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Zhu M, Gu B, Thomas EC, Huang Y, Kim YK, Tao H, Yung TM, Chen X, Zhang K, Woolaver EK, Nevin MR, Huang X, Winklbauer R, Rossant J, Sun Y, Hopyan S. A fibronectin gradient remodels mixed-phase mesoderm. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl6366. [PMID: 39028807 PMCID: PMC11259159 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl6366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Physical processes ultimately shape tissue during development. Two emerging proposals are that cells migrate toward stiffer tissue (durotaxis) and that the extent of cell rearrangements reflects tissue phase, but it is unclear whether and how these concepts are related. Here, we identify fibronectin-dependent tissue stiffness as a control variable that underlies and unifies these phenomena in vivo. In murine limb bud mesoderm, cells are either caged, move directionally, or intercalate as a function of their location along a stiffness gradient. A modified Landau phase equation that incorporates tissue stiffness accurately predicts cell diffusivity upon loss or gain of fibronectin. Fibronectin is regulated by WNT5A-YAP feedback that controls cell movements, tissue shape, and skeletal pattern. The results identify a key determinant of phase transition and show how fibronectin-dependent directional cell movement emerges in a mixed-phase environment in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Bin Gu
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, and Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Evan C. Thomas
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Yunyun Huang
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Yun-Kyo Kim
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Hirotaka Tao
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Theodora M. Yung
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Xin Chen
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Kaiwen Zhang
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Elizabeth K. Woolaver
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Mikaela R. Nevin
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Xi Huang
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Rudolph Winklbauer
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Janet Rossant
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Sevan Hopyan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
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2
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Davidson LA. Gears of life: A primer on the simple machines that shape the embryo. Curr Top Dev Biol 2024; 160:87-109. [PMID: 38937032 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
A simple machine is a basic of device that takes mechanical advantage to apply force. Animals and plants self-assemble through the operation of a wide variety of simple machines. Embryos of different species actuate these simple machines to drive the geometric transformations that convert a disordered mass of cells into organized structures with discrete identities and function. These transformations are intrinsically coupled to sequential and overlapping steps of self-organization and self-assembly. The processes of self-organization have been explored through the molecular composition of cells and tissues and their information networks. By contrast, efforts to understand the simple machines underlying self-assembly must integrate molecular composition with the physical principles of mechanics. This primer is concerned with effort to elucidate the operation of these machines, focusing on the "problem" of morphogenesis. Advances in understanding self-assembly will ultimately connect molecular-, subcellular-, cellular- and meso-scale functions of plants and animals and their ability to interact with larger ecologies and environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance A Davidson
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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3
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Jülich D, Holley SA. Live imaging of Fibronectin 1a-mNeonGreen and Fibronectin 1b-mCherry knock-in alleles during early zebrafish development. Cells Dev 2024; 177:203900. [PMID: 38218338 PMCID: PMC10947920 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2024.203900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Within the developing embryo, cells assemble and remodel their surrounding extracellular matrix during morphogenesis. Fibronectin is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein and is a ligand for several members of the Integrin adhesion receptor family. Here, we compare the expression pattern and loss of function phenotypes of the two zebrafish fibronectin paralogs fn1a and fn1b. We engineered two fluorescently tagged knock-in alleles to facilitate live in vivo imaging of the Fibronectin matrix. Genetic complementation experiments indicate that the knock-in alleles are fully functional. Fn1a-mNeonGreen and Fn1b-mCherry are co-localized in ECM fibers on the surface of the paraxial mesoderm and myotendinous junction. In 5-days old zebrafish larvae, Fn1a-mNeonGreen predominantly localizes to the branchial arches, heart ventricle, olfactory placode and within the otic capsule while Fn1b-mCherry is deposited at the pericardium, proximal convoluted tubule, posterior hindgut and at the ventral mesoderm/cardinal vein. We examined Fn1a-mNeonGreen and Fn1b-mCherry in maternal zygotic integrin α5 mutants and integrin β1a; β1b double mutants and find distinct requirements for these Integrins in assembling the two Fibronectins into ECM fibers in different tissues. Rescue experiments via mRNA injection indicate that the two fibronectins are not fully inter-changeable. Lastly, we examined cross-regulation between the two Fibronectins and find fn1a is necessary for normal Fn1b fibrillogenesis in the presomitic mesoderm, but fn1b is dispensable for the normal pattern of Fn1a deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dörthe Jülich
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Scott A Holley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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4
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Tran NV, Montanari MP, Gui J, Lubenets D, Fischbach LL, Antson H, Huang Y, Brutus E, Okada Y, Ishimoto Y, Tõnissoo T, Shimmi O. Programmed disassembly of a microtubule-based membrane protrusion network coordinates 3D epithelial morphogenesis in Drosophila. EMBO J 2024; 43:568-594. [PMID: 38263333 PMCID: PMC10897427 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-023-00025-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive analysis of cellular dynamics during the process of morphogenesis is fundamental to understanding the principles of animal development. Despite recent advancements in light microscopy, how successive cell shape changes lead to complex three-dimensional tissue morphogenesis is still largely unresolved. Using in vivo live imaging of Drosophila wing development, we have studied unique cellular structures comprising a microtubule-based membrane protrusion network. This network, which we name here the Interplanar Amida Network (IPAN), links the two wing epithelium leaflets. Initially, the IPAN sustains cell-cell contacts between the two layers of the wing epithelium through basal protrusions. Subsequent disassembly of the IPAN involves loss of these contacts, with concomitant degeneration of aligned microtubules. These processes are both autonomously and non-autonomously required for mitosis, leading to coordinated tissue proliferation between two wing epithelia. Our findings further reveal that a microtubule organization switch from non-centrosomal to centrosomal microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) at the G2/M transition leads to disassembly of non-centrosomal microtubule-derived IPAN protrusions. These findings exemplify how cell shape change-mediated loss of inter-tissue contacts results in 3D tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngan Vi Tran
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martti P Montanari
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jinghua Gui
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dmitri Lubenets
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Hanna Antson
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yunxian Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erich Brutus
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yasushi Okada
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Osaka, Japan
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukitaka Ishimoto
- Department of Machine Intelligence and Systems Engineering, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 015-0055, Japan
| | - Tambet Tõnissoo
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Osamu Shimmi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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5
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Wei W, Cardes F, Hierlemann A, Modena MM. 3D In Vitro Blood-Brain-Barrier Model for Investigating Barrier Insults. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205752. [PMID: 36782313 PMCID: PMC10104638 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Blood-brain-barrier (BBB) disruption has been associated with a variety of central-nervous-system diseases. In vitro BBB models enable to investigate how the barrier reacts to external injury events, commonly referred to as insults. Here, a human-cell-based BBB platform with integrated, transparent electrodes to monitor barrier tightness in real time at high resolution is presented. The BBB model includes human cerebral endothelial cells and primary pericytes and astrocytes in a 3D arrangement within a pump-free, open-microfluidic platform. With this platform, this study demonstrates that oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), which mimics the characteristics of an ischemic insult, induces a rapid remodeling of the cellular actin structures and subsequent morphological changes in the endothelial cells. High-resolution live imaging shows the formation of large actin stress-fiber bundles in the endothelial layer during OGD application, which ultimately leads to cell shrinkage and barrier breakage. Simultaneous electrical measurements evidence a rapid decrease of the barrier electrical resistance before the appearance of stress fibers, which indicates that the barrier function is compromised already before the appearance of drastic morphological changes. The results demonstrate that the BBB platform recapitulates the main barrier functions in vitro and can be used to investigate rapid reorganization of the BBB upon application of external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- ETH ZürichDepartment of Biosystems Science and EngineeringBio Engineering LaboratoryBasel4058Switzerland
| | - Fernando Cardes
- ETH ZürichDepartment of Biosystems Science and EngineeringBio Engineering LaboratoryBasel4058Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- ETH ZürichDepartment of Biosystems Science and EngineeringBio Engineering LaboratoryBasel4058Switzerland
| | - Mario M. Modena
- ETH ZürichDepartment of Biosystems Science and EngineeringBio Engineering LaboratoryBasel4058Switzerland
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6
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Owen JS, Clayton A, Pearson HB. Cancer-Associated Fibroblast Heterogeneity, Activation and Function: Implications for Prostate Cancer. Biomolecules 2022; 13:67. [PMID: 36671452 PMCID: PMC9856041 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous remodeling of the tumor microenvironment (TME) during prostate tumorigenesis is emerging as a critical event that facilitates cancer growth, progression and drug-resistance. Recent advances have identified extensive communication networks that enable tumor-stroma cross-talk, and emphasized the functional importance of diverse, heterogeneous stromal fibroblast populations during malignant growth. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a vital component of the TME, which mediate key oncogenic events including angiogenesis, immunosuppression, metastatic progression and therapeutic resistance, thus presenting an attractive therapeutic target. Nevertheless, how fibroblast heterogeneity, recruitment, cell-of-origin and differential functions contribute to prostate cancer remains to be fully delineated. Developing our molecular understanding of these processes is fundamental to developing new therapies and biomarkers that can ultimately improve clinical outcomes. In this review, we explore the current challenges surrounding fibroblast identification, discuss new mechanistic insights into fibroblast functions during normal prostate tissue homeostasis and tumorigenesis, and illustrate the diverse nature of fibroblast recruitment and CAF generation. We also highlight the promise of CAF-targeted therapies for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine S. Owen
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Aled Clayton
- Tissue Microenvironment Group, Division of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Helen B. Pearson
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
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7
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Si H, Zhao N, Pedroza A, Zaske AM, Rosen JM, Creighton CJ, Roarty K. Noncanonical Wnt/Ror2 signaling regulates cell-matrix adhesion to prompt directional tumor cell invasion in breast cancer. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar103. [PMID: 36001375 PMCID: PMC9582800 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-02-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions represent fundamental exchanges during tumor progression, yet how particular signal-transduction factors prompt the conversion of tumor cells into migratory populations capable of systemic spread during metastasis remains elusive. We demonstrate that the noncanonical Wnt receptor, Ror2, regulates tumor cell-driven matrix remodeling and invasion in breast cancer. Ror2 loss-of-function (LOF) triggers the disruption of E-cadherin within tumor cells, accompanied by an increase in tumor cell invasion and collagen realignment in three-dimensional cultures. RNA sequencing of Ror2-deficient organoids further uncovered alterations in actin cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, and collagen cross-linking gene expression programs. Spatially, we pinpoint the up-regulation and redistribution of α5 and β3 integrins together with the production of fibronectin in areas of invasion downstream of Ror2 loss. Wnt/β-catenin-dependent and Wnt/Ror2 alternative Wnt signaling appear to regulate distinct functions for tumor cells regarding their ability to modify cell-ECM exchanges during invasion. Furthermore, blocking either integrin or focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a downstream mediator of integrin-mediated signal transduction, abrogates the enhanced migration observed upon Ror2 loss. These results reveal a critical function for the alternative Wnt receptor, Ror2, as a determinant of tumor cell-driven ECM exchanges during cancer invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiang Si
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Andrea Pedroza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Ana-Maria Zaske
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054
| | - Jeffrey M. Rosen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Breast Cancer Program, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Chad J. Creighton
- Breast Cancer Program, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Kevin Roarty
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Breast Cancer Program, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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8
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Goto T, Keller R. Preparation of three-notochord explants for imaging analysis of the cell movements of convergent extension during early Xenopus morphogenesis. Dev Growth Differ 2021; 63:429-438. [PMID: 34464453 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We describe a method of generating three-notochord explants to analyze the cell movements of convergent extension (CE) during Xenopus laevis gastrulation and neurulation. This method uses standard microsurgical techniques under a fluorescence stereomicroscope to combine notochordal sectors of gastrulae, side by side (lateral surfaces apposed) into a single explant. Three-notochord explants cultured on bovine serum albumin (BSA)-coated glass converged mediolaterally and extended in the anterior-posterior direction. The individual notochordal cells showed the mediolaterally oriented, bipolar tractional motility and the resulting mediolaterally oriented cell intercalation characteristic of CE, thereby reproducing both the in vivo tissue and the cell movements in an explant. Image analysis of three-notochord explants reveals the effects of overexpressions or knockdowns of genes, of manipulation of the extracellular matrix, and of exposure to chemical reagents on morphogenesis during gastrulation and neurulation, compared with control explants. Moreover, since three-notochord explants provide two zones of cell intercalation between notochords, individual cell behaviors between notochords of different characteristics and experimental treatments can be observed at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyasu Goto
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ray Keller
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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9
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Furry is required for cell movements during gastrulation and functionally interacts with NDR1. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6607. [PMID: 33758327 PMCID: PMC7987989 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86153-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrulation is a key event in animal embryogenesis during which germ layer precursors are rearranged and the embryonic axes are established. Cell polarization is essential during gastrulation, driving asymmetric cell division, cell movements, and cell shape changes. The furry (fry) gene encodes an evolutionarily conserved protein with a wide variety of cellular functions, including cell polarization and morphogenesis in invertebrates. However, little is known about its function in vertebrate development. Here, we show that in Xenopus, Fry plays a role in morphogenetic processes during gastrulation, in addition to its previously described function in the regulation of dorsal mesoderm gene expression. Using morpholino knock-down, we demonstrate a distinct role for Fry in blastopore closure and dorsal axis elongation. Loss of Fry function drastically affects the movement and morphological polarization of cells during gastrulation and disrupts dorsal mesoderm convergent extension, responsible for head-to-tail elongation. Finally, we evaluate a functional interaction between Fry and NDR1 kinase, providing evidence of an evolutionarily conserved complex required for morphogenesis.
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10
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Xenopus Deep Cell Aggregates: A 3D Tissue Model for Mesenchymal-to-Epithelial Transition. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2179:275-287. [PMID: 32939727 PMCID: PMC9972462 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0779-4_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) describes the ability of loosely associated migratory cells to form a more adherent sheet-like assembly of cells. MET is a conserved motif occurring throughout organogenesis and plays a key role in regeneration and cancer metastasis, and is the first step in producing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). To resolve fundamental biological questions about MET, its relation to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and to explore MET's role in tissue assembly and remodeling requires live models for MET that are amenable to experimentation. Many cases of clinically important MET are inferred since they occur deep with the body of the embryo or adult. We have developed a tractable model for MET, where cellular transitions can be directly observed under conditions where molecular, mechanical, and cellular contexts can be controlled experimentally. In this chapter, we introduce a 3-dimensional (3D) tissue model to study MET using Xenopus laevis embryonic mesenchymal cell aggregates.
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11
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Muncie JM, Ayad NME, Lakins JN, Xue X, Fu J, Weaver VM. Mechanical Tension Promotes Formation of Gastrulation-like Nodes and Patterns Mesoderm Specification in Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Dev Cell 2020; 55:679-694.e11. [PMID: 33207224 PMCID: PMC7755684 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Embryogenesis is directed by morphogens that induce differentiation within a defined tissue geometry. Tissue organization is mediated by cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesions and is modulated by cell tension and tissue-level forces. Whether cell tension regulates development by modifying morphogen signaling is less clear. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) exhibit an intrinsic capacity for self-organization, which motivates their use as a tractable model of early human embryogenesis. We engineered patterned substrates that recapitulate the biophysical properties of the early embryo and mediate the self-organization of "gastrulation-like" nodes in cultured hESCs. Tissue geometries that generated local nodes of high cell-adhesion tension directed the spatial patterning of the BMP4-dependent "gastrulation-like" phenotype by enhancing phosphorylation and junctional release of β-catenin to promote Wnt signaling and mesoderm specification. Furthermore, direct force application via mechanical stretching promoted BMP-dependent mesoderm specification, confirming that tissue-level forces can directly regulate cell fate specification in early human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon M Muncie
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California Berkeley, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nadia M E Ayad
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California Berkeley, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Johnathon N Lakins
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Xufeng Xue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Anatomy, Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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12
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Tang VW. Collagen, stiffness, and adhesion: the evolutionary basis of vertebrate mechanobiology. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1823-1834. [PMID: 32730166 PMCID: PMC7525820 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-12-0709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of collagen I in vertebrates resulted in a dramatic increase in the stiffness of the extracellular environment, supporting long-range force propagation and the development of low-compliant tissues necessary for the development of vertebrate traits including pressurized circulation and renal filtration. Vertebrates have also evolved integrins that can bind to collagens, resulting in the generation of higher tension and more efficient force transmission in the extracellular matrix. The stiffer environment provides an opportunity for the vertebrates to create new structures such as the stress fibers, new cell types such as endothelial cells, new developmental processes such as neural crest delamination, and new tissue organizations such as the blood-brain barrier. Molecular players found only in vertebrates allow the modification of conserved mechanisms as well as the design of novel strategies that can better serve the physiological needs of the vertebrates. These innovations collectively contribute to novel morphogenetic behaviors and unprecedented increases in the complexities of tissue mechanics and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian W. Tang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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13
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Mongera A, Michaut A, Guillot C, Xiong F, Pourquié O. Mechanics of Anteroposterior Axis Formation in Vertebrates. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2019; 35:259-283. [PMID: 31412208 PMCID: PMC7394480 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100818-125436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate anteroposterior axis forms through elongation of multiple tissues during embryogenesis. This process is based on tissue-autonomous mechanisms of force generation and intertissue mechanical coupling whose failure leads to severe developmental anomalies such as body truncation and spina bifida. Similar to other morphogenetic modules, anteroposterior body extension requires both the rearrangement of existing materials-such as cells and extracellular matrix-and the local addition of new materials, i.e., anisotropic growth, through cell proliferation, cell growth, and matrix deposition. Numerous signaling pathways coordinate body axis formation via regulation of cell behavior during tissue rearrangements and/or volumetric growth. From a physical perspective, morphogenesis depends on both cell-generated forces and tissue material properties. As the spatiotemporal variation of these mechanical parameters has recently been explored in the context of vertebrate body elongation, the study of this process is likely to shed light on the cross talk between signaling and mechanics during morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mongera
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Arthur Michaut
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Charlène Guillot
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Fengzhu Xiong
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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14
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Shiflett LA, Tiede-Lewis LM, Xie Y, Lu Y, Ray EC, Dallas SL. Collagen Dynamics During the Process of Osteocyte Embedding and Mineralization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:178. [PMID: 31620436 PMCID: PMC6759523 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lora A. Shiflett
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - LeAnn M. Tiede-Lewis
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Yixia Xie
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Yongbo Lu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Eleanor C. Ray
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Sarah L. Dallas
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Sarah L. Dallas,
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15
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Bradshaw MJ, Hoffmann GA, Wong JY, Smith ML. Fibronectin fiber creep under constant force loading. Acta Biomater 2019; 88:78-85. [PMID: 30780000 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viscoelasticity is a fundamental property of virtually all biological materials, and proteinaceous, fibrous materials that constitute the extracellular matrix (ECM) are no exception. Viscoelasticity may be particularly important in the ECM since cells can apply mechanical stress resulting from cell contractility over very long periods of time. However, measurements of ECM fiber response to long-term constant force loading are scarce, despite the increasing recognition that mechanical strain regulates the biological function of some ECM fibers. We developed a dual micropipette system that applies constant force to single fibers for up to 8 h. We utilized this system to study the time dependent response of fibronectin (Fn) fibers to constant force, as Fn fibers exhibit tremendous extensibility before mechanical failure as well as strain dependent alterations in biological properties. These data demonstrate the Fn fibers continue to stretch under constant force loading for at least 8 h and that this long-term creep results in plastic deformation of Fn fibers, in contrast to elastic deformation of Fn fibers under short-term, but fast loading rate extension. These data demonstrate that physiologically-relevant loading may impart mechanical features to Fn fibers by switching them into an extended state that may have altered biological functions. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Measurements of extracellular matrix (ECM) fiber response to constant force loading are scarce, so we developed a novel technique for applying constant force to single ECM fibers. We used this technique to measure constant force creep of fibronectin fibers since these fibers have been shown to be mechanotransducers whose functions can be altered by mechanical strain. We found that fibronectin fibers creep under constant force loading for the duration of the experiment and that this creep behavior resembles a power law. Furthermore, we found that constant force creep results in plastic deformation of the fibers, which suggests that the mechanobiological switching of fibronectin can only occur once after long-term loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Bradshaw
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Gwendolyn A Hoffmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Joyce Y Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Michael L Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
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16
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Wang WY, Davidson CD, Lin D, Baker BM. Actomyosin contractility-dependent matrix stretch and recoil induces rapid cell migration. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1186. [PMID: 30862791 PMCID: PMC6414652 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells select from a diverse repertoire of migration strategies. Recent developments in tunable biomaterials have helped identify how extracellular matrix properties influence migration, however, many settings lack the fibrous architecture characteristic of native tissues. To investigate migration in fibrous contexts, we independently varied the alignment and stiffness of synthetic 3D fiber matrices and identified two phenotypically distinct migration modes. In contrast to stiff matrices where cells migrated continuously in a traditional mesenchymal fashion, cells in deformable matrices stretched matrix fibers to store elastic energy; subsequent adhesion failure triggered sudden matrix recoil and rapid cell translocation. Across a variety of cell types, traction force measurements revealed a relationship between cell contractility and the matrix stiffness where this migration mode occurred optimally. Given the prevalence of fibrous tissues, an understanding of how matrix structure and mechanics influences migration could improve strategies to recruit repair cells to wound sites or inhibit cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Y Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | | | - Daphne Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Brendon M Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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17
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Mezzenga R, Mitsi M. The Molecular Dance of Fibronectin: Conformational Flexibility Leads to Functional Versatility. Biomacromolecules 2018; 20:55-72. [PMID: 30403862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Fibronectin, a large multimodular protein and one of the major fibrillar components of the extracellular matrix, has been the subject of study for many decades and plays critical roles in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. Moreover, fibronectin has been implicated in the pathology of many diseases, including cancer, and abnormal depositions of fibronectin have been identified in a number of amyloid and nonamyloid lesions. The ability of fibronectin to carry all these diverse functionalities depends on interactions with a large number of molecules, including adhesive and signaling cell surface receptors, other components of the extracellular matrix, and growth factors and cytokines. The regulation and integration of such large number of interactions depends on the modular architecture of fibronectin, which allows a large number of conformations, exposing or destroying different binding sites. In this Review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the conformational flexibility of fibronectin, with an emphasis on how it regulates the ability of fibronectin to interact with various signaling molecules and cell-surface receptors and to form supramolecular assemblies and fibrillar structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Mezzenga
- Laboratory of Food and Soft Materials , ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Maria Mitsi
- Laboratory of Food and Soft Materials , ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
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18
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Lu Y, Kamel-El Sayed SA, Wang K, Tiede-Lewis LM, Grillo MA, Veno PA, Dusevich V, Phillips CL, Bonewald LF, Dallas SL. Live Imaging of Type I Collagen Assembly Dynamics in Osteoblasts Stably Expressing GFP and mCherry-Tagged Collagen Constructs. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:1166-1182. [PMID: 29461659 PMCID: PMC6425932 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Type I collagen is the most abundant extracellular matrix protein in bone and other connective tissues and plays key roles in normal and pathological bone formation as well as in connective tissue disorders and fibrosis. Although much is known about the collagen biosynthetic pathway and its regulatory steps, the mechanisms by which it is assembled extracellularly are less clear. We have generated GFPtpz and mCherry-tagged collagen fusion constructs for live imaging of type I collagen assembly by replacing the α2(I)-procollagen N-terminal propeptide with GFPtpz or mCherry. These novel imaging probes were stably transfected into MLO-A5 osteoblast-like cells and fibronectin-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (FN-null-MEFs) and used for imaging type I collagen assembly dynamics and its dependence on fibronectin. Both fusion proteins co-precipitated with α1(I)-collagen and remained intracellular without ascorbate but were assembled into α1(I) collagen-containing extracellular fibrils in the presence of ascorbate. Immunogold-EM confirmed their ultrastuctural localization in banded collagen fibrils. Live cell imaging in stably transfected MLO-A5 cells revealed the highly dynamic nature of collagen assembly and showed that during assembly the fibril networks are continually stretched and contracted due to the underlying cell motion. We also observed that cell-generated forces can physically reshape the collagen fibrils. Using co-cultures of mCherry- and GFPtpz-collagen expressing cells, we show that multiple cells contribute collagen to form collagen fiber bundles. Immuno-EM further showed that individual collagen fibrils can receive contributions of collagen from more than one cell. Live cell imaging in FN-null-MEFs expressing GFPtpz-collagen showed that collagen assembly was both dependent upon and dynamically integrated with fibronectin assembly. These GFP-collagen fusion constructs provide a powerful tool for imaging collagen in living cells and have revealed novel and fundamental insights into the dynamic mechanisms for the extracellular assembly of collagen. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Lu
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri, Kansas City, 650 E. 25 Street, Kansas City, MO 64108
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave., Dallas, TX 75246
| | - Suzan A. Kamel-El Sayed
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri, Kansas City, 650 E. 25 Street, Kansas City, MO 64108
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, 414 O’Dowd Hall, Rochester MI, 48309
- Medical Physiology Department, Assiut University School of Medicine 71516, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri, Kansas City, 650 E. 25 Street, Kansas City, MO 64108
| | - LeAnn M. Tiede-Lewis
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri, Kansas City, 650 E. 25 Street, Kansas City, MO 64108
| | - Michael A. Grillo
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri, Kansas City, 650 E. 25 Street, Kansas City, MO 64108
| | - Patricia A. Veno
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri, Kansas City, 650 E. 25 Street, Kansas City, MO 64108
| | - Vladimir Dusevich
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri, Kansas City, 650 E. 25 Street, Kansas City, MO 64108
| | - Charlotte L. Phillips
- Departments of Biochemistry and Child Health, University of Missouri Columbia, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Lynda F. Bonewald
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri, Kansas City, 650 E. 25 Street, Kansas City, MO 64108
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Sarah L. Dallas
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri, Kansas City, 650 E. 25 Street, Kansas City, MO 64108
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19
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Forecki J, Van Antwerp DJ, Lujan SM, Merzdorf CS. Roles for Xenopus aquaporin-3b (aqp3.L) during gastrulation: Fibrillar fibronectin and tissue boundary establishment in the dorsal margin. Dev Biol 2018; 433:3-16. [PMID: 29113748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins and aquaglyceroporins are a large family of membrane channel proteins that allow rapid movement of water and small, uncharged solutes into and out of cells along concentration gradients. Recently, aquaporins have been gaining recognition for more complex biological roles than the regulation of cellular osmotic homeostasis. We have identified a specific expression pattern for Xenopus aqp3b (also called aqp3.L) during gastrulation, where it is localized to the sensorial (deep) layer of the blastocoel roof and dorsal margin. Interference with aqp3b expression resulted in loss of fibrillar fibronectin matrix in Brachet's cleft at the dorsal marginal zone, but not on the free surface of the blastocoel. Detailed observation showed that the absence of fibronectin matrix correlated with compromised border integrities between involuted mesendoderm and noninvoluted ectoderm in the marginal zone. Knockdown of aqp3b also led to delayed closure of the blastopore, suggesting defects in gastrulation movements. Radial intercalation was not affected in aqp3b morphants, while the data presented are consistent with impeded convergent extension movements of the dorsal mesoderm in response to loss of aqp3b. Our emerging model suggests that aqp3b is part of a mechanism that promotes proper interaction between cells and the extracellular matrix, thereby playing a critical role in gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Forecki
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - Daniel J Van Antwerp
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - Sean M Lujan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - Christa S Merzdorf
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
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20
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Jackson TR, Kim HY, Balakrishnan UL, Stuckenholz C, Davidson LA. Spatiotemporally Controlled Mechanical Cues Drive Progenitor Mesenchymal-to-Epithelial Transition Enabling Proper Heart Formation and Function. Curr Biol 2017; 27:1326-1335. [PMID: 28434863 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
During early cardiogenesis, bilateral fields of mesenchymal heart progenitor cells (HPCs) move from the anterior lateral plate mesoderm to the ventral midline, undergoing a mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) en route to forming a single epithelial sheet. Through tracking of tissue-level deformations in the heart-forming region (HFR) as well as movement trajectories and traction generation of individual HPCs, we find that the onset of MET correlates with a peak in mechanical stress within the HFR and changes in HPC migratory behaviors. Small-molecule inhibitors targeting actomyosin contractility reveal a temporally specific requirement of bulk tissue compliance to regulate heart development and MET. Targeting mutant constructs to modulate contractility and compliance in the underlying endoderm, we find that MET in HPCs can be accelerated in response to microenvironmental stiffening and can be inhibited by softening. To test whether MET in HPCs was responsive to purely physical mechanical cues, we mimicked a high-stress state by injecting an inert oil droplet to generate high strain in the HFR, demonstrating that exogenously applied stress was sufficient to drive MET. MET-induced defects in anatomy result in defined functional lesions in the larval heart, implicating mechanical signaling and MET in the etiology of congenital heart defects. From this integrated analysis of HPC polarity and mechanics, we propose that normal heart development requires bilateral HPCs to undergo a critical behavioral and phenotypic transition on their way to the ventral midline, and that this transition is driven in response to the changing mechanical properties of their endoderm substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Jackson
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Hye Young Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Uma L Balakrishnan
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Carsten Stuckenholz
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lance A Davidson
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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21
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Hasley A, Chavez S, Danilchik M, Wühr M, Pelegri F. Vertebrate Embryonic Cleavage Pattern Determination. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 953:117-171. [PMID: 27975272 PMCID: PMC6500441 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46095-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pattern of the earliest cell divisions in a vertebrate embryo lays the groundwork for later developmental events such as gastrulation, organogenesis, and overall body plan establishment. Understanding these early cleavage patterns and the mechanisms that create them is thus crucial for the study of vertebrate development. This chapter describes the early cleavage stages for species representing ray-finned fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals, and proto-vertebrate ascidians and summarizes current understanding of the mechanisms that govern these patterns. The nearly universal influence of cell shape on orientation and positioning of spindles and cleavage furrows and the mechanisms that mediate this influence are discussed. We discuss in particular models of aster and spindle centering and orientation in large embryonic blastomeres that rely on asymmetric internal pulling forces generated by the cleavage furrow for the previous cell cycle. Also explored are mechanisms that integrate cell division given the limited supply of cellular building blocks in the egg and several-fold changes of cell size during early development, as well as cytoskeletal specializations specific to early blastomeres including processes leading to blastomere cohesion. Finally, we discuss evolutionary conclusions beginning to emerge from the contemporary analysis of the phylogenetic distributions of cleavage patterns. In sum, this chapter seeks to summarize our current understanding of vertebrate early embryonic cleavage patterns and their control and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hasley
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Genetics/Biotech Addition, Room 2424, 425-G Henry Mall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Shawn Chavez
- Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Heath & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
- Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Heath & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Michael Danilchik
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, L499, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Martin Wühr
- Department of Molecular Biology & The Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Icahn Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Francisco Pelegri
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Genetics/Biotech Addition, Room 2424, 425-G Henry Mall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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22
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Erickson HP. Protein unfolding under isometric tension-what force can integrins generate, and can it unfold FNIII domains? Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 42:98-105. [PMID: 28038331 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix fibrils of fibronectin (FN) are highly elastic, and are typically stretched three to four times their relaxed length. The mechanism of stretching has been controversial, in particular whether it involves tension-induced unfolding of FNIII domains. Recent studies have found that ∼5pN is the threshold isometric force for unfolding various protein domains. FNIII domains should therefore not be unfolded until the tension approaches 5pN. Integrins have been reported to generate forces ranging from 1 to >50pN, but I argue that studies reporting 1-2pN are the most convincing. This is not enough to unfold FNIII domains. Even if domains were unfolded, 2pN would only extend the worm-like-chain to about twice the length of the folded domain. Overall I conclude that stretching FN matrix fibrils involves primarily the compact to extended conformational change of FN dimers, with minimal contribution from unfolding FNIII domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold P Erickson
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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23
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Abstract
During embryonic development, tissues undergo major rearrangements that lead to germ layer positioning, patterning, and organ morphogenesis. Often these morphogenetic movements are accomplished by the coordinated and cooperative migration of the constituent cells, referred to as collective cell migration. The molecular and biomechanical mechanisms underlying collective migration of developing tissues have been investigated in a variety of models, including border cell migration, tracheal branching, blood vessel sprouting, and the migration of the lateral line primordium, neural crest cells, or head mesendoderm. Here we review recent advances in understanding collective migration in these developmental models, focusing on the interaction between cells and guidance cues presented by the microenvironment and on the role of cell–cell adhesion in mechanical and behavioral coupling of cells within the collective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Scarpa
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
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24
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Gudzenko T, Franz CM. Studying early stages of fibronectin fibrillogenesis in living cells by atomic force microscopy. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 26:3190-204. [PMID: 26371081 PMCID: PMC4569311 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-06-0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Time-lapse atomic force microscopy imaging is used to visualize the initial stages of fibronectin fibrillogenesis directly in living cells with high resolution. This approach provides new structural and mechanistic details, such as a stepwise extension mechanism and an accelerating effect of extracellular Mn2+ on early FN fibrillogenesis. Fibronectin (FN) is an extracellular matrix protein that can be assembled by cells into large fibrillar networks, but the dynamics of FN remodeling and the transition through intermediate fibrillar stages are incompletely understood. Here we used a combination of fluorescence microscopy and time-lapse atomic force microscopy (AFM) to visualize initial stages of FN fibrillogenesis in living fibroblasts at high resolution. Initial FN nanofibrils form within <5 min of cell–matrix contact and subsequently extend at a rate of 0.25 μm/min at sites of cell membrane retraction. FN nanofibrils display a complex linear array of globular features spaced at varying distances, indicating the coexistence of different conformational states within the fibril. In some cases, initial fibrils extended in discrete increments of ∼800 nm during a series of cyclical membrane retractions, indicating a stepwise fibrillar extension mechanism. In presence of Mn2+, a known activator of integrin adhesion to FN, fibrillogenesis was accelerated almost threefold to 0.68 μm/min and fibrillar dimensions were increased, underlining the importance of integrin activation for early FN fibrillogenesis. FN fibrillogenesis visualized by time-lapse AFM thus provides new structural and mechanistic insight into initial steps of cell-driven FN fibrillogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Gudzenko
- DFG-Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Clemens M Franz
- DFG-Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany )
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25
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Sepich DS, Solnica-Krezel L. Intracellular Golgi Complex organization reveals tissue specific polarity during zebrafish embryogenesis. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:678-91. [PMID: 27043944 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell polarity is essential for directed migration of mesenchymal cells and morphogenesis of epithelial tissues. Studies in cultured cells indicate that a condensed Golgi Complex (GC) is essential for directed protein trafficking to establish cell polarity underlying directed cell migration. Dynamic changes of the GC intracellular organization during early vertebrate development remain to be investigated. RESULTS We used antibody labeling and fusion proteins in vivo to study the organization and intracellular placement of the GC during early zebrafish embryogenesis. We found that the GC was dispersed into several puncta containing cis- and trans-Golgi Complex proteins, presumably ministacks, until the end of the gastrula period. By early segmentation stages, the GC condensed in cells of the notochord, adaxial mesoderm, and neural plate, and its intracellular position became markedly polarized away from borders between these tissues. CONCLUSIONS We find that GC is dispersed in early zebrafish cells, even when cells are engaged in massive gastrulation movements. The GC accumulates into patches in a stage and cell-type specific manner, and becomes polarized away from borders between the embryonic tissues. With respect to tissue borders, intracellular GC polarity in notochord is independent of mature apical/basal polarity, Wnt/PCP, or signals from adaxial mesoderm. Developmental Dynamics 245:678-691, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane S Sepich
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Lila Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
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26
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Hubbard B, Buczek-Thomas JA, Nugent MA, Smith ML. Fibronectin Fiber Extension Decreases Cell Spreading and Migration. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:1728-36. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brant Hubbard
- Molecular Biology; Cell Biology & Biochemistry Program; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts
| | | | - Matthew A. Nugent
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts
- Department of Biochemistry; Boston University School of Medicine; Boston Massachusetts
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Massachusetts Lowell; Lowell Massachusetts
| | - Michael L. Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts
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27
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Gudzenko T, Franz CM. Studying early stages of fibronectin fibrillogenesis in living cells by atomic force microscopy. Mol Biol Cell 2015. [DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-05-1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibronectin (FN) is an extracellular matrix protein that can be assembled by cells into large fibrillar networks, but the dynamics of FN remodeling and the transition through intermediate fibrillar stages are incompletely understood. Here we used a combination of fluorescence microscopy and time-lapse atomic force microscopy (AFM) to visualize initial stages of FN fibrillogenesis in living fibroblasts at high resolution. Initial FN nanofibrils form within <5 min of cell–matrix contact and subsequently extend at a rate of 0.25 μm/min at sites of cell membrane retraction. FN nanofibrils display a complex linear array of globular features spaced at varying distances, indicating the coexistence of different conformational states within the fibril. In some cases, initial fibrils extended in discrete increments of ∼800 nm during a series of cyclical membrane retractions, indicating a stepwise fibrillar extension mechanism. In presence of Mn2+, a known activator of integrin adhesion to FN, fibrillogenesis was accelerated almost threefold to 0.68 μm/min and fibrillar dimensions were increased, underlining the importance of integrin activation for early FN fibrillogenesis. FN fibrillogenesis visualized by time-lapse AFM thus provides new structural and mechanistic insight into initial steps of cell-driven FN fibrillogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Gudzenko
- DFG–Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Clemens M. Franz
- DFG–Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Thievessen I, Fakhri N, Steinwachs J, Kraus V, McIsaac RS, Gao L, Chen BC, Baird MA, Davidson MW, Betzig E, Oldenbourg R, Waterman CM, Fabry B. Vinculin is required for cell polarization, migration, and extracellular matrix remodeling in 3D collagen. FASEB J 2015. [PMID: 26195589 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-268235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Vinculin is filamentous (F)-actin-binding protein enriched in integrin-based adhesions to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Whereas studies in 2-dimensional (2D) tissue culture models have suggested that vinculin negatively regulates cell migration by promoting cytoskeleton-ECM coupling to strengthen and stabilize adhesions, its role in regulating cell migration in more physiologic, 3-dimensional (3D) environments is unclear. To address the role of vinculin in 3D cell migration, we analyzed the morphodynamics, migration, and ECM remodeling of primary murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) with cre/loxP-mediated vinculin gene disruption in 3D collagen I cultures. We found that vinculin promoted 3D cell migration by increasing directional persistence. Vinculin was necessary for persistent cell protrusion, cell elongation, and stable cell orientation in 3D collagen, but was dispensable for lamellipodia formation, suggesting that vinculin-mediated cell adhesion to the ECM is needed to convert actin-based cell protrusion into persistent cell shape change and migration. Consistent with this finding, vinculin was necessary for efficient traction force generation in 3D collagen without affecting myosin II activity and promoted 3D collagen fiber alignment and macroscopical gel contraction. Our results suggest that vinculin promotes directionally persistent cell migration and tension-dependent ECM remodeling in complex 3D environments by increasing cell-ECM adhesion and traction force generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Thievessen
- *Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphodynamics, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Physiology Course and Cellular Dynamics Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA; Third Physics Institute-Biophysics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany; Physics of Living Systems, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA; California Life Company, South San Francisco, California, USA; **Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Nikta Fakhri
- *Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphodynamics, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Physiology Course and Cellular Dynamics Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA; Third Physics Institute-Biophysics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany; Physics of Living Systems, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA; California Life Company, South San Francisco, California, USA; **Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Julian Steinwachs
- *Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphodynamics, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Physiology Course and Cellular Dynamics Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA; Third Physics Institute-Biophysics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany; Physics of Living Systems, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA; California Life Company, South San Francisco, California, USA; **Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Viola Kraus
- *Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphodynamics, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Physiology Course and Cellular Dynamics Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA; Third Physics Institute-Biophysics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany; Physics of Living Systems, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA; California Life Company, South San Francisco, California, USA; **Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - R Scott McIsaac
- *Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphodynamics, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Physiology Course and Cellular Dynamics Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA; Third Physics Institute-Biophysics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany; Physics of Living Systems, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA; California Life Company, South San Francisco, California, USA; **Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Liang Gao
- *Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphodynamics, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Physiology Course and Cellular Dynamics Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA; Third Physics Institute-Biophysics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany; Physics of Living Systems, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA; California Life Company, South San Francisco, California, USA; **Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Bi-Chang Chen
- *Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphodynamics, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Physiology Course and Cellular Dynamics Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA; Third Physics Institute-Biophysics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany; Physics of Living Systems, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA; California Life Company, South San Francisco, California, USA; **Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Michelle A Baird
- *Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphodynamics, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Physiology Course and Cellular Dynamics Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA; Third Physics Institute-Biophysics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany; Physics of Living Systems, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA; California Life Company, South San Francisco, California, USA; **Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Michael W Davidson
- *Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphodynamics, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Physiology Course and Cellular Dynamics Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA; Third Physics Institute-Biophysics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany; Physics of Living Systems, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA; California Life Company, South San Francisco, California, USA; **Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Eric Betzig
- *Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphodynamics, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Physiology Course and Cellular Dynamics Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA; Third Physics Institute-Biophysics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany; Physics of Living Systems, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA; California Life Company, South San Francisco, California, USA; **Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Rudolf Oldenbourg
- *Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphodynamics, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Physiology Course and Cellular Dynamics Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA; Third Physics Institute-Biophysics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany; Physics of Living Systems, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA; California Life Company, South San Francisco, California, USA; **Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Clare M Waterman
- *Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphodynamics, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Physiology Course and Cellular Dynamics Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA; Third Physics Institute-Biophysics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany; Physics of Living Systems, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA; California Life Company, South San Francisco, California, USA; **Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Ben Fabry
- *Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphodynamics, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Physiology Course and Cellular Dynamics Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA; Third Physics Institute-Biophysics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany; Physics of Living Systems, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA; California Life Company, South San Francisco, California, USA; **Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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Shawky JH, Davidson LA. Tissue mechanics and adhesion during embryo development. Dev Biol 2015; 401:152-64. [PMID: 25512299 PMCID: PMC4402132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
During development cells interact mechanically with their microenvironment through cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions. Many proteins involved in these adhesions serve both mechanical and signaling roles. In this review we will focus on the mechanical roles of these proteins and their complexes in transmitting force or stress from cell to cell or from cell to the extracellular matrix. As forces operate against tissues they establish tissue architecture, extracellular matrix assembly, and pattern cell shapes. As tissues become more established, adhesions play a major role integrating cells with the mechanics of their local environment. Adhesions may serve as both a molecular-specific glue, holding defined populations of cells together, and as a lubricant, allowing tissues to slide past one another. We review the biophysical principles and experimental tools used to study adhesion so that we may aid efforts to understand how adhesions guide these movements and integrate their signaling functions with mechanical function. As we conclude we review efforts to develop predictive models of adhesion that can be used to interpret experiments and guide future efforts to control and direct the process of tissue self-assembly during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Shawky
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lance A Davidson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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30
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Maartens AP, Brown NH. Anchors and signals: the diverse roles of integrins in development. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 112:233-72. [PMID: 25733142 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Integrins mediate cell adhesion by providing a link between the actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. As well as acting to anchor cells, integrin adhesions provide sensory input via mechanotransduction and synergism with signaling pathways, and provide the cell with the conditions necessary for differentiation in a permissive manner. In this review, we explore how integrins contribute to development, and what this tells us about how they work. From a signaling perspective, the influence of integrins on cell viability and fate is muted in a developmental context as compared to cell culture. Integrin phenotypes tend to arise from a failure of normally specified cells to create tissues properly, due to defective adhesion. The diversity of integrin functions in development shows how cell adhesion is continuously adjusted, both within and between animals, to fit developmental purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan P Maartens
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas H Brown
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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31
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Murphy NP, Lampe KJ. Mimicking biological phenomena in hydrogel-based biomaterials to promote dynamic cellular responses. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:7867-7880. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01045d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Novel methods to endow cell-responsiveness into hydrogels are explored and successful work is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P. Murphy
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Virginia
- Charlottesville
- USA
| | - Kyle J. Lampe
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Virginia
- Charlottesville
- USA
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32
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Yamashiro S, Watanabe N. A new link between the retrograde actin flow and focal adhesions. J Biochem 2014; 156:239-48. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvu053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Araya C, Tawk M, Girdler GC, Costa M, Carmona-Fontaine C, Clarke JD. Mesoderm is required for coordinated cell movements within zebrafish neural plate in vivo. Neural Dev 2014; 9:9. [PMID: 24755297 PMCID: PMC4022452 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-9-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Morphogenesis of the zebrafish neural tube requires the coordinated movement of many cells in both time and space. A good example of this is the movement of the cells in the zebrafish neural plate as they converge towards the dorsal midline before internalizing to form a neural keel. How these cells are regulated to ensure that they move together as a coherent tissue is unknown. Previous work in other systems has suggested that the underlying mesoderm may play a role in this process but this has not been shown directly in vivo. Results Here we analyze the roles of subjacent mesoderm in the coordination of neural cell movements during convergence of the zebrafish neural plate and neural keel formation. Live imaging demonstrates that the normal highly coordinated movements of neural plate cells are lost in the absence of underlying mesoderm and the movements of internalization and neural tube formation are severely disrupted. Despite this, neuroepithelial polarity develops in the abnormal neural primordium but the resulting tissue architecture is very disorganized. Conclusions We show that the movements of cells in the zebrafish neural plate are highly coordinated during the convergence and internalization movements of neurulation. Our results demonstrate that the underlying mesoderm is required for these coordinated cell movements in the zebrafish neural plate in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jonathan Dw Clarke
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, New Hunt's House, 4th Floor, Guy's Hospital Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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34
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Bradshaw MJ, Smith ML. Multiscale relationships between fibronectin structure and functional properties. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:1524-31. [PMID: 23978411 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell behavior is tightly coupled to the properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) to which they attach. Fibronectin (Fn) forms a supermolecular, fibrillar component of the ECM that is prominent during development, wound healing and the progression of numerous diseases. This indicates that Fn has an important function in controlling cell behavior during dynamic events in vivo. The multiscale architecture of Fn molecules assembled into these fibers determines the ligand density of cell adhesion sites on the surface of the Fn fiber, Fn fiber porosity for cell signaling molecules such as growth factors, the mechanical stiffness of the Fn matrix and the adhesivity of Fn for its numerous soluble ligands. These parameters are altered by mechanical strain applied to the ECM. Recent efforts have attempted to link the molecular properties of Fn with bulk properties of Fn matrix fibers. Studies of isolated Fn fibers have helped to characterize the fiber's material properties and, in combination with models of Fn molecular behavior in the fibers, have begun to provide insights into the Fn molecular arrangement and intermolecular adhesions within the fibers. A review of these studies allows the development of an understanding of the mechanobiological functions of Fn.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bradshaw
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington St., ERB 502, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - M L Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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35
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Daley WP, Yamada KM. ECM-modulated cellular dynamics as a driving force for tissue morphogenesis. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2013; 23:408-14. [PMID: 23849799 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays diverse regulatory roles throughout development. Coordinate interactions between cells within a tissue and the ECM result in the dynamic remodeling of ECM structure. Both chemical signals and physical forces that result from such microenvironmental remodeling regulate cell behavior that sculpts tissue structure. Here, we review recent discoveries illustrating different ways in which ECM remodeling promotes dynamic cell behavior during tissue morphogenesis. We focus first on new insights that identify localized ECM signaling as a regulator of cell migration, shape, and adhesion during branching morphogenesis. We also review mechanisms by which the ECM and basement membrane can both sculpt and stabilize epithelial tissue structure, using as examples Drosophila egg chamber development and cleft formation in epithelial organs. Finally, we end with an overview of the dynamic mechanisms by which the ECM can regulate stem cell differentiation to contribute to proper tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Daley
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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36
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Pearl EJ, Grainger RM, Guille M, Horb ME. Development of Xenopus resource centers: the National Xenopus Resource and the European Xenopus Resource Center. Genesis 2012; 50:155-63. [PMID: 22253050 PMCID: PMC3778656 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Xenopus is an essential vertebrate model system for biomedical research that has contributed to important discoveries in many disciplines, including cell biology, molecular biology, physiology, developmental biology, and neurobiology. However, unlike other model systems no central repository/stock center for Xenopus had been established until recently. Similar to mouse, zebrafish, and fly communities, which have established stock centers, Xenopus researchers need to maintain and distribute rapidly growing numbers of inbred, mutant, and transgenic frog strains, along with DNA and protein resources, and individual laboratories struggle to accomplish this efficiently. In the last 5 years, two resource centers were founded to address this need: the European Xenopus Resource Center (EXRC) at the University of Portsmouth in England, and the National Xenopus Resource (NXR) at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA. These two centers work together to provide resources and support to the Xenopus research community. The EXRC and NXR serve as stock centers and acquire, produce, maintain and distribute mutant, inbred and transgenic Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis lines. Independently, the EXRC is a repository for Xenopus cDNAs, fosmids, and antibodies; it also provides oocytes and wild-type frogs within the United Kingdom. The NXR will complement these services by providing research training and promoting intellectual interchange through hosting mini-courses and workshops and offering space for researchers to perform short-term projects at the Marine Biological Laboratory. Together the EXRC and NXR will enable researchers to improve productivity by providing resources and expertise to all levels, from graduate students to experienced PIs. These two centers will also enable investigators that use other animal systems to take advantage of Xenopus' unique experimental features to complement their studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther J. Pearl
- National Xenopus Resource, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL St, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Robert M. Grainger
- University of Virginia Department of Biology, Gilmer Hall, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Matthew Guille
- European Xenopus Resource Center, St Michael’s Building, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Marko E. Horb
- National Xenopus Resource, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL St, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA USA
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37
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Bradshaw MJ, Smith ML. Contribution of unfolding and intermolecular architecture to fibronectin fiber extensibility. Biophys J 2012; 101:1740-8. [PMID: 21961600 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix contains components with remarkable mechanical properties, including fibronectin (Fn) fibers with extensibilities of >700% strain. We utilized what we consider a novel technique to quantify the extent of molecular unfolding that contributes to Fn fiber extension, and we compared this behavior with stochastic models of Fn fibers with different molecular arrangements. In vitro unfolding as a function of strain was measured by fluorescently labeling cysteines in modules FnIII7 and III15 in artificial Fn fibers. A calibration technique we also consider novel made it possible to demonstrate that 44% of cysteines in these modules were exposed in Fn fibers strained to 421% extension, up from 8% exposure without strain. In silico unfolding was measured by applying a constant strain rate to a fiber represented by a network of wormlike chain springs, each representing an individual Fn molecule. Unfolding rates were calculated with a tension-dependent stochastic model applied to FnIII modules in each molecule. A comparison of these approaches revealed that only a molecular arrangement permitting unequal mechanical loading of Fn molecules recapitulates in vitro unfolding. These data have implications for Fn-dependent mechanotransduction and give insight into how the molecular architecture of natural materials permits such remarkable extensibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Bradshaw
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Efremov Y, Pukhlyakova E, Bagrov D, Shaitan K. Atomic force microscopy of living and fixed Xenopus laevis embryos. Micron 2011; 42:840-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Aufschnaiter R, Zamir EA, Little CD, Özbek S, Münder S, David CN, Li L, Sarras MP, Zhang X. In vivo imaging of basement membrane movement: ECM patterning shapes Hydra polyps. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:4027-38. [PMID: 22194305 PMCID: PMC3244984 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.087239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth and morphogenesis during embryonic development, asexual reproduction and regeneration require extensive remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). We used the simple metazoan Hydra to examine the fate of ECM during tissue morphogenesis and asexual budding. In growing Hydra, epithelial cells constantly move towards the extremities of the animal and into outgrowing buds. It is not known, whether these tissue movements involve epithelial migration relative to the underlying matrix or whether cells and ECM are displaced as a composite structure. Furthermore, it is unclear, how the ECM is remodeled to adapt to the shape of developing buds and tentacles. To address these questions, we used a new in vivo labeling technique for Hydra collagen-1 and laminin, and tracked the fate of ECM in all body regions of the animal. Our results reveal that Hydra 'tissue movements' are largely displacements of epithelial cells together with associated ECM. By contrast, during the evagination of buds and tentacles, extensive movement of epithelial cells relative to the matrix is observed, together with local ECM remodeling. These findings provide new insights into the nature of growth and morphogenesis in epithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Aufschnaiter
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Evan A. Zamir
- Georgia Institute of Technology, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia, 30332, USA
| | - Charles D. Little
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Suat Özbek
- Center for Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Münder
- Department of Biology 2, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Charles N. David
- Department of Biology 2, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Li Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Michael P. Sarras
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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To WS, Midwood KS. Plasma and cellular fibronectin: distinct and independent functions during tissue repair. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2011; 4:21. [PMID: 21923916 PMCID: PMC3182887 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-4-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fibronectin (FN) is a ubiquitous extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein that plays vital roles during tissue repair. The plasma form of FN circulates in the blood, and upon tissue injury, is incorporated into fibrin clots to exert effects on platelet function and to mediate hemostasis. Cellular FN is then synthesized and assembled by cells as they migrate into the clot to reconstitute damaged tissue. The assembly of FN into a complex three-dimensional matrix during physiological repair plays a key role not only as a structural scaffold, but also as a regulator of cell function during this stage of tissue repair. FN fibrillogenesis is a complex, stepwise process that is strictly regulated by a multitude of factors. During fibrosis, there is excessive deposition of ECM, of which FN is one of the major components. Aberrant FN-matrix assembly is a major contributing factor to the switch from normal tissue repair to misregulated fibrosis. Understanding the mechanisms involved in FN assembly and how these interplay with cellular, fibrotic and immune responses may reveal targets for the future development of therapies to regulate aberrant tissue-repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing S To
- Department of Matrix Biology, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Nuffield Department of Orthopedic Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Oxford University, 65 Aspenlea Road, London, W6 8LH, UK.
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Schwarzbauer JE, DeSimone DW. Fibronectins, their fibrillogenesis, and in vivo functions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011; 3:cshperspect.a005041. [PMID: 21576254 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a005041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fibronectin (FN) is a multidomain protein with the ability to bind simultaneously to cell surface receptors, collagen, proteoglycans, and other FN molecules. Many of these domains and interactions are also involved in the assembly of FN dimers into a multimeric fibrillar matrix. When, where, and how FN binds to its various partners must be controlled and coordinated during fibrillogenesis. Steps in the process of FN fibrillogenesis including FN self-association, receptor activities, and intracellular pathways have been under intense investigation for years. In this review, the domain organization of FN including the extra domains and variable region that are controlled by alternative splicing are described. We discuss how FN-FN and cell-FN interactions play essential roles in the initiation and progression of matrix assembly using complementary results from cell culture and embryonic model systems that have enhanced our understanding of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean E Schwarzbauer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.
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Pulina MV, Hou SY, Mittal A, Julich D, Whittaker CA, Holley SA, Hynes RO, Astrof S. Essential roles of fibronectin in the development of the left-right embryonic body plan. Dev Biol 2011; 354:208-20. [PMID: 21466802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies in Xenopus laevis suggested that cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions regulate the development of the left-right axis of asymmetry; however, the identities of ECM components and their receptors important for this process have remained unknown. We discovered that FN is required for the establishment of the asymmetric gene expression pattern in early mouse embryos by regulating morphogenesis of the node, while cellular fates of the nodal cells, canonical Wnt and Shh signaling within the node were not perturbed by the absence of FN. FN is also required for the expression of Lefty 1/2 and activation of SMADs 2 and 3 at the floor plate, while cell fate specification of the notochord and the floor plate, as well as signaling within and between these two embryonic organizing centers remained intact in FN-null mutants. Furthermore, our experiments indicate that a major cell surface receptor for FN, integrin α5β1, is also required for the development of the left-right asymmetry, and that this requirement is evolutionarily conserved in fish and mice. Taken together, our studies demonstrate the requisite role for a structural ECM protein and its integrin receptor in the development of the left-right axis of asymmetry in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Pulina
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, New York, NY, USA
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Kim HY, Davidson LA. Punctuated actin contractions during convergent extension and their permissive regulation by the non-canonical Wnt-signaling pathway. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:635-46. [PMID: 21266466 PMCID: PMC3031374 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.067579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Actomyosin networks linked to the micro-environment through the plasma membrane are thought to be key players in regulating cell behaviors within multicellular tissues, such as converging and extending mesoderm. Here, we observe the dynamics of actin contractions called 'punctuated actin contractions' in the mid-cell body of embryonic mesenchymal cells in the mesoderm. These contraction dynamics are a common feature of Xenopus embryonic tissues and are important for cell shape changes during morphogenesis. Quantitative morphological analysis of these F-actin dynamics indicates that frequent and aligned movements of multiple actin contractions accompany mesoderm cells as they intercalate and elongate. Using inhibitors combined with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) analysis, we find that the dynamics of actin contractions are regulated by both myosin contractility and F-actin polymerization. Furthermore, we find that the non-canonical Wnt-signaling pathway permissively regulates levels of punctuated actin contractions. Overexpression of Xfz7 (Fzd7) can induce early maturation of actin contractions in mesoderm and produce mesoderm-like actin contractions in ectoderm cells. By contrast, expression of the dominant-negative Xenopus disheveled construct Xdd1 blocks the progression of actin contractions into their late mesoderm dynamics but has no effect in ectoderm. Our study reveals punctuated actin contractions within converging and extending mesoderm and uncovers a permissive role for non-canonical Wnt-signaling, myosin contractility and F-actin polymerization in regulating these dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Lance A. Davidson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Abstract
Over the past half century, the Xenopus laevis embryo has become a popular model system for studying vertebrate early development at molecular, cellular, and multicellular levels. The year-round availability of easily fertilized eggs, the embryo's large size and rapid development, and the hardiness of both adults and offspring against a wide range of laboratory conditions provide unmatched advantages for a variety of approaches, particularly "cutting and pasting" experiments, to explore embryogenesis. There is, however, a common perception that the Xenopus embryo is intractable for microscope work, due to its store of large, refractile yolk platelets and abundant cortical pigmentation. This chapter presents easily adapted protocols to surmount, and in some cases take advantage of, these optical properties to facilitate live-cell microscopic analysis of commonly used experimental manipulations of early Xenopus embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Danilchik
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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von Dassow M, Strother JA, Davidson LA. Surprisingly simple mechanical behavior of a complex embryonic tissue. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15359. [PMID: 21203396 PMCID: PMC3011006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that mechanical feedback could coordinate morphogenetic events in embryos. Furthermore, embryonic tissues have complex structure and composition and undergo large deformations during morphogenesis. Hence we expect highly non-linear and loading-rate dependent tissue mechanical properties in embryos. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We used micro-aspiration to test whether a simple linear viscoelastic model was sufficient to describe the mechanical behavior of gastrula stage Xenopus laevis embryonic tissue in vivo. We tested whether these embryonic tissues change their mechanical properties in response to mechanical stimuli but found no evidence of changes in the viscoelastic properties of the tissue in response to stress or stress application rate. We used this model to test hypotheses about the pattern of force generation during electrically induced tissue contractions. The dependence of contractions on suction pressure was most consistent with apical tension, and was inconsistent with isotropic contraction. Finally, stiffer clutches generated stronger contractions, suggesting that force generation and stiffness may be coupled in the embryo. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The mechanical behavior of a complex, active embryonic tissue can be surprisingly well described by a simple linear viscoelastic model with power law creep compliance, even at high deformations. We found no evidence of mechanical feedback in this system. Together these results show that very simple mechanical models can be useful in describing embryo mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelangelo von Dassow
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
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To WS, Midwood KS. Cryptic domains of tenascin-C differentially control fibronectin fibrillogenesis. Matrix Biol 2010; 29:573-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Skoglund P, Keller R. Integration of planar cell polarity and ECM signaling in elongation of the vertebrate body plan. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2010; 22:589-96. [PMID: 20739170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The shaping of the vertebrate embryonic body plan depends heavily on the narrowing and lengthening (convergence and extension) of embryonic tissues by cell intercalation, a process by which cells actively crawl between one another along the axis of convergence to produce a narrower, longer array. We discuss recent evidence that the vertebrate non-canonical Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) pathway, known to directly function in polarizing the movements of intercalating cells, is also involved in the localized assembly of extracellular matrix (ECM). These cell-ECM interactions, in turn, are necessary for expression of the oriented, polarized cell intercalation. The mechanism of PCP/ECM interactions, their molecular signaling, and their mechanical consequences for morphogenesis are discussed with the goal of identifying important unsolved issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Skoglund
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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Kieserman EK, Lee C, Gray RS, Park TJ, Wallingford JB. High-magnification in vivo imaging of Xenopus embryos for cell and developmental biology. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2010; 2010:pdb.prot5427. [PMID: 20439414 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot5427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Embryos of the frog Xenopus laevis are an ideal model system for in vivo imaging of dynamic biological processes, from the inner workings of individual cells to the reshaping of tissues during embryogenesis. Their externally developing embryos are more amenable to in vivo analysis than internally developing mammalian embryos, and the large size of the embryos make them particularly suitable for time-lapse analysis of tissue-level morphogenetic events. In addition, individual cells in Xenopus embryos are larger than those in other vertebrate models, making them ideal for imaging cell behavior and subcellular processes (e.g., following the dynamics of fluorescent fusion proteins in living or fixed cells and tissues). Xenopus embryos are amenable to simple manipulations of gene function, including knockdown and misexpression, and the large number of embryos available allows even an inexperienced researcher to perform hundreds of such manipulations per day. Transgenesis is quite effective as well. Finally, because the fate map of Xenopus embryos is stereotypical, simple targeted microinjections can reliably deliver reagents into specific tissues and cell types for gene manipulation or for imaging. Although yolk opacity can hinder deep imaging in intact embryos, almost any cell in the early embryo can be placed into organotypic culture, such that the cells of interest are directly apposed to the cover glass. Furthermore, live imaging techniques can be complemented with immunostaining and in situ hybridization approaches in fixed tissues. This protocol describes methods for labeling and high-magnification time-lapse imaging of cell biological and developmental processes in Xenopus embryos by confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther K Kieserman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Goody MF, Henry CA. Dynamic interactions between cells and their extracellular matrix mediate embryonic development. Mol Reprod Dev 2010; 77:475-88. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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