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Nidadavolu LS, Cosarderelioglu C, Merino Gomez A, Wu Y, Bopp T, Zhang C, Nguyen T, Marx-Rattner R, Yang H, Antonescu C, Florea L, Talbot CC, Smith B, Foster DB, Fairman JE, Yenokyan G, Chung T, Le A, Walston JD, Abadir PM. Interleukin-6 Drives Mitochondrial Dysregulation and Accelerates Physical Decline: Insights From an Inducible Humanized IL-6 Knock-In Mouse Model. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2023; 78:1740-1752. [PMID: 37310873 PMCID: PMC10562892 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glad147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic activation of inflammatory pathways (CI) and mitochondrial dysfunction are independently linked to age-related functional decline and early mortality. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is among the most consistently elevated chronic activation of inflammatory pathways markers, but whether IL-6 plays a causative role in this mitochondrial dysfunction and physical deterioration remains unclear. To characterize the role of IL-6 in age-related mitochondrial dysregulation and physical decline, we have developed an inducible human IL-6 (hIL-6) knock-in mouse (TetO-hIL-6mitoQC) that also contains a mitochondrial-quality control reporter. Six weeks of hIL-6 induction resulted in upregulation of proinflammatory markers, cell proliferation and metabolic pathways, and dysregulated energy utilization. Decreased grip strength, increased falls off the treadmill, and increased frailty index were also observed. Further characterization of skeletal muscles postinduction revealed an increase in mitophagy, downregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis genes, and an overall decrease in total mitochondrial numbers. This study highlights the contribution of IL-6 to mitochondrial dysregulation and supports a causal role of hIL-6 in physical decline and frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lolita S Nidadavolu
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Caglar Cosarderelioglu
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alessandra Merino Gomez
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuqiong Wu
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Taylor Bopp
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Cissy Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tu Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruth Marx-Rattner
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Huanle Yang
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Corina Antonescu
- Department of Genetic Medicine, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Liliana Florea
- Department of Genetic Medicine, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Conover C Talbot
- Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbara Smith
- Department of Cell Biology, Imaging Facility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - D Brian Foster
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer E Fairman
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Art as Applied to Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gayane Yenokyan
- Johns Hopkins Biostatistics Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tae Chung
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anne Le
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeremy D Walston
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter M Abadir
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Vasalou V, Kotidis E, Tatsis D, Boulogeorgou K, Grivas I, Koliakos G, Cheva A, Ioannidis O, Tsingotjidou A, Angelopoulos S. The Effects of Tissue Healing Factors in Wound Repair Involving Absorbable Meshes: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5683. [PMID: 37685753 PMCID: PMC10488606 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex and meticulously orchestrated process involving multiple phases and cellular interactions. This narrative review explores the intricate mechanisms behind wound healing, emphasizing the significance of cellular processes and molecular factors. The phases of wound healing are discussed, focusing on the roles of immune cells, growth factors, and extracellular matrix components. Cellular shape alterations driven by cytoskeletal modulation and the influence of the 'Formin' protein family are highlighted for their impact on wound healing processes. This review delves into the use of absorbable meshes in wound repair, discussing their categories and applications in different surgical scenarios. Interleukins (IL-2 and IL-6), CD31, CD34, platelet rich plasma (PRP), and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) are discussed in their respective roles in wound healing. The interactions between these factors and their potential synergies with absorbable meshes are explored, shedding light on how these combinations might enhance the healing process. Recent advances and challenges in the field are also presented, including insights into mesh integration, biocompatibility, infection prevention, and postoperative complications. This review underscores the importance of patient-specific factors and surgical techniques in optimizing mesh placement and healing outcomes. As wound healing remains a dynamic field, this narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding and potential avenues for future research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Vasalou
- Fourth Surgical Department, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Andreas Syggros Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios Kotidis
- Fourth Surgical Department, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitris Tatsis
- Fourth Surgical Department, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kassiani Boulogeorgou
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.B.)
| | - Ioannis Grivas
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Koliakos
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Angeliki Cheva
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.B.)
| | - Orestis Ioannidis
- Fourth Surgical Department, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Tsingotjidou
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stamatis Angelopoulos
- Fourth Surgical Department, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Pan R, Kuai S, Li Q, Zhu X, Wang T, Cui Y. Diagnostic value of IL-6 for patients with asthma: a meta-analysis. ALLERGY, ASTHMA, AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 19:39. [PMID: 37173781 PMCID: PMC10182700 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-023-00794-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-6 is a pleotropic cytokine that acts as a pro-inflammatory mediator and acute-phase response inducer, but has also been reported to possess anti-inflammatory properties. The objective of this study was to assess the validity of serum IL-6 test for diagnosis of asthma. METHODS A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane library from January 2007 to March 2021 to identify relevant studies. Eleven studies were included in this analysis, involving 1977 patients with asthma and 1591 healthy non-asthmatic controls. The meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3 software and Stata 16.0. Random effect model or fixed effect model (FEM) was used to estimate the standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS The meta-analysis results revealed that the serum IL-6 levels were higher in asthmatic patients than healthy non-asthmatic controls (SMD 1.31, 95% CI 0.82-1.81, P < 0.00001). IL-6 levels are significantly elevated in pediatric patients with asthma (SMD 1.58, 95% CI 0.75-2.41, P = 0.0002) and mildly elevated in adult patients with asthma (SMD 1.08, 95% CI 0.27-1.90, P = 0.009). In addition, a subgroup analysis of asthma disease status showed that IL-6 levels were increased in stable (SMD 0.69, 95% CI 0.28-1.09, P = 0.009) and exacerbation asthma (SMD 2.15, 95% CI 1.79-2.52, P < 0.00001) patients. CONCLUSION The results of this meta-analysis suggest that serum IL-6 levels were significantly elevated in asthmatic patients as compared to normal population. IL-6 levels can be used as an auxiliary indicator to distinguish individuals with asthma from healthy non-asthmatic controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilin Pan
- Clinical Research Center, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shougang Kuai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huishan District Hospital, WuXi, 214187, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Clinical Research Center, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xuming Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yubao Cui
- Clinical Research Center, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Roles of Interleukin-6-mediated immunometabolic reprogramming in COVID-19 and other viral infection-associated diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:109005. [PMID: 35780641 PMCID: PMC9236983 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a highly pleiotropic glycoprotein factor that can modulate innate and adaptive immunity as well as various aspects of metabolism, including glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation. Recently, the expression and release of IL-6 is shown to be significantly increased in numerous diseases related to virus infection, and this increase is positively correlated with the disease severity. Immunity and metabolism are two highly integrated and interdependent systems, the balance between them plays a pivotal role in maintaining body homeostasis. IL-6-elicited inflammatory response is found to be closely associated with metabolic disorder in patients with viral infection. This brief review summarizes the regulatory role of IL-6 in immunometabolic reprogramming among seven viral infection-associated diseases.
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García-Juárez M, Camacho-Morales A. Defining the role of anti- and pro-inflammatory outcomes of Interleukin-6 in mental health. Neuroscience 2022; 492:32-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Abstract
IL-6 is involved both in immune responses and in inflammation, hematopoiesis, bone metabolism and embryonic development. IL-6 plays roles in chronic inflammation (closely related to chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases and cancer) and even in the cytokine storm of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Acute inflammation during the immune response and wound healing is a well-controlled response, whereas chronic inflammation and the cytokine storm are uncontrolled inflammatory responses. Non-immune and immune cells, cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and transcription factors nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) play central roles in inflammation. Synergistic interactions between NF-κB and STAT3 induce the hyper-activation of NF-κB followed by the production of various inflammatory cytokines. Because IL-6 is an NF-κB target, simultaneous activation of NF-κB and STAT3 in non-immune cells triggers a positive feedback loop of NF-κB activation by the IL-6-STAT3 axis. This positive feedback loop is called the IL-6 amplifier (IL-6 Amp) and is a key player in the local initiation model, which states that local initiators, such as senescence, obesity, stressors, infection, injury and smoking, trigger diseases by promoting interactions between non-immune cells and immune cells. This model counters dogma that holds that autoimmunity and oncogenesis are triggered by the breakdown of tissue-specific immune tolerance and oncogenic mutations, respectively. The IL-6 Amp is activated by a variety of local initiators, demonstrating that the IL-6-STAT3 axis is a critical target for treating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Hirano
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Wang X, Chen J, Zhang R, Liu L, Ma G, Zhu H. Interleukin-6 in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri): Molecular characterization and immune functional activity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:296-306. [PMID: 32184192 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine with crucial immunoregulatory functions in both innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the IL-6 sequence and function remain unknown in sturgeon, one chondrostean fish. In the present study, we identified an interleukin-6 homolog from Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri), named AbIL-6. Its open reading frame (ORF) was 657 nucleotides in length, encoding a polypeptide of 218 amino acids, which contains a signal peptide and the IL-6 family domain. Phylogenetic analysis showed that sturgeon IL-6 had close relationship with both teleost and chondrichthyes IL-6s. Abil-6 mRNA was highly expressed in spleen, brain and liver tissues of healthy sturgeon, and significantly up-regulated in the spleen, head kidney and liver by A.hydrophila (A.h) challenge. Heat-killed A.h and LPS effectively stimulated Abil-6 transcripts in primary spleen cells in vitro. In order to understand the bioactivity and influence of AbIL-6 on immune responses, recombinant AbIL-6 (rAbIL-6) was synthesized by prokaryotes and demonstrated to promote the proliferation of spleen cells and head kidney cells in vitro. Additionally, intraperitoneal injection of rAbIL-6 induced significantly higher expression of four immuno-related genes including il-1β, cxcl10, mhcIIβ and igm. rAbIL-6 improved the survival rate and reduced the tissue bacterial load after A.h infection. Taken together, these results suggest that AbIL-6 plays an important role in inflammatory responses and immune defense against bacterial infection of sturgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Wang
- Beijing Fisheries Research Institute & Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Beijing, 100068, People's Republic of China; National Freshwater Fisheries Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing, 100068, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Chen
- Beijing Fisheries Research Institute & Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Beijing, 100068, People's Republic of China; National Freshwater Fisheries Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing, 100068, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Beijing Fisheries Research Institute & Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Beijing, 100068, People's Republic of China; National Freshwater Fisheries Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing, 100068, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Liu
- Beijing Fisheries Research Institute & Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Beijing, 100068, People's Republic of China; National Freshwater Fisheries Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing, 100068, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Ma
- Beijing Fisheries Research Institute & Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Beijing, 100068, People's Republic of China; National Freshwater Fisheries Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing, 100068, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Beijing Fisheries Research Institute & Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Beijing, 100068, People's Republic of China; National Freshwater Fisheries Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing, 100068, People's Republic of China.
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Recent Advances in Electrochemical and Optical Biosensors Designed for Detection of Interleukin 6. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20030646. [PMID: 31979357 PMCID: PMC7038342 DOI: 10.3390/s20030646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL-6), being a major component of homeostasis, immunomodulation, and hematopoiesis, manifests multiple pathological conditions when upregulated in response to viral, microbial, carcinogenic, or autoimmune stimuli. High fidelity immunosensors offer real-time monitoring of IL-6 and facilitate early prognosis of life-threatening diseases. Different approaches to augment robustness and enhance overall performance of biosensors have been demonstrated over the past few years. Electrochemical- and fluorescence-based detection methods with integrated electronics have been subjects of intensive research due to their ability to offer a better signal-to-noise ratio, high specificity, ultra-sensitivity, and wide dynamic range. In this review, the pleiotropic role of IL-6 and its clinical significance is discussed in detail, followed by detection schemes devised so far for their quantitative analysis. A critical review on underlying signal amplification strategies and performance of electrochemical and optical biosensors is presented. In conclusion, we discuss the reliability and feasibility of the proposed detection technologies for commercial applications.
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The role of interleukin-6 in glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Semin Immunopathol 2019; 41:491-499. [PMID: 31101976 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-019-00747-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Low-grade inflammation is recognized as an important factor in the development and progression of a multitude of diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. The potential of using antibody-based therapies that neutralize key players of low-grade inflammation has gained scientific momentum as a novel therapeutic strategy in metabolic diseases. As interleukin-6 (IL-6) is traditionally considered a key pro-inflammatory factor, the potential of expanding the use of anti-IL-6 therapies to metabolic diseases is intriguing. However, IL-6 is a molecule of a very pleiotropic nature that regulates many aspects of not only inflammation but also metabolism. In this review, we give a brief overview of the pro- and anti-inflammatory aspects of IL-6 and provide an update on its role in metabolic regulation, with a specific focus on glucose homeostasis and adipose tissue metabolism. Finally, we shall discuss the metabolic implications and clinical potential of blocking IL-6 signaling, focusing on glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism.
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Murakami M, Kamimura D, Hirano T. Pleiotropy and Specificity: Insights from the Interleukin 6 Family of Cytokines. Immunity 2019; 50:812-831. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Kelley RL, Gardner DK. Addition of interleukin-6 to mouse embryo culture increases blastocyst cell number and influences the inner cell mass to trophectoderm ratio. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2017; 44:119-125. [PMID: 29026717 PMCID: PMC5636923 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2017.44.3.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In vitro culture of preimplantation embryos is improved by grouping embryos together in a drop of media. Individually cultured embryos are deprived of paracrine factors; with this in mind, we investigated whether the addition of a single embryo-secreted factor, interleukin-6 (IL-6), could improve the development of individually cultured embryos. Methods Mouse embryos were cultured individually in 2 µL of G1/G2 media in 5% oxygen and supplemented with a range of doses of recombinant mouse or human IL-6. Results Mouse IL-6 increased hatching at doses of 0.01 and 10 ng/mL compared to the control (93% and 93% vs. 78%, p<0.05) and increased the total number of cells at a dose of 0.1 ng/mL compared to the control (101.95±3.36 vs. 91.31±3.33, p<0.05). In contrast, the highest dose of 100 ng/mL reduced the total number of cells (79.86±3.29, p<0.05). Supplementation with human IL-6 had a different effect, with no change in hatching or total cell numbers, but an increase in the percentage of inner cell mass per embryo at doses of 0.1, 1, and 100 ng/mL compared to the control (22.9%±1.1%, 23.3%±1.1%, and 23.1%±1.1% vs. 19.5%±1.0%, p<0.05). Conclusion These data show that IL-6 improved mouse embryo development when cultured individually in complex media; however, an excess of IL-6 may be detrimental. Additionally, these data indicate that there is some cross-species benefit of human IL-6 for mouse embryos, but possibly through a different mechanism than for mouse IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Kelley
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - David K Gardner
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Kirikae T, Kirikae F, Tominaga K, Qureshi N, YamaMoto S, Nakano M. Rhodobacter sphaeroides diphosphoryl lipid A inhibits interleukin-6 production in CD14-negative murine marrow stromal ST2 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or paclitaxel (taxol). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/096805199700400205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel (taxol), a microtubule stabilizer with anticancer activity, mimics the actions of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on murine macrophages in vitro. Recent studies have shown that the Rhodobacter sphaeroides diphosphoryl lipid A (RsDPLA) inhibits both LPS- and paclitaxel-induced activation of murine macrophages, and have suggested that LPS, RsDPLA, and paclitaxel share the same receptor site on murine macrophages. To analyze this receptor site, the present study focused on the interactions between LPS, RsDPLA and paclitaxel in the activation of ST2 cells derived from murine bone marrow stroma. The ST2 cells did not express CD14 mRNA. The cells produced IL-6 molecules and expressed IL-6 mRNA in response to LPS, but did not produce TNF and nitric oxide. Paclitaxel induced IL-6 mRNA expression in ST2 cells. RsDPLA inhibited both LPS- and paclitaxel-induced IL-6 mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that LPS, RsDPLA, and paclitaxel are recognized by the same receptor complex on ST2 cells, and that the receptor functions without membrane CD14.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Kirikae
- Department of Microbiology, Jichi Medical School, Minamikawachi-machi, Tochigi-ken, Japan
| | - F. Kirikae
- Department of Microbiology, Jichi Medical School, Minamikawachi-machi, Tochigi-ken, Japan
| | - K. Tominaga
- Department of Microbiology, Jichi Medical School, Minamikawachi-machi, Tochigi-ken, Japan
| | - N. Qureshi
- Mycobacteriology Research Laboratory, William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Department of Bacteriology, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - S. YamaMoto
- Department of Pathology, Oita Medical University, Oita, Japan
| | - M. Nakano
- Department of Microbiology, Jichi Medical School, Minamikawachi-machi, Tochigi-ken, Japan
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Yadav A, Kumar B, Teknos TN, Kumar P. Bazedoxifene enhances the anti-tumor effects of cisplatin and radiation treatment by blocking IL-6 signaling in head and neck cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 8:66912-66924. [PMID: 28978005 PMCID: PMC5620145 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that IL-6 signaling plays an important role in the aggressive and metastatic phenotype of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Therefore, we hypothesized that targeting of IL-6 signaling in HNSCC could enhance the therapeutic efficacy of standard chemoradiation treatment. We used both in vitro and in vivo models to test the efficacy of Bazedoxifene (BZA), a drug that was originally developed as a newer-generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Recently, BZA was also shown to exhibit potent anti-cancer effects that were both estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent and ER-independent. Our results suggest that BZA inhibits IL-6 signaling by disrupting IL-6R/gp130 protein-protein interactions. BZA treatment of CAL27-IL-6 (IL-6 overexpressing cells) or UM-SCC-74A (naturally expressing high levels of IL-6) significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration and colony formation ability in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, BZA significantly decreased IL-6-mediated tumorsphere formation by markedly reducing nanog expression. BZA treatment also markedly reduced chemo and radioresistance in head and neck cancer cells by downregulating ERCC-1, XRCC-1 and survivin expression. In a SCID mouse xenograft model, BZA significantly enhanced the anti-tumor effects of cisplatin and radiation treatment with no added systemic toxicity. Furthermore, combination treatments significantly decreased tumor metastasis, pSTAT3 expression and nanog expression, in vivo. Taken together, our results suggest that targeting IL-6 signaling with bazedoxifene could be an effective treatment strategy for the treatment of HNSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Yadav
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Bhavna Kumar
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Theodoros N Teknos
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Pawan Kumar
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Choudhary MM, France TJ, Teknos TN, Kumar P. Interleukin-6 role in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma progression. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 2:90-97. [PMID: 29204553 PMCID: PMC5698512 DOI: 10.1016/j.wjorl.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine which plays an important role in a number of cellular processes including proliferation, survival, differentiation, migration and invasion. IL-6 mediates its downstream effects by activating a number of signaling cascades including JAK/STAT, PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. In addition to its effects on tumor cells, IL-6 also regulates tumor progression and tumor metastasis by modulating tumor angiogenesis and tumor lymphangiogenesis. A number of studies have shown that IL-6 levels are markedly upregulated in cancer patients. We and others have shown that high IL-6 expression independently predicts tumor recurrence, tumor metastasis and poor survival in head and neck cancer patients. Therefore targeting IL-6 signaling is a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the role of IL-6 in HNSCC progression and potential therapeutic strategies to target IL-6 signaling for the treatment of head and neck cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moaz M Choudhary
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Thomas J France
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Theodoros N Teknos
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Hirano T. Revisiting the 1986 molecular cloning of interleukin 6. Front Immunol 2014; 5:456. [PMID: 25295040 PMCID: PMC4171997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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16
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Interleukin-6 signal transduction and its role in hepatic lipid metabolic disorders. Cytokine 2014; 66:133-42. [PMID: 24491813 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic lipid dysregulation can lead to spectrum of metabolic disease conditions including metabolic syndrome (MS), fatty liver and diabetes. Liver lipids are regulated by a complex set of extra-hepatic and intra-hepatic factors including cellular cross-talk with variety of cells, inducing various cytokines. Interleukin 6(IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that exerts both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects on hepatic system through either JNK/STAT or ERK/MAPK signaling. Although, IL-6 has shown to protect the liver from fat storage in both rodent and human models and various IL-6(-/-) studies have supported this notion yet a question remains over its deleterious pro-inflammatory effects on hepatocytes. IL-6 ability to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequently disturb the hepatic lipid balance has created a conundrum. Furthermore, IL-6 has shown to behave differently under different disease states within hepatocytes and hence, modulating the hepatic lipids accordingly. This review deals with the role of IL-6 on hepatic lipid metabolism and analyzes various data presented on this topic.
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Nicola NA. A (selective) history of Australian involvement in cytokine biology. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24:179-87. [PMID: 23548178 PMCID: PMC3713160 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on contributions to cytokine biology made by Australians in Australia. It is clearly biased by my own experiences and selective recollections especially related to the colony-stimulating factors in which Australian involvement has been pre-eminent from discovery to clinical use. Nevertheless Australian scientists have also made profound contributions to other areas of cytokine and growth factor biology (including interferons, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and epidermal, insulin-like and vascular endothelial growth factors) that are briefly described in this review as well as other chapters in this volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicos A Nicola
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Pde, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
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Gu L, Kitamura M. Sensitive detection and monitoring of senescence-associated secretory phenotype by SASP-RAP assay. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52305. [PMID: 23272236 PMCID: PMC3525586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) is characterized by abundant secretion of various proteins in senescent cells and implicated in tumor progression and inflammatory responses. However, the profile of secreted proteins in SASP is different from cell type to cell type, and currently, universal markers for SASP have not been reported. In the present investigation, we show that SASP-responsive alkaline phosphatase (SASP-RAP) serves as a sensitive, general and convenient marker for SASP. Etoposide-treated cells exhibited a senescent phenotype characterized by senile morphology, positive staining for senescence-associated β-galactosidase, growth arrest and induction of p53 and p21WAF1/CIP1. In SASP-RAP-transfected cells, exposure to etoposide increased secretion of SASP-RAP time-dependently. The kinetics of secretion was closely correlated with that of activation of the p21WAF1/CIP1 promoter and the p16INK4a promoter. The enhanced secretion of SASP-RAP by senescence was also observed in cells treated with other senescence inducers such as trichostatin A, doxorubicin and 4-phenylbutylic acid. The induction of SASP-RAP by senescence was similarly observed in natural replicative senescence. To confirm selectivity of the SASP-RAP response, cells were treated with senescence-related and -unrelated stimuli (IL-1β, LPS, TNF-α and TGF-β), and induction of senescence markers and activity of SASP-RAP were evaluated in parallel. Unlike etoposide, senescence-unrelated stimuli did not induce p53 and p21WAF1/CIP1, and it was correlated with lack of induction of SASP-RAP. In contrast, senescence-unrelated stimuli up-regulated conventional indicators for SASP, e.g., MMP-3, IL-6 and TIMP, without induction of senescence. SASP-RAP thus serves as a selective, convenient and general marker for detection and monitoring of SASP during cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubao Gu
- Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
- Diabetes Care and Research Center, Jiangsu Province Institute of Geriatrics, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Masanori Kitamura
- Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Johno H, Nakajima S, Kato H, Yao J, Paton AW, Paton JC, Katoh R, Shimizu F, Kitamura M. Unfolded protein response causes a phenotypic shift of inflamed glomerular cells toward redifferentiation through dual blockade of Akt and Smad signaling pathways. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:1977-90. [PMID: 23031256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
During recovery from acute glomerulonephritis, cell proliferation, matrix expansion, and expression of the dedifferentiation marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) subside spontaneously. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this recovery process remain elusive. In mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis, the unfolded protein response (UPR) is induced in activated, dedifferentiated mesangial cells. We investigated the role of the UPR in mesangial cell deactivation and redifferentiation and found that, during experimental glomerulonephritis in rats, reinforcement of the UPR significantly attenuated mesangial cell proliferation, matrix expansion, and expression of α-SMA. Consistent with this in vivo result, induction of the UPR suppressed cell proliferation and transcriptional expression of type IV collagen (ColIV) and α-SMA in activated mesangial cells. The UPR reduced phosphorylation of Akt in vitro and in vivo, and it was responsible for attenuation of cell proliferation. The UPR also preferentially depressed levels of total and phosphorylated Smads without affecting transcriptional levels, and it was responsible for suppression of ColIV and α-SMA. Translational suppression via the eIF2α pathway, but not proteasome-mediated protein degradation, was responsible for the down-regulation of Smads. These results suggest the novel potential of the UPR to facilitate a phenotypic shift of activated glomerular cells toward deactivation and redifferentiation. The UPR may serve as endogenous machinery that supports recovery of glomeruli from acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Johno
- Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
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20
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Wang XF, Li QZ, Bao TW, Cong WR, Song WX, Zhou XW. In vitro rapid evolution of fungal immunomodulatory proteins by DNA family shuffling. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:2455-65. [PMID: 22615051 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4131-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs) found in a wide variety of mushrooms hold significant therapeutic potential. Despite much research, the structural determinants for their immunomodulatory functions remain unknown. In this study, a DNA shuffling technique was used to create two shuffled FIP protein libraries: an intrageneric group containing products of shuffling between FIP-glu (FIP gene isolated from Ganoderma lucidum) and FIP-gsi (FIP gene isolated from Ganoderma sinense) genes and an intergeneric group containing the products of shuffling between FIP-glu, FIP-fve (FIP gene isolated from Flammulina velutipes), and FIP-vvo (FIP gene isolated from Volvariella volvacea) genes. The gene shuffling generated 426 and 412 recombinant clones, respectively. Using colony blot analysis, we selected clones that expressed relatively high levels of shuffled gene products recognized by specific polyclonal antibodies. We analyzed the DNA sequences of the selected shuffled genes, and testing of their protein products revealed that they maintained functional abilities to agglutinate blood cells and induce cytokine production by splenocytes from Kunming mice in vitro. Meanwhile, the relationships between protein structure and the hemagglutination activity and between the changed nucleotide sites and expression levels were explored by bioinformatic analysis. These combined analyses identified the nucleotide changes involved in regulating the expression levels and hemagglutination activities of the FIPs. Therefore, we were able to generate recombinant FIPs with improved biological activities and expression levels by using DNA shuffling, a powerful tool for the generation of novel therapeutic proteins and for their structural and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Fei Wang
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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21
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Gene cloning and recombinant expression of a novel fungal immunomodulatory protein from Trametes versicolor. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 82:339-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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22
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Cytokines expression induced by Ganoderma sinensis fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIP-gsi) in mouse spleen cells. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 162:1403-13. [PMID: 20174887 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-010-8916-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma sinensis fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP-gsi) was a new member of FIPs family. Based on the cloning of FIP-gsi gene from G. sinensis, this paper reported that FIP-gsi gene was expressed in Escherichia coli expression system. Then, the recombinant proteins were analyzed by the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Finally, the immunomodulatory activity was examined by inducing cytokine genes expression. The results showed that the recombinant FIP-gsi protein could be expressed in E. coli and got the yield of about 25% of the soluble form in the total soluble protein. The FIP-gsi protein was composed of 111 amino acids, and the sequence of homologous rate was 88.6% with FIP-glu (LZ-8). Furthermore, it could enhance the levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-3, IL-4, interferon gamma, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) in mouse spleen cells.
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Hirano T. Interleukin 6 in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases: a personal memoir. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2010; 86:717-730. [PMID: 20689230 PMCID: PMC3066534 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.86.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this review, the author discusses the research that led to the identification and characterization of interleukin 6 (IL-6), including his own experience isolating IL-6, and the roles this cytokine has on autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The cDNAs encoding B-cell stimulatory factor 2 (BSF-2), interferon (IFN)-beta2 and a 26-kDa protein were independently cloned in 1986, which in turn led to the identification of each. To resolve the confusing nomenclature, these identical molecules were named IL-6. Characterization of IL-6 revealed a multifunctional cytokine that is involved in not only immune responses but also hematopoiesis, inflammation, and bone metabolism. Moreover, IL-6 makes significant contributions to such autoimmune and inflammatory diseases as rheumatoid arthritis (RA).IL-6 activates both the STAT3 and SHP2/Gab/MAPK signaling pathways via the gp130 signal transducer. F759 mice, which contain a single amino-acid substitution in gp130 (Y759F) and show enhanced STAT3 activation, spontaneously develop a RA-like arthritis as they age. F759 arthritis is dependent on CD4(+) T cells, IL-6, and IL-17A, and is enhanced by the pX gene product from human T cell leukemia virus 1 (HTLV-1). Arthritis development in these mice requires that the F759 mutation is present in nonhematopoietic cells, but not in immune cells, highlighting the important role of the interaction between nonimmune tissues and the immune system in this disease. Furthermore, this interaction is mediated by the IL-6 amplifier through STAT3 and NF-kappaB. Ultimately, this model may represent a general etiologic process underlying other autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. More importantly, the understanding of IL-6 has paved the way for new therapeutic approaches for RA and other autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Hirano
- JST-CREST, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Japan.
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24
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Vilalta A, Shlapobersky M, Wei Q, Planchon R, Rolland A, Sullivan S. Analysis of biomarkers after intramuscular injection of Vaxfectin®-formulated hCMV gB plasmid DNA. Vaccine 2009; 27:7409-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Vaxfectin®-adjuvanted seasonal influenza protein vaccine: Correlation of systemic and local immunological markers with formulation parameters. Vaccine 2009; 27:6404-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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26
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Interleukin-6/STAT3 signaling regulates the ability of naive T cells to acquire B-cell help capacities. Blood 2008; 113:2426-33. [PMID: 19020307 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-04-154682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The conditions leading to the activation/differentiation of T-helper (Th) cells dedicated for B-cell antibody production are still poorly characterized. We now demonstrate that interleukin-6 (IL-6) promotes the differentiation of naive T lymphocytes into helper cells able to promote B-cell activation and antibody secretion. IL-6-driven acquisition of B-cell help capacity requires expression of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), but not STAT4 or STAT6 transcription factors, suggesting that the ability to provide help to B cells is not restricted to a well-defined Th1 or Th2 effector population. T cell-specific STAT3-deficient mice displayed reduced humoral responses in vivo that could not be related to an altered expansion of CXCR5-expressing helper T cells. IL-6 was shown to promote IL-21 secretion, a cytokine that was similarly found to promote the differentiation of naive T cells into potent B-cell helper cells. Collectively, these data indicate that the ability to provide B-cell help is regulated by IL-6/IL-21 through STAT3 activation, independently of Th1, Th2, Th17, or follicular helper T cell (T(FH)) differentiation.
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27
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Temporal delay of peak T-cell immunity determines Chlamydia pneumoniae pulmonary disease in mice. Infect Immun 2008; 76:4913-23. [PMID: 18725423 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00569-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe chlamydial disease typically occurs after previous infections and results from a hypersensitivity response that is also required for chlamydial elimination. Here, we quantitatively dissected the immune and disease responses to repeated Chlamydia pneumoniae lung infection by multivariate modeling with four dichotomous effects: mouse strain (A/J or C57BL/6), dietary protein content (14% protein and 0.3% L-cysteine-0.9% L-arginine, or 24% protein and 0.5% L-cysteine-2.0% L-arginine), dietary antioxidant content (90 IU alpha-tocopherol/kg body weight versus 450 IU alpha-tocopherol/kg and 0.1% g L-ascorbate), and time course (3 or 10 days postinfection). Following intranasal C. pneumoniae challenge, C57BL/6 mice on a low-protein/low-antioxidant diet, but not C57BL/6 mice on other diets or A/J mice, exhibited profoundly suppressed early lung inflammatory and pan-T-cell (CD3delta(+)) and helper T-cell (CD45) responses on day 3 but later strongly exacerbated disease on day 10. Contrast analyses characterized severe C. pneumoniae disease as being a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response with increased lung macrophage and Th1 cell marker transcripts, increased Th1:Th2 ratios, and Th1 cytokine-driven inflammation. Results from functional analyses by DTH, enzyme-linked immunospot, and immunohistofluorescence assays were consistent with the results obtained by transcript analysis. Thus, chlamydial disease after secondary infection is a temporal dysregulation of the T-cell response characterized by a profoundly delayed T-helper cell response that results in a failure to eliminate the pathogen and provokes later pathological Th1 inflammation. This delayed T-cell response is under host genetic control and nutritional influence. The mechanism that temporally and quantitatively regulates the host T-cell population is the critical determinant in chlamydial pathogenesis.
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28
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Nordan RP, Mock BA, Neckers LM, Rudikoff S. The role of plasmacytoma growth factor in the in vitro responses of murine plasmacytoma cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 557:200-5. [PMID: 2786694 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb24013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Many plasmacytomas arising in BALB/c mice are dependent upon a specific, macrophage-derived plasmacytoma growth factor for survival and proliferation in vitro. Adherent cells taken from the peritoneal oil granuloma in which the early plasmacytomas arise and proliferate produce 50 times more PCT-GF activity in vitro than do normal peritoneal cells, thus suggesting a possible in vivo role for PCT-GF. Purification and amino acid sequencing of PCT-GF derived from the murine macrophage cell line, P388D1, have identified a 23 kDa protein with a unique NH2-terminal sequence. This molecule is now known as murine IL6. As part of the characterization of murine Il-6, genomic sequences have been localized to the proximal end of mouse chromosome 5 via Southern analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms. The removal of IL6 from IL6-dependent PCT cell lines results in a growth arrest in early G1. This is accompanied by a rapid and specific loss of transferrin receptor expression and results in eventual cell death. It appears that the response to IL6 is at least partially dependent on Ca++ because functional Ca++ channels are necessary for the PCT cells to pass through G1 and to maintain transferrin receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Nordan
- Medicine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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29
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Sachs L, Lotem J, Shabo Y. The molecular regulators of macrophage and granulocyte development. Role of MGI-2/IL-6. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 557:417-35, discussion 435-7. [PMID: 2660699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb24035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of a cell culture system for the in vitro cloning and clonal differentiation of normal hematopoietic cells made it possible to identify the proteins that regulate growth and differentiation of different hematopoietic cell lineages and the change in normal controls that produce leukemia. A model system with myeloid cells has identified different myeloid cell colony-inducing proteins, which we called MGI-1 (= CSF, including IL-3). There is another protein that we first described in 1976 and called MGI-2 in 1980 that induces differentiation of myeloid cells to macrophages or granulocytes without inducing the clonal growth of myeloid cells. The four CSF proteins and IL-1 induce the production of MGI-2 in myeloid cells and MGI-2 induces the production of GM-CSF. This shows the participation of MGI-2 in the network of interactions with different myeloid regulatory proteins. Using a monoclonal antibody to MGI-2, amino acid sequencing, and recombinant protein, we have shown in collaboration with the Genetics Institute that the major form of MGI-2 (MGI-2A) is IL-6. This shows that IL-6 is a myeloid cell differentiation inducing protein. The results also suggest new clinical potentials for MGI-2/IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sachs
- Department of Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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30
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Hirano T, Taga T, Yamasaki K, Matsuda T, Yasukawa K, Hirata Y, Yawata H, Tanabe O, Akira S, Kishimoto T. Molecular cloning of the cDNAs for interleukin-6/B cell stimulatory factor 2 and its receptor. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 557:167-78, discussion 178-80. [PMID: 2786692 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb24010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Hirano
- Division of Cellular Immunology, Osaka University, Japan
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31
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LEE FRANK, CHIU CHOYPIK, WIDEMAN JANUSZ, HODGKIN PHILLIP, HUDAK SUSAN, TROUTT LOUISE, NG THERESA, MOULDS COURTNEY, COFFMAN ROBERT, ZLOTNIK ALBERT, RENNICK DONNA. Interleukin-6. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb24015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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SNICK JACQUES, RENAULD JEANCHRISTOPHE, SIMPSON RICHARDJ, UYTTENHOVE CATHERINE, VINK ANNE. Mouse IL-6. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb24014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Matsuda T, Suematsu S, Kawano M, Yoshizaki K, Tang B, Tanabe O, Nakajima T, Akira S, Hirano T, Kishimoto T. IL-6/BSF2 in normal and abnormal regulation of immune responses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 557:466-76; discussion 476-7. [PMID: 2786703 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb24039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Matsuda
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Osaka University, Japan
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34
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Fey GH, Hattori M, Northemann W, Abraham LJ, Baumann M, Braciak TA, Fletcher RG, Gauldie J, Lee F, Reymond MF. Regulation of rat liver acute phase genes by interleukin-6 and production of hepatocyte stimulating factors by rat hepatoma cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 557:317-29; discussion 329-31. [PMID: 2472092 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb24024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G H Fey
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California 92037
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35
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Fuller GM, Grenett HE. The structure and function of the mouse hepatocyte stimulating factor. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 557:31-44; discussion 45. [PMID: 2660695 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb23997.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G M Fuller
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294
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36
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Tosato G, Pike SE. A monocyte-derived B cell growth factor is IFN-beta 2/BSF-2/IL-6. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 557:181-90, discussion 190-1. [PMID: 2544130 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb24011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Tosato
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Appenheimer MM, Girard RA, Chen Q, Wang WC, Bankert KC, Hardison J, Bain MD, Ridgley F, Sarcione EJ, Buitrago S, Kothlow S, Kaspers B, Robert J, Rose-John S, Baumann H, Evans SS. Conservation of IL-6 trans-signaling mechanisms controlling L-selectin adhesion by fever-range thermal stress. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:2856-67. [PMID: 17823890 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fever is associated with improved survival during infection in endothermic and ectothermic species although the protective mechanisms are largely undefined. Previous studies indicate that fever-range thermal stress increases the binding activity of the L-selectin homing receptor in human or mouse leukocytes, thereby promoting trafficking to lymphoid tissues across high endothelial venules (HEV). Here, we examined the evolutionary conservation of thermal regulation of L-selectin-like adhesion. Leukocytes from animals representing four taxa of vertebrates (mammals, avians, amphibians, teleosts) were shown to mediate L-selectin-like adhesion under shear to MECA-79-reactive ligands on mouse HEV in cross-species in vitro adherence assays. L-selectin-like binding activity was markedly increased by fever-range thermal stress in leukocytes of all species examined. Comparable increases in L-selectin-like adhesion were induced by thermal stress, IL-6, or the IL-6/soluble IL-6 receptor fusion protein, hyper-IL-6. Analysis of the molecular basis of thermal regulation of L-selectin-like adhesion identified a common IL-6 trans-signaling mechanism in endotherms and ectotherms that resulted in activation of JAK/STAT signaling and was inhibited by IL-6 neutralizing antibodies or recombinant soluble gp130. Conservation of IL-6-dependent mechanisms controlling L-selectin adhesion over hundreds of millions of years of vertebrate evolution strongly suggests that this is a beneficial focal point regulating immune surveillance during febrile inflammatory responses.
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Rasley A, Tranguch SL, Rati DM, Marriott I. Murine glia express the immunosuppressive cytokine, interleukin-10, following exposure toBorrelia burgdorferi orNeisseria meningitidis. Glia 2006; 53:583-92. [PMID: 16419089 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There is growing appreciation that resident glial cells can initiate and/or regulate inflammation following trauma or infection in the central nervous system (CNS). We have previously demonstrated the ability of microglia and astrocytes, resident glial cells of the CNS, to respond to bacterial pathogens by rapid production of inflammatory mediators. However, inflammation within the brain parenchyma is notably absent during some chronic bacterial infections in humans and nonhuman primates. In the present study, we demonstrate the ability of the immunosuppressive cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10), to inhibit inflammatory immune responses of primary microglia and astrocytes to B. burgdorferi and N. meningitidis, two disparate gram negative bacterial species that can cross the blood-brain barrier in humans. Importantly, we demonstrate that these organisms induce the delayed production of significant quantities of IL-10 by both microglia and astrocytes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that such production occurs independent of the actions of bacterial lipopolysaccharide and is secondary to the autocrine or paracrine actions of other glia-derived soluble mediators. The late onset of IL-10 production by resident glia following activation, the previously documented expression of specific receptors for this cytokine on microglia and astrocytes, and the ability of IL-10 to inhibit bacterially induced immune responses by these cells, suggest a mechanism by which resident glial cells can limit potentially damaging inflammation within the CNS in response to invading pathogens, and could explain the suppression of inflammation seen within the brain parenchyma during chronic bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Rasley
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 28223, USA
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Barton BE. Interleukin-6 and new strategies for the treatment of cancer, hyperproliferative diseases and paraneoplastic syndromes. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2005; 9:737-52. [PMID: 16083340 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.9.4.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiomorphic cytokine whose growth factor properties play an important role in the development and progression of many types of cancer. IL-6 is produced in response to a variety of stimuli, and is required for the development of T and B lymphocytes to effector cells. In certain neoplasias, such as multiple myeloma, IL-6 is both produced and required for survival by the cancer cell itself. In other neoplasias, IL-6 may come from tissue surrounding the tumour. Thus, therapeutic strategies aimed at inhibiting the production, expression or action of IL-6 would be quite beneficial in the treatment of cancer. Moreover, IL-6 is a pathophysiological factor in several hyperproliferative diseases and the paraneoplastic syndromes that often accompany cancer, such as cachexia and osteoporosis; thus, anti-IL-6 therapy would be useful in treating these entities as well. This expert opinion acquaints the reader with IL-6, its physiological responses, the cancer types with which it is associated, and discusses the current state of therapy aimed at inhibiting it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly E Barton
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, 185 S Orange Avenue, MSB G519, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA.
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Chen C, Koh AJ, Datta NS, Zhang J, Keller ET, Xiao G, Franceschi RT, D'Silva NJ, McCauley LK. Impact of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway on parathyroid hormone-related protein actions in osteoblasts. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:29121-9. [PMID: 15128746 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) regulates proliferation and differentiation of osteoblastic cells via binding to the parathyroid hormone receptor (PTH-1R). The cAMP-dependent protein kinase A pathway governs the majority of these effects, but recent evidence also implicates the MAPK pathway. MC3T3-E1 subclone 4 cells (MC4) were treated with the MAPK inhibitor U0126 and PTHrP. In differentiated MC4 cells, osteocalcin and bone sialoprotein gene expression were both down-regulated by PTHrP and also by inhibition of the MAPK pathway. PTHrP-mediated down-regulation of PTH-1R mRNA and up-regulation of c-fos mRNA were MAPK-independent, whereas PTHrP stimulation of fra-2 and interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA was MAPK-dependent. Luciferase promoter assays revealed that regulation of IL-6 involved the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A and MAPK pathways with a potential minor role of the protein kinase C pathway, and a promoter region containing an activator protein-1 site was necessary for PTHrP-induced IL-6 gene transcription. An alternative pathway, through cAMP/Epac/Rap1/MAPK, mediated ERK phosphorylation but was not sufficient for IL-6 promoter activation. Phosphorylation of the transcription factor CREB was also necessary but not sufficient for PTHrP-mediated IL-6 promoter activity. Most interesting, a bidirectional effect was found with PTHrP increasing phosphorylated ERK in undifferentiated MC4 cells but decreasing phosphorylated ERK in differentiated cells. These data indicate that inactivation of the MAPK pathway shows differential regulation of PTHrP-stimulated activator protein-1 members, blocks PTHrP-stimulated IL-6, and synergistically down-regulates certain osteoblastic markers associated with differentiation. These novel findings indicate that the MAPK pathway plays a selective but important role in the actions of PTHrP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Periodontics Prevention Geriatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Marriott I, Gray DL, Tranguch SL, Fowler VG, Stryjewski M, Scott Levin L, Hudson MC, Bost KL. Osteoblasts express the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 in a murine model of Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis and infected human bone tissue. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 164:1399-406. [PMID: 15039227 PMCID: PMC1615361 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the single most common cause of osteomyelitis in humans. Incidences of osteomyelitis caused by S. aureus have increased dramatically in recent years, in part due to the appearance of community-acquired antibiotic resistant strains. Therefore, understanding the pathogenesis of this organism has become imperative. Recently, we have described the surprising ability of bone-forming osteoblasts to secrete a number of important immune mediators when exposed to S. aureus in vitro. In the present study, we provide the first evidence for the in vivo production of such molecules by osteoblasts during bacterial infection of bone. These studies demonstrate the expression of the key inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 by osteoblasts in organ cultures of neonatal mouse calvaria, and in vivo using a mouse model that closely resembles the pathology of trauma-induced staphylococcal osteomyelitis, as determined by confocal microscopic analysis. Importantly, we have established the clinical relevancy of these findings in infected human bone tissue from patients with S. aureus-associated osteomyelitis. As such, these studies demonstrate that bacterial challenge of osteoblasts during bone diseases, such as osteomyelitis, induces cells to produce inflammatory molecules that can direct appropriate host responses or contribute to progressive inflammatory damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Marriott
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
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Kamimura D, Ishihara K, Hirano T. IL-6 signal transduction and its physiological roles: the signal orchestration model. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 149:1-38. [PMID: 12687404 DOI: 10.1007/s10254-003-0012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine that not only affects the immune system, but also acts in other biological systems and many physiological events in various organs. In a target cell, IL-6 can simultaneously generate functionally distinct or sometimes contradictory signals through its receptor complex, IL-6Ralpha and gp130. One good illustration is derived from the in vitro observations that IL-6 promotes the growth arrest and differentiation of M1 cells through gp130-mediated STAT3 activation, whereas the Y759/SHP-2-mediated cascade by gp130 stimulation has growth-enhancing effects. The final physiological output can be thought of as a consequence of the orchestration of the diverse signaling pathways generated by a given ligand. This concept, the signal orchestration model, may explain how IL-6 can elicit proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects, depending on the in vivo environmental circumstances. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying this issue is a challenging subject for future research. Intriguingly, recent in vivo studies indicated that the SHP-2-binding site- and YXXQ-mediated pathways through gp130 are not mutually exclusive but affect each other: a mutation at the SHP-2-binding site prolongs STAT3 activation, and a loss of STAT activation by gp130 truncation leads to sustained SHP-2/ERK MAPK phosphorylation. Although IL-6/gp130 signaling is a promising target for drug discovery for many human diseases, the interdependence of each signaling pathway may be an obstacle to the development of a nonpeptide orally active small molecule to inhibit one of these IL-6 signaling cascades, because it would disturb the signal orchestration. In mice, a consequence of the imbalanced signals causes unexpected results such as gastrointestinal disorders, autoimmune diseases, and/or chronic inflammatory proliferative diseases. However, lessons learned from IL-6 KO mice indicate that IL-6 is not essential for vital biological processes, but a significant impact on disease progression in many experimental models for human disorders. Thus, IL-6/gp130 signaling will become a more attractive therapeutic target for human inflammatory diseases when a better understanding of IL-6 signaling, including the identification of the conductor for gp130 signal transduction, is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kamimura
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Fang X, Yu S, Bast RC, Liu S, Xu HJ, Hu SX, LaPushin R, Claret FX, Aggarwal BB, Lu Y, Mills GB. Mechanisms for Lysophosphatidic Acid-induced Cytokine Production in Ovarian Cancer Cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:9653-61. [PMID: 14670967 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m306662200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A potential role for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in human oncogenesis was first suggested by the observation that LPA is present at elevated levels in ascites of ovarian cancer patients. In the current study, we demonstrated that LPA is a potent inducer of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) production in ovarian cancer cells. Both IL-6 and IL-8 have been implicated in ovarian cancer progression. We characterized the IL-8 gene promoter to ascertain the transcriptional mechanism underlying LPA -induced expression of these cytokines. LPA stimulated the transcriptional activity of the IL-8 gene with little effect on IL-8 mRNA stability. The optimal response of the IL-8 gene promoter to LPA relied on binding sites for NF-kappaB and AP-1, two transcription factors that were strongly activated by LPA in ovarian cancer cell lines. Positive regulators of the NF-kappaB and AP-1 pathways synergistically activated the IL-8 gene promoter. Further, the effect of LPA on IL-6 and IL-8 generation is mediated by the Edg LPA receptors as enforced expression of LPA receptors restored LPA-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production in non-responsive cells and enhanced the sensitivity to LPA in responsive cell lines. The LPA(2) receptor was identified to be the most efficient in linking LPA to IL-6 and IL-8 production although LPA(1) and LPA(3) were also capable of increasing the response to a certain degree. These studies elucidate the transcriptional mechanism and the Edg LPA receptors involved in LPA-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production and suggest potential strategies to restrain the expression of these cytokines in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjun Fang
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Bowman CC, Rasley A, Tranguch SL, Marriott I. Cultured astrocytes express toll-like receptors for bacterial products. Glia 2003; 43:281-91. [PMID: 12898707 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It has become apparent that astrocytes may be important contributors to inflammatory immune responses within the brain in response to microbial challenges. To date, the mechanisms that underlie activation of this major glial cell type by such challenges have not been investigated. In the present study, we present evidence for members of a recently discovered family of receptors for highly conserved microbial components, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), in isolated cultures of primary murine astrocytes. We describe the low-level constitutive expression of messenger RNA-encoding TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR9 in resting cultures of these cells. Importantly, the level of expression of messenger RNA for each of these receptors is markedly elevated following exposure to specific bacteria-derived ligands for these receptors. The functional expression of these receptor proteins is further supported by the ability of known ligands for each TLR to induce both message expression and protein secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6. In addition, the recent availability of antibodies to TLR2 and TLR4 has enabled us to demonstrate directly the presence of these receptors on astrocytes by Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis, respectively. Furthermore, we have confirmed the sensitivity of such receptor expression to ligand stimulation. The present demonstration of Toll-like microbial pattern-recognition receptors on primary astrocytes provides a mechanistic link between bacterial challenge and inflammatory immune responses that may be an important component of the pathologies of bacterially induced inflammatory CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christal C Bowman
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, USA
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Samy TSA, Zheng R, Matsutani T, Rue LW, Bland KI, Chaudry IH. Mechanism for normal splenic T lymphocyte functions in proestrus females after trauma: enhanced local synthesis of 17beta-estradiol. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2003; 285:C139-49. [PMID: 12660147 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00058.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trauma-hemorrhage and resuscitation (TH) produces profound immunodepression and enhances susceptibility to sepsis in males but not in proestrus females, suggesting gender dimorphism in the immune responses. However, the mechanism responsible for the maintenance of immune functions in proestrus females after TH is unclear. Splenic T lymphocytes express receptors for estrogen (ER), contain enzymes involved in estrogen metabolism, and are the major source of cytokine production; the metabolism of 17beta-estradiol was assessed in the splenic T lymphocytes of proestrus and ovariectomized mice by using appropriate substrates after TH. Analysis for aromatase and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases indicated increased 17beta-estradiol synthesis and low conversion into estrone in T lymphocytes of proestrus but not of ovariectomized mice. The effect of 17beta-estradiol on T lymphocyte cytokine release was reliant on ER expressions. This was apparent in the differences of ER expression, especially that of ER-beta, and an association between increased 17beta-estradiol synthesis and sustained release of IL-2 and IL-6 in T lymphocytes of proestrus females after TH. Because 17beta-estradiol is able to regulate cytokine genes, and the splenic T lymphocyte cytokine releases is altered after TH, continued synthesis of 17beta-estradiol in proestrus females appears to be responsible for the maintenance of T lymphocyte cytokine release associated with the protection of immune functions after TH.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Anantha Samy
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Soda K, Kano Y, Kawakami M, Konishi F. Excessive increase of serum interleukin 6 jeopardizes host defense against multi-bacterial infection. Cytokine 2003; 21:295-302. [PMID: 12824003 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4666(03)00108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Serum interleukin 6 (IL-6) is elevated among patients who have undergone surgery, trauma, and thermal injury. It is well known that the greater the increase of serum IL-6, the higher the incidence of post-injury morbidity and mortality is. However, it has not been determined whether the physiological effects of IL-6 increase the rate of morbidity and mortality or if IL-6 is just a bystander that only indicates the severity of the injury. To elucidate this, we planned to investigate the effect of IL-6 on a multi-bacterial infection, one of the most frequent post-injury complications. CDF1 male mice were administered recombinant human IL-6 (hIL-6) continuously at a dose of 0, 1, or 10 microg/day. The mice then underwent cecal ligation without puncture that induced slow multi-bacterial infection. The survival rate of mice receiving 10 microg/day of hIL-6 was significantly lower (38.5%) than the rate of those receiving 0 (83.3%) or 1 (92.3%) microg/day of hIL-6. The result of this study showed that only excessive increases in serum IL-6, to levels that were observed among patients who underwent severe injury or extensive surgery with high incidence of post-injury infection, jeopardize the host's defense against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniyasu Soda
- Department of Surgery, Omiya Medical Center, Jichi Medical School, 1-847 Amanuma, Saitama Saitama-city 330-0834, Japan.
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Minges Wols HA, Underhill GH, Kansas GS, Witte PL. The role of bone marrow-derived stromal cells in the maintenance of plasma cell longevity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:4213-21. [PMID: 12370351 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.8.4213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protective circulating Abs originate primarily from long-lived plasma cells in the bone marrow. However, the molecular and cellular basis of plasma cell longevity is unknown. We investigated the capacity of primary bone marrow-derived stromal cells to maintain plasma cell viability in vitro. Plasma cells purified from the bone marrow or lymph nodes died rapidly when plated in media, but a subpopulation of plasma cells survived and secreted high levels of Ab for up to 4 wk when cocultured with stromal cells. Ab secretion was inhibited by the addition of anti-very late Ag-4 to plasma cell/stromal cell cocultures indicating that direct interactions occur and are necessary between stromal cells and plasma cells. The addition of rIL-6 to plasma cells cultured in media alone partially relieved the sharp decline in Ab secretion observed in the absence of stromal cells. Moreover, when stromal cells from IL-6(-/-) mice were used in plasma cell/stromal cell cocultures, Ab levels decreased 80% after 7 days as compared with wild-type stromal cells. Further, IL-6 mRNA message was induced in stromal cells by coculture with plasma cells. These data indicate that bone marrow plasma cells are not intrinsically long-lived, but rather that plasma cells contact and modify bone marrow stromal cells to provide survival factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Minges Wols
- Program for Immunology and Aging, Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Rasley A, Anguita J, Marriott I. Borrelia burgdorferi induces inflammatory mediator production by murine microglia. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 130:22-31. [PMID: 12225885 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lyme disease has been associated with damaging inflammation within the central nervous system. In the present study, we demonstrate that Borrelia burgdorferi is a significant stimulus for the production of IL-6, TNF-alpha, and PGE(2) by microglia. This effect is associated with induction of NF-kappaB, and increased expression of Toll-like receptor 2 and CD14, receptors known to underlie spirochete activation of other immune cell types. These studies identify microglia as a previously unappreciated source of inflammatory mediator production following challenge with B. burgdorferi. Such production may play an important role during the development of Lyme neuroborreliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Rasley
- Department of Biology, 9201 University City Boulevard, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 28223, Charlotte, NC, USA
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Naka T, Nishimoto N, Kishimoto T. The paradigm of IL-6: from basic science to medicine. ARTHRITIS RESEARCH 2002; 4 Suppl 3:S233-42. [PMID: 12110143 PMCID: PMC3240141 DOI: 10.1186/ar565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2002] [Revised: 03/01/2002] [Accepted: 03/06/2002] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine with a wide range of biological activities in immune regulation, hematopoiesis, inflammation, and oncogenesis. Its activities are shared by IL-6-related cytokines such as leukemia inhibitory factor and oncostatin M. The pleiotropy and redundancy of IL-6 functions have been identified by using a unique receptor system comprising two functional proteins: an IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) and gp130, the common signal transducer of cytokines related to IL-6. Signal transduction through gp130 is mediated by two pathways: the JAK-STAT (Janus family tyrosine kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription) pathway and the Ras mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. The negative regulators of IL-6 signaling have also been identified, although the physiological roles of the molecules are not yet fully understood. The pathological roles of IL-6 have also been clarified in various disease conditions, such as inflammatory, autoimmune, and malignant diseases. On the basis of the findings, a new therapeutic approach to block the IL-6 signal using humanized anti-IL-6R antibody for rheumatoid arthritis, Castleman's disease, and multiple myeloma has been attempted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuji Naka
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
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50
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Marusic A, Grcevic D, Katavic V, Kovacic N, Lukic IK, Kalajzic I, Lorenzo JA. Role of B lymphocytes in new bone formation. J Transl Med 2000; 80:1761-74. [PMID: 11092536 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there may be a close relationship between B lymphocytes and osteoclasts, or bone resorbing cells, little is known about the role of B lymphocytes in bone formation. We compared in vivo new bone induction in mice homozygous for the B-cell deficient (microMT) gene knockout, which lack functional B lymphocytes, with bone induction in control wild-type (C57BL/6) mice. Our comparison used two models of new bone induction in vivo: endochondral osteoinduction by subcutaneous implantation of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP-2) and osteogenic regeneration after tibial bone marrow ablation. The expression of bone-specific proteins (bone sialoprotein, osteopontin, and osteocalcin) and inflammatory/immunomodulatory cytokines (interleukin-1alpha and -1beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) was assessed by Northern blot analysis or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Ossicles induced by rhBMP-2 were larger in volume and mass in microMT knockout mice, but relative volumes of the newly induced bone, cartilage, and bone marrow were similar in the two groups. Six days after tibial bone marrow ablation, microMT knockout mice resorbed the initial blood clot faster and formed more trabecular bone, paralleled by greater levels of bone sialoprotein mRNA than in the wild-type mice. microMT knockout and wild-type mice also differed in the expression pattern of inflammatory/immunomodulatory cytokines during the development of the newly induced bone, suggesting that a genetic lack of B lymphocytes may create a change in the immunological milieu at the site of new bone induction, which stimulates the initial accumulation and proliferation of mesenchymal progenitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marusic
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research and Department of Anatomy, Zagreb University School of Medicine, Croatia.
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