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Lima ARA, Booms EM, Lopes AR, Martins-Cardoso S, Novais SC, Lemos MFL, Ribeiro L, Castanho S, Candeias-Mendes A, Pousão-Ferreira P, Faria AM. Early life stage mechanisms of an active fish species to cope with ocean warming and hypoxia as interacting stressors. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 341:122989. [PMID: 37984477 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Ocean's characteristics are rapidly changing, modifying environmental suitability for early life stages of fish. We assessed whether the chronic effects of warming (24 °C) and hypoxia (<2-2.5 mg L-1) will be amplified by the combination of these stressors on mortality, growth, behaviour, metabolism and oxidative stress of early stages of the white seabream Diplodus sargus. Combined warming and hypoxia synergistically increased larval mortality by >51%. Warming induced faster growth in length and slower gains in weight when compared to other treatments. Boldness and exploration were not directly affected, but swimming activity increased under all test treatments. Under the combination of warming and hypoxia, routine metabolic rate (RMR) significantly decreases when compared to other treatments and shows a negative thermal dependence. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities increased under warming and were maintained similar to control levels under hypoxia or under combined stressors. Under hypoxia, the enzymatic activities were not enough to prevent oxidative damages as lipid peroxidation and DNA damage increased above control levels. Hypoxia reduced electron transport system activity (cellular respiration) and isocitrate dehydrogenase activity (aerobic metabolism) below control levels. However, lactate dehydrogenase activity (anaerobic metabolism) did not differ among treatments. A Redundancy Analysis showed that ∼99% of the variability in mortality, growth, behaviour and RMR among treatments can be explained by molecular responses. Mortality and growth are highly influenced by oxidative stress and energy metabolism, exhibiting a positive relationship with reactive oxygen species and a negative relationship with aerobic metabolism, regardless of treatment. Under hypoxic condition, RMR, boldness and swimming activity have a positive relationship with anaerobic metabolism regardless of temperature. Thus, seabreams may use anaerobic reliance to counterbalance the effects of the stressors on RMR, activity and growth. The outcomes suggests that early life stages of white seabream overcame the single and combined effects of hypoxia and warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- André R A Lima
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET-Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associate Laboratory, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Rua Jardim Do Tabaco 34, 1149-041, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Emily M Booms
- IMBRSea-The International Master of Science in Marine Biological Resources, Universities Consortium, Ghent University, Krijgslaan, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ana Rita Lopes
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET-Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associate Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-013, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Martins-Cardoso
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET-Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associate Laboratory, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Rua Jardim Do Tabaco 34, 1149-041, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara C Novais
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET-Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associate Laboratory, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, Peniche, Portugal
| | - Marco F L Lemos
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET-Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associate Laboratory, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, Peniche, Portugal
| | - Laura Ribeiro
- Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere - IPMA, Aquaculture Research Station - EPPO, Olhão, Portugal
| | - Sara Castanho
- Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere - IPMA, Aquaculture Research Station - EPPO, Olhão, Portugal
| | - Ana Candeias-Mendes
- Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere - IPMA, Aquaculture Research Station - EPPO, Olhão, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pousão-Ferreira
- Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere - IPMA, Aquaculture Research Station - EPPO, Olhão, Portugal
| | - Ana M Faria
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET-Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associate Laboratory, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Rua Jardim Do Tabaco 34, 1149-041, Lisbon, Portugal
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2
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Guzman A, Miller O, Gabor CR. Elevated water temperature initially affects reproduction and behavior but not cognitive performance or physiology in Gambusia affinis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 340:114307. [PMID: 37172618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Warming temperatures associated with climate change and urbanization affect both terrestrial and aquatic populations with freshwater fish being especially vulnerable. As fish rely on water temperature to regulate their body temperature, elevated temperatures can alter physiology and in turn behavioral and cognitive skills. We examined whether reproduction, physiology, behavior, and cognitive skills were altered by exposure to elevated water temperatures during one reproductive cycle in the live-bearing fish, Gambusia affinis. We found that within four days of exposure to a higher temperature (31°C), females were more likely to drop underdeveloped offspring than females maintained at 25°C. However, females did not show a change in cortisol release rates over time or altered fecundity and reproductive allotment, despite increased growth at the higher temperature. But in the heat treatment fish that started the experiment with higher baseline cortisol dropped their offspring sooner than fish with lower cortisol release rates. We used a detour test to explore behavior and cognitive skills at three time points after exposure to the heat treatments: early, midway, and at the end (day 7, 20 and 34). We found that on day 7, females were less likely to exit the starting chamber when maintained at 31°C but did not differ in their time to exit the starting chamber or in their motivation (reach the clear barrier). Similarly, females did not differ in their time to swim around the barrier to reach a female fish reward (solving skill). Nonetheless, we found a link between behavior and cognition, where females who were slower to exit the start chamber got around the barrier faster, indicating that they learned from prior experience. Together our results indicate that G. affinis is initially affected by elevated water temperatures but may partially cope with higher temperatures by not altering their hypothalamus-interrenal axis (baseline cortisol), and at the same time this might act to buffer their young. Acclimation may reduce costs for this species and potentially explain why they are successful invaders and tolerant species despite climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Guzman
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666 United States; The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666 United States
| | - Olivia Miller
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666 United States; The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666 United States
| | - Caitlin R Gabor
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666 United States; The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666 United States.
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3
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Kodela T, Jesenšek D, Sušnik Bajec S. Reproduction parameters of hatchery reared grayling (Thymallus thymallus) females. Anim Reprod Sci 2023; 249:107196. [PMID: 36680926 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2023.107196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) is an endangered salmonid fish species and its populations have decreased considerably in European waters in recent decades. One of the conservation measures applied to grayling is stocking with hatchery-reared fish. To advance the knowledge of grayling reproduction in the hatchery, husbandry data were systematically collected in the period from 2006 to 2015 during grayling spawning seasons and analyzed to quantify grayling female reproductive parameters such as fecundity, egg size, and embryo survival to the eyed egg stage. Data was collected for first time spawners (3 years old) and repeat spawners reared in the hatchery. Statistically significant differences were found for the number of eggs between first time spawners, producing on average 3600 eggs, and repeat spawners, producing on average 8000 eggs. Absolute fecundity was positively correlated to grayling female total length and weight for both first time and repeat spawners. However, relative fecundity did not correlate with these parameters. A positive correlation was observed between female total length and mean egg weight for repeat spawners, while the correlation was negative for first time spawners. Heavier eggs tended to have a higher rate of survival until the eyed egg stage, though the correlation was stronger for first time spawners than for repeat spawners. Due to the higher reproductive success of repeat spawners, it could be concluded that larger and older grayling females should be included in hatchery reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjaša Kodela
- Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia, Spodnje Gameljne 61 a, 1211 Ljubljana-Šmartno, Slovenia
| | - Dušan Jesenšek
- Zavod Sara Vuri, Prekomorskih brigad 10, 5220 Tolmin, Slovenia
| | - Simona Sušnik Bajec
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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4
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Beck SV, Räsänen K, Kristjánsson BK, Skúlason S, Jónsson ZO, Tsinganis M, Leblanc CA. Variation in egg size and offspring phenotype among and within seven Arctic charr morphs. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9427. [PMID: 36267683 PMCID: PMC9577412 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal effects have the potential to alter early developmental processes of offspring and contribute to adaptive diversification. Egg size is a major contributor to offspring phenotype, which can influence developmental trajectories and potential resource use. However, to what extent intraspecific variation in egg size facilitates evolution of resource polymorphism is poorly understood. We studied multiple resource morphs of Icelandic Arctic charr, ranging from an anadromous morph-with a phenotype similar to the proposed ancestral phenotype-to sympatric morphs that vary in their degree of phenotypic divergence from the ancestral anadromous morph. We characterized variation in egg size and tested whether egg size influenced offspring phenotype at early life stages (i.e., timing of- and size at- hatching and first feeding [FF]). We predicted that egg size would differ among morphs and be less variable as morphs diverge away from the ancestral anadromous phenotype. We also predicted that egg size would correlate with offspring size and developmental timing. We found morphs had different egg size, developmental timing, and size at hatching and FF. Egg size increased as phenotypic proximity to the ancestral anadromous phenotype decreased, with larger eggs generally giving rise to larger offspring, especially at FF, but egg size had no effect on developmental rate. The interaction between egg size and the environment may have a profound impact on offspring fitness, where the resulting differences in early life-history traits may act to initiate and/or maintain resource morphs diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha V. Beck
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish BiologyHólar UniversitySauðárkrókurIceland,Institute of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of IcelandReykjavíkIceland
| | - Katja Räsänen
- Department of Aquatic EcologyEawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDübendorfSwitzerland,Department of Biology and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | | | - Skúli Skúlason
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish BiologyHólar UniversitySauðárkrókurIceland,Icelandic Museum of Natural HistoryReykjavíkIceland
| | - Zophonías O. Jónsson
- Institute of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of IcelandReykjavíkIceland
| | - Markos Tsinganis
- Department of Aquatic EcologyEawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Camille A. Leblanc
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish BiologyHólar UniversitySauðárkrókurIceland
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5
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Seko T. Intraspecific variation of reproductive traits between migratory and resident populations of the rice plant skipper Parnara guttata guttata. Evol Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-021-10106-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Tuor KMF, Heath DD, Shrimpton JM. Spatial and environmental effects on Coho Salmon life history trait variation. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:13198-13210. [PMID: 33304530 PMCID: PMC7713947 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult size, egg size, fecundity, and mass of gonads are affected by trade-offs between reproductive investment and environmental conditions shaping the evolution of life history traits among populations for widely distributed species. Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch have a large geographic distribution, and different environmental conditions are experienced by populations throughout their range. We examined the effect of environmental variables on female size, egg size, fecundity, and reproductive investment of populations of Coho Salmon from across British Columbia using an information theoretic approach. Female size increased with latitude and decreased with migration distance from the ocean to spawning locations. Egg size was lowest for intermediate intragravel temperature during incubation, decreased with migration distance, but increased in rivers below lakes. Fecundity increased with latitude, warmer temperature during the spawning period, and river size, but decreased in rivers below lakes compared with rivers with tributary sources. Relative gonad size increased with latitude and decreased with migration distance. Latitude of spawning grounds, migratory distance, and temperatures experienced by a population, but also hydrologic features-river size and headwater source-are influential in shaping patterns of reproductive investment, particularly egg size. Although, relative gonad size varied with latitude and migration distance, how gonadal mass was partitioned gives insight into the trade-off between egg size and fecundity. The lack of an effect of latitude on egg size suggests that local optima for egg size related to intragravel temperature may drive the variation in fecundity observed among years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M. F. Tuor
- Fisheries Protection Program, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaWhitehorseYukonCanada
| | - Daniel D. Heath
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research and Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of WindsorWindsorONCanada
| | - J. Mark Shrimpton
- Ecosystem Science & Management (Biology) ProgramUniversity of Northern British ColumbiaPrince GeorgeBCCanada
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Limatola N, Bertocci I, Chun JT, Musco L, Munari M, Caramiello D, Danovaro R, Santella L. Oxygen supersaturation mitigates the impact of the regime of contaminated sediment reworking on sea urchin fertilization process. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 158:104951. [PMID: 32217298 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dismissed industrial plants with chronic environmental contamination globally affect all levels of biological organization in concert with other natural and anthropogenic perturbations. Assessing the impact of such perturbations and finding effective ways to mitigate them have clear ecological and societal implications. Through indoor manipulative experiments, we assessed here the effects of the temporal regime of reworking of contaminated sediment from the Bagnoli-Coroglio brownfield (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) on the fertilization process in Paracentrotus lividus. Adult sea urchins were kept for one month in tanks containing contaminated sediment that was re-suspended according to two temporal patterns of water turbulence differing in the time intervals between consecutive events of agitation (mimicking the storms naturally occurring in the study area) in seawater with natural vs. supersaturated oxygenation levels. At the end of the treatment, gametes were collected and used to test the hypothesis that the regime of contaminated sediment reworking negatively, but reversibly, affects morphological and physiological traits of the fertilized eggs. We found that aggregated events of sediment re-suspension had profound negative effects on gamete interactions and Ca2+ signaling at fertilization. The same experimental condition also inflicted marked ultrastructural changes in eggs. Importantly, however, such detrimental effects were inhibited by increased oxygenation. By contrast, the regime of sediment re-working with a longer interval between consecutive turbulent events had only marginal effects. Thus, the current and predicted changes of climate-related disturbance appear to modulate the biological effects of chronic contamination in post-industrial areas, suggesting that environmental rehabilitation via restoration of habitat-forming primary producers such as seagrasses or algal canopies could alleviate the pollutants' effects on resident biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzia Limatola
- Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources (RIMAR), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, Napoli, 80121, Italy
| | - Iacopo Bertocci
- Integrative Marine Ecology Department (EMI), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, Napoli, I- 80121, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Pisa, CoNISMa, Via Derna 1, Pisa, I-56126, Italy
| | - Jong Tai Chun
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms Department (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, Napoli, I- 80121, Italy
| | - Luigi Musco
- Integrative Marine Ecology Department (EMI), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, Napoli, I- 80121, Italy
| | - Marco Munari
- Integrative Marine Ecology Department (EMI), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, Napoli, I- 80121, Italy
| | - Davide Caramiello
- Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources (RIMAR), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, Napoli, 80121, Italy
| | - Roberto Danovaro
- Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources (RIMAR), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, Napoli, 80121, Italy; Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, I-60131, Italy
| | - Luigia Santella
- Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources (RIMAR), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, Napoli, 80121, Italy.
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8
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Loisel A, Isla A, Daufresne M. Variation of thermal plasticity in growth and reproduction patterns: Importance of ancestral and developmental temperatures. J Therm Biol 2019; 84:460-468. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Vagner M, Zambonino-Infante JL, Mazurais D. Fish facing global change: are early stages the lifeline? MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 147:159-178. [PMID: 31027942 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The role of phenotypic plasticity in the acclimation and adaptive potential of an organism to global change is not currently accounted for in prediction models. The high plasticity of marine fishes is mainly attributed to their early stages, during which morphological, structural and behavioural functions are particularly sensitive to environmental constraints. This developmental plasticity can determine later physiological performances and fitness, and may further affect population dynamics and ecosystem functioning. This review asks the essential question of what role early stages play in the ability of fish to later cope with the effects of global change, considering three key environmental factors (temperature, hypoxia and acidification). After having identified the carry-over effects of early exposure reported in the literature, we propose areas that we believe warrant the most urgent attention for further research to better understand the role of developmental plasticity in the responses of marine organisms to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Vagner
- CNRS, UMR 7266 LIENSs, Institut du littoral et de l'environnement, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, La Rochelle, France.
| | | | - David Mazurais
- Ifremer, UMR 6539 LEMAR, ZI pointe du diable, 29280, Plouzané, France
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11
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Gayeski N, MacDuffee M, Stanford JA. Criteria for a good catch: A conceptual framework to guide sourcing of sustainable salmon fisheries. Facets (Ott) 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2016-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of sustainably managed fisheries is problematic for marketers and consumers of Pacific salmon food products owing to lack of well-defined and robust criteria that take into account current ecosystem science of salmon. We present the rationale for an alternative conceptual framework for salmon management that supports the development of sustainable sourcing criteria. Our approach contrasts with current large-scale fisheries certification programs such as that of the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) and general consumer recommendation services such as Monterey Bay Aquarium’s Seafood Watch (SFW) program. Our framework is based on the “place-based” character of salmon populations and recognition of fundamental aspects of salmon ecology, particularly the evolution of population life histories that are locally adapted to freshwater spawning and rearing habitats. We describe how this framework underpins development of science-based sourcing criteria and how it differs in important respects from the industrial approach that historically and currently is the basis for most salmon management. We conclude with a discussion of how the framework and its application may provide a model for redirecting salmon management, in general, towards a more science- and place-based approach and why that is likely to be sustainable in the long term in a way that most contemporary salmon management is not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Gayeski
- Resource Scientist, Wild Fish Conservancy, P.O. Box 402, Duvall, WA 98019, USA
| | - Misty MacDuffee
- Conservation Biologist, Raincoast Conservation Foundation, P.O. Box 2429, Sidney, BC V8L 2P6, Canada
| | - Jack A. Stanford
- Professor Emeritus, Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, 32125 Bio Station Lane, Polson, MT 59860, USA
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12
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Keefer ML, Clabough TS, Jepson MA, Johnson EL, Peery CA, Caudill CC. Thermal exposure of adult Chinook salmon and steelhead: Diverse behavioral strategies in a large and warming river system. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204274. [PMID: 30240404 PMCID: PMC6150539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising river temperatures in western North America have increased the energetic costs of migration and the risk of premature mortality in many Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) populations. Predicting and managing risks for these populations requires data on acute and cumulative thermal exposure, the spatio-temporal distribution of adverse conditions, and the potentially mitigating effects of cool-water refuges. In this study, we paired radiotelemetry with archival temperature loggers to construct continuous, spatially-explicit thermal histories for 212 adult Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) and 200 adult steelhead (O. mykiss). The fish amassed ~500,000 temperature records (30-min intervals) while migrating through 470 kilometers of the Columbia and Snake rivers en route to spawning sites in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. Spring- and most summer-run Chinook salmon migrated before river temperatures reached annual highs; their body temperatures closely matched ambient temperatures and most had thermal maxima in the lower Snake River. In contrast, many individual fall-run Chinook salmon and most steelhead had maxima near thermal tolerance limits (20–22 °C) in the lower Columbia River. High temperatures elicited extensive use of thermal refuges near tributary confluences, where body temperatures were ~2–10 °C cooler than the adjacent migration corridor. Many steelhead used refuges for weeks or more whereas salmon use was typically hours to days, reflecting differences in spawn timing. Almost no refuge use was detected in a ~260-km reach where a thermal migration barrier may more frequently develop in future warmer years. Within population, cumulative thermal exposure was strongly positively correlated (0.88 ≤ r ≤ 0.98) with migration duration and inconsistently associated (-0.28 ≤ r ≤ 0.09) with migration date. All four populations have likely experienced historically high mean and maximum temperatures in recent years. Expected responses include population-specific shifts in migration phenology, increased reliance on patchily-distributed thermal refuges, and natural selection favoring temperature-tolerant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Keefer
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Tami S Clabough
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Michael A Jepson
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Eric L Johnson
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Christopher A Peery
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Christopher C Caudill
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
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13
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Cook CJ, Wilson CC, Burness G. Impacts of environmental matching on the routine metabolic rate and mass of native and mixed-ancestry brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis) fry. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 6:coy023. [PMID: 30364295 PMCID: PMC6194207 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coy023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The environment an organism experiences during early development can impact its physiology and survival later in life. The objective of this study was to determine if temperatures experienced at embryonic life stages of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) affected mass and routine metabolic rate (RMR) of a subsequent life stage (free-swimming fry). As part of this, we assessed the contributions and importance of hierarchical levels of biological organization [ancestral type (native vs. hatchery-introgressed), population, and family] to variability in mass and RMR of fry. As embryos and alevin, individuals were reared at either natural environmental (5°C) or elevated (9°C) temperatures and then acclimated to either matched or mismatched temperature treatments once yolk sacs were resorbed. Mass differences among fry were strongly influenced by population of origin as well as initial rearing and final acclimation temperatures. Variation in mass-adjusted RMR of fry was also strongly accounted for by source population, acclimation temperature, and individual mass. A significant interaction between population RMR and final acclimation temperature indicated that not all brook trout populations responded the same way to temperature changes. In contrast to expectations, the highest ancestry category (native vs. introgressed) did not significantly influence mass or mass-adjusted RMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharine J Cook
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada K9L 0G2
| | - Chris C Wilson
- Aquatic Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada K9L 0G2
| | - Gary Burness
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada K9L 0G2
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14
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Rollinson N, Rowe L. Oxygen Limitation at the Larval Stage and the Evolution of Maternal Investment per Offspring in Aquatic Environments. Am Nat 2018; 191:604-619. [DOI: 10.1086/696857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Thorn MW, Morbey YE. Egg size and the adaptive capacity of early life history traits in Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Evol Appl 2018; 11:205-219. [PMID: 29387156 PMCID: PMC5775492 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Offspring traits are greatly influenced by maternal effects, and these maternal effects may provide an important pathway through which populations can adapt to changing thermal environments. We investigated the effect of egg size on the among- and within-population variation in early life history traits among introduced Great Lakes Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations under varying thermal conditions. We reared Chinook salmon from three populations in a common-garden hatchery study at 6.5, 9.4, and 15.2°C and measured a variety of fitness-related traits during development. We found that most of the among-population variation in early life history traits was explained by egg size. However, the contribution of egg size to the among-population variation decreased with an increase in temperature suggesting that other effects, such as genetic, contribute at high temperature. Within populations, egg size explained much of the dam variance and maternal effect for traits in every temperature, whereas egg size generally had little to no influence on the sire variance and heritability. Overall, our results demonstrate the significant contribution egg size makes to shaping early life history phenotypes among and within populations, and suggest that egg size is an important pathway through which offspring phenotypes can evolve on contemporary timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Thorn
- Department of Biology University of Western Ontario London ON Canada
| | - Yolanda E Morbey
- Department of Biology University of Western Ontario London ON Canada
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16
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Cook CJ, Burness G, Wilson CC. Metabolic rates of embryos and alevin from a cold-adapted salmonid differ with temperature, population and family of origin: implications for coping with climate change. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 6:cox076. [PMID: 30613399 PMCID: PMC5757644 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cox076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Early developmental stages of cold-adapted ectotherms such as brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) are at higher risk of mortality with increasing water temperatures. To determine the amount of variation present in early life, which may allow for potential adaptation to increasing temperature, we examined the routine metabolic rates (RMR) of wild-origin brook trout embryos and alevins reared at normal (5°C) and elevated (9°C) temperatures. The experiment was structured to examine variation in RMR within and among several levels of biological organization (family, population and ancestral type (native vs. mixed ancestry)). As expected, family and temperature variables were most important for predicting RMR and body mass, although population-level differences also existed when family was excluded for more detailed analysis. Additionally, body mass strongly influenced RMR at all life stages except for eyed embryos. When family identity was removed from the analysis, population became the most significant variable. Variation in RMR and mass within and among populations may indicate existing adaptive potential within and among brook trout populations to respond to predicted warming under climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharine J Cook
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9L 0G2
| | - Gary Burness
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9L 0G2
| | - Chris C Wilson
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario, CanadaK9L 0G2
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17
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Foo SA, Byrne M. Marine gametes in a changing ocean: Impacts of climate change stressors on fecundity and the egg. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 128:12-24. [PMID: 28237403 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In marine invertebrates, the environmental history of the mother can influence fecundity and egg size. Acclimation of females in climate change stressors, increased temperature and low pH, results in a decrease in egg number and size in many taxa, with the exception of cephalopods, where eggs increase in size. With respect to spawned eggs, near future levels of ocean acidification can interfere with the egg's block to polyspermy and intracellular pH. Reduction of the extracellular egg jelly coat seen in low pH conditions has implications for impaired egg function and fertilization. Some fast generation species (e.g. copepods, polychaetes) have shown restoration of female reproductive output after several generations in treatments. It will be important to determine if the changes to egg number and size induced by exposure to climate change stressors are heritable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna A Foo
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Maria Byrne
- Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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18
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Teffer AK, Hinch SG, Miller KM, Patterson DA, Farrell AP, Cooke SJ, Bass AL, Szekeres P, Juanes F. Capture severity, infectious disease processes and sex influence post-release mortality of sockeye salmon bycatch. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 5:cox017. [PMID: 28852514 PMCID: PMC5569998 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cox017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Bycatch is a common occurrence in heavily fished areas such as the Fraser River, British Columbia, where fisheries target returning adult Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) en route to spawning grounds. The extent to which these encounters reduce fish survival through injury and physiological impairment depends on multiple factors including capture severity, river temperature and infectious agents. In an effort to characterize the mechanisms of post-release mortality and address fishery and managerial concerns regarding specific regulations, wild-caught Early Stuart sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were exposed to either mild (20 s) or severe (20 min) gillnet entanglement and then held at ecologically relevant temperatures throughout their period of river migration (mid-late July) and spawning (early August). Individuals were biopsy sampled immediately after entanglement and at death to measure indicators of stress and immunity, and the infection intensity of 44 potential pathogens. Biopsy alone increased mortality (males: 33%, females: 60%) when compared with non-biopsied controls (males: 7%, females: 15%), indicating high sensitivity to any handling during river migration, especially among females. Mortality did not occur until 5-10 days after entanglement, with severe entanglement resulting in the greatest mortality (males: 62%, females: 90%), followed by mild entanglement (males: 44%, females: 70%). Infection intensities of Flavobacterium psychrophilum and Ceratonova shasta measured at death were greater in fish that died sooner. Physiological indicators of host stress and immunity also differed depending on longevity, and indicated anaerobic metabolism, osmoregulatory failure and altered immune gene regulation in premature mortalities. Together, these results implicate latent effects of entanglement, especially among females, resulting in mortality days or weeks after release. Although any entanglement is potentially detrimental, reducing entanglement durations can improve post-release survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K. Teffer
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
- Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Scott G. Hinch
- Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kristi M. Miller
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Molecular Genetics Section, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - David A. Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Anthony P. Farrell
- Department of Zoology, Department of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Steven J. Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Arthur L. Bass
- Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Petra Szekeres
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Francis Juanes
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
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19
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Fugariu I, Soong R, Lane D, Fey M, Maas W, Vincent F, Beck A, Schmidig D, Treanor B, Simpson AJ. Towards single egg toxicity screening using microcoil NMR. Analyst 2017; 142:4812-4824. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01339f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Planar NMR microcoils are evaluated, their application to single eggs is demonstrated, and their potential for studying smaller single cells is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Fugariu
- Dept. of Chemistry and Dept. Phys. Env. Sci
- University of Toronto at Scarborough
- Scarborough
- Canada
| | - R. Soong
- Dept. of Chemistry and Dept. Phys. Env. Sci
- University of Toronto at Scarborough
- Scarborough
- Canada
| | - D. Lane
- Dept. of Chemistry and Dept. Phys. Env. Sci
- University of Toronto at Scarborough
- Scarborough
- Canada
| | - M. Fey
- Bruker Biospin
- Billerica
- USA
| | | | | | - A. Beck
- Bruker Biospin
- 8117 Fällanden
- Switzerland
| | | | - B. Treanor
- Dept. of Biological Science
- University of Toronto at Scarborough
- Scarborough
- Canada
| | - A. J. Simpson
- Dept. of Chemistry and Dept. Phys. Env. Sci
- University of Toronto at Scarborough
- Scarborough
- Canada
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20
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Jonsson B, Jonsson N. Trans-generational maternal effect: temperature influences egg size of the offspring in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2016; 89:1482-1487. [PMID: 27350311 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Effect of increased temperature during egg maturation on the mass of single eggs produced by the offspring was investigated experimentally in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Mass of eggs produced by next-generation females was larger when their mothers experienced warmer water during the last two months of egg maturation, relative to those that experienced unheated river water. There was no similar trans-generational paternal effect on offspring egg mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jonsson
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - N Jonsson
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349, Oslo, Norway
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21
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Kindsvater HK, Braun DC, Otto SP, Reynolds JD. Costs of reproduction can explain the correlated evolution of semelparity and egg size: theory and a test with salmon. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:687-96. [PMID: 27146705 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Species' life history traits, including maturation age, number of reproductive bouts, offspring size and number, reflect adaptations to diverse biotic and abiotic selection pressures. A striking example of divergent life histories is the evolution of either iteroparity (breeding multiple times) or semelparity (breed once and die). We analysed published data on salmonid fishes and found that semelparous species produce larger eggs, that egg size and number increase with salmonid body size among populations and species and that migratory behaviour and parity interact. We developed three hypotheses that might explain the patterns in our data and evaluated them in a stage-structured modelling framework accounting for different growth and survival scenarios. Our models predict the observation of small eggs in iteroparous species when egg size is costly to maternal survival or egg number is constrained. By exploring trait co-variation in salmonids, we generate new hypotheses for the evolution of trade-offs among life history traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly K Kindsvater
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Douglas C Braun
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada.,InStream Fisheries Research Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, V5M 4V8, Canada
| | - Sarah P Otto
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - John D Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
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22
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Use of egg size differences in anadromous (sockeye salmon) and non-anadromous (kokanee) forms of Oncorhynchus nerka to infer ancestral origins of a landlocked population. Ecol Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-015-1255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Muñoz NJ, Anttila K, Chen Z, Heath JW, Farrell AP, Neff BD. Indirect genetic effects underlie oxygen-limited thermal tolerance within a coastal population of chinook salmon. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20141082. [PMID: 25009055 PMCID: PMC4100520 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With global temperatures projected to surpass the limits of thermal tolerance for many species, evaluating the heritable variation underlying thermal tolerance is critical for understanding the potential for adaptation to climate change. We examined the evolutionary potential of thermal tolerance within a population of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) by conducting a full-factorial breeding design and measuring the thermal performance of cardiac function and the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) of offspring from each family. Additive genetic variation in offspring phenotype was mostly negligible, although these direct genetic effects explained 53% of the variation in resting heart rate (fH). Conversely, maternal effects had a significant influence on resting fH, scope for fH, cardiac arrhythmia temperature and CTmax. These maternal effects were associated with egg size, as indicated by strong relationships between the mean egg diameter of mothers and offspring thermal tolerance. Because egg size can be highly heritable in chinook salmon, our finding indicates that the maternal effects of egg size constitute an indirect genetic effect contributing to thermal tolerance. Such indirect genetic effects could accelerate evolutionary responses to the selection imposed by rising temperatures and could contribute to the population-specific thermal tolerance that has recently been uncovered among Pacific salmon populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J Muñoz
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katja Anttila
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zhongqi Chen
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John W Heath
- Yellow Island Aquaculture Limited, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bryan D Neff
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Ho DH. Transgenerational epigenetics: the role of maternal effects in cardiovascular development. Integr Comp Biol 2014; 54:43-51. [PMID: 24813463 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icu031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenerational epigenetics, the study of non-genetic transfer of information from one generation to the next, has gained much attention in the past few decades due to the fact that, in many instances, epigenetic processes outweigh direct genetic processes in the manifestation of aberrant phenotypes across several generations. Maternal effects, or the influences of maternal environment, phenotype, and/or genotype on offsprings' phenotypes, independently of the offsprings' genotypes, are a subcategory of transgenerational epigenetics. Due to the intimate role of the mother during early development in animals, there is much interest in investigating the means by which maternal effects can shape the individual. Maternal effects are responsible for cellular organization, determination of the body axis, initiation and maturation of organ systems, and physiological performance of a wide variety of species and biological systems. The cardiovascular system is the first to become functional and can significantly influence the development of other organ systems. Thus, it is important to elucidate the role of maternal effects in cardiovascular development, and to understand its impact on adult cardiovascular health. Topics to be addressed include: (1) how and when do maternal effects change the developmental trajectory of the cardiovascular system to permanently alter the adult's cardiovascular phenotype, (2) what molecular mechanisms have been associated with maternally induced cardiovascular phenotypes, and (3) what are the evolutionary implications of maternally mediated changes in cardiovascular phenotype?
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao H Ho
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Birmingham, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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25
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Sopinka NM, Hinch SG, Middleton CT, Hills JA, Patterson DA. Mother knows best, even when stressed? Effects of maternal exposure to a stressor on offspring performance at different life stages in a wild semelparous fish. Oecologia 2014; 175:493-500. [PMID: 24619199 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-2915-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The environment mothers are exposed to has resonating effects on offspring performance. In iteroparous species, maternal exposure to stressors generally results in offspring ill-equipped for survival. Still, opportunities for future fecundity can offset low quality offspring. Little is known, however, as to how intergenerational effects of stress manifest in semelparous species with only a single breeding episode. Such mothers would suffer a total loss of fitness if offspring cannot survive past multiple life stages. We evaluated whether chronic exposure of female sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) to a chase stressor impaired offspring performance traits. Egg size and early offspring survival were not influenced by maternal exposure to the repeated acute stressor. Later in development, fry reared from stressed mothers swam for shorter periods of time but possessed a superior capacity to re-initiate bouts of burst swimming. In contrast to iteroparous species, the mechanisms driving the observed effects do not appear to be related to cortisol, as egg hormone concentrations did not vary between stressed and undisturbed mothers. Sockeye salmon appear to possess buffering strategies that protect offspring from deleterious effects of maternal stress that would otherwise compromise progeny during highly vulnerable stages of development. Whether stressed sockeye salmon mothers endow offspring with traits that are matched or mismatched for survival in the unpredictable environment they encountered is discussed. This study highlights the importance of examining intergenerational effects among species-specific reproductive strategies, and across offspring life history to fully determine the scope of impact of maternal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Sopinka
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada,
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