types. We find that the circadian clock begins abruptly in the adult intestine and gradually synchronizes to the environment after intestinal development is complete. This delayed start occurs because individual cells at earlier stages lack the complete circadian clock gene network. As the intestine develops, the circadian clock is first consolidated in intestinal stem cells with changes in Ecdysone and Hnf4 signalling influencing the transcriptional activity of Clk/cyc to drive the expression of tim, Pdp1, and vri. In the mature intestine, stem cell lineage commitment transiently disrupts clock activity in differentiating progeny, mirroring early developmental clock-less transitions. Our data show that clock function and differentiation are incompatible and provide a paradigm for studying circadian clocks in development and stem cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathyani Parasram
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Amy Zuccato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Minjeong Shin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Reegan Willms
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Brian DeVeale
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Edan Foley
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Phillip Karpowicz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada.
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7
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Abstract
Organismal development requires the reproducible unfolding of an ordered sequence of discrete steps (cell fate determination, migration, tissue folding, etc.) in both time and space. Here, we review the mechanisms that grant temporal specificity to developmental steps, including molecular clocks and timers. Individual timing mechanisms must be coordinated with each other to maintain the overall developmental sequence. However, phenotypic novelties can also arise through the modification of temporal patterns over the course of evolution. Two main types of variation in temporal patterning characterize interspecies differences in developmental time: allochrony, where the overall developmental sequence is either accelerated or slowed down while maintaining the relative duration of individual steps, and heterochrony, where the duration of specific developmental steps is altered relative to the rest. New advances in in vitro modeling of mammalian development using stem cells have recently enabled the revival of mechanistic studies of allochrony and heterochrony. In both cases, differences in the rate of basic cellular functions such as splicing, translation, protein degradation, and metabolism seem to underlie differences in developmental time. In the coming years, these studies should identify the genetic differences that drive divergence in developmental time between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarete Diaz-Cuadros
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Poe AR, Zhu L, Szuperak M, McClanahan PD, Anafi RC, Scholl B, Thum AS, Cavanaugh DJ, Kayser MS. Developmental emergence of sleep rhythms enables long-term memory in Drosophila. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh2301. [PMID: 37683005 PMCID: PMC10491288 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh2301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
In adulthood, sleep-wake rhythms are one of the most prominent behaviors under circadian control. However, during early life, sleep is spread across the 24-hour day. The mechanism through which sleep rhythms emerge, and consequent advantage conferred to a juvenile animal, is unknown. In the second-instar Drosophila larvae (L2), like in human infants, sleep is not under circadian control. We identify the precise developmental time point when the clock begins to regulate sleep in Drosophila, leading to emergence of sleep rhythms in early third-instars (L3). At this stage, a cellular connection forms between DN1a clock neurons and arousal-promoting Dh44 neurons, bringing arousal under clock control to drive emergence of circadian sleep. Last, we demonstrate that L3 but not L2 larvae exhibit long-term memory (LTM) of aversive cues and that this LTM depends upon deep sleep generated once sleep rhythms begin. We propose that the developmental emergence of circadian sleep enables more complex cognitive processes, including the onset of enduring memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R. Poe
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lucy Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Milan Szuperak
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Ron C. Anafi
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin Scholl
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andreas S. Thum
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Matthew S. Kayser
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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9
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Du XF, Li FN, Peng XL, Xu B, Zhang Y, Li G, Liu T, Li Y, Wang H, Yan J, Du JL. Circadian regulation of developmental synaptogenesis via the hypocretinergic system. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3195. [PMID: 37268623 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38973-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock orchestrates a wide variety of physiological and behavioral processes, enabling animals to adapt to daily environmental changes, particularly the day-night cycle. However, the circadian clock's role in the developmental processes remains unclear. Here, we employ the in vivo long-term time-lapse imaging of retinotectal synapses in the optic tectum of larval zebrafish and reveal that synaptogenesis, a fundamental developmental process for neural circuit formation, exhibits circadian rhythm. This rhythmicity arises primarily from the synapse formation rather than elimination and requires the hypocretinergic neural system. Disruption of this synaptogenic rhythm, by impairing either the circadian clock or the hypocretinergic system, affects the arrangement of the retinotectal synapses on axon arbors and the refinement of the postsynaptic tectal neuron's receptive field. Thus, our findings demonstrate that the developmental synaptogenesis is under hypocretin-dependent circadian regulation, suggesting an important role of the circadian clock in neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Fei Du
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yu-Quan Road, 100049, Beijing, China.
| | - Fu-Ning Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yu-Quan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Peng
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Taole Liu
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Wang
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yu-Quan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Jiu-Lin Du
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yu-Quan Road, 100049, Beijing, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 319 Yue-Yang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Vainshelbaum NM, Salmina K, Gerashchenko BI, Lazovska M, Zayakin P, Cragg MS, Pjanova D, Erenpreisa J. Role of the Circadian Clock "Death-Loop" in the DNA Damage Response Underpinning Cancer Treatment Resistance. Cells 2022; 11:880. [PMID: 35269502 PMCID: PMC8909334 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we review the role of the circadian clock (CC) in the resistance of cancer cells to genotoxic treatments in relation to whole-genome duplication (WGD) and telomere-length regulation. The CC drives the normal cell cycle, tissue differentiation, and reciprocally regulates telomere elongation. However, it is deregulated in embryonic stem cells (ESCs), the early embryo, and cancer. Here, we review the DNA damage response of cancer cells and a similar impact on the cell cycle to that found in ESCs—overcoming G1/S, adapting DNA damage checkpoints, tolerating DNA damage, coupling telomere erosion to accelerated cell senescence, and favouring transition by mitotic slippage into the ploidy cycle (reversible polyploidy). Polyploidy decelerates the CC. We report an intriguing positive correlation between cancer WGD and the deregulation of the CC assessed by bioinformatics on 11 primary cancer datasets (rho = 0.83; p < 0.01). As previously shown, the cancer cells undergoing mitotic slippage cast off telomere fragments with TERT, restore the telomeres by ALT-recombination, and return their depolyploidised offspring to telomerase-dependent regulation. By reversing this polyploidy and the CC “death loop”, the mitotic cycle and Hayflick limit count are thus again renewed. Our review and proposed mechanism support a life-cycle concept of cancer and highlight the perspective of cancer treatment by differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninel Miriam Vainshelbaum
- Cancer Research Division, Latvian Biomedicine Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (N.M.V.); Latvia; (K.S.); (M.L.); (P.Z.); (D.P.)
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, LV-1050 Riga, Latvia
| | - Kristine Salmina
- Cancer Research Division, Latvian Biomedicine Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (N.M.V.); Latvia; (K.S.); (M.L.); (P.Z.); (D.P.)
| | - Bogdan I. Gerashchenko
- R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03022 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Marija Lazovska
- Cancer Research Division, Latvian Biomedicine Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (N.M.V.); Latvia; (K.S.); (M.L.); (P.Z.); (D.P.)
| | - Pawel Zayakin
- Cancer Research Division, Latvian Biomedicine Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (N.M.V.); Latvia; (K.S.); (M.L.); (P.Z.); (D.P.)
| | - Mark Steven Cragg
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK;
| | - Dace Pjanova
- Cancer Research Division, Latvian Biomedicine Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (N.M.V.); Latvia; (K.S.); (M.L.); (P.Z.); (D.P.)
| | - Jekaterina Erenpreisa
- Cancer Research Division, Latvian Biomedicine Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (N.M.V.); Latvia; (K.S.); (M.L.); (P.Z.); (D.P.)
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11
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Bery A, Bagchi U, Bergen AA, Felder-Schmittbuhl MP. Circadian clocks, retinogenesis and ocular health in vertebrates: new molecular insights. Dev Biol 2022; 484:40-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Doria HB, Caliendo C, Gerber S, Pfenninger M. Photoperiod is an important seasonal selection factor in Chironomus riparius (Diptera: Chironomidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Most organisms respond and can adapt to photoperiodic changes. This affects measurable end points like developmental time, survival and fertility. For ectotherms like Chironomus riparius, temperature is the most studied environmental cue regulating their life cycle, whereas photoperiodic influence is neglected. However, the developmental speed between summer and winter seasons of a field population could not be explained solely by temperature variations. Therefore, to have a comprehensive view on how photoperiods influence chironomid’s life cycle, we investigated if it plays a role in their development and if it acts as an important selective pressure on developmental time speed. To this end, first emerged C. riparius were artificially selected for seven generations. Pre-selected and unselected organisms could develop and breed independently under three light regimes: constant light (24:0 L:D), long days (16:8 L:D) and short days (8:16 L:D). Adult emergence, mean and median emergence time and fertility were integrated into the population growth rate to compare fitness. Our findings show that although developmental time is extended under short days, this same condition may exert a selective pressure towards a shorter development. Moreover, by also using photoperiodic clues to anticipate environmental changes, chironomids can potentially adapt to alterations in climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Binde Doria
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Georg-Voigt-Straße, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Cosima Caliendo
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Gerber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Pfenninger
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Georg-Voigt-Straße, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute for Molecular and Organismic Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg, Mainz, Germany
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13
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Poe AR, Mace KD, Kayser MS. Getting into rhythm: developmental emergence of circadian clocks and behaviors. FEBS J 2021; 289:6576-6588. [PMID: 34375504 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks keep time to coordinate diverse behaviors and physiological functions. While molecular circadian rhythms are evident during early development, most behavioral rhythms, such as sleep-wake, do not emerge until far later. Here, we examine the development of circadian clocks, outputs, and behaviors across phylogeny, with a particular focus on Drosophila. We explore potential mechanisms for how central clocks and circadian output loci establish communication, and discuss why from an evolutionary perspective sleep-wake and other behavioral rhythms emerge long after central clocks begin keeping time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Poe
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kyla D Mace
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Pharmacology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew S Kayser
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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14
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Zhao J, Warman G, Cheeseman J. The Development and Decay of the Circadian Clock in Drosophila melanogaster. Clocks Sleep 2020; 1:489-500. [PMID: 33089181 PMCID: PMC7445846 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep1040037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The way in which the circadian clock mechanism develops and decays throughout life is interesting for a number of reasons and may give us insight into the process of aging itself. The Drosophila model has been proven invaluable for the study of the circadian clock and development and aging. Here we review the evidence for how the Drosophila clock develops and changes throughout life, and present a new conceptual model based on the results of our recent work. Firefly luciferase lines faithfully report the output of known clock genes at the central clock level in the brain and peripherally throughout the whole body. Our results show that the clock is functioning in embryogenesis far earlier than previously thought. This central clock in the fly remains robust throughout the life of the animal and only degrades immediately prior to death. However, at the peripheral (non-central oscillator level) the clock shows weakened output as the animal ages, suggesting the possibility of the breakdown in the cohesion of the circadian network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhao
- Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (J.Z.); (G.W.)
| | - Guy Warman
- Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (J.Z.); (G.W.)
| | - James Cheeseman
- Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (J.Z.); (G.W.)
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15
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Wang H, Yang Z, Li X, Huang D, Yu S, He J, Li Y, Yan J. Single-cell in vivo imaging of cellular circadian oscillators in zebrafish. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000435. [PMID: 32168317 PMCID: PMC7069618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock is a cell-autonomous time-keeping mechanism established gradually during embryonic development. Here, we generated a transgenic zebrafish line carrying a destabilized fluorescent protein driven by the promoter of a core clock gene, nr1d1, to report in vivo circadian rhythm at the single-cell level. By time-lapse imaging of this fish line and 3D reconstruction, we observed the sequential initiation of the reporter expression starting at photoreceptors in the pineal gland, then spreading to the cells in other brain regions at the single-cell level. Even within the pineal gland, we found heterogeneous onset of nr1d1 expression, in which each cell undergoes circadian oscillation superimposed over a cell type–specific developmental trajectory. Furthermore, we found that single-cell expression of nr1d1 showed synchronous circadian oscillation under a light–dark (LD) cycle. Remarkably, single-cell oscillations were dramatically dampened rather than desynchronized in animals raised under constant darkness, while the developmental trend still persists. It suggests that light exposure in early zebrafish embryos has significant effect on cellular circadian oscillations. A transgenic zebrafish line, nr1d1-VNP, enables the monitoring of single-cell circadian rhythms in live zebrafish; using this fish line, the authors find that light exposure in early development initializes rather than synchronizes single-cell oscillators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifang Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeyong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of AnHui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Dengfeng Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuguang Yu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie He
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (JY); (YL); (JH)
| | - Yuanhai Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of AnHui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail: (JY); (YL); (JH)
| | - Jun Yan
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JY); (YL); (JH)
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16
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Zhong Y, Ye Q, Chen C, Wang M, Wang H. Ezh2 promotes clock function and hematopoiesis independent of histone methyltransferase activity in zebrafish. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:3382-3399. [PMID: 29447387 PMCID: PMC5909462 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
EZH2 is a subunit of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) that silences gene transcription via H3K27me3 and was shown to be essential for mammalian liver circadian regulation and hematopoiesis through gene silencing. Much less, however, is known about how Ezh2 acts in live zebrafish. Here, we show that zebrafish ezh2 is regulated directly by the circadian clock via both E-box and RORE motif, while core circadian clock genes per1a, per1b, cry1aa and cry1ab are down-regulated in ezh2 null mutant and ezh2 morphant zebrafish, and either knockdown or overexpression of ezh2 alters locomotor rhythms, indicating that Ezh2 is required for zebrafish circadian regulation. In contrast to its canonical silencing function, zebrafish Ezh2 up-regulates these key circadian clock genes independent of histone methyltransferase activity by directly binding to key circadian clock proteins. Similarly, Ezh2 contributes to hematopoiesis by enhancing expression of hematopoietic genes such as cmyb and lck. Together, our findings demonstrate for the first time that Ezh2 acts in both circadian regulation and hematopoiesis independent of silencing PRC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbin Zhong
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qiang Ye
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Chengyan Chen
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Mingyong Wang
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Han Wang
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
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17
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Pacelli C, Rotundo G, Lecce L, Menga M, Bidollari E, Scrima R, Cela O, Piccoli C, Cocco T, Vescovi AL, Mazzoccoli G, Rosati J, Capitanio N. Parkin Mutation Affects Clock Gene-Dependent Energy Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112772. [PMID: 31195749 PMCID: PMC6600341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence highlights a tight connection between circadian rhythms, molecular clockworks, and mitochondrial function. In particular, mitochondrial quality control and bioenergetics have been proven to undergo circadian oscillations driven by core clock genes. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by a selective loss of dopaminergic neurons. Almost half of the autosomal recessive forms of juvenile parkinsonism have been associated with mutations in the PARK2 gene coding for parkin, shown to be involved in mitophagy-mediated mitochondrial quality control. The aim of this study was to investigate, in fibroblasts from genetic PD patients carrying parkin mutations, the interplay between mitochondrial bioenergetics and the cell autonomous circadian clock. Using two different in vitro synchronization protocols, we demonstrated that normal fibroblasts displayed rhythmic oscillations of both mitochondrial respiration and glycolytic activity. Conversely, in fibroblasts obtained from PD patients, a severe damping of the bioenergetic oscillatory patterns was observed. Analysis of the core clock genes showed deregulation of their expression patterns in PD fibroblasts, which was confirmed in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) derived thereof. The results from this study support a reciprocal interplay between the clockwork machinery and mitochondrial energy metabolism, point to a parkin-dependent mechanism of regulation, and unveil a hitherto unappreciated level of complexity in the pathophysiology of PD and eventually other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consiglia Pacelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Giovannina Rotundo
- Cell Reprogramming Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy.
| | - Lucia Lecce
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Marta Menga
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Eris Bidollari
- Cell Reprogramming Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy.
| | - Rosella Scrima
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Olga Cela
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Claudia Piccoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-CROB, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture (PZ), Italy.
| | - Tiziana Cocco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Angelo Luigi Vescovi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Bicocca University of Milan, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Mazzoccoli
- Division of Internal Medicine and Chronobiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy.
| | - Jessica Rosati
- Cell Reprogramming Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy.
| | - Nazzareno Capitanio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
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18
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Zhao J, Warman GR, Stanewsky R, Cheeseman JF. Development of the Molecular Circadian Clock and Its Light Sensitivity in Drosophila Melanogaster. J Biol Rhythms 2019; 34:272-282. [PMID: 30879378 DOI: 10.1177/0748730419836818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the circadian clock for the control of behavior and physiology is well established but how and when it develops is not fully understood. Here the initial expression pattern of the key clock gene period was recorded in Drosophila from embryos in vivo, using transgenic luciferase reporters. PERIOD expression in the presumptive central-clock dorsal neurons started to oscillate in the embryo in constant darkness. In behavioral experiments, a single 12-h light pulse given during the embryonic stage synchronized adult activity rhythms, implying the early development of entrainment mechanisms. These findings suggest that the central clock is functional already during embryogenesis. In contrast to central brain expression, PERIOD in the peripheral cells or their precursors increased during the embryonic stage and peaked during the pupal stage without showing circadian oscillations. Its rhythmic expression only initiated in the adult. We conclude that cyclic expression of PERIOD in the central-clock neurons starts in the embryo, presumably in the dorsal neurons or their precursors. It is not until shortly after eclosion when cyclic and synchronized expression of PERIOD in peripheral tissues commences throughout the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhao
- Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Guy Robert Warman
- Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Ralf Stanewsky
- Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - James Frederick Cheeseman
- Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
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19
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Abstract
Biology is dynamic. Timescales range from frenetic sub-second ion fluxes and enzymatic reactions to the glacial millions of years of evolutionary change. Falling somewhere in the middle of this range are the processes we usually study in development: cell division and differentiation, gene expression, cell-cell signalling, and morphogenesis. But what sets the tempo and manages the order of developmental events? Are the order and tempo different between species? How is the sequence of multiple events coordinated? Here, we discuss the importance of time for developing embryos, highlighting the necessity for global as well as cell-autonomous control. New reagents and tools in imaging and genomic engineering, combined with in vitro culture, are beginning to offer fresh perspectives and molecular insight into the origin and mechanisms of developmental time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Ebisuya
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (RIKEN BDR), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - James Briscoe
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
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20
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P19 Cells as a Model for Studying the Circadian Clock in Stem Cells before and after Cell Differentiation. J Circadian Rhythms 2018; 16:6. [PMID: 30210566 PMCID: PMC6083773 DOI: 10.5334/jcr.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, circadian rhythmicity is sustained via a transcriptional/translational feedback loop referred to as the canonical molecular circadian clock. Circadian rhythm is absent in undifferentiated embryonic stem cells; it begins only after differentiation. We used pluripotent P19 embryonal carcinoma stem cells to check the biological clock before and after differentiation into neurons using retinoic acid. We show that the central clock genes ARNTL (Bmal), Per2 and Per3, and the peripheral clock genes Rev-erb-α and ROR-α, oscillate before and after differentiation, as does the expression of the neuronal differentiation markers Hes5, β-3-tubulin (Tubb3) and Stra13, but not Neurod1. Furthermore, the known clock-modulating compounds ERK, EGFR, Pi3K, p38, DNA methylation and Sirtiun inhibitors, in addition to Rev-erb-α ligands, modulate the expression of central and peripheral clock genes. Interestingly Sirtinol, Sirt1 and Sirt2 inhibitors had the greatest significant effect on the expression of clock genes, and increased Hes5 and Tubb3 expression during neuronal differentiation. Our findings reveal a new frontier of circadian clock research in stem cells: contrary to what has been published previously, we have shown the clock to be functional and to oscillate, even in undifferentiated stem cells. Modulating the expression of clock genes using small molecules could affect stem cell differentiation.
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21
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Weger M, Diotel N, Dorsemans AC, Dickmeis T, Weger BD. Stem cells and the circadian clock. Dev Biol 2017; 431:111-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Ikegami K, Yoshimura T. The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and biological rhythms: The discovery of TSH's unexpected role using animal models. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 31:475-485. [PMID: 29223282 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) are important for development, growth, and metabolism. It is also clear that the synthesis and secretion of TH are regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Animal models have helped advance our understanding of the roles and regulatory mechanisms of TH. The animals' bodies develop through coordinated timing of cell division and differentiation. Studies of frog metamorphosis led to the discovery of TH and their role in development. However, to adapt to rhythmic environmental changes, animals also developed various endocrine rhythms. Studies of rodents clarified the neural and molecular mechanisms underlying the circadian regulation of the HPT axis. Moreover, birds have a sophisticated seasonal adaptation mechanism, and recent studies of quail revealed unexpected roles for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and TH in the seasonal regulation of reproduction. Interestingly, this mechanism is conserved in mammals. Thus, we review how animal studies have shaped our general understanding of the HPT axis in relation to biological rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ikegami
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshimura
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Division of Seasonal Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.
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23
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Chew KS, Renna JM, McNeill DS, Fernandez DC, Keenan WT, Thomsen MB, Ecker JL, Loevinsohn GS, VanDunk C, Vicarel DC, Tufford A, Weng S, Gray PA, Cayouette M, Herzog ED, Zhao H, Berson DM, Hattar S. A subset of ipRGCs regulates both maturation of the circadian clock and segregation of retinogeniculate projections in mice. eLife 2017; 6:e22861. [PMID: 28617242 PMCID: PMC5513697 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The visual system consists of two major subsystems, image-forming circuits that drive conscious vision and non-image-forming circuits for behaviors such as circadian photoentrainment. While historically considered non-overlapping, recent evidence has uncovered crosstalk between these subsystems. Here, we investigated shared developmental mechanisms. We revealed an unprecedented role for light in the maturation of the circadian clock and discovered that intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are critical for this refinement process. In addition, ipRGCs regulate retinal waves independent of light, and developmental ablation of a subset of ipRGCs disrupts eye-specific segregation of retinogeniculate projections. Specifically, a subset of ipRGCs, comprising ~200 cells and which project intraretinally and to circadian centers in the brain, are sufficient to mediate both of these developmental processes. Thus, this subset of ipRGCs constitute a shared node in the neural networks that mediate light-dependent maturation of the circadian clock and light-independent refinement of retinogeniculate projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie S Chew
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Jordan M Renna
- Department of Biology, Program in Integrated Bioscience, The University of Akron, Akron, United States
| | - David S McNeill
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Diego C Fernandez
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - William T Keenan
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Michael B Thomsen
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Jennifer L Ecker
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | | | - Cassandra VanDunk
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, United States
| | - Daniel C Vicarel
- Department of Biology, Program in Integrated Bioscience, The University of Akron, Akron, United States
| | - Adele Tufford
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit, Institut De Recherches Cliniques De Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Shijun Weng
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, United States
| | - Paul A Gray
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, United States
- Indigo Agriculture, Charlestown, United States
| | - Michel Cayouette
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit, Institut De Recherches Cliniques De Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Université De Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Erik D Herzog
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, United States
| | - Haiqing Zhao
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - David M Berson
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, United States
| | - Samer Hattar
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
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24
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Forssell-Aronsson E, Quinlan RA. THE IMPACT OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS ON MEDICAL IMAGING AND RADIOTHERAPY REGIMES FOR THE PAEDIATRIC PATIENT. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2017; 173:16-20. [PMID: 27885090 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncw328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Daily rhythmic changes are found in cellular events in cell cycle, DNA repair, apoptosis and angiogenesis in both normal and tumour tissue, as well as in enzymatic activity and drug metabolism. In this paper, we hypothesize that circadian rhythms need to be considered in radiation protection and optimization in personalized medicine, especially for paediatric care. The sensitivity of the eye lens to ionizing radiation makes the case for limiting damage to the lens epithelium by planning medical radio-imaging procedures for the afternoon, rather than the morning. Equally, the tumour and normal tissue response to radiotherapy is also subject to diurnal variation enabling optimization of time of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Forssell-Aronsson
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center,Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R A Quinlan
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Mountjoy Science Site, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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25
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George KA, Archer MS, Toop T. Correlation of molecular expression with diel rhythm of oviposition in Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and implications for forensic entomology. J Forensic Sci 2014; 60 Suppl 1:S108-15. [PMID: 25088455 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the molecular mechanisms potentially underlying blow fly nocturnal oviposition. A behavioral study revealed that Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) possesses a diel rhythm of oviposition in light under 12:12 light/dark conditions. Reversal to 12:12 dark/light resulted in oviposition behavior changing to align with the adjusted regime in most females, but four of 59 experimental females lacked a diel rhythm of oviposition (were arrhythmic). Real-time PCR was used to monitor the molecular expression levels of known circadian genes per and tim in C. vicina to determine whether gene expression and behavior correlated. As with behavior, reversing light/dark conditions changed rhythmic gene expression to align with an adjusted light regime. This suggests that although it is unlikely that C. vicina will colonize dead bodies at night, arrhythmic females and oviposition in the dark was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A George
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, Vic., 3220, Australia
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Lima-Cabello E, Díaz-Casado ME, Guerrero JA, Otalora BB, Escames G, López LC, Reiter RJ, Acuña-Castroviejo D. A review of the melatonin functions in zebrafish physiology. J Pineal Res 2014; 57:1-9. [PMID: 24920150 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is part of the evolutionary conserved highly functional network in vertebrates. It plays a central role in the adaptative behavior of the animal to the environment, including entrainment of daily and annual physiological rhythms, reproductive behavior, food intake, locomotor activity, growth, and breeding performance. In zebrafish, apart from its synchronizing capabilities, melatonin seems to have a major role in multiple physiological processes. Extensive knowledge of its genome and the identification of a series of genes with the same functions as those in humans, the relative ease of obtaining mutants, and the similarities between zebrafish and human pathologies make it an excellent experimental model organism of human diseases. Moreover, it is a common experimental species because of easy handling, breeding, and developmental control. Among other pathophysiologies, zebrafish are now used in studies of neurodegeneration and neurological diseases, endocrine diseases, behavior, muscular dystrophies, developmental alterations, circadian rhythms, and drugs screening. The purpose of this review was to update the current knowledge on the synthesis and biological functions of melatonin in zebrafish, keeping in mind its relevance not only in the physiology of the animal, but also in pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lima-Cabello
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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Yadav P, Thandapani M, Sharma VK. Interaction of light regimes and circadian clocks modulate timing of pre-adult developmental events in Drosophila. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 14:19. [PMID: 24885932 PMCID: PMC4040135 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-14-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Circadian clocks have been postulated to regulate development time in several species of insects including fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster. Previously we have reported that selection for faster pre-adult development reduces development time (by ~19 h or ~11%) and clock period (by ~0.5 h), suggesting a role of circadian clocks in the regulation of development time in D. melanogaster. We reasoned that these faster developing flies could serve as a model to study stage-specific interaction of circadian clocks and developmental events with the environmental light/dark (LD) conditions. We assayed the duration of three pre-adult stages in the faster developing (FD) and control (BD) populations under a variety of light regimes that are known to modulate circadian clocks and pre-adult development time of Drosophila to examine the role of circadian clocks in the timing of pre-adult developmental stages. Results We find that the duration of pre-adult stages was shorter under constant light (LL) and short period light (L)/dark (D) cycles (L:D = 10:10 h; T20) compared to the standard 24 h day (L:D = 12:12 h; T24), long LD cycles (L:D = 14:14 h; T28) and constant darkness (DD). The difference in the duration of pre-adult stages between the FD and BD populations was significantly smaller under the three LD cycles and LL compared to DD, possibly due to the fact that clocks of both FD and BD flies are driven at the same pace in the three LD regimes owing to circadian entrainment, or are rendered dysfunctional under LL. Conclusions These results suggest that interaction between light regimes and circadian clocks regulate the duration of pre-adult developmental stages in fruit flies D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vijay Kumar Sharma
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, P, O, Jakkur, Bangalore, Karnataka 560064, India.
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Weger M, Weger BD, Diotel N, Rastegar S, Hirota T, Kay SA, Strähle U, Dickmeis T. Real-time in vivo monitoring of circadian E-box enhancer activity: A robust and sensitive zebrafish reporter line for developmental, chemical and neural biology of the circadian clock. Dev Biol 2013; 380:259-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Villamizar N, Blanco-Vives B, Oliveira C, Dinis MT, Di Rosa V, Negrini P, Bertolucci C, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ. Circadian Rhythms of Embryonic Development and Hatching in Fish: A Comparative Study of Zebrafish (Diurnal), Senegalese Sole (Nocturnal), and Somalian Cavefish (Blind). Chronobiol Int 2013; 30:889-900. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2013.784772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Nascimento E, Guzman-Quevedo O, Delacourt N, da Silva Aragão R, Perez-Garcia G, de Souza SL, Manhães-de-Castro R, Bolaños-Jiménez F, Kaeffer B. Long-lasting effect of perinatal exposure to L-tryptophan on circadian clock of primary cell lines established from male offspring born from mothers fed on dietary protein restriction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56231. [PMID: 23460795 PMCID: PMC3584092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Maternal undernutrition programs metabolic adaptations which are ultimately detrimental to adult. L-tryptophan supplementation was given to manipulate the long-term sequelae of early-life programming by undernutrition and explore whether cultured cells retain circadian clock dysregulation. Methods Male rat pups from mothers fed on low protein (8%, LP) or control (18%, CP) diet were given, one hour before light off, an oral bolus of L-tryptophan (125 mg/kg) between Day-12 and Day-21 of age. Body weight, food intake, blood glucose along with the capacity of colonization of primary cells from biopsies were measured during the young (45–55 days) and adult (110–130 days) phases. Circadian clock oscillations were re-induced by a serum shock over 30 hours on near-confluent cell monolayers to follow PERIOD1 and CLOCK proteins by Fluorescent Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (FLISA) and period1 and bmal1 mRNA by RT-PCR. Cell survival in amino acid-free conditions were used to measure circadian expression of MAP-LC3B, MAP-LC3B-FP and Survivin. Results Tryptophan supplementation did not alter body weight gain nor feeding pattern. By three-way ANOVA of blood glucose, sampling time was found significant during all phases. A significant interaction between daily bolus (Tryptophan, saline) and diets (LP, CP) were found during young (p = 0.0291) and adult (p = 0.0285) phases. In adult phase, the capacity of colonization at seeding of primary cells was twice lower for LP rats. By three-way ANOVA of PERIOD1 perinuclear/nuclear immunoreactivity during young phase, we found a significant effect of diets (p = 0.049), daily bolus (p<0.0001) and synchronizer hours (p = 0.0002). All factors were significantly interacting (p = 0.0148). MAP-LC3B, MAP-LC3B-FP and Survivin were altered according to diets in young phase. Conclusions Sequelae of early-life undernutrition and the effects of L-tryptophan supplementation can be monitored non-invasively by circadian sampling of blood D-glucose and on the expression of PERIOD1 protein in established primary cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Nascimento
- Departamento de Nutrição, Centro de Ciências da Saude, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Omar Guzman-Quevedo
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Institut National Recherche Agronomique, Université de Nantes, France
| | - Nellie Delacourt
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Institut National Recherche Agronomique, Université de Nantes, France
| | - Raquel da Silva Aragão
- Departamento de Nutrição, Centro de Ciências da Saude, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Georgina Perez-Garcia
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Institut National Recherche Agronomique, Université de Nantes, France
| | - Sandra Lopes de Souza
- Departamento de Anatomia, Centro de Ciências Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Raul Manhães-de-Castro
- Departamento de Nutrição, Centro de Ciências da Saude, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Francisco Bolaños-Jiménez
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Institut National Recherche Agronomique, Université de Nantes, France
| | - Bertrand Kaeffer
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Institut National Recherche Agronomique, Université de Nantes, France
- * E-mail:
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Salminen TS, Vesala L, Hoikkala A. Photoperiodic regulation of life-history traits before and after eclosion: egg-to-adult development time, juvenile body mass and reproductive diapause in Drosophila montana. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:1541-1547. [PMID: 23026647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Photoperiod is the main environmental cue used by northern insects to predict the forthcoming seasonal changes and to adjust their life-history traits to fit these changes. We studied the effects of photoperiod on egg-to-adult development time, juvenile body mass and female reproductive diapause in two northern Drosophila montana populations with different patterns of voltinism. The most interesting findings were consistent between the populations: (1) when maintained before eclosion in short day conditions, representing early autumn, the flies developed faster and were lighter than when maintained in long day conditions, representing early summer, (2) photoperiodic time measurement is apparently reset after eclosion, adjusting the flies' development according to post eclosion conditions, (3) the sensitive period for diapause induction took place after eclosion and (4) there was no direct connection between females' egg-to-adult development time and their reproductive state at adulthood, which suggests that these traits can be determined by photoperiodic cues through different time measurement systems. Independence of photoperiodic regulation of life-history traits before and after eclosion enable D. montana flies to respond to changing photoperiods on a short time scale and match their life-history traits according to seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Salminen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Martín-Robles AJ, Aliaga-Guerrero M, Whitmore D, Pendón C, Muñoz-Cueto JA. The circadian clock machinery during early development of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis): effects of constant light and dark conditions. Chronobiol Int 2012; 29:1195-205. [PMID: 23003212 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2012.719963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are established very early during vertebrate development. In fish, environmental cues can influence the initiation and synchronization of different rhythmic processes. Previous studies in zebrafish and rainbow trout have shown that circadian oscillation of clock genes represents one of the earliest detectable rhythms in the developing embryo, suggesting their significance in regulating the coordination of developmental processes. In this study, we analyzed the daily expression of the core clock components Per1, Per2, Per3, and Clock during the first several days of Senegalese sole development (0-4 d post fertilization or dpf) under different lighting regimes, with the aim of addressing when the molecular clock first emerges in this species and how it is affected by different photoperiods. Rhythmic expression of the above genes was detected from 0 to 1 dpf, being markedly affected in the next few days by both constant light (LL) and dark (DD) conditions. A gradual entrainment of the clock machinery was observed only under light-dark (LD) cycles, and robust rhythms with increased amplitudes were established by 4 dpf for all clock genes currently studied. Our results show the existence of an embryonic molecular clock from the 1st d of development in Senegalese sole and emphasize the significance of cycling LD conditions when raising embryos and early larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agueda J Martín-Robles
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI MAR), Puerto Real, Spain
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Blanco-Vives B, Aliaga-Guerrero M, Cañavate JP, García-Mateos G, Martín-Robles AJ, Herrera-Pérez P, Muñoz-Cueto JA, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ. Metamorphosis induces a light-dependent switch in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) from diurnal to nocturnal behavior. J Biol Rhythms 2012; 27:135-44. [PMID: 22476774 DOI: 10.1177/0748730411435303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Light plays a key role in the development of biological rhythms in fish. Recent research in Senegal sole has revealed that spawning and hatching rhythms, larval development, and growth performance are strongly influenced by lighting conditions. However, the effect of light on the daily patterns of behavior remains unexplored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of different photoperiod regimes and white, blue, and red light on the activity rhythms and foraging behavior of Solea senegalensis larvae up to 40 days posthatching (DPH). To this end, eggs were collected immediately after spawning during the night and exposed to continuous white light (LL), continuous darkness (DD), or light-dark (LD) 12L:12D cycles of white (LD(W)), blue (LD(B), λ(peak) = 463 nm), or red light (LD(R), λ(peak) = 685 nm). A filming scenario was designed to video record activity rhythms during day and night times using infrared lights. The results revealed that activity rhythms in LD(B) and LD(W) changed from diurnal to nocturnal on days 9 to 10 DPH, coinciding with the onset of metamorphosis. In LD(R), sole larvae remained nocturnal throughout the experimental period, while under LL and DD, larvae failed to show any rhythm. In addition, larvae exposed to LD(B) and LD(W) had the highest prey capture success rate (LD(B) = 82.6% ± 2.0%; LD(W) = 75.1% ± 1.3%) and attack rate (LD(B) = 54.3% ± 1.9%; LD(W) = 46.9% ± 3.0%) during the light phase (ML) until 9 DPH. During metamorphosis, the attack and capture success rates in these light conditions were higher during the dark phase (MD), when they showed the same nocturnal behavioral pattern as under LD(R) conditions. These results revealed that the development of sole larvae is tightly controlled by light characteristics, underlining the importance of the natural underwater photoenvironment (LD cycles of blue wavelengths) for the normal onset of the rhythmic behavior of fish larvae during early ontogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Blanco-Vives
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Espinardo Campus, Murcia, Spain.
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Egg M, Tischler A, Schwerte T, Sandbichler A, Folterbauer C, Pelster B. Endurance exercise modifies the circadian clock in zebrafish (Danio rerio) temperature independently. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 205:167-76. [PMID: 22044585 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Several rodent and human studies revealed that physical exercise acts as a non-photic zeitgeber for the circadian clock. The intrinsic entraining mechanism is still unknown, although it was assumed that the exercise-mediated increase in core temperature could be the underlying zeitgeber. As the homoeostatic control of mammalian core temperature interferes strongly with the investigation of this hypothesis, the present study used the poikilotherm zebrafish to answer this question. METHODS Gene transcription levels of the two circadian core clock genes period1 and clock1 were quantified using real-time qPCR of whole animal zebrafish larvae. RESULTS Long-term endurance exercise of zebrafish larvae aged 9-15 days post-fertilization (dpf) or 21-32 dpf at a constant water temperature of 25 °C caused significantly altered transcription levels of the circadian genes period1 and clock1. Cosinor analysis of diurnal transcription profiles obtained after 3 days of swim training revealed significant differences regarding acrophase, mesor and amplitude of period1, resulting in a phase delay of the gene oscillation. After termination of the exercise bout, at 15 dpf, oscillation amplitudes of both circadian genes were significantly reduced. CONCLUSION The results showed that physical exercise is able to affect the transcription of circadian genes in developing zebrafish larvae. Considering the poikilothermy of zebrafish, an exercise-mediated change in body core temperature could be excluded as the underlying intrinsic zeitgeber. However, the day-active zebrafish arises as a useful model to address the synchronizing effect of exercise on the circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Egg
- Institut für Zoologie, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr, Austria.
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Blanco-Vives B, Aliaga-Guerrero M, Cañavate JP, Muñoz-Cueto JA, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ. Does lighting manipulation during incubation affect hatching rhythms and early development of sole? Chronobiol Int 2011; 28:300-6. [PMID: 21539421 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2011.560316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Light plays a key role in the development of biological rhythms in fish. Previous research on Senegal sole has revealed that both spawning rhythms and larval development are strongly influenced by lighting conditions. However, hatching rhythms and the effect of light during incubation are as yet unexplored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the light spectrum and photoperiod on Solea senegalensis eggs and larvae until day 7 post hatching (dph). To this end, eggs were collected immediately after spawning during the night and exposed to continuous light (LL), continuous darkness (DD), or light-dark (LD) 12L:12D cycles of white light (LD(W)), blue light (LD(B); λ(peak) = 463 nm), or red light (LD(R); λ(peak) = 685 nm). Eggs exposed to LD(B) had the highest hatching rate (94.5% ± 1.9%), whereas LD(R) and DD showed the lowest hatching rate (54.4% ± 3.9% and 48.4% ± 4.2%, respectively). Under LD conditions, the hatching rhythm peaked by the end of the dark phase, but was advanced in LD(B) (zeitgeber time 8 [ZT8]; ZT0 representing the onset of darkness) in relation to LD(W) and LD(R) (ZT11). Under DD conditions, the same rhythm persisted, although with lower amplitude, whereas under LL the hatching rhythm split into two peaks (ZT8 and ZT13). From dph 4 onwards, larvae under LD(B) showed the best growth and quickest development (advanced eye pigmentation, mouth opening, and pectoral fins), whereas larvae under LD(R) and DD had the poorest performance. These results reveal that developmental rhythms at the egg stage are tightly controlled by light characteristics, underlining the importance of reproducing their natural underwater photoenvironment (LD cycles of blue wavelengths) during incubation and early larvae development of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Blanco-Vives
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Espinardo Campus, Murcia, Spain.
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de Borsetti NH, Dean BJ, Bain EJ, Clanton JA, Taylor RW, Gamse JT. Light and melatonin schedule neuronal differentiation in the habenular nuclei. Dev Biol 2011; 358:251-61. [PMID: 21840306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The formation of the embryonic brain requires the production, migration, and differentiation of neurons to be timely and coordinated. Coupling to the photoperiod could synchronize the development of neurons in the embryo. Here, we consider the effect of light and melatonin on the differentiation of embryonic neurons in zebrafish. We examine the formation of neurons in the habenular nuclei, a paired structure found near the dorsal surface of the brain adjacent to the pineal organ. Keeping embryos in constant darkness causes a temporary accumulation of habenular precursor cells, resulting in late differentiation and a long-lasting reduction in neuronal processes (neuropil). Because constant darkness delays the accumulation of the neurendocrine hormone melatonin in embryos, we looked for a link between melatonin signaling and habenular neurogenesis. A pharmacological block of melatonin receptors delays neurogenesis and reduces neuropil similarly to constant darkness, while addition of melatonin to embryos in constant darkness restores timely neurogenesis and neuropil. We conclude that light and melatonin schedule the differentiation of neurons and the formation of neural processes in the habenular nuclei.
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Circadian rhythms in the morphology of neurons in Drosophila. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 344:381-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1174-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Davie A, Sanchez JA, Vera LM, Sanchez-Vazquez J, Migaud H. Ontogeny of the Circadian System During Embryogenesis in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykyss) and the Effect of Prolonged Exposure to Continuous Illumination on Daily Rhythms ofper1, clock, andaanat2Expression. Chronobiol Int 2011; 28:177-86. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2010.550407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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The light responsive transcriptome of the zebrafish: function and regulation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17080. [PMID: 21390203 PMCID: PMC3039656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most organisms possess circadian clocks that are able to anticipate the day/night cycle and are reset or “entrained” by the ambient light. In the zebrafish, many organs and even cultured cell lines are directly light responsive, allowing for direct entrainment of the clock by light. Here, we have characterized light induced gene transcription in the zebrafish at several organizational levels. Larvae, heart organ cultures and cell cultures were exposed to 1- or 3-hour light pulses, and changes in gene expression were compared with controls kept in the dark. We identified 117 light regulated genes, with the majority being induced and some repressed by light. Cluster analysis groups the genes into five major classes that show regulation at all levels of organization or in different subset combinations. The regulated genes cover a variety of functions, and the analysis of gene ontology categories reveals an enrichment of genes involved in circadian rhythms, stress response and DNA repair, consistent with the exposure to visible wavelengths of light priming cells for UV-induced damage repair. Promoter analysis of the induced genes shows an enrichment of various short sequence motifs, including E- and D-box enhancers that have previously been implicated in light regulation of the zebrafish period2 gene. Heterologous reporter constructs with sequences matching these motifs reveal light regulation of D-box elements in both cells and larvae. Morpholino-mediated knock-down studies of two homologues of the D-box binding factor Tef indicate that these are differentially involved in the cell autonomous light induction in a gene-specific manner. These findings suggest that the mechanisms involved in period2 regulation might represent a more general pathway leading to light induced gene expression.
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Blanco-Vives B, Vera LM, Ramos J, Bayarri MJ, Mañanós E, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ. Exposure of larvae to daily thermocycles affects gonad development, sex ratio, and sexual steroids in Solea senegalensis, kaup. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 315:162-9. [PMID: 21370485 DOI: 10.1002/jez.664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The effect of water temperature during the development of fish larvae on sex differentiation is well known, but not so well known is the impact of the daily thermocycles. Our aim was to investigate the effect of early exposure of Senegal sole larvae to different temperature cycles on gonad development, sex ratio, and sex steroid (11-ketotestosterone (11-KT); estradiol (E(2) ); and testosterone, (T)) content in muscle extracts of juveniles. From 1 to 97 days posthatching (DPH) fish larvae and post-larvae were subjected to three temperature regimes: Thermophase-Cryophase (TC), Cryophase-Thermophase (CT), and constant temperature. In fish exposed to TC, sex determination occurred earlier, because 90% of soles were males/females at 110 DPH, whereas 45% of fish under CT were undifferentiated at that time. Fish under TC showed the highest growth rates, followed by fish under constant temperature and by fish under CT, the differences being statistically significant between the TC and CT groups. Regarding sex ratio, juveniles exposed to TC showed a higher proportion of females than fish under CT or constant temperature. Under TC, fish showed the highest concentration of E(2) , whereas 11-KT concentration was highest in fish under CT and constant temperature. Fish under constant temperature and CT showed higher T levels than those under TC. These results provide the first insights into the effect of daily thermocycles on sex differentiation in fish, and underline the key role of natural environmental cycles on the control of sex ratios during larval development, which may be applied to the manipulation of sex ratio in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Blanco-Vives
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia Espinardo Campus, Murcia, Spain.
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Cortés T, Ortiz-Rivas B, Martínez-Torres D. Identification and characterization of circadian clock genes in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 19 Suppl 2:123-39. [PMID: 20482645 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The molecular basis of circadian clocks is highly evolutionarily conserved and has been best characterized in Drosophila and mouse. Analysis of the Acyrthosiphon pisum genome revealed the presence of orthologs of the following genes constituting the core of the circadian clock in Drosophila: period (per), timeless (tim), Clock, cycle, vrille, and Pdp1. However, the presence in A. pisum of orthologs of a mammal-type in addition to a Drosophila-type cryptochrome places the putative aphid clockwork closer to the ancestral insect system than to the Drosophila one. Most notably, five of these putative aphid core clock genes are highly divergent and exhibit accelerated rates of change (especially per and tim orthologs) suggesting that the aphid circadian clock has evolved to adapt to (unknown) aphid-specific needs. Additionally, with the exception of jetlag (absent in the aphid) other genes included in the Drosophila circadian clock repertoire were found to be conserved in A. pisum. Expression analysis revealed circadian rhythmicity for some core genes as well as a significant effect of photoperiod in the amplitude of oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cortés
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de València, Spain
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Anglès‐Pujolràs M, Díez‐Noguera A, Cambras T. Exposure to T‐Cycles of 22 and 23 h during Lactation Modifies the Later Dissociation of Motor Activity and Temperature Circadian Rhythms in Rats. Chronobiol Int 2009; 24:1049-64. [DOI: 10.1080/07420520701800645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Glucocorticoids, hormones produced by the adrenal gland cortex, perform numerous functions in body homeostasis and the response of the organism to external stressors. One striking feature of their regulation is a diurnal release pattern, with peak levels linked to the start of the activity phase. This release is under control of the circadian clock, an endogenous biological timekeeper that acts to prepare the organism for daily changes in its environment. Circadian control of glucocorticoid production and secretion involves a central pacemaker in the hypothalamus, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, as well as a circadian clock in the adrenal gland itself. Central circadian regulation is mediated via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the autonomic nervous system, while the adrenal gland clock appears to control sensitivity of the gland to the adrenocorticopic hormone (ACTH). The rhythmically released glucocorticoids in turn might contribute to synchronisation of the cell-autonomous clocks in the body and interact with them to time physiological dynamics in their target tissues around the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dickmeis
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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Curran KL, LaRue S, Bronson B, Solis J, Trow A, Sarver N, Zhu H. Circadian genes are expressed during early development in Xenopus laevis. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2749. [PMID: 18716681 PMCID: PMC2518526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circadian oscillators are endogenous time-keeping mechanisms that drive twenty four hour rhythmic changes in gene expression, metabolism, hormone levels, and physical activity. We have examined the developmental expression of genes known to regulate circadian rhythms in order to better understand the ontogeny of the circadian clock in a vertebrate. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, genes known to function together in part of the core circadian oscillator mechanism (xPeriod1, xPeriod2, and xBmal1) as well as a rhythmic, clock-controlled gene (xNocturnin) were analyzed using in situ hybridization in embryos from neurula to late tailbud stages. Each transcript was present in the developing nervous system in the brain, eye, olfactory pit, otic vesicle and at lower levels in the spinal cord. These genes were also expressed in the developing somites and heart, but at different developmental times in peripheral tissues (pronephros, cement gland, and posterior mesoderm). No difference was observed in transcript levels or localization when similarly staged embryos maintained in cyclic light were compared at two times of day (dawn and dusk) by in situ hybridization. Quantitation of xBmal1 expression in embryonic eyes was also performed using qRT-PCR. Eyes were isolated at dawn, midday, dusk, and midnight (cylic light). No difference in expression level between time-points was found in stage 31 eyes (p = 0.176) but stage 40 eyes showed significantly increased levels of xBmal1 expression at midnight (RQ = 1.98+/-0.094) when compared to dawn (RQ = 1+/-0.133; p = 0.0004). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We hypothesize that when circadian genes are not co-expressed in the same tissue during development that it may indicate pleiotropic functions of these genes that are separate from the timing of circadian rhythm. Our results show that all circadian genes analyzed thus far are present during early brain and eye development, but rhythmic gene expression in the eye is not observed until after stage 31 of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Curran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Wisconsin, USA.
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Salomé PA, Xie Q, McClung CR. Circadian timekeeping during early Arabidopsis development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 147:1110-25. [PMID: 18480377 PMCID: PMC2442538 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.117622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The circadian coordination of organismal biology with the local temporal environment has consequences for fitness that may become manifest early in development. We directly explored the development of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) clock in germinating seedlings by monitoring expression of clock genes. Clock function is detected within 2 d of imbibition (hydration of the dried seed). Imbibition is sufficient to synchronize individuals in a population in the absence of entraining cycles of light-dark or temperature, although light-dark and temperature cycles accelerate the appearance of rhythmicity and improve synchrony among individuals. Oscillations seen during the first 2 d following imbibition are dependent on the clock genes LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL, TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION1, ZEITLUPE, GIGANTEA, PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR7 (PRR7), and PRR9, although later circadian oscillations develop in mutants defective in each of these genes. In contrast to circadian rhythmicity, which developed under all conditions, amplitude was the only circadian parameter that demonstrated a clear response to the light environment; clock amplitude is low in the dark and high in the light. A circadian clock entrainable by temperature cycles in germinating etiolated seedlings may synchronize the buried seedling with the local daily cycles before emergence from the soil and exposure to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice A Salomé
- Dartmouth College, Department of Biological Sciences, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755-3576, USA
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Zimmerman JE, Naidoo N, Raizen DM, Pack AI. Conservation of sleep: insights from non-mammalian model systems. Trends Neurosci 2008; 31:371-6. [PMID: 18538867 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The past 10 years have seen new approaches to elucidating genetic pathways regulating sleep. The emerging theme is that sleep-like states are conserved in evolution, with similar signaling pathways playing a role in animals as distantly related as flies and humans. We review the evidence for the presence of sleep states in non-mammalian species including zebrafish (Danio rerio), fruitflies (Drosophila melanogaster) and roundworms (Caenorhabditis elegans). We describe conserved sleep-regulatory molecular pathways with a focus on cAMP and epidermal growth factor signaling; neurotransmitters with conserved effects on sleep and wake regulation, including dopamine and GABA; and a conserved molecular response to sleep deprivation involving the chaperone protein BiP/GRP78.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Zimmerman
- Center for Sleep and Respiratory Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 125 South 31st Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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