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Linderman JJ, Riggs T, Pande M, Miller M, Marino S, Kirschner DE. Characterizing the dynamics of CD4+ T cell priming within a lymph node. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:2873-85. [PMID: 20154206 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Generating adaptive immunity postinfection or immunization requires physical interaction within a lymph node T zone between Ag-bearing dendritic cells (DCs) and rare cognate T cells. Many fundamental questions remain regarding the dynamics of DC-CD4+ T cell interactions leading to priming. For example, it is not known how the production of primed CD4+ T cells relates to the numbers of cognate T cells, Ag-bearing DCs, or peptide-MHCII level on the DC. To address these questions, we developed an agent-based model of a lymph node to examine the relationships among cognate T cell frequency, DC density, parameters characterizing DC-T cell interactions, and the output of primed T cells. We found that the output of primed CD4+ T cells is linearly related to cognate frequency, but nonlinearly related to the number of Ag-bearing DCs present during infection. This addresses the applicability of two photon microscopy studies to understanding actual infection dynamics, because these types of experiments increase the cognate frequency by orders of magnitude compared with physiologic levels. We found a trade-off between the quantity of peptide-major histocompatibility class II on the surface of individual DCs and number of Ag-bearing DCs present in the lymph node in contributing to the production of primed CD4+ T cells. Interestingly, peptide-major histocompatibility class II t(1/2) plays a minor, although still significant, role in determining CD4+ T cell priming, unlike the primary role that has been suggested for CD8+ T cell priming. Finally, we identify several pathogen-targeted mechanisms that, if altered in their efficiency, can significantly effect the generation of primed CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Linderman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Chang ST, Linderman JJ, Kirschner DE. Multiple mechanisms allow Mycobacterium tuberculosis to continuously inhibit MHC class II-mediated antigen presentation by macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:4530-5. [PMID: 15767567 PMCID: PMC555518 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0500362102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous experimental studies suggest that Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibits a number of macrophage intracellular processes associated with antigen presentation, including antigen processing, MHC class II expression, trafficking of MHC class II molecules, and peptide-MHC class II binding. In this study, we investigate why multiple mechanisms have been observed. Specifically, we consider what purpose multiple mechanisms may serve, whether experimental protocols favor the detection of some mechanisms over others, and whether alternative mechanisms exist. By using a mathematical model of antigen presentation in macrophages that tracks levels of various molecules, including peptide-MHC class II complexes on the cell surface, we show that mechanisms targeting MHC class II expression are effective at inhibiting antigen presentation, but only after a delay of at least 10 h. By comparison, the effectiveness of mechanisms targeting other cellular processes is immediate, but may be attenuated under certain conditions. Therefore, targeting multiple cellular processes may represent an optimal strategy for M. tuberculosis (and other pathogens with relatively long doubling times) to maintain continuous inhibition of antigen presentation. In addition, based on a sensitivity analysis of the model, we identify other cellular processes that may be targeted by such pathogens to accomplish the same effect, representing potentially novel mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart T Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 6730 Medical Science Building II, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0620, USA
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3
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Weiss PA, Collier SD, Pruett SB. Effect of ethanol on B cell expression of major histocompatibility class II proteins in immunized mice. IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1998; 39:61-72. [PMID: 9667424 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-3109(97)00099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute or chronic exposure to ethanol (EtOH), as well as other stimuli that induce a neuroendocrine stress response, can decrease the expression of MHC class II proteins (immune-associated antigens, Ia) on B cells and macrophages. In a mouse model for binge drinking, it has been shown that this decrease is caused by EtOH-induced increases in endogenous glucocorticoids. Decreased Ia expression would be expected to suppress T-dependent humoral responses, and such suppression has been noted in our model. However, it has been reported that activated B cells are much less susceptible to glucocorticoid-induced decreases in Ia expression than are resting B cells. Thus, it is not clear that the decreased Ia observed in our previous studies with non-immunized mice could account for decreased humoral responses, because it has not been directly determined that decreased Ia expression occurs in immunized mice. To examine this issue, splenocytes from mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes were studied by flow cytometry. Mice were treated with EtOH by gavage and immunized 12 h later, because our previous results indicate that this produces maximal suppression of the humoral response. In immunized mice, EtOH decreased Ia expression on B cells at 6 and 12 h after immunization, but not at 24 or 74 h. In a dose-response study, a substantial decrease in Ia expression on B cells was observed at an EtOH dosage of 6.0 or 7.0 g/kg. Thus, decreased Ia expression is a potential mechanism for EtOH-induced suppression of the humoral response. A glucocorticoid antagonist (RU 486) partially blocked the EtOH-induced decrease in Ia expression, suggesting that glucocorticoids are involved in the reduction of Ia expression in immunized mice. Direct administration of corticosterone to produce blood levels comparable to those noted in EtOH-treated mice did not significantly decrease Ia expression, but Ia expression tended to be lower in mice treated with corticosterone. Taken together, these results indicate that glucocorticoids play some role in decreasing Ia expression in immunized mice, but they are less important than in non-immunized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Weiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi 39762, USA
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Shoskes DA, Halloran PF. Delayed graft function in renal transplantation: etiology, management and long-term significance. J Urol 1996; 155:1831-40. [PMID: 8618268 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)66023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In cadaveric renal transplantation a period of delayed graft function postoperatively is not uncommon and often associated with a poor outcome. We reviewed the biology of reperfusion injury and delayed graft function in renal transplantation, as well as its prevention, management and long-term effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS The medical literature covering acute tubular necrosis, delayed graft function in renal transplantation and immunology of ischemia reperfusion injury was reviewed. RESULTS Delayed graft function is clearly associated with poor allograft survival, and is caused by an interaction of ischemic and immunological factors. Technical and pharmacological maneuvers can improve early function rates. The response to ischemic injury is complex, and may increase graft immunogenicity and promote the chronic proliferative changes seen in chronic allograft nephropathy. CONCLUSIONS Improvement in early renal function should be a primary goal in renal transplantation to enhance early and long-term results. Basic research into the injury response may yield insights into renal pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Shoskes
- Department of Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, USA
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6
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Santos LM, Lider O, Audette J, Khoury SJ, Weiner HL. Characterization of immunomodulatory properties and accessory cell function of small intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Immunol 1990; 127:26-34. [PMID: 1690608 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(90)90111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the immunomodulatory properties of epithelial cells from the small intestine on T cell immune function in vitro. Proliferation of lymph node cells stimulated either with antigen or with mitogen was inhibited by epithelial cells in a dose-dependent fashion. The epithelial cell-mediated suppression of lymphocyte proliferation was blocked by indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase pathway inhibitor, demonstrating that the suppressive effect of epithelial cells was related to prostaglandin secretion. Furthermore, the action of epithelial cell-secreted prostaglandin on lymphocytes was related to its effect on IL-2 as the suppressive effect of epithelial cells was abrogated by the addition of exogenous IL-2. As previously reported, epithelial cells constitutively express MHC class II and we found them able to present antigen in a class II-restricted fashion when their suppressive effects were blocked by indomethacin. Furthermore, epithelial cells activated by LPS secrete an IL-1 like molecule in a fashion analogous to other antigen-presenting cells. These results demonstrate that epithelial cells can both enhance and suppress in vitro T cell immune responses and further characterize the mechanisms by which intestinal epithelial cells may function in gut-associated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Santos
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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7
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Cousin JL, del Vesco P, Samson M, Brandenburg D, Fehlmann M. Binding of antigen to Ia molecules on intact antigen presenting cells demonstrated by photoaffinity labeling. Mol Immunol 1989; 26:293-9. [PMID: 2649792 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(89)90083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We used a photoaffinity labeling technique to investigate whether a molecular interaction occurs between antigen and Ia molecules on antigen presenting cells (APC) in the absence of T lymphocytes. M.12.4.1 B lymphoma cells (Iad), which are able to present bovine insulin to Iad lymph node primed T cells, were given radioiodinated bovine insulin derivatized with the photoreactive group (2-nitro-4-azidophenylacetyl) at Lys 29 of the B chain of the insulin molecule. Processing of insulin was allowed by incubating the APC with antigen for increasing periods of time at 37 degrees C or 4 degrees C. The covalent coupling of the processed photoreactive antigen to any neighboring cellular protein was thereafter induced by u.v. irradiation. Immunoprecipitation of membrane proteins by monoclonal antibodies showed that under these conditions, the alpha and beta subunits of the Ia molecules were selectively photolabeled. Labeling was time- and temp-dependent as was the internalization of insulin. The apparent mol. wts of the antigen-Ia molecule complexes were not significantly different from that of native Ia molecules radioiodinated by surface labeling, indicating that only a small fragment of the antigen was covalently coupled to Ia molecules. Similar experiments performed with human B lymphoma cells (526 cells) gave similar results. These observations therefore indicate: (1) that Ia molecules expressed by intact APC are able to bind antigens in the absence of T lymphocyte antigen receptor; and (2) that this association, at least for insulin, requires uptake and a proteolytic fragmentation of the antigen by the APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Cousin
- INSERM U210, Faculté de Médecine (Pasteur), Nice, France
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Vitetta ES, Fernandez-Botran R, Myers CD, Sanders VM. Cellular interactions in the humoral immune response. Adv Immunol 1989; 45:1-105. [PMID: 2665437 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60692-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E S Vitetta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235
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9
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Bernard NF, Reid PC, Phillips ML, Delovitch TL. Correlation of presentation of insulin with surface I-Ad and A alpha and A beta mRNA expression by cloned B lymphoma hybridoma variants. Immunol Lett 1988; 19:143-51. [PMID: 3148547 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(88)90134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between Ia expression and antigen presentation in cloned B cells, using variants of TA3 antigen presenting cells. Two TA3 subclones were selected as high presenters and 5 as low presenters of insulin to pork insulin/I-Ad restricted T cells. All TA3 subclones express the surface I-Ak, I-Ek, I-Ad and I-Ed Ia antigens characteristic of the parental cell line. However, surface I-Ad levels correlated best with the ability to present insulin, since high presenters express 2- to 4-fold more I-Ad than low presenters. High presenters possess 2- to 4-times more A alpha and A beta Ia mRNA than low presenters and also transcribe these mRNAs 2- to 5-fold faster than most low presenters. Thus, the correlation noted between I-Ad surface density and capacity to present insulin by our panel of TA3 variants is regulated at the level of transcription and not translation of I-Ad specific mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F Bernard
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Zhang YP, Tzartos SJ, Wekerle H. B-T lymphocyte interactions in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis: antigen presentation by rat/mouse hybridoma lines secreting monoclonal antibodies against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Eur J Immunol 1988; 18:211-8. [PMID: 2450756 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830180205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Many, but not all rat/mouse B hybridoma cells, producing monoclonal antibodies against determinants on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) of the electric organ of Torpedo californica, were able to immunologically present antigen to AChR-specific, Ia-compatible CD4+ T lymphocyte lines. Most of the hybridomas presented AChR in a privileged manner, i.e. they present AChR even more effectively than macrophages or dendritic cells. However, in the presentation of antigens other than AChR, they were inferior to macrophages. Moreover, some hybridomas were able to present AChR not only in soluble state, but also in membrane vesicles. Privileged presentation of AChR by hybridomas depended on the reactivity of the secreted immunoglobulins with epitopes of the AChR alpha chain, and on the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II antigens on the hybridoma cell surface. There was, however, no quantitative correlation between the actual AChR presentation capacity of one clone and the density of its surface Ia. Neither fine specificity nor isotype of hybridoma immunoglobulin are critical in determining privileged AChR presentation. We postulate that different hybridomas vary in their ability to take up soluble and particulate antigen, to process and to re-express them on the cellular membrane. This capacity may determine their efficiency to present antigen to T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y P Zhang
- Clinical Research Unit for Multiple Sclerosis, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Würzburg, FRG
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Delany ME, Dietert RR, Bloom SE. MHC-chromosome dosage effects: evidence for increased expression of Ia glycoprotein and alteration of B cell subpopulations in neonatal aneuploid chickens. Immunogenetics 1988; 27:24-30. [PMID: 3119472 DOI: 10.1007/bf00404440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative variation in the expression of MHC-encoded class II (Ia) glycoproteins has been associated with stages of lymphocyte development and a number of disease conditions. We have used an avian MHC dosage model to study the regulation of Ia expression and the effects of quantitative variation in membrane Ia on B-cell development. Lymphocyte membrane expression of Ia glycoprotein molecules and the frequency of small-versus-large lymphocytes were examined in trisomic line chickens containing either two (disomic), three (trisomic), or four (tetrasomic) copies of the microchromosome encoding the MHC. This was accomplished by quantitative laser flow cytometry analysis of bursa-resident B lymphocytes from neonatal trisomic line chickens. The aneuploids (trisomics and tetrasomics) expressed more cell surface Ia than did normal disomic birds. Furthermore, the aneuploids exhibited a greater frequency of small B lymphocytes as compared to disomic chickens. Dual parameter analysis of Ia quantity and cell size was undertaken to study B lymphocyte subpopulations in these birds. It was observed that the aneuploids had altered frequencies of two distinct subpopulations of cells: (1) an increased percentage of small cells which express high levels of Ia antigen and (2) a decreased percentage of large cells which express medium levels of Ia antigen. These findings support the view that MHC class II genes are regulated and expressed in a dosage-dependent manner. Therefore, increases in the number of MHC copies per cell result in the increased expression of Ia glycoprotein on bursa-resident B cells. The stepwise increase in membrane Ia on trisomic and tetrasomic B cells is correlated, and perhaps casually linked, with progressive degrees of alteration of developing B cell subpopulations in the bursa of aneuploid chicks. These events may ultimately alter the humoral immunity of the aneuploid animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Delany
- Department of Poultry and Avian Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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12
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Zhang Y, Tzartos S, Schalke BC, Melms A, Wekerle H. Interaction between AChR-specific T- and B-line lymphocytes: antigen presentation by B hybridoma cells and the enhancing effect of monoclonal antibodies on T-cell activation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987; 505:71-81. [PMID: 3500671 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb51283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Clinical Research Unit for Multiple Sclerosis, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Würzburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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13
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Tisch R, Watanabe M, Letarte M, Hozumi N. Assessment of antigen-specific receptor function of surface immunoglobulin M and D with identical hapten specificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:3831-5. [PMID: 3108881 PMCID: PMC304970 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.11.3831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal B-cell lines expressing antigen-specific surface IgM or IgD were established by transferring the genes encoding immunoglobulin heavy (mu or delta) and light (kappa) chains specific for the hapten 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP) into a B-cell lymphoma line. Two IgMTNP and two IgDTNP transformants were selected on the basis of similar levels of anti-TNP idiotype expression by flow microfluorimetric analysis. The IgMTNP and IgDTNP transformants were compared in quantitative assays for their ability to bind TNP-carrier and present TNP-carrier to carrier-specific T cells. Our results indicate that IgMTNP and IgDTNP transformants have an equal capacity to bind and present specific antigen. Thus surface IgM and IgD, when present in equivalent amounts, function similarly as antigen receptors.
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Matsui Y. Increased density of class I major histocompatibility complex antigens and decreased density of T-cell differentiation antigens in the early stages of T-cell activation. Hum Immunol 1987; 18:123-33. [PMID: 2435684 DOI: 10.1016/0198-8859(87)90010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens and T-cell differentiation antigens on activated T cells play a central role in T-cell interactions. In the present study, we have analyzed time courses of both quantity and density of the T-cell differentiation antigens, CD3 (T3), CD4 (T4), and CD8 (T8), as well as MHC antigens, on the cell surface of T cells, and made correlated measurements of DNA content with the surface antigen quantity as well with RNA content and cell size following activation of T cells by phytohemagglutinin. We found that the quantity and density of class I MHC antigens increase within 24 hr following activation and then decrease, while the quantity and density of the T-cell differentiation antigens decrease within 24 hr following activation, which suggests that T-cell recognition involving class I MHC gene products occurs at an early stage of T-cell activation. Class II MHC antigens can be detected on more than 40% of T cells as the expression of the T-cell differentiation antigens increases much later in the response. Cell cycle studies demonstrated that the density of class I MHC, CD3, CD4, and CD8 antigens was greater in G0/G1 phase cells than G2 phase cells at all times tested during T-cell activation. Our findings suggest that T cells demonstrate a differential regulation in expression of MHC and T-cell differentiation antigens following activation which may reflect their role in cellular interactions.
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Larsson EL, Joki A, Stålhandske T. Mechanism of action of the new immunomodulator LS2616 on T cell responses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1987; 9:425-31. [PMID: 2957330 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(87)90016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Spleen cells from mice treated with LS2616 display a highly increased response to the polyclonal T cell lectin ConA. The total number of splenic T cells, and the relative ratios between L3T4+ and Lyt-2+ T cells were not altered by LS2616 treatment. By dissecting the overall ConA response it was found that the number of ConA-inducible, IL-2 reactive T cells was unaffected, while ConA-induced IL-2 production was enhanced after LS2616 treatment. Spleen cells from LS2616 treated mice, depleted of G10 adherent macrophages (M phi) and reconstituted with M phi from untreated mice displayed normal levels of ConA responses. M phi depleted spleen cells from untreated animals, cocultured with M phi enriched populations from LS2616 treated animals resulted in an increased ConA response. Furthermore, spleen cells from treated mice were found to be excellent stimulators for alloantigen-induced T cell responses; when used as responders in MLC, however, these cells were comparable to responders from non-treated animals. Taken together the results demonstrate that LS2616 exerts an immunostimulatory effect on M phi, which indirectly facilitates polyclonal and antigen-specific T cell responses. The possible implications of this observation on various immunoregulatory events are discussed.
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Chen BP, DeMars R, Sondel PM. Presentation of soluble antigen to human T cells by products of multiple HLA-linked loci: analysis of antigen presentation by a panel of cloned, autologous, HLA-mutant Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines. Hum Immunol 1987; 18:75-91. [PMID: 3542914 DOI: 10.1016/0198-8859(87)90114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-transformed human B lymphoblastoid cell lines (EBV-LCL) can present soluble antigens to antigen-primed T lymphocytes. In this study, we used HLA antigen-loss mutants of an EBV-LCL line (LCL 721) to demonstrate that the presentation of a soluble antigen from Candida albicans (CAN) by EBV-LCL to primed T cells can be restricted by multiple HLA determinants. Haplotype-deletion mutants that contained only the maternal or only the paternal HLA-haplotype were used to demonstrate the preferential role of autologous HLA antigens in presenting soluble antigens to Candida-primed T cells from the donor of LCL-721, and to T cells from her mother and father. Immunoselected mutants of LCL-721 showing a variety of distinct phenotypes that are deficient in HLA-DR, DQ, or DP antigen expression were tested as antigen-presenting cells. The antigen-presenting ability of these class II deficient EBV-LCL variants weakened with progressive loss of class II HLA determinants expressed on the cell surface. Our study, therefore, provides evidence for multiple HLA restriction determinants, including HLA-DR, DQ, and DP. Furthermore, LCL lacking all HLA-DR, DQ, and DP expression because of homozygous deletion of these MHC class II genes still presented CAN and Tetanus toxid (TET), although to a much lesser degree than presented by LCL-721. This suggests that determinants other than DR, DQ, and DP which are expressed on these EBV-LCL may also function as restriction elements for the proliferative T-cell response to soluble antigens.
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Regnier-Vigouroux A, Blanc D, Pont S, Marchetto S, Pierres M. Accessory molecules and T cell activation. I. Antigen receptor avidity differentially influences T cell sensitivity to inhibition by monoclonal antibodies to LFA-1 and L3T4. Eur J Immunol 1986; 16:1385-90. [PMID: 3096742 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830161112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of BALB/c-derived T hybridoma cells, capable of producing interleukin 2 (IL 2) in response to poly(Glu60, Ala30, Tyr10) (GAT) presented by syngeneic B lymphoma cells in the context of Ad restriction determinants, was used as a model system to evaluate the roles of LFA-1 and L3T4 accessory molecules in antigen-specific T cell activation. Examination of the antigen requirement for optimal IL 2 responses revealed marked differences in the apparent avidity of these cells for GAT/Ad complexes. A relationship was observed between this parameter and the susceptibility of T hybridoma cells to inhibition by monoclonal antibodies directed at 5 distinct epitopes of LFA-1, and at A beta d allodeterminants. In contrast, L3T4a-specific monoclonal antibodies were found to block in a similar fashion the antigen-specific IL 2 responses of T hybridoma cells, regardless of the apparent avidity of their antigen receptors. It was also shown that both L3T4+ and L3T4- T hybridoma cells were capable of recognizing GAT plus Ad with high avidity. Thus, the quality of T cell antigen recognition appears to critically influence the involvement of LFA-1, and only to a marginal extent that of L3T4, in antigen-specific T cell activation. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of recent data indicating that L3T4 may not only be an Ia-binding protein.
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Watanabe M, Wegmann DR, Ochi A, Hozumi N. Antigen presentation by a B-cell line transfected with cloned immunoglobulin heavy- and light-chain genes specific for a defined hapten. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986; 83:5247-51. [PMID: 2941761 PMCID: PMC323928 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.83.14.5247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The rearranged genes encoding immunoglobulin heavy (mu) and light (kappa) chains specific for the hapten 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (Tnp) were introduced into a B-lymphoma line that bears surface IgG with an unknown specificity and expresses surface Ia molecules. A transformant expressing surface IgM specific for Tnp was obtained. The transformant was found to present Tnp-proteins to antigen (protein)-specific T cells far more efficiently than the parenteral B-lymphoma line. This artificial system, utilizing recombinant DNA technology and gene transfer, provides several approaches for the study of T-cell-B-cell interactions.
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19
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Teyton L, Lotteau V, Boyer B, Charron DJ. A quantitative dot immunobinding assay for human HLA class II antigens using nitrocellulose membrane filters. J Immunol Methods 1986; 89:73-9. [PMID: 3517174 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(86)90033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative method for the evaluation of human HLA-DR antigen expression has been developed. Cell membrane proteins were solubilized in Nonidet P-40 or deoxycholic acid detergent and diluted in a Triton X-100 containing sample buffer. The samples were subsequently spotted on a nitrocellulose membrane filter and fixed by immersion in isopropyl alcohol-acetic acid solution. The membrane was saturated in a 5% BSA blocking buffer and sequentially incubated with specific monoclonal anti-HLA-DR antibody, and 125I-labelled protein A. Each spot was then assayed for radioactivity in a gamma scintillation counter. Immunoadsorbant purified HLA-DR antigen was used to standardize the method and a reference dosage curve was established with serial dilutions of the purified HLA-DR antigen. The method permitted the detection of HLA-DR antigens with reproducibility in the ng range, in cellular extracts, physiological and pathological fluids, and in fractions eluted from affinity columns.
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Björklund M, Beretta A, Coutinho A, Gullberg M. Effector functions and specificities of normal murine T cells stimulated by syngeneic blasts. Eur J Immunol 1986; 16:471-7. [PMID: 2938972 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830160502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Large numbers of syngeneically stimulated T cells are easily obtained by stimulation of splenic T cell populations with irradiated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) blasts. Thus, proliferative T cell responses were obtained after stimulation with allogeneic LPS blasts, concanavalin A (Con A) blasts, normal spleen cells or peritoneal macrophages while only LPS and Con A blasts were competent syngeneic stimulators. The cytolytic activity of T cells stimulated with allogeneic LPS blasts was H-2 specific, while that of T cells stimulated with syngeneic LPS blasts was often completely nonspecific, and higher for LPS than for Con A blast target cells. In other experiments, "self" H-2K- and I-A-specific cytotoxic T cells were obtained, without apparent reasons for the development of either type of cytolytic cells. Stimulation of Lyt-2- T cells with syngeneic LPS blasts led to the generation of T helper effector cells which induced normal B cell proliferation in an H-2 restricted manner. This restriction was over-come, the proliferative responses were augmented and plaque-forming cell responses generated, through addition of Con A to the cultures. The results imply the ability of B blasts to induce stimulation of syngeneic T cells, and generation of effector cells displaying cytolytic and helper activity. This phenomenon might play a role in the regulation of the immune system.
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Triebel F, de Roquefeuil S, Blanc C, Charron DJ, Debre P. Expression of MHC class II and Tac antigens on IL2-activated human T cell clones that can stimulate in MLR, AMLR, PLT and can present antigen. Hum Immunol 1986; 15:302-15. [PMID: 2420767 DOI: 10.1016/0198-8859(86)90005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The expression of interleukin 2 (IL2) receptor and HLA-DR, DQ, and DP antigens on the surface of four diphtheria toxoïd (DT)-specific T lymphocyte clones (TLC) and two TLC specific for an allogeneic EBV-transformed cell line was investigated with the use of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) that recognize defined molecules or epitopes. Incubation of a resting TLC with IL2 resulted in a 10- to 30-fold increase in the level of DR, DQ, and Tac antigen expression. On the other hand, incubation of an activated TLC with IL2 decreased for 1 to 6 hr the level of expression of these three antigens. Anti-FA MoAbs did not react with any of the TLC tested suggesting that the expression of DR, DQ, and DP antigens is dissociated on activated TLC. Surface-marker analysis with anti-DR MoAbs indicated that DR epitopes were differently expressed at some activation stages of the TLC. Functional studies showed that activated TLC can stimulate in MLR, AMLR, and PLT. These proliferative responses were inhibited by preincubating the TLC with anti-DR MoAbs suggesting that the stimulatory determinants were predominantly DR molecules. In addition, some TLC can act as antigen presenting cells in DT-specific proliferative responses. These results indicate that MHC class II molecules on activated T lymphocytes may be relevant for the control of specific immunologic responses in vivo.
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Boog CJ, Kast WM, Timmers HT, Boes J, de Waal LP, Melief CJ. Abolition of specific immune response defect by immunization with dendritic cells. Nature 1985; 318:59-62. [PMID: 2932649 DOI: 10.1038/318059a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Murine cytotoxic T (Tc)-cell responses to various antigens are controlled by immune response (Ir) genes mapping in the major histocompatibility complex (H-2). The genes responsible are those encoding the class I and class II H-2 antigens. The H-2 I-Ab mutant mouse strain bm12 differs from its strain of origin, C57BL/6 (H-2b), only in three amino acids in the I-A beta bm12 class II H-2 molecule. As a consequence, female bm12 mice are Tc-cell nonresponders to the male antigen H-Y and do not reject H-Y disparate skin grafts. We now report that bm12 mice generate strong H-Y-specific Tc cells following priming in vivo and restimulation in vitro with male bm12 dendritic cells (DC). Female bm12 mice primed with male DC also reject male skin grafts. Furthermore, we demonstrate that only responder cell populations containing a mixture of L3T4+ (T-helper (Th) phenotype) and Lyt 2+ (Tc phenotype) T lymphocytes generate H-Y-specific Tc cells. These data imply an essential role for Th cells, activated by DC as antigen-presenting cells (APC), in changing H-Y-nonresponder bm12 mice into H-Y responders. Priming and restimulation with DC allows the triggering of a T-cell repertoire not demonstrable by the usual modes of immunization. This principle might be used to overcome other specific immune response defects.
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Bogen B. Dominant suppressive effect of the silent Eb alpha allele on an in vivo T helper cell response under Ed beta Ed alpha region-linked immune response gene control. Eur J Immunol 1985; 15:1033-7. [PMID: 2932337 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830151014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous adoptive spleen cell transfer experiments have demonstrated that an immune response (Ir) gene linked to the Ed beta Ed alpha region allows BALB/c T helper lymphocytes (Th) to respond to an idiotope on the V lambda 2(315) fragment of isologous myeloma protein M315. BALB.K (H-2k) and BALB.B (H-2b) do not respond to V lambda 2(315). While (H-2d X H-2k)F1 hybrids have been shown to be responders, it is now demonstrated that (H-2d X H-2b)F1 hybrids are low responders. By crossing BALB/c with various H-2 recombinants on B10 background and probing Th responsiveness to V lambda 2(315) in these F1 hybrids, the dominant suppressive gene of the H-2b haplotype is mapped to Eb alpha Sb. It is argued that the suppressive gene is Eb alpha, which is a silent allele. A likely explanation for the suppressive effect of the Eb alpha allele is that reduced amounts of Ed beta: Ed alpha restriction elements are present on antigen-presenting cells of (H-2d X H-2b)F1 hybrids because only one E alpha gene is functional in such mice. The present report extends previous in vitro findings from other laboratories to the in vivo situation and suggests that silent alleles for class II molecule chains may profoundly affect certain immune responses of individuals heterozygous for the silent allele.
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Naquet P, Malissen B, Bekkhoucha F, Pont S, Pierres A, Hood L, Pierres M. L3T4 but not LFA-1 participates in antigen presentation by Ak-positive L-cell transformants. Immunogenetics 1985; 22:247-56. [PMID: 2931359 DOI: 10.1007/bf00404484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We report that mouse L cells expressing Ak class II molecules on their surface after DNA-mediated gene transfer are capable of presenting the synthetic copolymer (Glu60 Ala30 Tyr10) to Ak-restricted long-term T-cell clones. Antigen-induced T-cell stimulation could be inhibited by monoclonal antibodies (mAb) directed at spatially distinct determinants of the alpha and/or beta subunits of the Ak molecule, and by the rat L3T4-specific mAb H129.19. In contrast, several rat mAb reactive with the mouse LFA-1 molecule failed to inhibit T-cell activation when L cells were used as antigen-presenting cells (APC), although these mAb strongly inhibited the same T-cell responses in the presence of leukocytic APC. Similarly, the cytolytic activity of the Ak-specific T-cell clone A15.1.17 was blocked by L3T4-specific and by LFA-1-specific mAb when tested on Ak-positive B-cell hybridomas, but only by L3T4-specific mAb and not by LFA-1-specific mAb when Ak-positive L-cell transformants were used as targets. These data support the notion that the LFA-1 molecule is not necessary for T-cell activation, and suggest that its functional role as an accessory molecule depends on the leukocytic nature of the APC tested.
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Bandeira A, Pereira P, Martinez C, Coutinho A. Interactions of small B lymphocytes with unprimed noncytolytic T cells: dissociation between "presentation" and growth induction. Eur J Immunol 1985; 15:865-72. [PMID: 3876222 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830150902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The accessory cell requirements in lectin-dependent triggering and growth of unprimed Lyt-2-T lymphocytes were analyzed by quantitatively comparing the ability of small B cells and peritoneal macrophages to either induce reactivity to growth factors or support growth. Lightly or nonirradiated small B cells were 15 to 30-fold less efficient as compared to T cell-depleted peritoneal cell populations, in the support of the lectin-stimulated Lyt-2-T cell proliferation. In contrast, lightly irradiated small B lymphocytes were quantitatively as efficient as macrophages in mediating lectin-driven Lyt-2-T cell proliferation, if relevant supernatants were added into culture. Finally, supernatants derived from cultures where T-small B cell ratios were optimal for growth of responder Lyt-2-lymphocytes were two orders of magnitude less efficient than conditioned medium obtained from cultures containing optimal T-macrophage ratios, in their ability to support growth of activated T cells. We conclude from these experiments that: in contrast to cytolytic T cell precursors, lectin-dependent induction of unprimed Lyt-2- T lymphocytes requires accessory cells; small B cells and macrophages are equally competent in this respect; and growth support by small B cell populations is due to contamination by macrophages which are the only cell type performing this function. We therefore interpret reports on Lyt-2- T cell proliferation upon stimulation with high numbers of small B cells as a two-step process: "presentation" and induction of T cells which is essentially B cell dependent, and factor production ensured by contaminating macrophages.
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