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Dennert AM, Elle E, Reynolds JD. Nutrients from spawning salmon influence leaf area, tissue density, and nitrogen-15 in riparian plant leaves. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11041. [PMID: 38380061 PMCID: PMC10877449 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Nutrient subsidies have significant impacts on ecosystems by connecting disjunct habitats, often through long-distance animal migrations. Salmon migrations on the North Pacific coasts provide these kinds of nutrient subsidies from senescent fish at the end of their life cycle, which can have significant ecological effects on terrestrial species. This can include impacts on individuals, populations, and communities, where shifts in community composition towards plant species that indicate nitrogen-rich soils have been documented. We investigated the effects of variation in salmon spawning density on the leaf traits of four common riparian plant species on the central coast of British Columbia, Canada. We found that all plant species had higher foliar salmon-derived nitrogen on streams with a higher spawning density. Three of the four species had larger leaves, and one species also had higher leaf mass per area on streams with more salmon. However, we found no differences in leaf greenness or foliar percent nitrogen among our study streams. These results demonstrate that nutrient subsidies from spawning salmon can have significant impacts on the ecology, morphology, and physiology of riparian plants, which lends support to a mechanism by which certain plants are more common on productive salmon streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M. Dennert
- Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Elizabeth Elle
- Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
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2
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Price MHH, Moore JW, McKinnell S, Connors BM, Reynolds JD. Habitat modulates population-level responses of freshwater salmon growth to a century of change in climate and competition. Glob Chang Biol 2024; 30:e17095. [PMID: 38273478 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The impacts of climate change are widespread and threaten natural systems globally. Yet, within regions, heterogeneous physical landscapes can differentially filter climate, leading to local response diversity. For example, it is possible that while freshwater lakes are sensitive to climate change, they may exhibit a diversity of thermal responses owing to their unique morphology, which in turn can differentially affect the growth and survival of vulnerable biota such as fishes. In particular, salmonids are cold-water fishes with complex life histories shaped by diverse freshwater habitats that are sensitive to warming temperatures. Here we examine the influence of habitat on the growth of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in nursery lakes of Canada's Skeena River watershed over a century of change in regional temperature and intraspecific competition. We found that freshwater growth has generally increased over the last century. While growth tended to be higher in years with relatively higher summer air temperatures (a proxy for lake temperature), long-term increases in growth appear largely influenced by reduced competition. However, habitat played an important role in modulating the effect of high temperature. Specifically, growth was positively associated with rising temperatures in relatively deep (>50 m) nursery lakes, whereas warmer temperatures were not associated with a change in growth for fish among shallow lakes. The influence of temperature on growth also was modulated by glacier extent whereby the growth of fish from lakes situated in watersheds with little (i.e., <5%) glacier cover increased with rising temperatures, but decreased with rising temperatures for fish in lakes within more glaciated watersheds. Maintaining the integrity of an array of freshwater habitats-and the processes that generate and maintain them-will help foster a diverse climate-response portfolio for important fish species, which in turn can ensure that salmon watersheds are resilient to future environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H H Price
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathan W Moore
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Skip McKinnell
- Salmoforsk International Environmental Consulting, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brendan M Connors
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute of Oceans Sciences, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John D Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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3
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Geurts EM, Reynolds JD, Starzomski BM. Not all who wander are lost: Trail bias in community science. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287150. [PMID: 37352184 PMCID: PMC10289309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The exponential growth and interest in community science programs is producing staggering amounts of biodiversity data across broad temporal and spatial scales. Large community science datasets such as iNaturalist and eBird are allowing ecologists and conservation biologists to answer novel questions that were not possible before. However, the opportunistic nature of many of these enormous datasets leads to biases. Spatial bias is a common problem, where observations are biased towards points of access like roads and trails. iNaturalist-a popular biodiversity community science platform-exhibits strong spatial biases, but it is unclear how these biases affect the quality of biodiversity data collected. Thus, we tested whether fine-scale spatial bias due to sampling from trails affects taxonomic richness estimates. We compared timed transects with experienced iNaturalist observers on and off trails in British Columbia, Canada. Using generalized linear mixed models, we found higher overall taxonomic richness on trails than off trails. In addition, we found more exotic as well as native taxa on trails than off trails. There was no difference between on and off trail observations for species that are rarely observed. Thus, fine-scale spatial bias from trails does not reduce the quality of biodiversity measurements, a promising result for those interested in using iNaturalist data for research and conservation management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellyne M. Geurts
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian M. Starzomski
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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4
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Dennert AM, Elle E, Reynolds JD. Experimental addition of marine-derived nutrients affects wildflower traits in a coastal meta-ecosystem. R Soc Open Sci 2023; 10:221008. [PMID: 36704256 PMCID: PMC9874277 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Organismal movement can bring individuals, resources and novel interactions across ecosystem boundaries and into recipient habitats, thereby forming meta-ecosystems. For example, Pacific salmon ecosystems receive large marine-derived nitrogen subsidies during annual spawning events, which can have a wide range of effects on aquatic and terrestrial plant species and communities. In this study, we evaluate the effects of cross-ecosystem nutrient subsidies on terrestrial plant growth and reproduction. We conducted a large-scale field experiment with four treatments: (i) addition of a pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) carcass, (ii) addition of the drift seaweed rockweed (Fucus distichus), (iii) addition of both salmon + rockweed, and (iv) a control. We examined treatment effects on leaf nitrogen and fitness-associated floral traits in four common estuarine wildflower species. We found elevated leaf ∂15N in all plant species and all sampling years in treatments with salmon carcass additions but did not observe any differences in leaf per cent nitrogen. We also observed larger leaf area in two species, a context-dependent increase in floral display area in two species, and a limited increase in plant seed set in response to both salmon carcass treatments. In sum, our study suggests that marine nutrients can affect terrestrial plant growth and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M. Dennert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - E. Elle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
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5
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Obrist DS, Fitzpatrick OT, Brown NEM, Hanly PJ, Nijland W, Reshitnyk LY, Wickham SB, Darimont CT, Reynolds JD, Starzomski BM. Scale-dependent effects of marine subsidies on the island biogeographic patterns of plants. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9270. [PMID: 36177118 PMCID: PMC9461347 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Although species richness can be determined by different mechanisms at different spatial scales, the role of scale in the effects of marine inputs on island biogeography has not been studied explicitly. Here, we evaluated the potential influence of island characteristics and marine inputs (seaweed wrack biomass and marine‐derived nitrogen in the soil) on plant species richness at both a local (plot) and regional (island) scale on 92 islands in British Columbia, Canada. We found that the effects of subsidies on species richness depend strongly on spatial scale. Despite detecting no effects of marine subsidies at the island scale, we found that as plot level subsidies increased, species richness decreased; plots with more marine‐derived nitrogen in the soil hosted fewer plant species. We found no effect of seaweed wrack at either scale. To identify potential mechanisms underlying the decrease in diversity, we fit a spatially explicit joint species distribution model to evaluate species level responses to marine subsidies and effects of biotic interactions among species. We found mixed evidence for competition for both light and nutrients, and cannot rule out an alternative mechanism; the observed decrease in species richness may be due to disturbances associated with animal‐mediated nutrient deposits, particularly those from North American river otters (Lontra canadensis). By evaluating the scale‐dependent effects of marine subsidies on island biogeographic patterns of plants and revealing likely mechanisms that act on community composition, we provide novel insights on the scale dependence of a fundamental ecological theory, and on the rarely examined links between marine and terrestrial ecosystems often bridged by animal vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora S Obrist
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada.,Hakai Institute Heriot Bay British Columbia Canada
| | - Owen T Fitzpatrick
- Hakai Institute Heriot Bay British Columbia Canada.,School of Environmental Studies University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | - Norah E M Brown
- Hakai Institute Heriot Bay British Columbia Canada.,School of Environmental Studies University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | - Patrick J Hanly
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada.,Hakai Institute Heriot Bay British Columbia Canada.,Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Wiebe Nijland
- Hakai Institute Heriot Bay British Columbia Canada.,School of Environmental Studies University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada.,Department of Physical Geography Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | - Sara B Wickham
- Hakai Institute Heriot Bay British Columbia Canada.,School of Environmental Studies University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | - Chris T Darimont
- Hakai Institute Heriot Bay British Columbia Canada.,Department of Geography University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada.,Raincoast Conservation Foundation Sidney British Columbia Canada
| | - John D Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada.,Hakai Institute Heriot Bay British Columbia Canada
| | - Brian M Starzomski
- Hakai Institute Heriot Bay British Columbia Canada.,School of Environmental Studies University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
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6
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Chalifour L, Holt C, Camaclang AE, Bradford MJ, Dixon R, Finn RJR, Hemming V, Hinch SG, Levings CD, MacDuffee M, Nishimura DJH, Pearson M, Reynolds JD, Scott DC, Spremberg U, Stark S, Stevens J, Baum JK, Martin TG. Identifying a pathway towards recovery for depleted wild Pacific salmon populations in a large watershed under multiple stressors. J Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lia Chalifour
- The Conservation Decisions Lab, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Biology University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | - Cassandra Holt
- The Conservation Decisions Lab, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Abbey E. Camaclang
- The Conservation Decisions Lab, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Michael J. Bradford
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada Pacific Science Enterprise Centre West Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Ross Dixon
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation Sidney British Columbia Canada
| | - Riley J. R. Finn
- The Conservation Decisions Lab, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Victoria Hemming
- The Conservation Decisions Lab, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Scott G. Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Colin D. Levings
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Misty MacDuffee
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation Sidney British Columbia Canada
| | - Derek J. H. Nishimura
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada Fish and Fish Habitat Protection Program, Integrated Planning Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | | | - John D. Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - David C. Scott
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation Sidney British Columbia Canada
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Uwe Spremberg
- Lower Fraser Fisheries Alliance Abbotsford British Columbia Canada
| | - Steven Stark
- Tsawwassen Shuttles Incorporated Tsawwassen British Columbia Canada
| | - John Stevens
- United Fishermen and Allied Workers Union and T. Buck Suzuki Environmental Foundation Prince Rupert British Columbia Canada
| | - Julia K. Baum
- Department of Biology University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | - Tara G. Martin
- The Conservation Decisions Lab, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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7
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Obrist DS, Hanly PJ, Brown NEM, Ernst CM, Wickham SB, Fitzpatrick OT, Kennedy JC, Nijland W, Reshitnyk LY, Darimont CT, Starzomski BM, Reynolds JD. Biogeographic features mediate marine subsidies to island food webs. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Debora S. Obrist
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
- Hakai Institute Heriot Bay British Columbia Canada
| | - Patrick J. Hanly
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
- Hakai Institute Heriot Bay British Columbia Canada
| | - Norah E. M. Brown
- Hakai Institute Heriot Bay British Columbia Canada
- School of Environmental Studies University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | - Christopher M. Ernst
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
- Hakai Institute Heriot Bay British Columbia Canada
| | - Sara B. Wickham
- Hakai Institute Heriot Bay British Columbia Canada
- School of Environmental Studies University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | - Owen T. Fitzpatrick
- Hakai Institute Heriot Bay British Columbia Canada
- School of Environmental Studies University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | - Jeremiah C. Kennedy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
- Hakai Institute Heriot Bay British Columbia Canada
| | - Wiebe Nijland
- Hakai Institute Heriot Bay British Columbia Canada
- School of Environmental Studies University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Department of Physical Geography Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | - Chris T. Darimont
- Hakai Institute Heriot Bay British Columbia Canada
- Department of Geography University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation Sidney British Columbia Canada
| | - Brian M. Starzomski
- Hakai Institute Heriot Bay British Columbia Canada
- School of Environmental Studies University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
- Hakai Institute Heriot Bay British Columbia Canada
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8
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Muñoz NJ, Reid B, Correa C, Madriz RI, Neff BD, Reynolds JD. Emergent trophic interactions following the Chinook salmon invasion of Patagonia. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J. Muñoz
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Brian Reid
- Laboratorio de Limnología Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia Coyhaique Chile
| | - Cristian Correa
- Instituto de Conservación Biodiversidad y Territorio Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Chile
- Centro de Humedales Río Cruces Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Chile
| | - Ruben Isaí Madriz
- Independent Investigator Puerto Rio Tranquilo Chile
- Independent Investigator Aurora Illinois USA
| | - Bryan D. Neff
- Department of Biology University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
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9
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Davidson KH, Starzomski BM, El‐Sabaawi R, Hocking MD, Reynolds JD, Wickham SB, Darimont CT. Marine subsidy promotes spatial and dietary niche variation in an omnivore, the Keen's mouse ( Peromyscus keeni). Ecol Evol 2021; 11:17700-17722. [PMID: 35003633 PMCID: PMC8717356 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine-derived resource subsidies can generate intrapopulation variation in the behaviors and diets of terrestrial consumers. How omnivores respond, given their multiple trophic interactions, is not well understood. We sampled mice (Peromyscus keeni) and their food sources at five sites on three islands of the Central Coast of British Columbia, Canada, to test predictions regarding variation in the spatial behavior and consumption of marine-subsidized foods among individuals. About 50% of detections (n = 27 recaptures) occurred at traps closest to shoreline (25 m), with capture frequencies declining significantly inland (up to 200 m). Stable isotope signatures (δ 13C and δ 15N), particularly δ 15N, in plant foods, forest arthropod prey, and mouse feces were significantly enriched near shorelines compared with inland, while δ 13C patterns were more variable. Bayesian isotope mixing models applied to isotope values in mouse hair indicated that over one-third (35-37%) of diet was comprised of beach-dwelling arthropods, a marine-derived food source. Males were more abundant near the shoreline than females and consumed more marine-derived prey, regardless of reproductive status or availability of other food sources. Our results identify how multiple pathways of marine nutrient transfer can subsidize terrestrial omnivores and how subsets of recipient populations can show variation in spatial and dietary response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie H. Davidson
- Department of GeographyUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Hakai InstituteHeriot BayBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Brian M. Starzomski
- Hakai InstituteHeriot BayBritish ColumbiaCanada
- School of Environmental StudiesUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Rana El‐Sabaawi
- Department of BiologyUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Morgan D. Hocking
- School of Environmental StudiesUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Ecofish Research Ltd.VictoriaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Hakai InstituteHeriot BayBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Sara B. Wickham
- Hakai InstituteHeriot BayBritish ColumbiaCanada
- School of Environmental StudiesUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Present address:
School of Environment, Resources and SustainabilityUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooOntarioCanada
| | - Chris T. Darimont
- Department of GeographyUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Hakai InstituteHeriot BayBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Raincoast Conservation FoundationSidneyBritish ColumbiaCanada
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10
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Rammell NF, Dennert AM, Ernst CM, Reynolds JD. Effects of spawning Pacific salmon on terrestrial invertebrates: Insects near spawning habitat are isotopically enriched with nitrogen-15 but display no differences in body size. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:12728-12738. [PMID: 34594534 PMCID: PMC8462137 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) spawn and die, they deliver marine-derived nutrient subsidies to freshwater and riparian ecosystems. These subsidies can alter the behavior, productivity, and abundance of recipient species and their habitats. Isotopes, such as nitrogen-15 (15N), are often used to trace the destination of marine-derived nutrients in riparian habitats. However, few studies have tested for correlations between stable isotopes and physiological responses of riparian organisms. We examined whether increases in δ 15N in terrestrial insect bodies adjacent to salmon spawning habitat translate to changes in percent nitrogen content and body size. This involved comparisons between distance from a salmon-bearing river, marine-derived nutrients in soils and insects, soil moisture content, and body size and nitrogen content in two common beetle families (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Carabidae). As predicted, δ15N in riparian soils attenuated with distance from the river but was unaffected by soil moisture. This gradient was mirrored by δ15N in the herbivorous curculionid beetles, whereas carabid beetles, which feed at a higher trophic level and are more mobile, did not show discernable patterns in their δ15N content. Additionally, neither distance from the river nor body δ15N content was related to beetle body size. We also found that nitrogen-15 was not correlated with total percent nitrogen in insect bodies, meaning that the presence of spawning salmon did not increase the percent nitrogen content of these insects. We conclude that while salmon-derived nutrients had entered terrestrial food webs, the presence of δ15N alone did not indicate meaningful physiological changes in these insects in terms of percent nitrogen nor body size. While stable isotopes may be useful tracers of marine-derived nutrients, they cannot necessarily be used as a proxy for physiologically important response variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola F. Rammell
- Earth to Ocean Research GroupDepartment of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
| | - Allison M. Dennert
- Earth to Ocean Research GroupDepartment of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
| | - Christopher M. Ernst
- Earth to Ocean Research GroupDepartment of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
- Hakai InstituteHeriot BayBCCanada
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research GroupDepartment of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
- Hakai InstituteHeriot BayBCCanada
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11
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Kieran CN, Obrist DS, Muñoz NJ, Hanly PJ, Reynolds JD. Links between fluctuations in sockeye salmon abundance and riparian forest productivity identified by remote sensing. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Celeste N. Kieran
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Debora S. Obrist
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Nicolas J. Muñoz
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Patrick J. Hanly
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
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12
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Wilcox KA, Wagner MA, Reynolds JD. Salmon subsidies predict territory size and habitat selection of an avian insectivore. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254314. [PMID: 34237085 PMCID: PMC8266124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The annual migration and spawning event of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) can lead to cross-boundary delivery of marine-derived nutrients from their carcasses into adjacent terrestrial ecosystems. The densities of some passerine species, including Pacific wrens (Troglodytes pacificus), have been shown to be positively correlated with salmon abundance along streams in Alaska and British Columbia, but mechanisms maintaining these densities remain poorly understood. Riparian areas near salmon streams could provide higher quality habitat for birds through greater food availability and more suitable vegetation structure for foraging and breeding, resulting in wrens maintaining smaller territories. We examined relationships between salmon biomass and Pacific wren territory size, competition, and habitat selection along 11 streams on the coast of British Columbia, Canada. We show that male wren densities increase and territory sizes decrease as salmon-spawning biomass increases. Higher densities result in higher rates of competition as male wrens countersing more frequently to defend their territories along streams with more salmon. Wrens were also more selective of the habitats they defended along streams with higher salmon biomass; they were 68% less likely to select low-quality habitat on streams with salmon compared with 46% less likely at streams without salmon. This suggests a potential trade-off between available high-quality habitat and the cost of competition that structures habitat selection. Thus, the marine-nutrient subsidies provided by salmon carcasses to forests lead to higher densities of wrens while shifting the economics of territorial defence toward smaller territories being defended more vigorously in higher quality habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten A. Wilcox
- Department of Biological Sciences, Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Marlene A. Wagner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Department of Biological Sciences, Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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13
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Price MHH, Moore JW, Connors BM, Wilson KL, Reynolds JD. Portfolio simplification arising from a century of change in salmon population diversity and artificial production. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. H. Price
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
| | - Jonathan W. Moore
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
| | - Brendan M. Connors
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada Institute of Oceans Sciences Sidney BC Canada
| | - Kyle L. Wilson
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
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14
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Godwin SC, Krkošek M, Reynolds JD, Bateman AW. Bias in self-reported parasite data from the salmon farming industry. Ecol Appl 2021; 31:e02226. [PMID: 32896013 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many industries are required to monitor themselves in meeting regulatory policies intended to protect the environment. Self-reporting of environmental performance can place the cost of monitoring on companies rather than taxpayers, but there are obvious risks of bias, often addressed through external audits or inspections. Surprisingly, there have been relatively few empirical analyses of bias in industry self-reported data. Here, we test for bias in reporting of environmental compliance data using a unique data set from Canadian salmon farms, where companies monitor the number of parasitic sea lice on fish in open sea pens, in order to minimize impacts on wild fish in surrounding waters. We fit a hierarchical population-dynamics model to these sea-louse count data using a Bayesian approach. We found that the industry's monthly counts of two sea-louse species, Caligus clemensi and Lepeophtheirus salmonis, increased by a factor of 1.95 (95% credible interval: 1.57, 2.42) and 1.18 (1.06, 1.31), respectively, in months when counts were audited by the federal fisheries department. Consequently, industry sea-louse counts are less likely to trigger costly but mandated delousing treatments intended to avoid sea-louse epidemics in wild juvenile salmon. These results highlight the potential for combining external audits of industry self-reported data with analyses of their reporting to maintain compliance with regulations, achieve intended conservation goals, and build public confidence in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Godwin
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Martin Krkošek
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
- Salmon Coast Field Station, General Delivery, Simoom Sound, British Columbia, V0P 1S0, Canada
| | - John D Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Andrew W Bateman
- Salmon Coast Field Station, General Delivery, Simoom Sound, British Columbia, V0P 1S0, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
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15
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Siemens LD, Dennert AM, Obrist DS, Reynolds JD. Spawning salmon density influences fruit production of salmonberry (
Rubus spectabilis
). Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D. Siemens
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby British ColumbiaV5A 1S6Canada
| | - Allison M. Dennert
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby British ColumbiaV5A 1S6Canada
| | - Debora S. Obrist
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby British ColumbiaV5A 1S6Canada
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby British ColumbiaV5A 1S6Canada
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16
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Walsh JC, Pendray JE, Godwin SC, Artelle KA, Kindsvater HK, Field RD, Harding JN, Swain NR, Reynolds JD. Relationships between Pacific salmon and aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems: implications for ecosystem-based management. Ecology 2020; 101:e03060. [PMID: 32266971 PMCID: PMC7537986 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pacific salmon influence temperate terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems through the dispersal of marine‐derived nutrients and ecosystem engineering of stream beds when spawning. They also support large fisheries, particularly along the west coast of North America. We provide a comprehensive synthesis of relationships between the densities of Pacific salmon and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, summarize the direction, shape, and magnitude of these relationships, and identify possible ecosystem‐based management indicators and benchmarks. We found 31 studies that provided 172 relationships between salmon density (or salmon abundance) and species abundance, species diversity, food provisioning, individual growth, concentration of marine‐derived isotopes, nutrient enhancement, phenology, and several other ecological responses. The most common published relationship was between salmon density and marine‐derived isotopes (40%), whereas very few relationships quantified ecosystem‐level responses (5%). Only 13% of all relationships tended to reach an asymptote (i.e., a saturating response) as salmon densities increased. The number of salmon killed by bears and the change in biomass of different stream invertebrate taxa between spawning and nonspawning seasons were relationships that usually reached saturation. Approximately 46% of all relationships were best described with linear or curved nonasymptotic models, indicating a lack of saturation. In contrast, 41% of data sets showed no relationship with salmon density or abundance, including many of the relationships with stream invertebrate and biofilm biomass density, marine‐derived isotope concentrations, or vegetation density. Bears required the highest densities of salmon to reach their maximum observed food consumption (i.e., 9.2 kg/m2 to reach the 90% threshold of the relationship’s asymptote), followed by freshwater fish abundance (90% threshold = 7.3 kg/m2 of salmon). Although the effects of salmon density on ecosystems are highly varied, it appears that several of these relationships, such as bear food consumption, could be used to develop indicators and benchmarks for ecosystem‐based fisheries management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Walsh
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jane E Pendray
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sean C Godwin
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kyle A Artelle
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.,Raincoast Conservation Foundation, P.O. Box 2429, Sidney, British Columbia, V8L 3Y3, Canada
| | - Holly K Kindsvater
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08908, USA
| | - Rachel D Field
- Department of Biology, The Okanagan Institute for Biodiversity, Resilience and Ecosystem Services (BRAES), Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, SCI 133, 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Jennifer N Harding
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Noel R Swain
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John D Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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17
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Oke KB, Cunningham CJ, Westley PAH, Baskett ML, Carlson SM, Clark J, Hendry AP, Karatayev VA, Kendall NW, Kibele J, Kindsvater HK, Kobayashi KM, Lewis B, Munch S, Reynolds JD, Vick GK, Palkovacs EP. Recent declines in salmon body size impact ecosystems and fisheries. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4155. [PMID: 32814776 PMCID: PMC7438488 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17726-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Declines in animal body sizes are widely reported and likely impact ecological interactions and ecosystem services. For harvested species subject to multiple stressors, limited understanding of the causes and consequences of size declines impedes prediction, prevention, and mitigation. We highlight widespread declines in Pacific salmon size based on 60 years of measurements from 12.5 million fish across Alaska, the last largely pristine North American salmon-producing region. Declines in salmon size, primarily resulting from shifting age structure, are associated with climate and competition at sea. Compared to salmon maturing before 1990, the reduced size of adult salmon after 2010 has potentially resulted in substantial losses to ecosystems and people; for Chinook salmon we estimated average per-fish reductions in egg production (-16%), nutrient transport (-28%), fisheries value (-21%), and meals for rural people (-26%). Downsizing of organisms is a global concern, and current trends may pose substantial risks for nature and people.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Oke
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA.
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, AK, 99801, USA.
| | - C J Cunningham
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, AK, 99801, USA
- Fisheries, Aquatic Science & Technology Laboratory, Alaska Pacific University, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - P A H Westley
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA.
| | - M L Baskett
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - S M Carlson
- Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - J Clark
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA
| | - A P Hendry
- Department of Biology and Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - V A Karatayev
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - N W Kendall
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA, 98501, USA
| | - J Kibele
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA
| | - H K Kindsvater
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - K M Kobayashi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - B Lewis
- Division of Commercial Fisheries, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, AK, 99518, USA
| | - S Munch
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
- National Marine Fisheries Service, Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - J D Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - G K Vick
- GKV & Sons, Contracting to Tanana Chiefs Conference, Fairbanks, AK, 99709, USA
| | - E P Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA.
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18
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Zhang W, Ebert M, Chen B, Reynolds JD, Yan X, Du H, Banakar M, Tran DT, Debnath K, Littlejohns CG, Saito S, Thomson DJ. Integration of low loss vertical slot waveguides on SOI photonic platforms for high efficiency carrier accumulation modulators. Opt Express 2020; 28:23143-23153. [PMID: 32752315 DOI: 10.1364/oe.397044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Silicon accumulation type modulators offer prospects of high power efficiency, large bandwidth and high voltage phase linearity making them promising candidates for a number of advanced electro-optic applications. A significant challenge in the realisation of such a modulator is the fabrication of the passive waveguide structure which requires a thin dielectric layer to be positioned within the waveguide, i.e. slotted waveguides. Simultaneously, the fabricated slotted waveguide should be integrated with conventional rib waveguides with negligible optical transition losses. Here, successful integration of polysilicon and silicon slot waveguides enabling a low propagation loss 0.4-1.2 dB/mm together with an ultra-small optical mode conversion loss 0.04 dB between rib and slot waveguides is demonstrated. These fabricated slot waveguide with dielectric thermal SiO2 layer thicknesses around 6 nm, 8 nm and 10 nm have been characterized under transmission electron microscopy allowing for strong carrier accumulation effects for MOS-capacitor electro-optic modulators.
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19
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Brown CJ, Parker B, Hocking MD, Reynolds JD. Salmon abundance and patterns of forest greenness as measured by satellite imagery. Sci Total Environ 2020; 725:138448. [PMID: 32302845 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Linkages across ecosystems can shape productivity. Salmon carcasses are exemplary of cross-system linkages, because they can fertilize riparian vegetation and shape patterns of terrestrial biodiversity. Detection of salmon fertilization effects has been confined to field-based studies that are limited in scale. Here we use satellite images to quantify the effects of salmon on greenness of riparian vegetation. We measure tree greenness across spatial and temporal gradients of salmon fertilization effects in two regions. In the first case study, we find that deciduous trees are greener in years following large salmon spawning events, and that the magnitude of this effect was related to the specific abundance of spawning salmon. In the second case study we compare greenness of mixed evergreen and deciduous forests across different watersheds that have different salmon spawning densities. We found greenness was related positively to salmon spawning density near streams with high evergreen cover and flat stream banks. These findings suggest that the effect of salmon carcasses on riparian vegetation may be detectable from space. Further work on this approach, especially with high spatial, temporal and spectral data, may allow estimation of the spatial extent of nutrient enrichment from salmon carcasses and aid ecosystem-based management to protect important ecosystem linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Brown
- Australian Rivers Institute - Coasts and Estuaries, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan 4111, Australia.
| | - Brett Parker
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan 4111, Australia
| | | | - John D Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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20
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Walsh JC, Connors K, Hertz E, Kehoe L, Martin TG, Connors B, Bradford MJ, Freshwater C, Frid A, Halverson J, Moore JW, Price MHH, Reynolds JD. Prioritizing conservation actions for Pacific salmon in Canada. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C. Walsh
- Department of Biological Sciences Earth to Ocean Research Group Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
| | - Katrina Connors
- Pacific Salmon Foundation – Salmon Watersheds Program Vancouver BC Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability Royal Roads University Victoria BC Canada
| | - Eric Hertz
- Pacific Salmon Foundation – Salmon Watersheds Program Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Laura Kehoe
- Department of Biology University of Victoria Victoria BC Canada
- The Nature Conservancy London UK
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Tara G. Martin
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Brendan Connors
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada Sidney BC Canada
| | - Michael J. Bradford
- West Vancouver Laboratory, Fisheries and Oceans Canada West Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Cameron Freshwater
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada Nanaimo BC Canada
| | - Alejandro Frid
- Central Coast Indigenous Resource Alliance Campbell River BC Canada
- School of Environmental Studies University of Victoria Victoria BC Canada
| | - Jessica Halverson
- Department of Biological Sciences Earth to Ocean Research Group Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
| | - Jonathan W. Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences Earth to Ocean Research Group Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
| | - Michael H. H. Price
- Department of Biological Sciences Earth to Ocean Research Group Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Department of Biological Sciences Earth to Ocean Research Group Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J Muñoz
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
| | - John D Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Jonathan W Moore
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Bryan D Neff
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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22
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Obrist DS, Hanly PJ, Kennedy JC, Fitzpatrick OT, Wickham SB, Ernst CM, Nijland W, Reshitnyk LY, Darimont CT, Starzomski BM, Reynolds JD. Marine subsidies mediate patterns in avian island biogeography. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200108. [PMID: 32156206 PMCID: PMC7126081 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical theory of island biogeography, which predicts species richness using island area and isolation, has been expanded to include contributions from marine subsidies, i.e. subsidized island biogeography (SIB) theory. We tested the effects of marine subsidies on species diversity and population density on productive temperate islands, evaluating SIB predictions previously untested at comparable scales and subsidy levels. We found that the diversity of terrestrial breeding bird communities on 91 small islands (approx. 0.0001–3 km2) along the Central Coast of British Columbia, Canada were correlated most strongly with island area, but also with marine subsidies. Species richness increased and population density decreased with island area, but isolation had no measurable influence. Species richness was negatively correlated with marine subsidy, measured as forest-edge soil δ15N. Density, however, was higher on islands with higher marine subsidy, and a negative interaction between area and subsidy indicates that this effect is stronger on smaller islands, offering some support for SIB. Our study emphasizes how subsidies from the sea can shape diversity patterns on islands and can even exceed the importance of isolation in determining species richness and densities of terrestrial biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora S Obrist
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6.,Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada V0P 1H0
| | - Patrick J Hanly
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6.,Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada V0P 1H0
| | - Jeremiah C Kennedy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6.,Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada V0P 1H0
| | - Owen T Fitzpatrick
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada V0P 1H0.,School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2
| | - Sara B Wickham
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada V0P 1H0.,School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2
| | - Christopher M Ernst
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6.,Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada V0P 1H0
| | - Wiebe Nijland
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada V0P 1H0.,School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2.,Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luba Y Reshitnyk
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada V0P 1H0
| | - Chris T Darimont
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada V0P 1H0.,Department of Geography, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2.,Raincoast Conservation Foundation, PO Box 2429, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada V8L 3Y3
| | - Brian M Starzomski
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada V0P 1H0.,School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2
| | - John D Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6.,Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada V0P 1H0
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23
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Osheim DL, Casper H, Colvin W, Emerick RJ, Everson RJ, Hamar D, Hunter T, Jain AV, Reynolds JD, Roof JE, Rottinghaus G, Stahr HM, Torma L. Atomic Absorption Determination of Serum Copper: Collaborative Study. J AOAC Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/66.5.1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Preliminary to conducting a collaborative study on a method for copper in serum, methods used by a selected group of laboratories were surveyed. The responding laboratories were supplied with a Youden pair of bovine serum samples and requested to use their current method for serum copper. Results of the analyses and the methods used were evaluated; hypotheses were developed in our laboratory to explain some of the interlaboratory variation. For the AAS method chosen, each of 12 collaborating laboratories analyzed one blind duplicate and 2 Youden pair of serum samples. A commercially available external control serum with a certified level of copper and a 1000 mg copper/L standard were also submitted. The method requires the serum to be diluted 1 + 1 with distilled water and the standards to be diluted with 10% glycerin to approximate the viscosity of the diluted serum. The intralaboratory coefficients of variation (CV) ranged from 2.24 to 4.40% and the interlaboratory CV ranged from 2.56% to 6.05%. The method has been adopted official first action.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Osheim
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, PO Box 844, Ames, IA 50010
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24
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Price MH, Connors BM, Candy JR, McIntosh B, Beacham TD, Moore JW, Reynolds JD. Genetics of century‐old fish scales reveal population patterns of decline. Conserv Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H.H. Price
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser University Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Brendan M. Connors
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser University Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute of Oceans Sciences Sidney BC V8L 5T5 Canada
| | - John R. Candy
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station Nanaimo BC V9T 6N7 Canada
| | - Brenda McIntosh
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station Nanaimo BC V9T 6N7 Canada
| | - Terry D. Beacham
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station Nanaimo BC V9T 6N7 Canada
| | - Jonathan W. Moore
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser University Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser University Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
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25
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Harding JMS, Harding JN, Field RD, Pendray JE, Swain NR, Wagner MA, Reynolds JD. Landscape Structure and Species Interactions Drive the Distribution of Salmon Carcasses in Coastal Watersheds. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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26
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Westwood AR, Otto SP, Mooers A, Darimont C, Hodges KE, Johnson C, Starzomski BM, Burton C, Chan KM, Festa-Bianchet M, Fluker S, Gulati S, Jacob AL, Kraus D, Martin TG, Palen WJ, Reynolds JD, Whitton J. Protecting biodiversity in British Columbia: Recommendations for developing species at risk legislation. Facets (Ott) 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2018-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
British Columbia has the greatest biological diversity of any province or territory in Canada. Yet increasing numbers of species in British Columbia are threatened with extinction. The current patchwork of provincial laws and regulations has not effectively prevented species declines. Recently, the Provincial Government has committed to enacting an endangered species law. Drawing upon our scientific and legal expertise, we offer recommendations for key features of endangered species legislation that build upon strengths and avoid weaknesses observed elsewhere. We recommend striking an independent Oversight Committee to provide recommendations about listing species, organize Recovery Teams, and monitor the efficacy of actions taken. Recovery Teams would evaluate and prioritize potential actions for individual species or groups of species that face common threats or live in a common area, based on best available evidence (including natural and social science and Indigenous Knowledge). Our recommendations focus on implementing an adaptive approach, with ongoing and transparent monitoring and reporting, to reduce delays between determining when a species is at risk and taking effective actions to save it. We urge lawmakers to include this strong evidentiary basis for species recovery as they tackle the scientific and socioeconomic challenges of building an effective species at risk Act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana R. Westwood
- Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative, 200-1350 Railway Avenue, Canmore, AB T1W 1P6, Canada
| | - Sarah P. Otto
- Biodiversity Research Centre & Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Arne Mooers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Chris Darimont
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Karen E. Hodges
- Department of Biology, The University of British Columbia—Okanagan Campus, 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Chris Johnson
- Ecosystem Science & Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada
| | - Brian M. Starzomski
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3060 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3R4, Canada
| | - Cole Burton
- Department of Forest Resources Management, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kai M.A. Chan
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, The University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Marco Festa-Bianchet
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Shaun Fluker
- Faculty of Law, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Sumeet Gulati
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Aerin L. Jacob
- Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative, 200-1350 Railway Avenue, Canmore, AB T1W 1P6, Canada
| | - Dan Kraus
- School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Tara G. Martin
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wendy J. Palen
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jeannette Whitton
- Biodiversity Research Centre & Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Perez-Protto SE, Reynolds JD, Nazemian R, You J, Hata JS, Latifi SQ, Lebovitz DJ. Peripheral tissue oxygenation and the number of organs transplanted per donor. Anaesth Intensive Care 2019; 46:601-607. [PMID: 30447670 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x1804600611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Current donor management practices target macrohaemodynamic parameters, but it is unclear if this leads to improvements in microvascular perfusion and tissue oxygenation; the latter may have more impact on organ status. In a recent preclinical study we determined that brain death impaired tissue perfusion and oxygen utilisation in swine while pharmacologic correction of these deficits improved organ function and reduced markers of tissue injury. As a first step in translating the preclinical findings, we conducted a prospective observational study to determine if there was an association between peripheral tissue oxygenation (measured by near-infrared spectroscopy) in deceased by neurological criteria human donors and the number of organs transplanted. In 60 donors, the mean time-weighted average of tissue oxygenation was 87.5% (standard deviation, SD, 5.2%) and the average number of organs transplanted was 3.5 (SD 2); there was a positive linear relationship between these two parameters. A 5% rise in tissue oxygenation was associated with an increase of 0.47 organs transplanted (95% confidence intervals 0.16 to 0.78) after adjusting for age (<i>P</i>=0.004). No such correlations were observed for the macrohaemodynamic or macro-oxygenation parameters (including arterial blood oxygenation). The results of this clinical trial are consistent with our preclinical work and support the postulate that targeting the microvasculature to improve tissue perfusion and tissue oxygen delivery in human donors has the potential to increase the quantity of organs suitable for transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Perez-Protto
- Departments of Critical Care; Outcomes Research, Anesthesiology Institute; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - J D Reynolds
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine/School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - R Nazemian
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine; Department of Anesthesia & Perioperative Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center; Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - J You
- Outcomes Research, Anesthesiology Institute; Department of Qualitative Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - J S Hata
- Departments of Critical Care; Outcomes Research, Anesthesiology Institute; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - S Q Latifi
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care, Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital; Lifebanc; Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - D J Lebovitz
- Critical Care Medicine, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron; Lifebanc; Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Abstract
Resource subsidies across ecosystems can have strong and unforeseen ecological impacts. Marine-derived nutrients from Pacific salmon (Onchorhycus spp.) can be transferred to streams and riparian forests through diverse food web pathways, fertilizing forests and increasing invertebrate abundance, which may in turn affect breeding birds. We quantified the influence of salmon on the abundance and composition of songbird communities across a wide range of salmon-spawning biomass on 14 streams along a remote coastal region of British Columbia, Canada. Point-count data spanning two years were combined with salmon biomass and 13 environmental covariates in riparian forests to test for correlates with bird abundance, foraging guilds, individual species, and avian diversity. We show that bird abundance and diversity increase with salmon biomass and that watershed size and forest composition are less important predictors. This work provides new evidence for the importance of salmon to terrestrial ecosystems and information that can inform ecosystem-based management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene A. Wagner
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada
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Artelle KA, Reynolds JD, Treves A, Walsh JC, Paquet PC, Darimont CT. Working constructively toward an improved North American approach to wildlife management. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaav2571. [PMID: 30306136 PMCID: PMC6170033 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav2571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mawdsley et al. (2018) respond disapprovingly to our 2018 review of 667 wildlife management systems across Canada and the United States, which found that many of these systems lacked the scientific hallmarks of clear objectives, evidence, transparency, and independent review. Although we strongly agree with several of Mawdsley et al.'s points about the role of science in management, their response suggests confusion about three elements of our approach that we clarify herein: (i) the selection of hallmarks, (ii) the role of science in wildlife management, and (iii) our engagement with wildlife agencies. We contend that both critics and defenders of the current approach to wildlife management in Canada and the United States similarly desire rigorous management that achieves social and ecological benefits. Our original study-which used a clear approach to define hallmarks of science-based management, employed a reasonable set of indicator criteria to test for them, and was based on data available to the general public on whose behalf management is conducted-found evidence that the current approach falls short. However, it also provided a framework for addressing shortcomings moving forward. We suggest that advancing discussion on the operational role of science in management, including clarifying what "science-based management" actually means, could curtail practitioners and critics of the status quo talking over each other's heads and encourage all parties to work constructively to improve the governance of wildlife at a continental scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A. Artelle
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adrian Treves
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jessica C. Walsh
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paul C. Paquet
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chris T. Darimont
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Bailey CJ, Braun DC, McCubbing D, Reynolds JD, Ward B, Davies TD, Moore JW. The roles of extrinsic and intrinsic factors in the freshwater life-history dynamics of a migratory salmonid. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Colin J. Bailey
- Earth to Ocean Research Group; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Douglas C. Braun
- Unit 215; InStream Fisheries; 2323 Boundary Road Vancouver British Columbia V5M 4V8 Canada
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Cooperative Resource Management Institute; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Donald McCubbing
- Unit 215; InStream Fisheries; 2323 Boundary Road Vancouver British Columbia V5M 4V8 Canada
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Bruce Ward
- British Columbia Ministry of Environment; University of British Columbia; 2202 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Trevor D. Davies
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations & Rural Development; P.O. Box 9391 Victoria British Columbia V8W 9M8 Canada
| | - Jonathan W. Moore
- Earth to Ocean Research Group; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
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van den Top GG, Reynolds JD, Prins HHT, Mattsson J, Green DJ, Ydenberg RC. From salmon to salmonberry: The effects of salmon‐derived nutrients on the stomatal density of leaves of the nitriphilic shrub
Rubus spectabilis. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
| | - Herbert H. T. Prins
- Resource Ecology Group Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Jim Mattsson
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
| | - David J. Green
- Centre for Wildlife Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
| | - Ronald C. Ydenberg
- Resource Ecology Group Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands
- Centre for Wildlife Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
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Atkinson EM, Bateman AW, Dill LM, Krkošek M, Reynolds JD, Godwin SC. Oust the louse: leaping behaviour removes sea lice from wild juvenile sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka. J Fish Biol 2018; 93:263-271. [PMID: 29956312 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a manipulative field experiment to determine whether the leaping behaviour of wild juvenile sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka dislodges ectoparasitic sea lice Caligus clemensi and Lepeophtheirus salmonis by comparing sea-lice abundances between O. nerka juveniles prevented from leaping and juveniles allowed to leap at a natural frequency. Juvenile O. nerka allowed to leap had consistently fewer sea lice after the experiment than fish that were prevented from leaping. Combined with past research, these results imply potential costs due to parasitism and indicate that the leaping behaviour of juvenile O. nerka does, in fact, dislodge sea lice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Atkinson
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew W Bateman
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Salmon Coast Field Station, Simoom Sound, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lawrence M Dill
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Krkošek
- Salmon Coast Field Station, Simoom Sound, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John D Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sean C Godwin
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Perez-Protto S, Nazemian R, Matta M, Patel P, Wagner KJ, Latifi SQ, Lebovitz DJ, Reynolds JD. The effect of inhalational anaesthesia during deceased donor organ procurement on post-transplantation graft survival. Anaesth Intensive Care 2018. [PMID: 29519220 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x1804600206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Many deceased by neurologic criteria donors are administered inhalational agents during organ recovery surgery-a process that is characterised by warm and cold ischaemia followed by warm reperfusion. In certain settings, volatile anaesthetics (VA) are known to precondition organs to protect them from subsequent ischaemia-reperfusion injury. As such, we hypothesised that exposure to VA during organ procurement would improve post-graft survival. Lifebanc (organ procurement organisation [OPO] for NE Ohio) provided the investigators with a list of death by neurologic criteria organ donors cared for at three large tertiary hospitals in Cleveland between 2006 and 2016-details about the surgical recovery phase were extracted from the organ donors' medical records. De-identified data on graft survival were obtained from the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS). The collated data underwent comparative analysis based on whether or not VA were administered during procurement surgery. Records from 213 donors were obtained for analysis with 138 exposed and 75 not exposed. Demographics, medical histories, and organ procurement rates were similar between the two cohorts. For the primary endpoint, there were no significant differences observed in either early (30-day) or late (five-year) graft survival rates for kidney, liver, lung, or heart transplants. Our findings from this retrospective review of a relatively small cohort do not support the hypothesis that the use of VA during the surgical procurement phase improves graft survival. Reviews of larger datasets and/or a prospective study may be required to provide a definitive answer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Perez-Protto
- Assistant Professor, Department of Critical Care, Department of Outcomes Research, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - R Nazemian
- MD, Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University; Physician Resident, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center; Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - M Matta
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - P Patel
- Clinical Fellow, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - K J Wagner
- Assistant Professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Metro Health Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - S Q Latifi
- Attending Physician, Department of Pediatric Critical Care, Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital; Co-Medical Director Lifebanc, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - D J Lebovitz
- Attending Physician, Department of Critical Care, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron; Medical Director, Lifebanc, Cleveland; Ohio, USA
| | - J D Reynolds
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University; Associate Professor, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center; Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Reynolds JD, Lincoln AE, Caswell SV, Dunn RE, Hepburn LH. Trends In Concussion Incidence In High School Sports, 2008-09 To 2015-16. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000535085.55991.e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Artelle KA, Reynolds JD, Treves A, Walsh JC, Paquet PC, Darimont CT. Hallmarks of science missing from North American wildlife management. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaao0167. [PMID: 29532032 PMCID: PMC5842039 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Resource management agencies commonly defend controversial policy by claiming adherence to science-based approaches. For example, proponents and practitioners of the "North American Model of Wildlife Conservation," which guides hunting policy across much of the United States and Canada, assert that science plays a central role in shaping policy. However, what that means is rarely defined. We propose a framework that identifies four fundamental hallmarks of science relevant to natural resource management (measurable objectives, evidence, transparency, and independent review) and test for their presence in hunt management plans created by 62 U.S. state and Canadian provincial and territorial agencies across 667 management systems (species-jurisdictions). We found that most (60%) systems contained fewer than half of the indicator criteria assessed, with more criteria detected in systems that were peer-reviewed, that pertained to "big game," and in jurisdictions at increasing latitudes. These results raise doubt about the purported scientific basis of hunt management across the United States and Canada. Our framework provides guidance for adopting a science-based approach to safeguard not only wildlife but also agencies from potential social, legal, and political conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A. Artelle
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation, P.O. Box 2429, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 3Y3, Canada
- Hakai Institute, P.O. Box 309, Heriot Bay, British Columbia V0P 1H0, Canada
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Adrian Treves
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 30A Science Hall, 550 North Park Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jessica C. Walsh
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Paul C. Paquet
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation, P.O. Box 2429, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 3Y3, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Chris T. Darimont
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation, P.O. Box 2429, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 3Y3, Canada
- Hakai Institute, P.O. Box 309, Heriot Bay, British Columbia V0P 1H0, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
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36
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Godwin SC, Dill LM, Krkošek M, Price MHH, Reynolds JD. Reduced growth in wild juvenile sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka infected with sea lice. J Fish Biol 2017; 91:41-57. [PMID: 28556094 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Daily growth rings were examined in the otoliths of wild juvenile sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka to determine whether infection by ectoparasitic sea lice Caligus clemensi and Lepeophtheirus salmonis was associated with reduced host body growth, an important determinant of survival. Over 98% of the sea lice proved to be C. clemensi and the fish that were highly infected grew more slowly than uninfected individuals. Larger fish also grew faster than smaller fish. Finally, there was evidence of an interaction between body size and infection status, indicating the potential for parasite-mediated growth divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Godwin
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - L M Dill
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - M Krkošek
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
- Salmon Coast Field Station, Simoom Sound, BC, V0P 1S0, Canada
| | - M H H Price
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
- SkeenaWild Conservation Trust, Terrace, BC, V8G 1P2, Canada
| | - J D Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
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Abstract
Sexual competition is associated closely with parental care because the sex providing less care has a higher potential rate of reproduction, and hence more to gain from competing for multiple mates. Sex differences in choosiness are not easily explained, however. The lower-caring sex (often males) has both higher costs of choice, because it is more difficult to find replacement mates, and higher direct benefits, because the sex providing more care (usually females) is likely to exhibit more variation in the quality of contributions to the young. Because both the costs and direct benefits of mate choice increase with increasing parental care by the opposite sex, general predictions about sex difference in choosiness are difficult. Furthermore, the level of choosiness of one sex will be influenced by the choosiness of the other. Here, we present an ESS model of mutual mate choice, which explicitly incorporates differences between males and females in life history traits that determine the costs and benefits of choice, and we illustrate our results with data from species with contrasting forms of parental care. The model demonstrates that sex differences in costs of choice are likely to have a much stronger effect on choosiness than are differences in quality variation, so that the less competitive sex will commonly be more choosy. However, when levels of male and female care are similar, differences in quality variation may lead to higher levels of both choice and competition in the same sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufus A Johnstone
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - John D Reynolds
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - James C Deutsch
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
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Andersson LC, Reynolds JD. Effects of habitat features on size-biased predation on salmon by bears. Oecologia 2017; 184:101-114. [PMID: 28251344 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3845-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Predators can drive trait divergence among populations of prey by imposing differential selection on prey traits. Habitat characteristics can mediate predator selectivity by providing refuge for prey. We quantified the effects of stream characteristics on biases in the sizes of spawning salmon caught by bears (Ursus arctos and U. americanus) on the central coast of British Columbia, Canada by measuring size-biased predation on spawning chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and pink (O. gorbuscha) salmon in 12 streams with varying habitat characteristics. We tested the hypotheses that bears would catch larger than average salmon (size-biased predation) and that this bias toward larger fish would be higher in streams that provide less protection to spawning salmon from predation (e.g., less pools, wood, undercut banks). We then we tested for how such size biases in turn translate into differences among populations in the sizes of the fish. Bears caught larger-than-average salmon as the spawning season progressed and as predicted, this was most pronounced in streams with fewer refugia for the fish (i.e., wood and undercut banks). Salmon were marginally smaller in streams with more pronounced size-biased predation but this predictor was less reliable than physical characteristics of streams, with larger fish in wider, deeper streams. These results support the hypothesis that selective forces imposed by predators can be mediated by habitat characteristics, with potential consequences for physical traits of prey.
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Abstract
Large male body size is typically favored by directional sexual selection through competition for mates. However, alternative male life-history phenotypes, such as "sneakers," should decrease the strength of sexual selection acting on body size of large "fighter" males. We tested this prediction with salmon species; in southern populations, where sneakers are common, fighter males should be smaller than in northern populations, where sneakers are rare, leading to geographical clines in sexual size dimorphism (SSD). Consistent with our prediction, fighter male body size and SSD (fighter male∶female size) increase with latitude in species with sneaker males (Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou) but not in species without sneakers (chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta and pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). This is the first evidence that sneaker males affect SSD across populations and species, and it suggests that alternative male mating strategies may shape the evolution of body size.
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Hurteau LA, Mooers AØ, Reynolds JD, Hocking MD. Salmon nutrients are associated with the phylogenetic dispersion of riparian flowering-plant assemblages. Ecology 2016; 97:450-60. [PMID: 27145619 DOI: 10.1890/15-0379.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A signature of nonrandom phylogenetic community structure has been interpreted as indicating community assembly processes. Significant clustering within the phylogenetic structure of a community can be caused by habitat filtering due to low nutrient availability. Nutrient limitation in temperate Pacific coastal rainforests can be alleviated to some extent by marine nutrient subsidies introduced by migrating salmon, which leave a quantitative signature on the makeup of plant communities near spawning streams. Thus, nutrient-mediated habitat filtering could be reduced by salmon nutrients. Here, we ask how salmon abundance affects the phylogenetic structure of riparian flowering plant assemblages across 50 watersheds in the Great Bear Rainforest of British Columbia, Canada. Based on a regional pool of 60 plant species, we found that assemblages become more phylogenetically dispersed and species poor adjacent to streams with higher salmon spawning density. In contrast, increased phylogenetic clumping and species richness was seen in sites with low salmon density, with steeper slopes, further from the stream edge, and within smaller watersheds. These observations are all consistent with abiotic habitat filtering and biotic competitive exclusion acting together across local and landscape-scale gradients in nutrient availability to structure assembly of riparian flowering plants. In this case, rich salmon nutrients appear to release riparian flowering-plant assemblages from the confines of a low-nutrient habitat filter that drives phylogenetic clustering.
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Kindsvater HK, Braun DC, Otto SP, Reynolds JD. Costs of reproduction can explain the correlated evolution of semelparity and egg size: theory and a test with salmon. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:687-96. [PMID: 27146705 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Species' life history traits, including maturation age, number of reproductive bouts, offspring size and number, reflect adaptations to diverse biotic and abiotic selection pressures. A striking example of divergent life histories is the evolution of either iteroparity (breeding multiple times) or semelparity (breed once and die). We analysed published data on salmonid fishes and found that semelparous species produce larger eggs, that egg size and number increase with salmonid body size among populations and species and that migratory behaviour and parity interact. We developed three hypotheses that might explain the patterns in our data and evaluated them in a stage-structured modelling framework accounting for different growth and survival scenarios. Our models predict the observation of small eggs in iteroparous species when egg size is costly to maternal survival or egg number is constrained. By exploring trait co-variation in salmonids, we generate new hypotheses for the evolution of trade-offs among life history traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly K Kindsvater
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Douglas C Braun
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada.,InStream Fisheries Research Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, V5M 4V8, Canada
| | - Sarah P Otto
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - John D Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
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Kindsvater HK, Mangel M, Reynolds JD, Dulvy NK. Ten principles from evolutionary ecology essential for effective marine conservation. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:2125-38. [PMID: 27069573 PMCID: PMC4782246 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainably managing marine species is crucial for the future health of the human population. Yet there are diverse perspectives concerning which species can be exploited sustainably, and how best to do so. Motivated by recent debates in the published literature over marine conservation challenges, we review ten principles connecting life‐history traits, population growth rate, and density‐dependent population regulation. We introduce a framework for categorizing life histories, POSE (Precocial–Opportunistic–Survivor–Episodic), which illustrates how a species’ life‐history traits determine a population's compensatory capacity. We show why considering the evolutionary context that has shaped life histories is crucial to sustainable management. We then review recent work that connects our framework to specific opportunities where the life‐history traits of marine species can be used to improve current conservation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly K Kindsvater
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada; Center for Stock Assessment Research University of California Santa Cruz California 95064
| | - Marc Mangel
- Center for Stock Assessment Research University of California Santa Cruz California 95064; Department of Biology University of Bergen Bergen 5020 Norway
| | - John D Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Nicholas K Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
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Nelson MC, Reynolds JD. Effects of subsidies from spawning chum and pink salmon on juvenile coho salmon body size and migration timing. Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es14-00162.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Swain NR, Reynolds JD. Effects of salmon-derived nutrients and habitat characteristics on population densities of stream-resident sculpins. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116090. [PMID: 26030145 PMCID: PMC4450874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement of nutrients across ecosystem boundaries can have important effects on food webs and population dynamics. An example from the North Pacific Rim is the connection between productive marine ecosystems and freshwaters driven by annual spawning migrations of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp). While a growing body of research has highlighted the importance of both pulsed nutrient subsidies and disturbance by spawning salmon, their effects on population densities of vertebrate consumers have rarely been tested, especially across streams spanning a wide range of natural variation in salmon densities and habitat characteristics. We studied resident freshwater prickly (Cottus asper), and coastrange sculpins (C. aleuticus) in coastal salmon spawning streams to test whether their population densities are affected by spawning densities of pink and chum salmon (O. gorbuscha and O. keta), as well as habitat characteristics. Coastrange sculpins occurred in the highest densities in streams with high densities of spawning pink and chum salmon. They also were more dense in streams with high pH, large watersheds, less area covered by pools, and lower gradients. In contrast, prickly sculpin densities were higher in streams with more large wood and pools, and less canopy cover, but their densities were not correlated with salmon. These results for coastrange sculpins provide evidence of a numerical population response by freshwater fish to increased availability of salmon subsidies in streams. These results demonstrate complex and context-dependent relationships between spawning Pacific salmon and coastal ecosystems and can inform an ecosystem-based approach to their management and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel R. Swain
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Harding JMS, Segal MR, Reynolds JD. Location is everything: evaluating the effects of terrestrial and marine resource subsidies on an estuarine bivalve. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125167. [PMID: 25993002 PMCID: PMC4436346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Estuaries are amongst the world's most productive ecosystems, lying at the intersection between terrestrial and marine environments. They receive substantial inputs from adjacent landscapes but the importance of resource subsidies is not well understood. Here, we test hypotheses for the effects of both terrestrial- and salmon-derived resource subsidies on the diet (inferred from stable isotopes of muscle tissue), size and percent nitrogen of the soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria), a sedentary estuarine consumer. We examine how these relationships shift across natural gradients among 14 estuaries that vary in upstream watershed size and salmon density on the central coast of British Columbia, Canada. We also test how assimilation and response to subsidies vary at smaller spatial scales within estuaries. The depletion and enrichment of stable isotope ratios in soft-shell clam muscle tissue correlated with increasing upstream watershed size and salmon density, respectively. The effects of terrestrial- and salmon-derived subsidies were also strongest at locations near stream outlets. When we controlled for age of individual clams, there were larger individuals with higher percent nitrogen content in estuaries below larger watersheds, though this effect was limited to the depositional zones below river mouths. Pink salmon exhibited a stronger effect on isotope ratios of clams than chum salmon, which could reflect increased habitat overlap as spawning pink salmon concentrate in lower stream reaches, closer to intertidal clam beds. However, there were smaller clams in estuaries that had higher upstream pink salmon densities, possibly due to differences in habitat requirements. Our study highlights the importance of upstream resource subsidies to this bivalve species, but that individual responses to subsidies can vary at smaller scales within estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel M. S. Harding
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- The Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada
| | - Michelle R. Segal
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- The Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada
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Hard JJ, Gross MR, Heino M, Hilborn R, Kope RG, Law R, Reynolds JD. Evolutionary consequences of fishing and their implications for salmon. Evol Appl 2015; 1:388-408. [PMID: 25567639 PMCID: PMC3352430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the evidence for fisheries-induced evolution in anadromous salmonids. Salmon are exposed to a variety of fishing gears and intensities as immature or maturing individuals. We evaluate the evidence that fishing is causing evolutionary changes to traits including body size, migration timing and age of maturation, and we discuss the implications for fisheries and conservation. Few studies have fully evaluated the ingredients of fisheries-induced evolution: selection intensity, genetic variability, correlation among traits under selection, and response to selection. Most studies are limited in their ability to separate genetic responses from phenotypic plasticity, and environmental change complicates interpretation. However, strong evidence for selection intensity and for genetic variability in salmon fitness traits indicates that fishing can cause detectable evolution within ten or fewer generations. Evolutionary issues are therefore meaningful considerations in salmon fishery management. Evolutionary biologists have rarely been involved in the development of salmon fishing policy, yet evolutionary biology is relevant to the long-term success of fisheries. Future management might consider fishing policy to (i) allow experimental testing of evolutionary responses to exploitation and (ii) improve the long-term sustainability of the fishery by mitigating unfavorable evolutionary responses to fishing. We provide suggestions for how this might be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Hard
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mart R Gross
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mikko Heino
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway ; Institute of Marine Research Bergen, Norway ; Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Ray Hilborn
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert G Kope
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard Law
- Department of Biology, University of York York, UK
| | - John D Reynolds
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Harding JN, Reynolds JD. Opposing forces: Evaluating multiple ecological roles of Pacific salmon in coastal stream ecosystems. Ecosphere 2014. [DOI: 10.1890/es14-00207.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Harding JMS, Reynolds JD. From earth and ocean: investigating the importance of cross-ecosystem resource linkages to a mobile estuarine consumer. Ecosphere 2014. [DOI: 10.1890/es14-00029.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Artelle
- Earth to Ocean Research Group (Biological Sciences), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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Braun DC, Patterson DA, Reynolds JD. Maternal and environmental influences on egg size and juvenile life-history traits in Pacific salmon. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:1727-40. [PMID: 23789081 PMCID: PMC3686205 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Life-history traits such as fecundity and offspring size are shaped by investment trade-offs faced by mothers and mediated by environmental conditions. We use a 21-year time series for three populations of wild sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) to test predictions for such trade-offs and responses to conditions faced by females during migration, and offspring during incubation. In years when their 1100 km upstream migration was challenged by high water discharges, females that reached spawning streams had invested less in gonads by producing smaller but not fewer eggs. These smaller eggs produced lighter juveniles, and this effect was further amplified in years when the incubation water was warm. This latter result suggests that there should be selection for larger eggs to compensate in populations that consistently experience warm incubation temperatures. A comparison among 16 populations, with matching migration and rearing environments but different incubation environments (i.e., separate spawning streams), confirmed this prediction; smaller females produced larger eggs for their size in warmer creeks. Taken together, these results reveal how maternal phenotype and environmental conditions can shape patterns of reproductive investment and consequently juvenile fitness-related traits within and among populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Braun
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
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