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Yang X, Chen Y, Yang Y, Li S, Mi P, Jing N. The molecular and cellular choreography of early mammalian lung development. MEDICAL REVIEW (2021) 2024; 4:192-206. [PMID: 38919401 PMCID: PMC11195428 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2023-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian lung development starts from a specific cluster of endodermal cells situated within the ventral foregut region. With the orchestrating of delicate choreography of transcription factors, signaling pathways, and cell-cell communications, the endodermal diverticulum extends into the surrounding mesenchyme, and builds the cellular and structural basis of the complex respiratory system. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current molecular insights of mammalian lung development, with a particular focus on the early stage of lung cell fate differentiation and spatial patterning. Furthermore, we explore the implications of several congenital respiratory diseases and the relevance to early organogenesis. Finally, we summarize the unprecedented knowledge concerning lung cell compositions, regulatory networks as well as the promising prospect for gaining an unbiased understanding of lung development and lung malformations through state-of-the-art single-cell omics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfa Yang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shiting Li
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Panpan Mi
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Naihe Jing
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Fitzsimons LA, Tasouri E, Willaredt MA, Stetson D, Gojak C, Kirsch J, Gardner HAR, Gorgas K, Tucker KL. Primary cilia are critical for tracheoesophageal septation. Dev Dyn 2024; 253:312-332. [PMID: 37776236 PMCID: PMC10922539 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary cilia play pivotal roles in the patterning and morphogenesis of a wide variety of organs during mammalian development. Here we examined murine foregut septation in the cobblestone mutant, a hypomorphic allele of the gene encoding the intraflagellar transport protein IFT88, a protein essential for normal cilia function. RESULTS We reveal a crucial role for primary cilia in foregut division, since their dramatic decrease in cilia in both the foregut endoderm and mesenchyme of mutant embryos resulted in a proximal tracheoesophageal septation defects and in the formation of distal tracheo(broncho)esophageal fistulae similar to the most common congenital tracheoesophageal malformations in humans. Interestingly, the dorsoventral patterning determining the dorsal digestive and the ventral respiratory endoderm remained intact, whereas Hedgehog signaling was aberrantly activated. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the cobblestone mutant to represent one of the very few mouse models that display both correct endodermal dorsoventral specification but defective compartmentalization of the proximal foregut. It stands exemplary for a tracheoesophageal ciliopathy, offering the possibility to elucidate the molecular mechanisms how primary cilia orchestrate the septation process. The plethora of malformations observed in the cobblestone embryo allow for a deeper insight into a putative link between primary cilia and human VATER/VACTERL syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Avery Fitzsimons
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, U.S.A
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine 04005, U.S.A
| | - Evangelia Tasouri
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc August Willaredt
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Stetson
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, U.S.A
| | - Christian Gojak
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Kirsch
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Karin Gorgas
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerry L. Tucker
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, U.S.A
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine 04005, U.S.A
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Cao S, Feng H, Yi H, Pan M, Lin L, Zhang YS, Feng Z, Liang W, Cai B, Li Q, Xiong Z, Shen Q, Ke M, Zhao X, Chen H, He Q, Min M, Cai Q, Liu H, Wang J, Pei D, Chen J, Ma Y. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the developmental program underlying proximal-distal patterning of the human lung at the embryonic stage. Cell Res 2023:10.1038/s41422-023-00802-6. [PMID: 37085732 PMCID: PMC10119843 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-023-00802-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The lung is the primary respiratory organ in human, in which the proximal airway and the distal alveoli are responsible for air conduction and gas exchange, respectively. However, the regulation of proximal-distal patterning at the embryonic stage of human lung development is largely unknown. Here we investigated the early lung development of human embryos at weeks 4-8 post fertilization (Carnegie stages 12-21) using single-cell RNA sequencing, and obtained a transcriptomic atlas of 169,686 cells. We observed discernible gene expression patterns of proximal and distal epithelia at week 4, upon the initiation of lung organogenesis. Moreover, we identified novel transcriptional regulators of the patterning of proximal (e.g., THRB and EGR3) and distal (e.g., ETV1 and SOX6) epithelia. Further dissection revealed various stromal cell populations, including an early-embryonic BDNF+ population, providing a proximal-distal patterning niche with spatial specificity. In addition, we elucidated the cell fate bifurcation and maturation of airway and vascular smooth muscle progenitor cells at the early stage of lung development. Together, our study expands the scope of human lung developmental biology at early embryonic stages. The discovery of intrinsic transcriptional regulators and novel niche providers deepens the understanding of epithelial proximal-distal patterning in human lung development, opening up new avenues for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangtao Cao
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Reproductive Medicine and Genetic Research, Hainan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Thalassemia, Reproductive Medical Center, International Technology Cooperation Base "China-Myanmar Joint Research Center for Prevention and Treatment of Regional Major Disease" By the Ministry of Science and Technology of China, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China.
- Center for Cell Lineage and Atlas (CCLA), Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Huijian Feng
- Center for Cell Lineage and Atlas (CCLA), Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Yi
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Reproductive Medicine and Genetic Research, Hainan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Thalassemia, Reproductive Medical Center, International Technology Cooperation Base "China-Myanmar Joint Research Center for Prevention and Treatment of Regional Major Disease" By the Ministry of Science and Technology of China, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Laboratory of Cell Fate Control, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengjie Pan
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lihui Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yao Santo Zhang
- Center for Cell Lineage and Atlas (CCLA), Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziyu Feng
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weifang Liang
- Center for Cell Lineage and Atlas (CCLA), Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Baomei Cai
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Reproductive Medicine and Genetic Research, Hainan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Thalassemia, Reproductive Medical Center, International Technology Cooperation Base "China-Myanmar Joint Research Center for Prevention and Treatment of Regional Major Disease" By the Ministry of Science and Technology of China, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Reproductive Health Diseases Research and Translation, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Zhi Xiong
- Center for Cell Lineage and Atlas (CCLA), Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingmei Shen
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Minjing Ke
- Center for Cell Lineage and Atlas (CCLA), Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Reproductive Medicine and Genetic Research, Hainan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Thalassemia, Reproductive Medical Center, International Technology Cooperation Base "China-Myanmar Joint Research Center for Prevention and Treatment of Regional Major Disease" By the Ministry of Science and Technology of China, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Reproductive Health Diseases Research and Translation, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Huilin Chen
- Center for Cell Lineage and Atlas (CCLA), Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qina He
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Reproductive Medicine and Genetic Research, Hainan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Thalassemia, Reproductive Medical Center, International Technology Cooperation Base "China-Myanmar Joint Research Center for Prevention and Treatment of Regional Major Disease" By the Ministry of Science and Technology of China, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Reproductive Health Diseases Research and Translation, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Mingwei Min
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Quanyou Cai
- Center for Cell Lineage and Atlas (CCLA), Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - He Liu
- Center for Cell Lineage and Atlas (CCLA), Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Duanqing Pei
- Laboratory of Cell Fate Control, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jiekai Chen
- Center for Cell Lineage and Atlas (CCLA), Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yanlin Ma
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Reproductive Medicine and Genetic Research, Hainan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Thalassemia, Reproductive Medical Center, International Technology Cooperation Base "China-Myanmar Joint Research Center for Prevention and Treatment of Regional Major Disease" By the Ministry of Science and Technology of China, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China.
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Reproductive Health Diseases Research and Translation, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China.
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Li R, Zhang Y, Garg A, Sui P, Sun X. E3 ubiquitin ligase FBXW7 balances airway cell fates. Dev Biol 2022; 483:89-97. [PMID: 34998785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The airway epithelium is composed of multiple cell types each with designated roles. A stereotyped ratio of these cells is essential for proper airway function. Imbalance of airway cell types underlies many lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. While a number of signals and transcription factors have been implicated in airway cell specification, how cell numbers are coordinated, especially at the protein level is poorly understood. Here we show that in the mouse trachea which contain epithelial cell types similar to human airway, epithelium-specific inactivation of Fbxw7, which encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase, led to reduced club and ciliated cells, increased goblet cells, and ectopic P63-negative, Keratin5-positive transitory basal cells in the luminal layer. The protein levels of FBXW7 targets including NOTCH1, KLF5 and TGIF were increased. Inactivation of either Notch1, Klf5 but not Tgif genes in the mutant background led to attenuation of selected aspects of the phenotypes, suggesting that FBXW7 acts through different targets to control different cell fates. These findings demonstrate that protein-level regulation by the ubiquitin proteasome system is critical for balancing airway cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongbo Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ankur Garg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Pengfei Sui
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Liberti DC, Morrisey EE. Organoid models: assessing lung cell fate decisions and disease responses. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:1159-1174. [PMID: 34674972 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organoids can be derived from various cell types in the lung, and they provide a reproducible and tractable model for understanding the complex signals driving cell fate decisions in a regenerative context. In this review, we provide a retrospective account of organoid methodologies and outline new opportunities for optimizing these methods to further explore emerging concepts in lung biology. Moreover, we examine the benefits of integrating organoid assays with in vivo modeling to explore how the various niches and compartments in the respiratory system respond to both acute and chronic lung disease. The strategic implementation and improvement of organoid techniques will provide exciting new opportunities to understand and identify new therapeutic approaches to ameliorate lung disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C Liberti
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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6
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Canonical WNT pathway is activated in the airway epithelium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. EBioMedicine 2020; 61:103034. [PMID: 33045470 PMCID: PMC7559244 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a devastating lung disease, mainly due to cigarette smoking, which represents the third cause of mortality worldwide. The mechanisms driving its epithelial salient features remain largely elusive. We aimed to evaluate the activation and the role of the canonical, β-catenin-dependant WNT pathway in the airway epithelium from COPD patients. METHODS The WNT/β-catenin pathway was first assessed by WNT-targeted RNA sequencing of the air/liquid interface-reconstituted bronchial epithelium from COPD and control patients. Airway expression of total and active β-catenin was assessed in lung sections, as well as WNT components in laser-microdissected airway epithelium. Finally, we evaluated the role of WNT at the bronchial epithelial level by modulating the pathway in the reconstituted COPD epithelium. FINDINGS We show that the WNT/β-catenin pathway is upregulated in the COPD airway epithelium as compared with that of non-smokers and control smokers, in targeted RNA-sequencing of in vitro reconstituted airway epithelium, and in situ in lung tissue and laser-microdissected epithelium. Extrinsic activation of this pathway in COPD-derived airway epithelium inhibited epithelial differentiation, polarity and barrier function, and induced TGF-β-related epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Conversely, canonical WNT inhibition increased ciliated cell numbers, epithelial polarity and barrier function, whilst inhibiting EMT, thus reversing COPD features. INTERPRETATION In conclusion, the aberrant reactivation of the canonical WNT pathway in the adult airway epithelium recapitulates the diseased phenotype observed in COPD patients, suggesting that this pathway or its downstream effectors could represent a future therapeutic target. FUNDING This study was supported by the Fondation Mont-Godinne, the FNRS and the WELBIO.
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Riccetti M, Gokey JJ, Aronow B, Perl AKT. The elephant in the lung: Integrating lineage-tracing, molecular markers, and single cell sequencing data to identify distinct fibroblast populations during lung development and regeneration. Matrix Biol 2020; 91-92:51-74. [PMID: 32442602 PMCID: PMC7434667 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
During lung development, the mesenchyme and epithelium are dependent on each other for instructive morphogenic cues that direct proliferation, cellular differentiation and organogenesis. Specification of epithelial and mesenchymal cell lineages occurs in parallel, forming cellular subtypes that guide the formation of both transitional developmental structures and the permanent architecture of the adult lung. While epithelial cell types and lineages have been relatively well-defined in recent years, the definition of mesenchymal cell types and lineage relationships has been more challenging. Transgenic mouse lines with permanent and inducible lineage tracers have been instrumental in identifying lineage relationships among epithelial progenitor cells and their differentiation into distinct airway and alveolar epithelial cells. Lineage tracing experiments with reporter mice used to identify fibroblast progenitors and their lineage trajectories have been limited by the number of cell specific genes and the developmental timepoint when the lineage trace was activated. In this review, we discuss major developmental mesenchymal lineages, focusing on time of origin, major cell type, and other lineage derivatives, as well as the transgenic tools used to find and define them. We describe lung fibroblasts using function, location, and molecular markers in order to compare and contrast cells with similar functions. The temporal and cell-type specific expression of fourteen "fibroblast lineage" genes were identified in single-cell RNA-sequencing data from LungMAP in the LGEA database. Using these lineage signature genes as guides, we clustered murine lung fibroblast populations from embryonic day 16.5 to postnatal day 28 (E16.5-PN28) and generated heatmaps to illustrate expression of transcription factors, signaling receptors and ligands in a temporal and population specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Riccetti
- The Perinatal Institute and Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jason J Gokey
- The Perinatal Institute and Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Bruce Aronow
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Anne-Karina T Perl
- The Perinatal Institute and Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
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8
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Varma R, Soleas JP, Waddell TK, Karoubi G, McGuigan AP. Current strategies and opportunities to manufacture cells for modeling human lungs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 161-162:90-109. [PMID: 32835746 PMCID: PMC7442933 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lung diseases remain major healthcare burdens, for which the only curative treatment is lung transplantation. In vitro human models are promising platforms for identifying and testing novel compounds to potentially decrease this burden. Directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells is an important strategy to generate lung cells to create such models. Current lung directed differentiation protocols are limited as they do not 1) recapitulate the diversity of respiratory epithelium, 2) generate consistent or sufficient cell numbers for drug discovery platforms, and 3) establish the histologic tissue-level organization critical for modeling lung function. In this review, we describe how lung development has formed the basis for directed differentiation protocols, and discuss the utility of available protocols for lung epithelial cell generation and drug development. We further highlight tissue engineering strategies for manipulating biophysical signals during directed differentiation such that future protocols can recapitulate both chemical and physical cues present during lung development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Varma
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital, 101 College St., Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - John P Soleas
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital, 101 College St., Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Thomas K Waddell
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital, 101 College St., Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Golnaz Karoubi
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital, 101 College St., Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Alison P McGuigan
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada.
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9
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Yin W, Kim HT, Wang S, Gunawan F, Li R, Buettner C, Grohmann B, Sengle G, Sinner D, Offermanns S, Stainier DYR. Fibrillin-2 is a key mediator of smooth muscle extracellular matrix homeostasis during mouse tracheal tubulogenesis. Eur Respir J 2019; 53:13993003.00840-2018. [PMID: 30578393 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00840-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial tubes, comprised of polarised epithelial cells around a lumen, are crucial for organ function. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying tube formation remain largely unknown. Here, we report on the function of fibrillin (FBN)2, an extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein, as a critical regulator of tracheal tube formation.We performed a large-scale forward genetic screen in mouse to identify regulators of respiratory organ development and disease. We identified Fbn2 mutants which exhibit shorter and narrowed tracheas as well as defects in tracheal smooth muscle cell alignment and polarity.We found that FBN2 is essential for elastic fibre formation and Fibronectin accumulation around tracheal smooth muscle cells. These processes appear to be regulated at least in part through inhibition of p38-mediated upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), as pharmacological decrease of p38 phosphorylation or MMP activity partially attenuated the Fbn2 mutant tracheal phenotypes. Analysis of human tracheal tissues indicates that a decrease in ECM proteins, including FBN2 and Fibronectin, is associated with tracheomalacia.Our findings provide novel insights into the role of ECM homeostasis in mesenchymal cell polarisation during tracheal tubulogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Yin
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Dept of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,W. Yin and D.Y.R. Stainier are joint senior authors
| | - Hyun-Taek Kim
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Dept of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - ShengPeng Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Dept of Pharmacology, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Felix Gunawan
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Dept of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Rui Li
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Dept of Pharmacology, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Carmen Buettner
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Dept of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Beate Grohmann
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Dept of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Gerhard Sengle
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Debora Sinner
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, CCHMC, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Dept of Pharmacology, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Dept of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,W. Yin and D.Y.R. Stainier are joint senior authors
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10
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Li Q, Jiao J, Li H, Wan H, Zheng C, Cai J, Bao S. Histone arginine methylation by Prmt5 is required for lung branching morphogenesis through repression of BMP signaling. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.217406. [PMID: 29950483 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.217406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis is essential for the successful development of a functional lung to accomplish its gas exchange function. Although many studies have highlighted requirements for the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway during branching morphogenesis, little is known about how BMP signaling is regulated. Here, we report that the protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (Prmt5) and symmetric dimethylation at histone H4 arginine 3 (H4R3sme2) directly associate with chromatin of Bmp4 to suppress its transcription. Inactivation of Prmt5 in the lung epithelium results in halted branching morphogenesis, altered epithelial cell differentiation and neonatal lethality. These defects are accompanied by increased apoptosis and reduced proliferation of lung epithelium, as a consequence of elevated canonical BMP-Smad1/5/9 signaling. Inhibition of BMP signaling by Noggin rescues the lung branching defects of Prmt5 mutant in vitro Taken together, our results identify a novel mechanism through which Prmt5-mediated histone arginine methylation represses canonical BMP signaling to regulate lung branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Huajing Wan
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, and Department of Pediatrics, Huaxi Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Caihong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Shilai Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China .,School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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11
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Yin W, Kim HT, Wang S, Gunawan F, Wang L, Kishimoto K, Zhong H, Roman D, Preussner J, Guenther S, Graef V, Buettner C, Grohmann B, Looso M, Morimoto M, Mardon G, Offermanns S, Stainier DYR. The potassium channel KCNJ13 is essential for smooth muscle cytoskeletal organization during mouse tracheal tubulogenesis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2815. [PMID: 30022023 PMCID: PMC6052067 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulogenesis is essential for the formation and function of internal organs. One such organ is the trachea, which allows gas exchange between the external environment and the lungs. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying tracheal tube development remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the potassium channel KCNJ13 is a critical modulator of tracheal tubulogenesis. We identify Kcnj13 in an ethylnitrosourea forward genetic screen for regulators of mouse respiratory organ development. Kcnj13 mutants exhibit a shorter trachea as well as defective smooth muscle (SM) cell alignment and polarity. KCNJ13 is essential to maintain ion homeostasis in tracheal SM cells, which is required for actin polymerization. This process appears to be mediated, at least in part, through activation of the actin regulator AKT, as pharmacological increase of AKT phosphorylation ameliorates the Kcnj13-mutant trachea phenotypes. These results provide insight into the role of ion homeostasis in cytoskeletal organization during tubulogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Yin
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany.
| | - Hyun-Taek Kim
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - ShengPeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Felix Gunawan
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Keishi Kishimoto
- Laboratory for Lung Development, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hua Zhong
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology and Molecular and Human Genetics, Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Dany Roman
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology and Molecular and Human Genetics, Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jens Preussner
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, ECCPS Bioinformatics and Deep Sequencing Platform, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Stefan Guenther
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, ECCPS Bioinformatics and Deep Sequencing Platform, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Viola Graef
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Carmen Buettner
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Beate Grohmann
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Mario Looso
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, ECCPS Bioinformatics and Deep Sequencing Platform, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Mitsuru Morimoto
- Laboratory for Lung Development, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Graeme Mardon
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology and Molecular and Human Genetics, Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, 60590, Germany
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany.
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12
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Kishimoto K, Tamura M, Nishita M, Minami Y, Yamaoka A, Abe T, Shigeta M, Morimoto M. Synchronized mesenchymal cell polarization and differentiation shape the formation of the murine trachea and esophagus. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2816. [PMID: 30026494 PMCID: PMC6053463 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tube morphogenesis is essential for internal-organ development, yet the mechanisms regulating tube shape remain unknown. Here, we show that different mechanisms regulate the length and diameter of the murine trachea. First, we found that trachea development progresses via sequential elongation and expansion processes. This starts with a synchronized radial polarization of smooth muscle (SM) progenitor cells with inward Golgi-apparatus displacement regulates tube elongation, controlled by mesenchymal Wnt5a-Ror2 signaling. This radial polarization directs SM progenitor cell migration toward the epithelium, and the resulting subepithelial morphogenesis supports tube elongation to the anteroposterior axis. This radial polarization also regulates esophageal elongation. Subsequently, cartilage development helps expand the tube diameter, which drives epithelial-cell reshaping to determine the optimal lumen shape for efficient respiration. These findings suggest a strategy in which straight-organ tubulogenesis is driven by subepithelial cell polarization and ring cartilage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Kishimoto
- Laboratory for Lung Development, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Masaru Tamura
- RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Michiru Nishita
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Minami
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Akira Yamaoka
- Laboratory for Lung Development, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takaya Abe
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
- Laboratory for Animal Resource Development, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies and Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
- Laboratory for Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies and Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Mayo Shigeta
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
- Laboratory for Animal Resource Development, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies and Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Morimoto
- Laboratory for Lung Development, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
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13
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Yang J, Zuo WL, Fukui T, Chao I, Gomi K, Lee B, Staudt MR, Kaner RJ, Strulovici-Barel Y, Salit J, Crystal RG, Shaykhiev R. Smoking-Dependent Distal-to-Proximal Repatterning of the Adult Human Small Airway Epithelium. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 196:340-352. [PMID: 28345955 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201608-1672oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Small airways are the primary site of pathologic changes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the major smoking-induced lung disorder. OBJECTIVES On the basis of the concept of proximal-distal patterning that determines regional specialization of the airway epithelium during lung development, we hypothesized that a similar program operates in the adult human lung being altered by smoking, leading to decreased regional identity of the small airway epithelium (SAE). METHODS The proximal and distal airway signatures were identified by comparing the transcriptomes of large and small airway epithelium samples obtained by bronchoscopy from healthy nonsmokers. The expression of these signatures was evaluated in the SAE of healthy smokers and smokers with COPD compared with that of healthy nonsmokers. The capacity of airway basal stem cells (BCs) to maintain region-associated phenotypes was evaluated using the air-liquid interface model. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The distal and proximal airway signatures, containing 134 and 233 genes, respectively, were identified. These signatures included known developmental regulators of airway patterning, as well as novel regulators such as epidermal growth factor receptor, which was associated with the proximal airway phenotype. In the SAE of smokers with COPD, there was a dramatic smoking-dependent loss of the regional transcriptome identity with concomitant proximalization. This repatterning phenotype was reproduced by stimulating SAE BCs with epidermal growth factor, which was up-regulated in the SAE of smokers, during differentiation of SAE BCs in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Smoking-induced global distal-to-proximal reprogramming of the SAE represents a novel pathologic feature of COPD and is mediated by exaggerated epidermal growth factor/epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in SAE BCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- 1 Department of Genetic Medicine and.,2 Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | | | | | | | - Kazunori Gomi
- 3 Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; and
| | - Busub Lee
- 3 Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; and
| | | | - Robert J Kaner
- 1 Department of Genetic Medicine and.,3 Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; and
| | | | | | - Ronald G Crystal
- 1 Department of Genetic Medicine and.,3 Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; and
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14
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Miller AJ, Spence JR. In Vitro Models to Study Human Lung Development, Disease and Homeostasis. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 32:246-260. [PMID: 28404740 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00041.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The main function of the lung is to support gas exchange, and defects in lung development or diseases affecting the structure and function of the lung can have fatal consequences. Most of what we currently understand about human lung development and disease has come from animal models. However, animal models are not always fully able to recapitulate human lung development and disease, highlighting an area where in vitro models of the human lung can compliment animal models to further understanding of critical developmental and pathological mechanisms. This review will discuss current advances in generating in vitro human lung models using primary human tissue, cell lines, and human pluripotent stem cell derived lung tissue, and will discuss crucial next steps in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa J Miller
- PhD Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jason R Spence
- PhD Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; .,PhD Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,PhD Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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15
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Lin C, Yao E, Zhang K, Jiang X, Croll S, Thompson-Peer K, Chuang PT. YAP is essential for mechanical force production and epithelial cell proliferation during lung branching morphogenesis. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28323616 PMCID: PMC5360446 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis is a fundamental program for tissue patterning. We show that active YAP, a key mediator of Hippo signaling, is distributed throughout the murine lung epithelium and loss of epithelial YAP severely disrupts branching. Failure to branch is restricted to regions where YAP activity is removed. This suggests that YAP controls local epithelial cell properties. In support of this model, mechanical force production is compromised and cell proliferation is reduced in Yap mutant lungs. We propose that defective force generation and insufficient epithelial cell number underlie the branching defects. Through genomic analysis, we also uncovered a feedback control of pMLC levels, which is critical for mechanical force production, likely through the direct induction of multiple regulators by YAP. Our work provides a molecular pathway that could control epithelial cell properties required for proper morphogenetic movement and pattern formation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21130.001 Air enters our lungs through a system of airways that spread outwards from the windpipe like the branches of a tree. Before we are born, each branch is shaped by the organization and movement of cells that form the walls of the airways, called epithelial cells. This process requires the cells to communicate and coordinate with each other by receiving and/or sending chemical signals. One important system that epithelial cells use to communicate is called the Hippo pathway, which uses a molecule called YAP to execute received messages. Exactly how YAP helps airways in the lungs to develop was not well understood. By studying developing mouse lungs, Lin et al. have now found that YAP is present in the epithelial cells of all developing airways. Inactivating YAP in specific parts of the lungs prevented the formation of new branches of the airway in just those regions that lacked YAP. This suggests that YAP is needed for airways to branch properly and form the extensive network present in healthy lungs. Further investigation using genomics approaches revealed that YAP regulates the activity of genes that control how epithelial cells divide and contract. Without YAP, fewer cells were produced and they were unable to produce the forces required to change shape and move to form airways. In particular, YAP controls the production of a modified form of a protein called phosphorylated myosin light chain (pMLC) through a regulatory pathway. The pMLC protein is critical for the cells to produce the mechanical forces that they need to be able to contract correctly. Overall, the results presented by Lin et al. suggest that YAP controls the properties of the epithelial cells to enable them to form new airway branches. Branched structures also form in a number of other organs, and the mechanisms that cause these structures to form are thought to be similar to those that form the airways. Lin et al.’s work could therefore help us to understand how organs develop more generally. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21130.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuwen Lin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Erica Yao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Kuan Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Xuan Jiang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Stacey Croll
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Katherine Thompson-Peer
- Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Pao-Tien Chuang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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16
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Cushing L, Jiang Z, Kuang P, Lü J. The roles of microRNAs and protein components of the microRNA pathway in lung development and diseases. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 52:397-408. [PMID: 25211015 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0232rt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of studies have shown evolutionarily conserved molecular networks consisting of transcriptional factors, diffusing growth factors, and signaling pathways that regulate proper lung development. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs), small, noncoding regulatory RNAs, have been integrated into these networks. Significant advances have been made in characterizing the developmental stage- or cell type-specific miRNAs during lung development by using approaches such as genome-wide profiling and in situ hybridization. Results from gain- or loss-of-function studies revealed pivotal roles of protein components of the miRNA pathway and individual miRNAs in regulating proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and morphogenesis during lung development. Aberrant expression or functions of these components have been associated with pulmonary disorders, suggesting their involvement in pathogenesis of these diseases. Moreover, genetically modified mice generated in these studies have become useful models of human lung diseases. Challenges in this field include characterization of collective function and responsible targets of miRNAs specifically expressed during lung development, and translation of these basic findings into clinically relevant information for better understanding of human diseases. The goal of this review is to discuss the recent progress on the understanding of how the miRNA pathway regulates lung development, how dysregulation of miRNA activities contributes to pathogenesis of related pulmonary diseases, and to identify relevant questions and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Cushing
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York
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17
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Miskovic J, Brekalo Z, Vukojevic K, Miskovic HR, Kraljevic D, Todorovic J, Soljic V. Co-expression of TTF-1 and neuroendocrine markers in the human fetal lung and pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:451-9. [PMID: 25722034 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The expression pattern of thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) and neuroendocrine markers, neuron cell adhesion molecule (NCAM; CD56), chromogranin A (CgA) and synaptophysin (Syp), of different lung cell lineages was histologically analyzed in 15 normal human fetal lungs and 12 neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) using immunohistochemical methods. During pseudoglandular phase strong nuclear TTF-1 staining was detected in the columnar nonciliated epithelial cells, while NCAM, CgA and Syp had a moderate expression in the proximal airways and mild expression in the distal airways. Neuroendocrine cells (NECs) in proximal lung airway were co-localizing TTF-1 and other neuroendocrine markers while neuroendocrine bodies (NEBs) exhibit only staining with NCAM and Syp. In the canalicular phase TTF-1 nuclear staining was expressed only in several epithelial cells in proximal airways, while budding airways epithelium showed strong TTF-1 expression. Expression of NCAM, CgA and Syp in this phase equals the one in pseudoglandular phase. NEBs cells were co-localizing TTF-1 and NCAM in proximal airways and few NECs in distal airway were co-localizing TTF-1 and Syp. TTF-1 staining in the saccular phase was limited to subsets of epithelial cells in the proximal airways with stronger positivity in the distal airways. NCAM expression is moderate only in proximal airways, while Syp and CgA show mild expression in proximal and distal airways. NECs were co-localizing TTF-1 and NCAM in proximal lung airway. With regard to NECs, all small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells had strong TTF-1, NCAM, Syp and CgA positivity and TTF-1 co-localized with other neuroendocrine markers. All pulmonary typical carcinoids were TTF-1 negative, while pulmonary atypical carcinoids were focal positive for TTF-1 and some neoplastic cells co-localized TTF-1 with neuroendocrine markers. Our results indicate that TTF-1 expression in NECs suggests a possible role in their normal development and differentiation. Our results also indicate that possible cell of origin for poorly differentiated SCLC and some atypical carcinoid could be a progenitor cell in neuroendocrine lineage while in typical carcinoids possible cell of origin is localized in terminally differentiated NECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josip Miskovic
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital in Mostar, KraljaTvrtka bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Zdrinko Brekalo
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital in Mostar, KraljaTvrtka bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Katarina Vukojevic
- Laboratory for Early Human Development, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Helena Radic Miskovic
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital in Mostar, Kralja Tvrtka bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Daniela Kraljevic
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital in Mostar, Kralja Tvrtka bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Jelena Todorovic
- Department of Pathology, Cytology and Forensic Medicine, University Hospital in Mostar, Kralja Tvrtka bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Violeta Soljic
- Department of Pathology, Cytology and Forensic Medicine, University Hospital in Mostar, Kralja Tvrtka bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, Bijeli brijeg bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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18
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Lin C, Yao E, Chuang PT. A conserved MST1/2-YAP axis mediates Hippo signaling during lung growth. Dev Biol 2015; 403:101-13. [PMID: 25912685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hippo signaling is a critical player in controlling the growth of several tissues and organs in diverse species. The current model of Hippo signaling postulates a cascade of kinase activity initiated by the MST1/2 kinases in response to external stimuli. This leads to inactivation of the transcriptional coactivators, YAP/TAZ, due to their cytoplasmic retention and degradation that is correlated with YAP/TAZ phosphorylation. In most tissues examined, YAP plays a more dominant role than TAZ. Whether a conserved Hippo pathway is utilized during lung growth and development is unclear. In particular, the regulatory relationship between MST1/2 and YAP/TAZ in the lung remains controversial. By employing the Shh-Cre mouse line to efficiently inactivate genes in the lung epithelium, we show that loss of MST1/2 kinases in the epithelium can lead to neonatal lethality caused by lung defects. This is manifested by perturbation of lung epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. These phenotypes are more severe than those produced by Nkx2.1-Cre, highlighting the effects of differential Cre activity on phenotypic outcomes. Importantly, expression of YAP targets is upregulated and the ratio of phospho-YAP to total YAP protein levels is reduced in Mst1/2-deficient lungs, all of which are consistent with a negative role of MST1/2 in controlling YAP function. This model gains further support from both in vivo and in vitro studies. Genetic removal of one allele of Yap or one copy of both Yap and Taz rescues neonatal lethality and lung phenotypes due to loss of Mst1/2. Moreover, knockdown of Yap in lung epithelial cell lines restores diminished alveolar marker expression caused by Mst1/2 inactivation. These results demonstrate that MST1/2 inhibit YAP/TAZ activity and establish a conserved MST1/2-YAP axis in coordinating lung growth during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuwen Lin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Erica Yao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Pao-Tien Chuang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States.
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19
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McCulley D, Wienhold M, Sun X. The pulmonary mesenchyme directs lung development. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 32:98-105. [PMID: 25796078 PMCID: PMC4763935 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Each of the steps of respiratory system development relies on intricate interactions and coordinated development of the lung epithelium and mesenchyme. In the past, more attention has been paid to the epithelium than the mesenchyme. The mesenchyme is a source of specification and morphogenetic signals as well as a host of surprisingly complex cell lineages that are critical for normal lung development and function. This review highlights recent research focusing on the mesenchyme that has revealed genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of its development in the context of other cell layers during respiratory lineage specification, branching morphogenesis, epithelial differentiation, lineage distinction, vascular development, and alveolar maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David McCulley
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Mark Wienhold
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Xin Sun
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
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20
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Lungova V, Verheyden JM, Herriges J, Sun X, Thibeault SL. Ontogeny of the mouse vocal fold epithelium. Dev Biol 2015; 399:263-82. [PMID: 25601450 PMCID: PMC4352410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This investigation provides the first systematic determination of the cellular and molecular progression of vocal fold (VF) epithelium development in a murine model. We define five principal developmental events that constitute the progression from VF initiation in the embryonic anterior foregut tube to fully differentiated and functional adult tissue. These developmental events include (1) the initiation of the larynx and vocal folds with apposition of the lateral walls of the primitive laryngopharynx (embryonic (E) day 10.5); (2) the establishment of the epithelial lamina with fusion of the lateral walls of the primitive laryngopharynx (E11.5); (3) the epithelial lamina recanalization and separation of VFs (E13.5-18.5); (4) the stratification of the vocal folds (E13.5-18.5); and (5) the maturation of vocal fold epithelium (postnatal stages). The illustration of these morphogenetic events is substantiated by dynamic changes in cell proliferation and apoptosis, as well as the expression pattern of key transcription factors, FOXA2, SOX2 and NKX2-1 that specify and pattern the foregut endoderm. Furthermore, we documented the gradual conversion of VF epithelial cells from simple precursors expressing cytokeratins 8 and 18 in the embryo into mature stratified epithelial cells also expressing cytokeratins 5 and 14 in the adult. Interestingly, in the adult, cytokeratins 5 and 14 appear to be expressed in all cell layers in the VF, in contrast to their preferential localization to the basal cell layer in surrounding epithelium. To begin investigating the role of signaling molecules in vocal fold development, we characterized the expression pattern of SHH pathway genes, and how loss of Shh affects vocal fold development in the mutant. This study defines the cellular and molecular context and serves as the necessary foundation for future functional investigations of VF formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlasta Lungova
- Department of Surgery, UW Madison, 5107 WIMR, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jamie M Verheyden
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biotechnology Center, UW Madison, 425-g Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - John Herriges
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biotechnology Center, UW Madison, 425-g Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Xin Sun
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biotechnology Center, UW Madison, 425-g Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Susan L Thibeault
- Department of Surgery, UW Madison, 5107 WIMR, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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21
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Volckaert T, De Langhe SP. Wnt and FGF mediated epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk during lung development. Dev Dyn 2014; 244:342-66. [PMID: 25470458 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adaptation to terrestrial life required the development of an organ capable of efficient air-blood gas exchange. To meet the metabolic load of cellular respiration, the mammalian respiratory system has evolved from a relatively simple structure, similar to the two-tube amphibian lung, to a highly complex tree-like system of branched epithelial airways connected to a vast network of gas exchanging units called alveoli. The development of such an elaborate organ in a relatively short time window is therefore an extraordinary feat and involves an intimate crosstalk between mesodermal and endodermal cell lineages. RESULTS This review describes the molecular processes governing lung development with an emphasis on the current knowledge on the role of Wnt and FGF signaling in lung epithelial differentiation. CONCLUSIONS The Wnt and FGF signaling pathways are crucial for the dynamic and reciprocal communication between epithelium and mesenchyme during lung development. In addition, some of this developmental crosstalk is reemployed in the adult lung after injury to drive regeneration, and may, when aberrantly or chronically activated, result in chronic lung diseases. Novel insights into how the Wnt and FGF pathways interact and are integrated into a complex gene regulatory network will not only provide us with essential information about how the lung regenerates itself, but also enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases, as well as improve the controlled differentiation of lung epithelium from pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Volckaert
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cell Biology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; The Inflammation Research Center, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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22
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Billmyre KK, Hutson M, Klingensmith J. One shall become two: Separation of the esophagus and trachea from the common foregut tube. Dev Dyn 2014; 244:277-88. [PMID: 25329576 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The alimentary and respiratory organ systems arise from a common endodermal origin, the anterior foregut tube. Formation of the esophagus from the dorsal region and the trachea from the ventral region of the foregut primordium occurs by means of a poorly understood compartmentalization process. Disruption of this process can result in severe birth defects, such as esophageal atresia and tracheo-esphageal fistula (EA/TEF), in which the lumina of the trachea and esophagus remain connected. Here we summarize the signaling networks known to be necessary for regulating dorsoventral patterning within the common foregut tube and cellular behaviors that may occur during normal foregut compartmentalization. We propose that dorsoventral patterning serves to establish a lateral region of the foregut tube that is capable of undergoing specialized cellular rearrangements, culminating in compartmentalization. We review established as well as new rodent models that may be useful in addressing this hypothesis. Finally, we discuss new experimental models that could help elucidate the mechanism behind foregut compartmentalization. An integrated approach to future foregut morphogenesis research will allow for a better understanding of this complex process.
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23
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Sox9 plays multiple roles in the lung epithelium during branching morphogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E4456-64. [PMID: 24191021 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1311847110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung branching morphogenesis is a highly orchestrated process that gives rise to the complex network of gas-exchanging units in the adult lung. Intricate regulation of signaling pathways, transcription factors, and epithelial-mesenchymal cross-talk are critical to ensuring branching morphogenesis occurs properly. Here, we describe a role for the transcription factor Sox9 during lung branching morphogenesis. Sox9 is expressed at the distal tips of the branching epithelium in a highly dynamic manner as branching occurs and is down-regulated starting at embryonic day 16.5, concurrent with the onset of terminal differentiation of type 1 and type 2 alveolar cells. Using epithelial-specific genetic loss- and gain-of-function approaches, our results demonstrate that Sox9 controls multiple aspects of lung branching. Fine regulation of Sox9 levels is required to balance proliferation and differentiation of epithelial tip progenitor cells, and loss of Sox9 leads to direct and indirect cellular defects including extracellular matrix defects, cytoskeletal disorganization, and aberrant epithelial movement. Our evidence shows that unlike other endoderm-derived epithelial tissues, such as the intestine, Wnt/β-catenin signaling does not regulate Sox9 expression in the lung. We conclude that Sox9 collectively promotes proper branching morphogenesis by controlling the balance between proliferation and differentiation and regulating the extracellular matrix.
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24
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Guillot L, Nathan N, Tabary O, Thouvenin G, Le Rouzic P, Corvol H, Amselem S, Clement A. Alveolar epithelial cells: master regulators of lung homeostasis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:2568-73. [PMID: 23988571 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The lung interfaces with the environment across a continuous epithelium composed of various cell types along the proximal and distal airways. At the alveolar structure level, the epithelium, which is composed of type I and type II alveolar epithelial cells, represents a critical component of lung homeostasis. Indeed, its fundamental role is to provide an extensive surface for gas exchange. Additional functions that act to preserve the capacity for such unique gas transfer have been progressively identified. The alveolar epithelium represents a physical barrier that protects from environmental insults by segregating inhaled foreign agents and regulating water and ions transport, thereby contributing to the maintenance of alveolar surface fluid balance. The homeostatic role of alveolar epithelium relies on the regulated/controlled production of the pulmonary surfactant, which is not only a key determinant of alveolar mechanical stability but also a complex structure that participates in the cross-talk between local cells and the lung immune and inflammatory response. In regard to these critical functions, a major point is the maintenance of alveolar surface integrity, which relies on the renewal capacity of type II alveolar epithelial cells, and the contribution of progenitor populations within the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Guillot
- Inserm, UMR S-938, F-75012 Paris, France; UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France
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25
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Volckaert T, Campbell A, Dill E, Li C, Minoo P, De Langhe S. Localized Fgf10 expression is not required for lung branching morphogenesis but prevents differentiation of epithelial progenitors. Development 2013; 140:3731-42. [PMID: 23924632 DOI: 10.1242/dev.096560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Localized Fgf10 expression in the distal mesenchyme adjacent to sites of lung bud formation has long been thought to drive stereotypic branching morphogenesis even though isolated lung epithelium branches in the presence of non-directional exogenous Fgf10 in Matrigel. Here, we show that lung agenesis in Fgf10 knockout mice can be rescued by ubiquitous overexpression of Fgf10, indicating that precisely localized Fgf10 expression is not required for lung branching morphogenesis in vivo. Fgf10 expression in the mesenchyme itself is regulated by Wnt signaling. Nevertheless, we found that during lung initiation simultaneous overexpression of Fgf10 is not sufficient to rescue the absence of primary lung field specification in embryos overexpressing Dkk1, a secreted inhibitor of Wnt signaling. However, after lung initiation, simultaneous overexpression of Fgf10 in lungs overexpressing Dkk1 is able to rescue defects in branching and proximal-distal differentiation. We also show that Fgf10 prevents the differentiation of distal epithelial progenitors into Sox2-expressing airway epithelial cells in part by activating epithelial β-catenin signaling, which negatively regulates Sox2 expression. As such, these findings support a model in which the main function of Fgf10 during lung development is to regulate proximal-distal differentiation. As the lung buds grow out, proximal epithelial cells become further and further displaced from the distal source of Fgf10 and differentiate into bronchial epithelial cells. Interestingly, our data presented here show that once epithelial cells are committed to the Sox2-positive airway epithelial cell fate, Fgf10 prevents ciliated cell differentiation and promotes basal cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Volckaert
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cell Biology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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26
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Abstract
Cell competition is the short-range elimination of slow-dividing cells through apoptosis when confronted with a faster growing population. It is based on the comparison of relative cell fitness between neighboring cells and is a striking example of tissue adaptability that could play a central role in developmental error correction and cancer progression in both Drosophila melanogaster and mammals. Cell competition has led to the discovery of multiple pathways that affect cell fitness and drive cell elimination. The diversity of these pathways could reflect unrelated phenomena, yet recent evidence suggests some common wiring and the existence of a bona fide fitness comparison pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Levayer
- Institut für Zellbiologie, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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27
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Wntless is required for peripheral lung differentiation and pulmonary vascular development. Dev Biol 2013; 379:38-52. [PMID: 23523683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Wntless (Wls), a gene highly conserved across the animal kingdom, encodes for a transmembrane protein that mediates Wnt ligand secretion. Wls is expressed in developing lung, wherein Wnt signaling is necessary for pulmonary morphogenesis. We hypothesize that Wls plays a critical role in modulating Wnt signaling during lung development and therefore affects processes critical for pulmonary morphogenesis. We generated conditional Wls mutant mice utilizing Shh-Cre and Dermo1-Cre mice to delete Wls in the embryonic respiratory epithelium and mesenchyme, respectively. Epithelial deletion of Wls disrupted lung branching morphogenesis, peripheral lung development and pulmonary endothelial differentiation. Epithelial Wls mutant mice died at birth due to respiratory failure caused by lung hypoplasia and pulmonary hemorrhage. In the lungs of these mice, VEGF and Tie2-angiopoietin signaling pathways, which mediate vascular development, were downregulated from early stages of development. In contrast, deletion of Wls in mesenchymal cells of the developing lung did not alter branching morphogenesis or early mesenchymal differentiation. In vitro assays support the concept that Wls acts in part via Wnt5a to regulate pulmonary vascular development. We conclude that epithelial Wls modulates Wnt ligand activities critical for pulmonary vascular differentiation and peripheral lung morphogenesis. These studies provide a new framework for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying normal pulmonary vasculature formation and the dysmorphic pulmonary vasculature development associated with congenital lung disease.
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28
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Domyan ET, Branchfield K, Gibson DA, Naiche L, Lewandoski M, Tessier-Lavigne M, Ma L, Sun X. Roundabout receptors are critical for foregut separation from the body wall. Dev Cell 2013; 24:52-63. [PMID: 23328398 PMCID: PMC3551250 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, precise placement of organs is essential for survival. We show here that inactivation of Roundabout (Robo) receptors 1 and 2 in mice leads to mispositioning of the stomach in the thoracic instead of the abdominal cavity, which likely contributes to poor lung inflation and lethality at birth, reminiscent of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) cases in humans. Unexpectedly, in Robo mutant mice, the primary defect preceding organ misplacement and diaphragm malformation is a delayed separation of foregut from the dorsal body wall. Foregut separation is a rarely considered morphogenetic event, and our data indicate that it occurs via repulsion of Robo-expressing foregut cells away from the Slit ligand source. In humans, genomic lesions containing Robo genes have been documented in CDH. Our findings suggest that separation of the foregut from the body wall is genetically controlled and that defects in this event may contribute to CDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Thomas Domyan
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kelsey Branchfield
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Daniel A. Gibson
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - L.A. Naiche
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mark Lewandoski
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Le Ma
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Xin Sun
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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29
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Functional characterization of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells in lung development, injury, and tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:17531-6. [PMID: 23047698 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1207238109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs) are proposed to be the first specialized cell type to appear in the lung, but their ontogeny remains obscure. Although studies of PNECs have suggested their involvement in a number of lung functions, neither their in vivo significance nor the molecular mechanisms underlying them have been elucidated. Importantly, PNECs have long been speculated to constitute the cells of origin of human small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and recent mouse models support this hypothesis. However, a genetic system that permits tracing the early events of PNEC transformation has not been available. To address these key issues, we developed a genetic tool in mice by introducing a fusion protein of Cre recombinase and estrogen receptor (CreER) into the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) locus that encodes a major peptide in PNECs. The CGRP(CreER) mouse line has enabled us to manipulate gene activity in PNECs. Lineage tracing using this tool revealed the plasticity of PNECs. PNECs can be colabeled with alveolar cells during lung development, and following lung injury, PNECs can contribute to Clara cells and ciliated cells. Contrary to the current model, we observed that elimination of PNECs has no apparent consequence on Clara cell recovery. We also created mouse models of SCLC in which CGRP(CreER) was used to ablate multiple tumor suppressors in PNECs that were simultaneously labeled for following their fate. Our findings suggest that SCLC can originate from differentiated PNECs. Together, these studies provide unique insight into PNEC lineage and function and establish the foundation of investigating how PNECs contribute to lung homeostasis, injury/repair, and tumorigenesis.
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30
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Alexander CM, Goel S, Fakhraldeen SA, Kim S. Wnt signaling in mammary glands: plastic cell fates and combinatorial signaling. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:cshperspect.a008037. [PMID: 22661590 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The mouse mammary gland is an outstanding developmental model that exemplifies the activities of many of the effector pathways known to organize mammalian morphogenesis; furthermore, there are well-characterized methods for the specific genetic manipulation of various mammary epithelial cell components. Among these signaling pathways, Wnt signaling has been shown to generate plasticity of fate determination, expanding the genetic programs available to cells in the mammary lineage. It is responsible first for the appearance of the mammary fate in embryonic ectoderm and then for maintaining bi-potential basal stem cells in adult mammary ductal trees. Recent technical developments have led to the separate analysis of various mammary epithelial cell subpopulations, spurring the investigation of Wnt-dependent interactions. Although Wnt signaling was shown to be oncogenic for mouse mammary epithelium even before being identified as the principle oncogenic driver for gut epithelium, conclusive data implicating this pathway as a tumor driver for breast cancer lag behind, and we examine potential reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Alexander
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1599, USA.
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31
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Herriges JC, Yi L, Hines EA, Harvey JF, Xu G, Gray P, Ma Q, Sun X. Genome-scale study of transcription factor expression in the branching mouse lung. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:1432-53. [PMID: 22711520 PMCID: PMC3529173 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammalian lung development consists of a series of precisely choreographed events that drive the progression from simple lung buds to the elaborately branched organ that fulfills the vital function of gas exchange. Strict transcriptional control is essential for lung development. Among the large number of transcription factors encoded in the mouse genome, only a small portion of them are known to be expressed and function in the developing lung. Thus a systematic investigation of transcription factors expressed in the lung is warranted. RESULTS To enrich for genes that may be responsible for regional growth and patterning, we performed a screen using RNA in situ hybridization to identify genes that show restricted expression patterns in the embryonic lung. We focused on the pseudoglandular stage during which the lung undergoes branching morphogenesis, a cardinal event of lung development. Using a genome-scale probe set that represents over 90% of the transcription factors encoded in the mouse genome, we identified 62 transcription factor genes with localized expression in the epithelium, mesenchyme, or both. Many of these genes have not been previously implicated in lung development. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide new starting points for the elucidation of the transcriptional circuitry that controls lung development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. Herriges
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Lan Yi
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Elizabeth A. Hines
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Julie F. Harvey
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Guoliang Xu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 200031
| | - Paul Gray
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Qiufu Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Xin Sun
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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32
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Arora R, Metzger RJ, Papaioannou VE. Multiple roles and interactions of Tbx4 and Tbx5 in development of the respiratory system. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002866. [PMID: 22876201 PMCID: PMC3410851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal development of the respiratory system is essential for survival and is regulated by multiple genes and signaling pathways. Both Tbx4 and Tbx5 are expressed throughout the mesenchyme of the developing lung and trachea; and, although multiple genes are known to be required in the epithelium, only Fgfs have been well studied in the mesenchyme. In this study, we investigated the roles of Tbx4 and Tbx5 in lung and trachea development using conditional mutant alleles and two different Cre recombinase transgenic lines. Loss of Tbx5 leads to a unilateral loss of lung bud specification and absence of tracheal specification in organ culture. Mutants deficient in Tbx4 and Tbx5 show severely reduced lung branching at mid-gestation. Concordant with this defect, the expression of mesenchymal markers Wnt2 and Fgf10, as well as Fgf10 target genes Bmp4 and Spry2, in the epithelium is downregulated. Lung branching undergoes arrest ex vivo when Tbx4 and Tbx5 are both completely lacking. Lung-specific Tbx4 heterozygous;Tbx5 conditional null mice die soon after birth due to respiratory distress. These pups have small lungs and show severe disruptions in tracheal/bronchial cartilage rings. Sox9, a master regulator of cartilage formation, is expressed in the trachea; but mesenchymal cells fail to condense and consequently do not develop cartilage normally at birth. Tbx4;Tbx5 double heterozygous mutants show decreased lung branching and fewer tracheal cartilage rings, suggesting a genetic interaction. Finally, we show that Tbx4 and Tbx5 interact with Fgf10 during the process of lung growth and branching but not during tracheal/bronchial cartilage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ripla Arora
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ross J. Metzger
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Virginia E. Papaioannou
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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33
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Kadzik RS, Morrisey EE. Directing lung endoderm differentiation in pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 10:355-61. [PMID: 22482501 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The lung is composed of numerous epithelial lineages that arise from the anterior foregut endoderm. This review discusses how insights into the signaling mechanisms that regulate lung endoderm specification and subsequent differentiation have recently been exploited to direct differentiation of hESCs/iPSCs into expandable lung progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Kadzik
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
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34
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Rehan VK, Torday JS. PPARγ Signaling Mediates the Evolution, Development, Homeostasis, and Repair of the Lung. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:289867. [PMID: 22792087 PMCID: PMC3390135 DOI: 10.1155/2012/289867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions mediated by soluble growth factors determine the evolution of vertebrate lung physiology, including development, homeostasis, and repair. The final common pathway for all of these positively adaptive properties of the lung is the expression of epithelial parathyroid-hormone-related protein, and its binding to its receptor on the mesenchyme, inducing PPARγ expression by lipofibroblasts. Lipofibroblasts then produce leptin, which binds to alveolar type II cells, stimulating their production of surfactant, which is necessary for both evolutionary and physiologic adaptation to atmospheric oxygen from fish to man. A wide variety of molecular insults disrupt such highly evolved physiologic cell-cell interactions, ranging from overdistention to oxidants, infection, and nicotine, all of which predictably cause loss of mesenchymal peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) expression and the transdifferentiation of lipofibroblasts to myofibroblasts, the signature cell type for lung fibrosis. By exploiting such deep cell-molecular functional homologies as targets for leveraging lung homeostasis, we have discovered that we can effectively prevent and/or reverse the deleterious effects of these pathogenic agents, demonstrating the utility of evolutionary biology for the prevention and treatment of chronic lung disease. By understanding mechanisms of health and disease as an evolutionary continuum rather than as dissociated processes, we can evolve predictive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virender K. Rehan
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - John S. Torday
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
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35
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Ornitz DM, Yin Y. Signaling networks regulating development of the lower respiratory tract. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:4/5/a008318. [PMID: 22550231 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The lungs serve the primary function of air-blood gas exchange in all mammals and in terrestrial vertebrates. Efficient gas exchange requires a large surface area that provides intimate contact between the atmosphere and the circulatory system. To achieve this, the lung contains a branched conducting system (the bronchial tree) and specialized air-blood gas exchange units (the alveoli). The conducting system brings air from the external environment to the alveoli and functions to protect the lung from debris that could obstruct airways, from entry of pathogens, and from excessive loss of fluids. The distal lung enables efficient exchange of gas between the alveoli and the conducting system and between the alveoli and the circulatory system. In this article, we highlight developmental and physiological mechanisms that specify, pattern, and regulate morphogenesis of this complex and essential organ. Recent advances have begun to define molecular mechanisms that control many of the important processes required for lung organogenesis; however, many questions remain. A deeper understanding of these molecular mechanisms will aid in the diagnosis and treatment of congenital lung disease and in the development of strategies to enhance the reparative response of the lung to injury and eventually permit regeneration of functional lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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36
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Branch mode selection during early lung development. PLoS Comput Biol 2012; 8:e1002377. [PMID: 22359491 PMCID: PMC3280966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many organs of higher organisms, such as the vascular system, lung, kidney, pancreas, liver and glands, are heavily branched structures. The branching process during lung development has been studied in great detail and is remarkably stereotyped. The branched tree is generated by the sequential, non-random use of three geometrically simple modes of branching (domain branching, planar and orthogonal bifurcation). While many regulatory components and local interactions have been defined an integrated understanding of the regulatory network that controls the branching process is lacking. We have developed a deterministic, spatio-temporal differential-equation based model of the core signaling network that governs lung branching morphogenesis. The model focuses on the two key signaling factors that have been identified in experiments, fibroblast growth factor (FGF10) and sonic hedgehog (SHH) as well as the SHH receptor patched (Ptc). We show that the reported biochemical interactions give rise to a Schnakenberg-type Turing patterning mechanisms that allows us to reproduce experimental observations in wildtype and mutant mice. The kinetic parameters as well as the domain shape are based on experimental data where available. The developed model is robust to small absolute and large relative changes in the parameter values. At the same time there is a strong regulatory potential in that the switching between branching modes can be achieved by targeted changes in the parameter values. We note that the sequence of different branching events may also be the result of different growth speeds: fast growth triggers lateral branching while slow growth favours bifurcations in our model. We conclude that the FGF10-SHH-Ptc1 module is sufficient to generate pattern that correspond to the observed branching modes. Most organs of higher organisms, such as the vascular system, lung, kidney, pancreas, liver and glands, are heavily branched structures. The branching process during lung development has been studied in great detail and is remarkably stereotyped. The branched tree is generated by the sequential, non-random use of three geometrically simple modes of branching. While the branching sequence is identical in mice of identical genetic background it differs between mouse strains. This suggests that the positioning of branch points and the type of branching sensitively depends on information encoded in the genome. Encoding every branching point independently in the genome would require a large number of genes, and it is more likely that a recursive, self-organized process exists that determines the patterning. While many regulatory molecules have been identified an integrated understanding of the regulatory network (program) is missing. Based on available experimental data we have developed a model for lung branching. The model correctly predicts branching phenotypes in mutants and suggests that also the growth speed of the lung tip can affect the positioning and type of the next branching event.
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Rawlins EL, Perl AK. The a"MAZE"ing world of lung-specific transgenic mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 46:269-82. [PMID: 22180870 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0372ps] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to give a comprehensive overview of transgenic mouse lines suitable for studying gene function and cellular lineage relationships in lung development, homeostasis, injury, and repair. Many of the mouse strains reviewed in this Perspective have been widely shared within the lung research community, and new strains are continuously being developed. There are many transgenic lines that target subsets of lung cells, but it remains a challenge for investigators to select the correct transgenic modules for their experiment. This review covers the tetracycline- and tamoxifen-inducible systems and focuses on conditional lines that target the epithelial cells. We point out the limitations of each strain so investigators can choose the system that will work best for their scientific question. Current mesenchymal and endothelial lines are limited by the fact that they are not lung specific. These lines are summarized in a brief overview. In addition, useful transgenic reporter mice for studying lineage relationships, promoter activity, and signaling pathways will complete our lung-specific conditional transgenic mouse shopping list.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Rawlins
- Children's Hospital Medical Center, Divisions of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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Pei L, Leblanc M, Barish G, Atkins A, Nofsinger R, Whyte J, Gold D, He M, Kawamura K, Li HR, Downes M, Yu RT, Powell H, Lingrel JB, Evans RM. Thyroid hormone receptor repression is linked to type I pneumocyte-associated respiratory distress syndrome. Nat Med 2011; 17:1466-72. [PMID: 22001906 PMCID: PMC3210920 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although the lung is a defining feature of air-breathing animals, the pathway controlling the formation of type I pneumocytes, the cells that mediate gas exchange, is poorly understood. In contrast, the glucocorticoid receptor and its cognate ligand have long been known to promote type II pneumocyte maturation; prenatal administration of glucocorticoids is commonly used to attenuate the severity of infant respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Here we show that knock-in mutations of the nuclear co-repressor SMRT (silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors) in C57BL/6 mice (SMRTmRID) produces a previously unidentified respiratory distress syndrome caused by prematurity of the type I pneumocyte. Though unresponsive to glucocorticoids, treatment with anti-thyroid hormone drugs (propylthiouracil or methimazole) completely rescues SMRT-induced RDS, suggesting an unrecognized and essential role for the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) in lung development. We show that TR and SMRT control type I pneumocyte differentiation through Klf2, which, in turn, seems to directly activate the type I pneumocyte gene program. Conversely, mice without lung Klf2 lack mature type I pneumocytes and die shortly after birth, closely recapitulating the SMRTmRID phenotype. These results identify TR as a second nuclear receptor involved in lung development, specifically type I pneumocyte differentiation, and suggest a possible new type of therapeutic option in the treatment of RDS that is unresponsive to glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Pei
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mathias Leblanc
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Grant Barish
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Annette Atkins
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Russell Nofsinger
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jamie Whyte
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David Gold
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mingxiao He
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kazuko Kawamura
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hai-Ri Li
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ruth T. Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Harry Powell
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jerry B. Lingrel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Ronald M. Evans
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Burggren WW, Reyna KS. Developmental trajectories, critical windows and phenotypic alteration during cardio-respiratory development. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 178:13-21. [PMID: 21596160 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Embryo-environment interactions affecting cardio-respiratory development in vertebrates have been extensively studied, but an equally extensive conceptual framework for interpreting and interrelating these developmental events has lagged behind. In this review, we consider the conceptual constructs of "developmental plasticity", "critical windows", "developmental trajectory" and related concepts as they apply to both vertebrate and invertebrate development. Developmental plasticity and the related phenomenon of "heterokairy" are considered as a subset of phenotypic plasticity, and examples of cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic plasticity illustrate the variable outcomes of embryo-environment interactions. The concept of the critical window is revealed to be overarching in cardio-respiratory development, and events originating within a critical window, potentially mitigated by "self-repair" capabilities of the embryo, are shown to result in modified developmental trajectories and, ultimately, modified adult phenotype. Finally, epigenetics, fetal programming and related phenomena are considered in the context of potentially life-long cardio-respiratory phenotypic modification resulting from embryo-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren W Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Cluster, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA.
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