1
|
Péneau S, Bénard M, Robert M, Allès B, Andreeva VA, Courtois F, Touvier M, Leys C, Bellisle F. Validation of the Flexible and Rigid Cognitive Restraint Scales in a General French Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12519. [PMID: 36231817 PMCID: PMC9564632 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Distinguishing between flexible and rigid cognitive restraint (CR) may be useful for understanding the role of CR in dietary behavior and weight status. This study aimed to translate and adapt the flexible and rigid CR scales to the French context and test their psychometric properties. Construct validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability were examined in a sample of 620 individuals. Confirmatory factor analysis of the scales found a two-factor structure (flexible CR: 12 items; rigid CR: 15 items) that provided a good fit and supported the initial solution (χ2 = 584.7, df = 322, CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.052 [0.045, 0.059], TLI = 0.95). Higher flexible and rigid CR were associated with higher CR overall, emotional eating (TFEQ-R21) and eating disorders (SCOFF), and lower intuitive eating (IES-2). In addition, higher flexible CR was associated with lower impulsivity (BIS-11) while higher rigid CR was associated with higher uncontrolled eating (TFEQ-R21) and lower self-esteem (RSES), satisfaction with life (SWLS), and optimism (LOT-R). Flexible and rigid CR internal consistency was satisfactory (McDonald ω = 0.77 and 0.74, respectively) and test-retest reliability was good (ICC = 0.81 and 0.79, respectively). This study validated a flexible and rigid CR tool in a French population and confirmed that these two types of CR represent distinct eating behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Péneau
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, INSERM U1153, INRAE U1125, CNAM, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center—University of Paris (CRESS), 93017 Bobigny, France
| | - Marc Bénard
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, INSERM U1153, INRAE U1125, CNAM, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center—University of Paris (CRESS), 93017 Bobigny, France
| | - Margaux Robert
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, INSERM U1153, INRAE U1125, CNAM, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center—University of Paris (CRESS), 93017 Bobigny, France
| | - Benjamin Allès
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, INSERM U1153, INRAE U1125, CNAM, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center—University of Paris (CRESS), 93017 Bobigny, France
| | - Valentina A. Andreeva
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, INSERM U1153, INRAE U1125, CNAM, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center—University of Paris (CRESS), 93017 Bobigny, France
| | - Frédéric Courtois
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, INSERM U1153, INRAE U1125, CNAM, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center—University of Paris (CRESS), 93017 Bobigny, France
| | - Mathilde Touvier
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, INSERM U1153, INRAE U1125, CNAM, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center—University of Paris (CRESS), 93017 Bobigny, France
| | - Christophe Leys
- Faculty of Psychological Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, 50-CP191, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - France Bellisle
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, INSERM U1153, INRAE U1125, CNAM, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center—University of Paris (CRESS), 93017 Bobigny, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Papini NM, Foster RNS, Lopez NV, Ptomey LT, Herrmann SD, Donnelly JE. Examination of three-factor eating questionnaire subscale scores on weight loss and weight loss maintenance in a clinical intervention. BMC Psychol 2022; 10:101. [PMID: 35428328 PMCID: PMC9013121 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-022-00806-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study is to examine three-factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ) scores at baseline and post-intervention (6 months) on successful weight loss and weight maintenance in an 18-month behavioral weight management intervention for adults with overweight and obesity. Methods TFEQ and weight were assessed at baseline, 6, and 18 months. Logistic regression models were used to examine scores at baseline on disinhibition, restraint, and perceived hunger factors in the TFEQ on 5% body weight loss at 6 months and 6-month scores to predict 5% weight maintenance at 18 months while controlling for age, sex, and baseline weight.
Results Participants (n = 287; age = 43.8 ± 10.36 years; female = 64.1%; weight = 222.5 ± 39.02 pounds; BMI = 34.73 ± 4.56) were included for analysis. Dietary restraint at baseline was the only significant predictor of 5% weight loss at 6 months. None of the TFEQ subscale scores at 6 months predicted 5% weight maintenance at 18 months. The model examining weight loss at 6 months accounted for 7% of the variance of the outcome and 11% of the variance of weight maintenance at 18 months. Conclusion Dietary restraint is a unique eating behavior associated with weight loss at 6 months beyond other eating behaviors measured by the TFEQ in an adult sample enrolled in a weight loss intervention. No other subscale scores were significant at 6 months or at 18 months. Future research should consider how to promote flexible control and discourage adoption of rigid restraint behaviors since the latter is associated with disordered eating patterns.
Collapse
|
3
|
Linardon J, Messer M, Helms ER, McLean C, Incerti L, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M. Interactions between different eating patterns on recurrent binge-eating behavior: A machine learning approach. Int J Eat Disord 2020; 53:533-540. [PMID: 31998997 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous research has shown that certain eating patterns (rigid restraint, flexible restraint, intuitive eating) are differentially related to binge eating. However, despite the distinctiveness of these eating patterns, evidence suggests that they are not mutually exclusive. Using a machine learning-based decision tree classification analysis, we examined the interactions between different eating patterns in distinguishing recurrent (defined as ≥4 episodes the past month) from nonrecurrent binge eating. METHOD Data were analyzed from 1,341 participants. Participants were classified as either with (n = 512) or without (n = 829) recurrent binge eating. RESULTS Approximately 70% of participants could be accurately classified as with or without recurrent binge eating. Intuitive eating emerged as the most important classifier of recurrent binge eating, with 75% of those with above-average intuitive eating scores being classified without recurrent binge eating. Those with concurrently low intuitive eating and high dichotomous thinking scores were the group most likely to be classified with recurrent binge eating (84% incidence). Low intuitive eating scores were associated with low binge-eating classification rates only if both dichotomous thinking and rigid restraint scores were low (33% incidence). Low flexible restraint scores amplified the relationship between high rigid restraint and recurrent binge eating (81% incidence), and both a higher and lower BMI further interacted with these variables to increase recurrent binge-eating rates. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that the presence versus absence of recurrent binge eating may be distinguished by the interaction among multiple eating patterns. Confirmatory studies are needed to test the interactive hypotheses generated by these exploratory analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jake Linardon
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mariel Messer
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric R Helms
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Faculty of Health and Environmental Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Courtney McLean
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa Incerti
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Center for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lewer M, Kosfelder J, Michalak J, Schroeder D, Nasrawi N, Vocks S. Effects of a cognitive-behavioral exposure-based body image therapy for overweight females with binge eating disorder: a pilot study. J Eat Disord 2017; 5:43. [PMID: 29296280 PMCID: PMC5738809 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-017-0174-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although not part of the diagnostic criteria of the DSM-5, body image disturbance seems to be a relevant feature of Binge Eating Disorder (BED) as well as of other eating disorders such as Anorexia Nervosa (AN) or Bulimia Nervosa (BN). Hence, the aim of the present pilot study was to assess the changeability of body image disturbance in a sample of overweight females with BED by a cognitive-behavioral treatment, directly addressing body image disturbance. METHOD Overweight females (N = 34) with BED were randomized to a manualized body image therapy or a waiting-list control group. The final sample consisted of n = 15 participants in the intervention group and n = 19 in the control group due to two drop-outs in the control condition. Before and after the intervention or the waiting period, respectively, participants filled out a questionnaire battery assessing several body image and eating disorder related features. To quantify the perceptual component of body image disturbance, a digital photo distortion technique based on a picture of each participant taken in a standardized suit was applied. RESULTS In a two-way ANOVA, significant Time × Group interactions were found for eating and shape concerns, drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, depressiveness and low self-esteem. Follow-up t-tests indicated a significant symptom reduction of a generally high magnitude in the intervention group. No significant changes concerning body checking and the estimations of one's own "real", "felt" and "ideal" body dimensions were found. CONCLUSION The strong symptom reduction in the cognitive-affective component of body image disturbance indicates that an exposure-based cognitive-behavioral body image intervention is a promising treatment module for overweight females with BED, but future research with a larger sample size is needed to quantify possible changes in all components of body image.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merle Lewer
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Joachim Kosfelder
- Department of Social and Cultural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Michalak
- Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Dorothea Schroeder
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nadia Nasrawi
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Silja Vocks
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Osnabrueck University, Knollstrasse 15, D-49069 Onabrück, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Initial evaluation of a single-item screener to assess problematic dietary restriction. Eat Weight Disord 2015; 20:405-13. [PMID: 25412874 PMCID: PMC5904791 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-014-0161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Existing measures to assess restrictive eating conflate both problematic and healthy restrictive practices, and perceived restriction without reduced caloric intake. In this study, we devised and tested the utility of a single-item screener, the Dietary Restriction Screener (DRS), to assess problematic restriction. METHODS 94 individuals completed the DRS and measures assessing eating disorder symptoms, preoccupations, and rituals. Participants were given access to an ad libitum single-item test snack. Linear regressions were conducted to evaluate whether the DRS predicted eating disorder symptoms and snack intake after controlling for relevant covariates and a commonly used restraint scale. RESULTS The DRS significantly predicted eating disorder symptoms (p < 0.001), preoccupations (p < 0.001), rituals (p = 0.001), and snack intake (p = 0.017) above covariates and an existing restraint scale. CONCLUSIONS The DRS may offer added utility in predicting problematic dietary restriction over existing measures and is beneficial due to its brevity and low burden.
Collapse
|
6
|
Calderone A, Mauri M, Calabrò PF, Piaggi P, Ceccarini G, Lippi C, Fierabracci P, Landi A, Vitti P, Santini F. Exploring the concept of eating dyscontrol in severely obese patients candidate to bariatric surgery. Clin Obes 2015; 5:22-30. [PMID: 25611584 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Eating dyscontrol constitutes a potential negative predictor for the outcome of treatment strategies for obese patients. The aim of this study was to examine the qualitative characteristics of eating dyscontrol in obese patients who engage in binge eating (BE) compared with those who do not (NBE), and to analyse the relationship between eating dyscontrol and axis-I, axis-II, spectrum psychopathology using instruments that explore mood, panic-agoraphobic, social-phobic, obsessive-compulsive and eating disorders spectrum psychopathology (SCI-MOODS-SR, SCI-PAS-SR, SCI-SHY-SR, SCI-OBS-SR, SCI-ABS-SR). This was a cross-sectional study involving a clinical sample of adult obese patients with severe obesity (average body mass index = 45 ± 8 kg m(-2) ) and candidate to bariatric surgery who were recruited between November 2001 and November 2010 at the Obesity Center of the Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa. All participants completed a face-to-face interview, including a diagnostic assessment of axes-I and II mental disorders (using the Structured Clinical Interview for Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition [SCID]-I and SCID-II) and filled out self-report spectrum instruments. Among obese patients not affected by BE, eating dyscontrol was highly represented. Indeed, 39.7% (N = 177) of subjects endorsed six or more items of the Anorexia-Bulimia Spectrum Self-Report, lifetime version domain exploring this behaviour. The cumulative probability of having axis-I, axis-II and a spectrum condition disorder increased significantly with the number of eating dyscontrol items endorsed. In both BE and NBE obese subjects, eating dyscontrol may represent an independent dimension strongly related to the spectrum psychopathology and axes I/II disorders. A systematic screening for eating dyscontrol symptoms by means of self-report spectrum instruments may be valuable to assign specific treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Calderone
- Obesity Center at the Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Svensson M, Hult M, van der Mark M, Grotta A, Jonasson J, von Hausswolff-Juhlin Y, Rössner S, Trolle Lagerros Y. The change in eating behaviors in a Web-based weight loss program: a longitudinal analysis of study completers. J Med Internet Res 2014; 16:e234. [PMID: 25367316 PMCID: PMC4259913 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.3131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Eating behaviors are essential components in weight loss programs, but limited research has explored eating behaviors in Web-based weight loss programs. Objectives The aim was to evaluate an interactive Web-based weight loss program on eating behaviors using the 18-item Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire Revised (TFEQ-R18) which measures uncontrolled eating, emotional eating, and cognitive restrained eating. Our Web-based weight loss program is comprised of information about healthy lifestyle choices, weekly chats with experts, social networking features, databases for recipe searches, and features allowing members to self-report and track their weight, physical activity, and dietary intake on the website. Methods On registering for the weight loss program, 23,333 members agreed to take part in the research study. The participants were then asked to complete the TFEQ-R18 questionnaire at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of participation. All data collection was conducted online, with no face-to-face contact. To study changes in TFEQ-R18 eating behaviors we restricted our study to those members who completed all 3 TFEQ-R18 questionnaires. These participants were defined as “completers” and the remaining as “noncompleters.” The relationships between sex, change in eating behaviors, and total weight loss were studied using repeated measures ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results In total, 22,800 individuals participated (females: 19,065/22,800, 83.62%; mean age 39.6, SD 11.4 years; BMI 29.0 kg/m2; males: 3735/22,800, 16.38%; mean age 43.2, SD 11.7 years; BMI 30.8 kg/m2). Noncompleters (n=22,180) were younger and reported a lower score of uncontrolled eating and a higher score of cognitive restrained eating. Over time, completers (n=620) decreased their uncontrolled eating score (from 56.3 to 32.0; P<.001) and increased their cognitive restrained eating (from 50.6 to 62.9; P<.001). Males decreased their emotional eating (from 57.2 to 35.9; P<.001), but no significant change was found among females. The baseline cognitive restrained eating score was significantly and positively associated with weight loss for completers in both men (P=.02) and women (P=.002). Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the largest TFEQ sample that has been documented. This Web-based weight loss intervention suggests that eating behaviors (cognitive restrained eating, uncontrolled eating, and emotional eating) measured by TFEQ-R18 were significantly changed during 6 months of participation. Our findings indicate differences in eating behaviors with respect to sex, but should be interpreted with caution because attrition was high.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Svensson
- Halmstad University, Deparment of Health and Social Sciences, Halmstad, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Poínhos R, Oliveira BMPM, Correia F. Eating behavior in Portuguese higher education students: the effect of social desirability. Nutrition 2014; 31:310-4. [PMID: 25592009 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to relate social desirability with eating behavior dimensions among higher education students in Portugal, and to assess the effect of social desirability on the association between pairs of eating behavior dimensions. METHODS Data from 266 higher education students (62.8% women) aged between 18 and 27 y were evaluated. Social desirability and several eating behavior dimensions (emotional and external eating, flexible and rigid restraint, binge eating, and eating self-efficacy) were assessed. RESULTS In both women and men, social desirability showed negative associations with emotional, external, and binge eating, and positive associations with eating self-efficacy. For the majority of the correlations, the control for social desirability led to a decrease in the strength of the association: Social desirability showed a greater effect on the associations between external and binge eating, external eating and eating self-efficacy, binge eating and eating self-efficacy, and emotional and external eating. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that social desirability should be considered when assessing the dimensions of eating behavior, namely eating self-efficacy and dimensions related to overeating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Poínhos
- Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Bruno M P M Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratório de Inteligência Artificial e Apoio à Decisão, Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores-Tecnologia e Ciência, Porto, Portugal
| | - Flora Correia
- Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal; Unidade de Investigação e Desenvolvimento de Nefrologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The role of neural impulse control mechanisms for dietary success in obesity. Neuroimage 2013; 83:669-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
10
|
Poínhos R, Oliveira BMPM, Correia F. Eating behaviour patterns and BMI in Portuguese higher education students. Appetite 2013; 71:314-20. [PMID: 24045208 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to determine prototypical patterns of eating behaviour among Portuguese higher education students, and to relate these patterns with BMI. Data from 280 higher education students (63.2% females) aged between 18 and 27 years were analysed. Several eating behaviour dimensions (emotional and external eating, flexible and rigid restraint, binge eating, and eating self-efficacy) were assessed, and eating styles were derived through cluster analysis. BMI for current, desired and maximum self-reported weights and the differences between desired and current BMI and between maximum and current BMI were calculated. Women scored higher in emotional eating and restraint, whereas men showed higher eating self-efficacy. Men had higher current, desired and maximum BMI. Cluster analysis showed three eating styles in both male and female subsamples: "Overeating", "High self-efficacy" and "High restraint". High self-efficacy women showed lower BMI values than the others, and restrictive women had higher lost BMI. High self-efficacy men showed lower desired BMI than overeaters, and lower maximum and lost BMI than highly restrictive ones. Restrictive women and men differ on important eating behaviour features, which may be the cause of differences in the associations with BMI. Eating self-efficacy seems to be a central variable influencing the relationships between other eating behaviour dimensions and BMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Poínhos
- Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Parental eating behavior traits are related to offspring BMI in the Québec Family Study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 37:1422-6. [PMID: 23399776 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Parental eating behavior traits have been shown to be related to the adiposity of their young children. It is unknown whether this relationship persists in older offspring or whether rigid or flexible control are involved. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that parental eating behavior traits, as measured by the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ), are related to offspring body weight. METHODS Cross-sectional anthropometric and TFEQ data from phase 2 and 3 of the Québec Family Study generated 192 parent-offspring dyads (offspring age range: 10-37 years). Relationships were adjusted for offspring age, sex and reported physical activity, number of offspring per family and parent body mass index (BMI). RESULTS In all parent-offspring dyads, parental rigid control and disinhibition scores were positively related to offspring BMI (r=0.17, P=0.02; r=0.18, P<0.01, respectively). There were no significant relationships between cognitive restraint (P=0.75) or flexible control (P=0.06) with offspring BMI. Regression models revealed that parent disinhibition mediated the relationship between parent and offspring BMI, whereas rigid control of the parent moderated this relationship. The interaction effect between parental rigid control and disinhibition was a significant predictor of offspring BMI (β=0.13, P=0.05). CONCLUSION Family environmental factors, such as parental eating behavior traits, are related to BMI of older offspring, and should be a focus in the prevention of obesity transmission within families.
Collapse
|
12
|
Balodis IM, Molina ND, Kober H, Worhunsky PD, White MA, Sinha R, Grilo CM, Potenza MN. Divergent neural substrates of inhibitory control in binge eating disorder relative to other manifestations of obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:367-77. [PMID: 23404820 PMCID: PMC3610836 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An important endeavor involves increasing our understanding of biobehavioral processes underlying different types of obesity. The current study investigated the neural correlates of cognitive control (involving conflict monitoring and response inhibition) in obese individuals with binge eating disorder (BED) as compared to BMI-matched non-BED obese (OB) individuals and lean comparison (LC) participants. Alterations in cognitive control may contribute to differences in behavioral control over eating behaviors in BED and obesity. DESIGN AND METHODS Participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while completing the Stroop color-word interference task. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Relative to the OB and LC groups, activity in the BED group was differentiated by relative hypoactivity in brain areas involved in self-regulation and impulse control. Specifically, the BED group showed diminished activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and insula during Stroop performance. In addition, dietary restraint scores were negatively correlated with right IFG and vmPFC activation in the BED group, but not in the OB or HC groups. Thus, BED individuals' diminished ability to recruit impulse-control-related brain regions appears associated with impaired dietary restraint. The observed differences in neural correlates of inhibitory processing in BED relative to OB and LC groups suggest distinct eurobiological contributions to binge eating as a subgroup of obese individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iris M. Balodis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nathan D. Molina
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hedy Kober
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Patrick D. Worhunsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marney A. White
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carlos M. Grilo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Corresponding Author: Marc N. Potenza, Yale University School of Medicine, 1 Church Street, Rm 726, New Haven, CT 06519, Tel: 203-737-3553;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Carrard I, Linden MV, Golay A. Comparison of Obese and Nonobese Individuals with Binge Eating Disorder: Delicate Boundary Between Binge Eating Disorder and Non-Purging Bulimia Nervosa. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2012; 20:350-4. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Carrard
- Therapeutic Education Service for Chronic Diseases; University Hospitals of Geneva; Geneva; Switzerland
| | - Martial Van Linden
- Cognitive Psychopathology and Neuropsychology Unit; University of Geneva; Geneva; Switzerland
| | - Alain Golay
- Therapeutic Education Service for Chronic Diseases; University Hospitals of Geneva; Geneva; Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Blomquist KK, Grilo CM. Predictive significance of changes in dietary restraint in obese patients with binge eating disorder during treatment. Int J Eat Disord 2011; 44:515-23. [PMID: 20957705 PMCID: PMC3025064 DOI: 10.1002/eat.20849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether changes in different aspects of dietary restraint in obese patients with binge eating disorder (BED) participating in a treatment study predict outcomes. METHOD Fifty obese patients with BED in a randomized controlled study of orlistat administered with cognitive-behavioral therapy, guided-self-help (CBTgsh) completed dietary restraint measures at baseline, during- and post-treatment, and three-month follow-up. RESULTS Change in the restraint scale of the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire did not predict binge abstinence or 5% weight loss. Increased flexible restraint subscale of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) during treatment significantly predicted binge abstinence at post-treatment and three-month follow-up and 5% weight loss at post-treatment. Change in the rigid restraint subscale of the TFEQ predicted binge abstinence at post-treatment. DISCUSSION Our findings clarify further pathologic and adaptive aspects of restraint and suggest the importance of enhancing flexible restraint in order to improve both binge eating and weight loss outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin K. Blomquist
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Carlos M. Grilo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA, Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Riou MÈ, Doucet É, Provencher V, Weisnagel SJ, Piché MÈ, Dubé MC, Bergeron J, Lemieux S. Influence of Physical Activity Participation on the Associations between Eating Behaviour Traits and Body Mass Index in Healthy Postmenopausal Women. J Obes 2011; 2011:465710. [PMID: 20871862 PMCID: PMC2943102 DOI: 10.1155/2011/465710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Available data reveals inconsistent relationships between eating behaviour traits and markers of adiposity level. It is thus relevant to investigate whether other factors also need to be considered when interpreting the relationship between eating behaviour traits and adiposity. The objective of this cross-sectional study was thus to examine whether the associations between variables of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) and adiposity are influenced by the level of physical activity participation. Information from the TFEQ and physical activity was obtained from 113 postmenopausal women (56.7 ± 4.2 years; 28.5 ± 5.9 kg/m(2)). BMI was compared between four groups formed on the basis of the physical activity participation and eating behaviour traits medians. In groups of women with higher physical activity participation, BMI was significantly lower in women who presented higher dietary restraint when compared to women who had lower dietary restraint (25.5 ± 0.5 versus 30.3 ± 1.7 kg/m(2), P < .05). In addition, among women with lower physical activity participation, BMI was significantly lower in women presenting a lower external hunger than in those with a higher external hunger (27.5 ± 0.8 versus 32.4 ± 1.1 kg/m(2), P < .001). Our results suggest that physical activity participation should also be taken into account when interpreting the relationship between adiposity and eating behaviour traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Ève Riou
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Éric Doucet
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Véronique Provencher
- Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Laval University, 2440, Hochelaga Boulevard, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - S. John Weisnagel
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
- CHUQ Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada G1L 3L5
- Lipid Research Center, CHUL Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G2
| | - Marie-Ève Piché
- Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Laval University, 2440, Hochelaga Boulevard, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | | | - Jean Bergeron
- Lipid Research Center, CHUL Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G2
| | - Simone Lemieux
- Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Laval University, 2440, Hochelaga Boulevard, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
- *Simone Lemieux:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Downe KA, Goldfein JA, Devlin MJ. Restraint, hunger, and disinhibition following treatment for binge-eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord 2009; 42:498-504. [PMID: 19130489 DOI: 10.1002/eat.20639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine changes in total, flexible and rigid restraint, hunger, and disinhibition in obese individuals with Binge-Eating Disorder (BED), and assess whether these variables are associated with binge abstinence at post-treatment and during two-year follow-up. METHOD A total of 116 obese individuals with BED were randomized to a 20-week treatment trial plus two-year follow-up. Using the Eating Inventory (EI), we assessed these factors at pretreatment, post-treatment, and follow-up time-points and examined their relationship to binge abstinence at post-treatment, 12- and 24-month follow-up. RESULTS Low disinhibition and high-total restraint are associated with post-treatment binge abstinence. There are no significant relationships between post-treatment EI variables and binge abstinence at 12- and 24-month follow-up. DISCUSSION Reducing disinhibition as well as increasing EI dietary restraint during BED treatment may be important for short-term success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A Downe
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Roehrig M, Masheb RM, White MA, Grilo CM. The metabolic syndrome and behavioral correlates in obese patients with binge eating disorder. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17:481-6. [PMID: 19219063 PMCID: PMC2704920 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the frequency of the metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) and explored behavioral eating- and weight-related correlates in obese patients with binge eating disorder (BED). Ninety-three treatment-seeking obese BED patients (22 men and 71 women) with and without the MetSyn were compared on demographic features and a number of current and historical eating and weight variables. Sixty percent of the obese patients with BED met criteria for the MetSyn, with men and whites having significantly higher rates than women and African Americans, respectively. Patients with vs. without coexisting MetSyn did not differ significantly in self-reported frequency of binge eating or severity of eating disorder psychopathology. Multivariate hierarchical logistic regression analysis revealed that, after controlling for gender, ethnicity, and BMI, fewer episodes of weight cycling and regular meal skipping were significant predictors of the MetSyn. These findings suggest that lifestyle behaviors including weight loss attempts and regular meal consumption may be potential targets for prevention and/or treatment of the MetSyn in obese patients with BED.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Roehrig
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Low perception of control as a cognitive factor of eating disorders. Its independent effects on measures of eating disorders and its interactive effects with perfectionism and self-esteem. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2008; 39:467-88. [PMID: 18328461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a large body of research about perfectionism and low self-esteem in eating disorders (ED). However, little is known about the influence in ED of a distorted cognition in the domain of control: the perception of low control. The present study examined the main and interactive effects of concern over mistakes (an important dimension of perfectionism), self-esteem, and perception of control on drive for thinness, bulimia, and body dissatisfaction. METHOD Forty individuals with ED and 55 controls completed the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, the Anxiety Control Questionnaire, the Rosenberg self-esteem scale, and the three symptomatic scales of the Eating Disorder Inventory, which are drive for thinness, bulimia and body dissatisfaction. Multiple linear regression was used to test the hypothesis that perception of low control has a significant effect on the symptomatic scales of the EDI. RESULTS The ED group had significantly lower perception of control and self-esteem and higher concern over mistakes, drive for thinness, bulimia, and body dissatisfaction than the control group. Analysis of interactive effects suggested that a combination of a low perception of control and a low self-esteem seems to moderate the effects of concern over mistakes on drive for thinness, bulimia, and body dissatisfaction. DISCUSSION ED are associated with a tendency to worry about mistakes, a low sense of self-esteem, and a low perception of control over internal feelings and external events. Perception of control and self-esteem seems to moderate the predictive power of concern mistakes on symptoms of ED. The results suggest that a low perception of control is an important cognitive factor in ED.
Collapse
|
19
|
Hawks SR, Madanat HN, Christley HS. Psychosocial Associations of Dietary Restraint: Implications for Healthy Weight Promotion. Ecol Food Nutr 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/03670240701821527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
20
|
Hays NP, Roberts SB. Aspects of eating behaviors "disinhibition" and "restraint" are related to weight gain and BMI in women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:52-8. [PMID: 18223612 PMCID: PMC2713727 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The causes of adult weight gain leading to obesity are uncertain. We examined the association of adult weight gain and obesity with subscales of eating behavior characteristics in older women. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Current height and weight, eating behavior subscales (disinhibition subscales-habitual, situational, and emotional; restraint subscales-flexible and rigid; hunger subscales-internal and external) as assessed using the Eating Inventory (EI), and self-reported body weight at six prior age intervals were reported by 535 women aged 55-65 years. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relationships between EI subscale scores and weight change from the age interval of 30-39 to 55-60 years and current BMI. RESULTS The strongest correlate of weight gain over 20 years was susceptibility to overeating in response to everyday cues within the environment (habitual disinhibition; partial correlation coefficient (r) = 0.25, P < 0.001); susceptibility to overeating in response to emotional states such as depression (emotional disinhibition) was a quantitatively weaker but significant correlate (partial r = 0.17, P < 0.001), and susceptibility to overeating in response to specific situations such as social occasions (situational disinhibition) was not associated with weight gain. Flexible control of dietary restraint attenuated the influence of habitual disinhibition in particular on weight gain and BMI, and was less effective in attenuating associations of emotional or situational disinhibition. DISCUSSION Lifestyle modification programs for prevention and treatment of adult-onset obesity currently focus on reducing situational and emotional overeating; the results of this study suggest that a stronger emphasis on strategies that target habitual overeating may be warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Hays
- D.W. Reynolds Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
van Strien T, Herman CP, Engels RCME, Larsen JK, van Leeuwe JFJ. Construct validation of the Restraint Scale in normal-weight and overweight females. Appetite 2007; 49:109-21. [PMID: 17324487 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Restraint Scale (RS) is a widely used measure to assess restrained eating. The purpose of this study was to examine the construct validity of the RS in a sample of normal-weight (n=349) and overweight (n=409) females using confirmatory factor analyses of the RS in relation to other measures for dieting, overeating and body dissatisfaction. Following Laessle et al. [(1989a). A comparison of the validity of three scales for the assessment of dietary restraint. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 504-507], we assumed a three-factor structure: (1) overeating and disinhibitory eating, (2) dieting and restriction of food intake, and (3) body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness. Analyses revealed that the RS loaded significantly on all three factors for both samples, confirming its multifactorial structure. However, the RS appears to capture these constructs differently in overweight and normal-weight females such that the RS may overestimate restraint in overweight individuals. This may explain the greater effectiveness of the RS in predicting counter-regulation in normal-weight than in overweight samples of dieters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana van Strien
- Institute for Gender Studies and Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
White MA, Grilo CM. Symptom severity in obese women with binge eating disorder as a function of smoking history. Int J Eat Disord 2007; 40:77-81. [PMID: 16958111 DOI: 10.1002/eat.20334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare obese female former smokers with binge eating disorder (BED) to women with BED with no smoking history in the severity of binge eating and associated symptoms. METHOD A consecutive series of 91 obese women with current diagnoses of BED were administered structured diagnostic and investigator-based interviews and self-report questionnaires to assess symptoms associated with eating disorders. Participants were classified as "never" or "former" smokers and symptom profiles were compared across smoking groups. RESULTS Former and never-smoking groups did not differ in age, body mass index, or current binge frequency. Former smokers reported significantly higher levels of dietary restraint, rigid dieting strategies, and avoidance of eating. CONCLUSION Former smokers were significantly more likely than never-smokers to endorse specific symptoms of eating pathology (i.e., rigid dieting strategies). Despite the average 15-year interval since smoking cessation, the former smokers in this patient group resembled current smokers with other eating disorders in terms of rigid and restrictive weight control methods. Obese patients with a smoking history may benefit from treatment to address rigid/pathological dieting and strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marney A White
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hrabosky JI, Grilo CM. Body image and eating disordered behavior in a community sample of Black and Hispanic women. Eat Behav 2007; 8:106-14. [PMID: 17174858 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study examined body image concerns and eating disordered behaviors in a community sample of Black and Hispanic women. In addition, this study explored whether there are ethnic differences in the correlates or in the prediction of body image concerns. METHOD Participants were 120 (67 Black and 53 Hispanic) women who responded to advertisements to participate in a study of women and health. Participants completed a battery of established self-report measures to assess body image, eating disordered behaviors, and associated psychological domains. RESULTS Black and Hispanic women did not differ significantly in their self-reports of body image, eating disordered behaviors, or associated psychological measures. Comparisons performed separately within both ethnic groups revealed significant differences by weight status, with a general graded patterning of greater concerns in obese than overweight than average weight groups. In terms of predicting body image, multiple regression analyses testing a number of variables, including BMI, performed separately for Black and Hispanic women revealed that eating concern and depressive affect were significant predictors of body image concern for both groups. DISCUSSION Overall, Black and Hispanic women differed little in their self-reports of body image, eating-disordered features, and depressive affect. Higher weight was associated with a general pattern of increased body image concerns and features of eating disorders in both groups and with binge eating in Black women. Eating concerns and depressive affect emerged as significant independent predictors of body image for both ethnic groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua I Hrabosky
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Provencher V, Bégin C, Piché ME, Bergeron J, Corneau L, Weisnagel SJ, Nadeau A, Lemieux S. Disinhibition, as assessed by the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, is inversely related to psychological well-being in postmenopausal women. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 31:315-20. [PMID: 16755281 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Psychological correlates of obesity remain under controversy. As eating behaviors and dieting history have been previously related to obesity status, these dietary variables may contribute to identify overweight and obese individuals who are at higher risk of having an impaired psychological well-being. OBJECTIVE The main purpose of this cross-sectional study was to verify the hypothesis of a relationship between weight status and psychological well-being, and to examine whether cognitive dietary restraint, disinhibition, susceptibility to hunger and dieting history could be related to psychological well-being. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS In a sample of 101 postmenopausal women, we performed anthropometric measurements (weight, height and body mass index (BMI)), and measured psychological well-being (PER Questionnaire). The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) and a questionnaire about dieting history (dieters: had already been on a diet; non-dieters: had never been on a diet) were also administrated. RESULTS A trend for a significant relationship was observed between BMI and psychological well-being (r=-0.17; P=0.08). Significant negative relationships were observed for disinhibition, susceptibility to hunger and all their subscales with psychological well-being (-0.28</=r</=-0.48), whereas no significant differences in psychological well-being were observed between dieters and non-dieters. Finally, women displaying a higher score for habitual susceptibility to disinhibition (which is the subscale of TFEQ that was the most closely related to psychological well-being) had a lower level of psychological well-being, regardless of their weight status. CONCLUSION These results show that, as well as being related to weight status, TFEQ-factors are also related to psychological well-being. More specifically, individuals who display higher levels of disinhibition may be at higher risk of having an impaired psychological well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Provencher
- Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Food (INAF) and Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Timko CA, Perone J. Rigid and flexible control of eating behavior in a college population. Eat Behav 2005; 6:119-25. [PMID: 15598598 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2004.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Revised: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 09/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between rigid control (RC) and flexible control (FC) of eating behavior and their relationship to traditional weight, eating, and affective measurements in a large heterogeneous population. Participants were 639 underweight to obese male and female college students. Multiple regression analyses (MRA) revealed that high RC was associated with high Body Mass Index (BMI) and high Disinhibition (DIS), and high FC was associated with low BMI and low DIS in women. In men, high RC was associated with high BMI and high DIS, whereas FC was not related to BMI or DIS. Multiple regression analyses of BMI on RC and FC in the female subsample revealed that the control variables interact in such a way that the relationship between RC and BMI is stronger when FC is lower. In men, there was no interaction between these variables. This study is the first full replication of Westenhoefer's Gezugeltes Essen und Storbarkeit des Ebetaverhaltens: 2. Auflage. Gottingen: Verlag fur Psychologie () findings regarding RC and FC and their relationship to weight (BMI) and Disinhibition (DIS) in women. This is also the only second study to use the expanded, more reliable versions of the RC and FC scales. Overall, high RC in women and men was associated with greater eating and affective pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Alix Timko
- Center for Counseling and Student Development, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Scagliusi FB, Polacow VO, Cordás TA, Coelho D, Alvarenga M, Philippi ST, Lancha AH. Test-retest reliability and discriminant validity of the Restraint Scale translated into Portuguese. Eat Behav 2005; 6:85-93. [PMID: 15567114 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2004.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2004] [Revised: 06/03/2004] [Accepted: 06/03/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate reliability and discriminant validity of the Restraint Scale (RS) translated into Portuguese. The version was obtained through a process of translation and back translation. Women with eating disorders (n = 39: 24 bulimics and 15 anorexics) and students without eating disorders (n = 57) filled the scale. It was hypothesized that if the scale has any discriminant validity, the bulimic scores should differ from those of the students and the anorexics. The questionnaire was applied twice to the controls with 1-month interval to evaluate test-retest stability. Bulimics obtained a score of 28.1 +/- 13 (significantly different from students and anorexics), anorexics obtained 17.3 +/- 9 (significantly different from students), and students 11.3 +/- 5. Body mass index (BMI) was significantly correlated to dietary restraint, especially among controls. Test-retest correlation coefficient was .64 (P = .000001). The RS translated into Portuguese seems to be a valid and reliable instrument, which can be used in many studies of eating behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Baeza Scagliusi
- Eating Disorder Program, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Grilo CM, Masheb RM. Night-time eating in men and women with binge eating disorder. Behav Res Ther 2004; 42:397-407. [PMID: 14998734 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2003] [Revised: 04/24/2003] [Accepted: 04/30/2003] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the frequency of night-time eating (NE) and its correlates in men and women with binge eating disorder (BED). Two-hundred and seven consecutively evaluated adults (45 men and 162 women) with BED were assessed with semi-structured interviews and a battery of behavioral and psychological measures. Overall, 28% (N = 58) of the participants reported NE. A significantly higher proportion of men (42%) than women (24%) reported NE. Overall, participants who reported NE had a significantly higher body mass index, but otherwise differed little from those who did not report NE. Men and women without NE differed little on behavioral and psychological measures, whereas women with NE had significantly higher levels of eating-, weight-, and shape-concerns than men with NE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Grilo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale Psychiatric Research, Yale University School of Medicine, 301 Cedar Street, 2nd Floor, P.O. Box 208098, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Barry DT, Grilo CM, Masheb RM. Comparison of patients with bulimia nervosa, obese patients with binge eating disorder, and nonobese patients with binge eating disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 2003; 191:589-94. [PMID: 14504568 DOI: 10.1097/01.nmd.0000087185.95446.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study compared patients with bulimia nervosa (BN), obese patients with binge eating disorder (BED), and nonobese patients with BED. One hundred sixty-two adult women consecutively evaluated for outpatient clinical trials who met DSM-IV criteria for BN, purging type (N = 46) or for BED (N = 79 obese and N = 37 nonobese) were compared using the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI). The three groups differed significantly on two (drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction) of the three eating-related scales and on all five of the general personality scales of the EDI. When age and depression level were controlled, findings for the eating-related scales did not change, whereas four of the five general personality scales were no longer significant. Post hoc analyses revealed that the BN group and the nonobese BED group had significantly higher drive for thinness than the obese BED group. The nonobese and the obese BED groups did not differ from each other in any area (other than drive for thinness), including body dissatisfaction. The nonobese and the obese BED groups had significantly lower maturity features than the BN group. Our findings suggest that when the effects of age and depression levels are controlled, treatment-seeking women with BN and BED are generally similar. Certain differences that do exist between women with BN and BED are associated with obesity status (drive for thinness), whereas others are associated with diagnosis (body dissatisfaction, maturity fears).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Declan T Barry
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale Psyquiatric Research at Congress Place, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sánchez-Johnsen LAP, Dymek M, Alverdy J, le Grange D. Binge eating and eating-related cognitions and behavior in ethnically diverse obese women. OBESITY RESEARCH 2003; 11:1002-9. [PMID: 12917506 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2003.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine binge eating and eating-related cognitions and behavior in a sample of ethnically diverse women who are severely obese and seeking bariatric surgery. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Female bariatric surgery candidates (62 African Americans, 18 Latinas, 130 whites) completed questionnaires on binge eating and eating-related cognitions and behavior and completed a structured clinical interview to confirm binge-eating disorder diagnosis. RESULTS Ethnic minorities and whites did not differ in rates of binge-eating disorder (26.3%), binges per week (M = 0.95), or dietary restraint. Ethnic minorities reported less disinhibition, and there was a trend to report less hunger awareness than whites. After controlling for BMI and education, ethnicity accounted for significant variance in disinhibition (4%; p < 0.01). Ethnic minorities were younger, became overweight at a later age, and were overweight for fewer years than whites. DISCUSSION Results suggest that ethnicity exerts an important influence on disinhibition and that ethnic differences are not caused by BMI or education. Findings point to the need to continue to investigate the role of ethnicity, binge eating, and disinhibition in severely obese women, so that culturally appropriate services can be provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A P Sánchez-Johnsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|