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Zelisko N, Lesyk R, Stoika R. Structure, unique biological properties, and mechanisms of action of transforming growth factor β. Bioorg Chem 2024; 150:107611. [PMID: 38964148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a ubiquitous molecule that is extremely conserved structurally and plays a systemic role in human organism. TGF-β is a homodimeric molecule consisting of two subunits joined through a disulphide bond. In mammals, three genes code for TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 isoforms of this cytokine with a dominating expression of TGF-β1. Virtually, all normal cells contain TGF-β and its specific receptors. Considering the exceptional role of fine balance played by the TGF-β in anumber of physiological and pathological processes in human body, this cytokine may be proposed for use in medicine as an immunosuppressant in transplantology, wound healing and bone repair. TGFb itself is an important target in oncology. Strategies for blocking members of TGF-β signaling pathway as therapeutic targets have been considered. In this review, signalling mechanisms of TGF-β1 action are addressed, and their role in physiology and pathology with main focus on carcinogenesis are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Zelisko
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska 69, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Roman Lesyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska 69, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine.
| | - Rostyslav Stoika
- Department of Regulation of Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis, Institute of Cell Biology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Drahomanov 14/16, 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
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Gerrits T, Dijkstra KL, Bruijn JA, Scharpfenecker M, Bijkerk R, Baelde HJ. Antisense oligonucleotide-mediated terminal intron retention of endoglin: A potential strategy to inhibit renal interstitial fibrosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167186. [PMID: 38642778 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
TGF-β is considered an important cytokine in the development of interstitial fibrosis in chronic kidney disease. The TGF-β co-receptor endoglin (ENG) tends to be upregulated in kidney fibrosis. ENG has two membrane bound isoforms generated via alternative splicing. Long-ENG was shown to enhance the extent of renal fibrosis in an unilateral ureteral obstruction mouse model, while short-ENG inhibited renal fibrosis. Here we aimed to achieve terminal intron retention of endoglin using antisense-oligo nucleotides (ASOs), thereby shifting the ratio towards short-ENG to inhibit the TGF-β1-mediated pro-fibrotic response. We isolated mRNA from kidney biopsies of patients with chronic allograft disease (CAD) (n = 12) and measured total ENG and short-ENG mRNA levels. ENG mRNA was upregulated 2.3 fold (p < 0.05) in kidneys of CAD patients compared to controls, while the percentage short-ENG of the total ENG mRNA was significantly lower (1.8 fold; p < 0.05). Transfection of ASOs that target splicing regulatory sites of ENG into TK173 fibroblasts led to higher levels of short-ENG (2 fold; p < 0.05). In addition, we stimulated these cells with TGF-β1 and measured a decrease in upregulation of ACTA2, COL1A1 and FN1 mRNA levels, and protein expression of αSMA, collagen type I, and fibronectin. These results show a potential for ENG ASOs as a therapy to reduce interstitial fibrosis in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Gerrits
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands.
| | - Kyra L Dijkstra
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jan Anthonie Bruijn
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marion Scharpfenecker
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Roel Bijkerk
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hans J Baelde
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
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Liu K, Fu J, Guo K, Maghsoudloo M, Cheng J, Fu J. The ENG/VEGFα Pathway Is Likely Affected by a Nonsense Variant of Endoglin (ENG)/CD105, Causing Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Type 1 (HHT1) in a Chinese Family. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:304. [PMID: 38540362 PMCID: PMC10970080 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), also called Rendu-Osler syndrome, is a group of rare genetic diseases characterized by autosomal dominance, multisystemic vascular dysplasia, and age-related penetrance. This includes arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in the skin, brain, lung, liver, and mucous membranes. The correlations between the phenotype and genotype for HHT are not clear. An HHT Chinese pedigree was recruited. Whole exome sequencing (WES) analysis, Sanger verification, and co-segregation were conducted. Western blotting was performed for monitoring ENG/VEGFα signaling. As a result, a nonsense, heterozygous variant for ENG/CD105: c.G1169A:p. Trp390Ter of the proband with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1 (HHT1) was identified, which co-segregated with the disease in the M666 pedigree. Western blotting found that, compared with the normal levels associated with non-carrier family members, the ENG protein levels in the proband showed approximately a one-half decrease (47.4% decrease), while levels of the VEGFα protein, in the proband, showed approximately a one-quarter decrease (25.6% decrease), implying that ENG haploinsufficiency, displayed in the carrier of this variant, may affect VEGFα expression downregulation. Pearson and Spearman correlation analyses further supported TGFβ/ENG/VEGFα signaling, implying ENG regulation in the blood vessels. Thus, next-generation sequencing including WES should provide an accurate strategy for gene diagnosis, therapy, genetic counseling, and clinical management for rare genetic diseases including that in HHT1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (K.L.); (J.F.); (K.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Jiewen Fu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (K.L.); (J.F.); (K.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.)
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Kan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (K.L.); (J.F.); (K.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Mazaher Maghsoudloo
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (K.L.); (J.F.); (K.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (K.L.); (J.F.); (K.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Junjiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (K.L.); (J.F.); (K.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.)
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Baralle M, Romano M. Age-Related Alternative Splicing: Driver or Passenger in the Aging Process? Cells 2023; 12:2819. [PMID: 38132139 PMCID: PMC10742131 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing changes are closely linked to aging, though it remains unclear if they are drivers or effects. As organisms age, splicing patterns change, varying gene isoform levels and functions. These changes may contribute to aging alterations rather than just reflect declining RNA quality control. Three main splicing types-intron retention, cassette exons, and cryptic exons-play key roles in age-related complexity. These events modify protein domains and increase nonsense-mediated decay, shifting protein isoform levels and functions. This may potentially drive aging or serve as a biomarker. Fluctuations in splicing factor expression also occur with aging. Somatic mutations in splicing genes can also promote aging and age-related disease. The interplay between splicing and aging has major implications for aging biology, though differentiating correlation and causation remains challenging. Declaring a splicing factor or event as a driver requires comprehensive evaluation of the associated molecular and physiological changes. A greater understanding of how RNA splicing machinery and downstream targets are impacted by aging is essential to conclusively establish the role of splicing in driving aging, representing a promising area with key implications for understanding aging, developing novel therapeutical options, and ultimately leading to an increase in the healthy human lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Baralle
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Romano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via A. Valerio 28, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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Oladejo M, Nguyen HM, Wood L. CD105 in the progression and therapy of renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2023; 570:216327. [PMID: 37499740 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Molecular biomarkers that interact with the vascular and immune compartments play an important role in the progression of solid malignancies. CD105, which is a component of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF β) signaling cascade, has long been studied for its role in potentiating angiogenesis in numerous cancers. In renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the role of CD105 is more complicated due to its diverse expression profile on the tumor cells, tumor vasculature, and the components of the immune system. Since its discovery, its angiogenic role has overshadowed other potential functions, especially in cancers. In this review, we aim to summarize the recent evidence and findings of the multifunctional roles of CD105 in angiogenesis and immunomodulation in the context of the various subtypes of RCC, with a specific emphasis on the clear cell RCC subtype. Since CD105 is an established biomarker and tumor antigen, we also provide an update on the preclinical and clinical applications of CD105 as a therapeutic platform in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Oladejo
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, 79601, USA
| | - Hong-My Nguyen
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, 79601, USA
| | - Laurence Wood
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, 79601, USA.
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Baker JA, Brettin JT, Mulligan MK, Hamre KM. Effects of Genetics and Sex on Acute Gene Expression Changes in the Hippocampus Following Neonatal Ethanol Exposure in BXD Recombinant Inbred Mouse Strains. Brain Sci 2022; 12:1634. [PMID: 36552094 PMCID: PMC9776411 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12121634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders. Genetics have been shown to have a role in the severity of alcohol's teratogenic effects on the developing brain. We previously identified recombinant inbred BXD mouse strains that show high (HCD) or low cell death (LCD) in the hippocampus following ethanol exposure. The present study aimed to identify gene networks that influence this susceptibility. On postnatal day 7 (3rd-trimester-equivalent), male and female neonates were treated with ethanol (5.0 g/kg) or saline, and hippocampi were collected 7hrs later. Using the Affymetrix microarray platform, ethanol-induced gene expression changes were identified in all strains with divergent expression sets found between sexes. Genes, such as Bcl2l11, Jun, and Tgfb3, showed significant strain-by-treatment interactions and were involved in many apoptosis pathways. Comparison of HCD versus LCD showed twice as many ethanol-induced genes changes in the HCD. Interestingly, these changes were regulated in the same direction suggesting (1) more perturbed effects in HCD compared to LCD and (2) limited gene expression changes that confer resistance to ethanol-induced cell death in LCD. These results demonstrate that genetic background and sex are important factors that affect differential cell death pathways after alcohol exposure during development that could have long-term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Baker
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA
| | - Jacob T. Brettin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Megan K. Mulligan
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Kristin M. Hamre
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Grignaschi S, Sbalchiero A, Spinozzi G, Palermo BL, Cantarini C, Nardiello C, Cavagna L, Olivieri C. Endoglin and Systemic Sclerosis: A PRISMA-driven systematic review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:964526. [PMID: 36059817 PMCID: PMC9434008 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.964526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) is a rare autoimmune disease whose pathogenesis is still poorly understood. The Transforming Growth Factor β superfamily is considered pivotal and a crucial role has been suggested for the type III receptor, Endoglin (ENG). The aim of this systematic review is to investigate and combine the current clinical and molecular available data, to suggest novel hints for further studies. Methods We followed PRISMA guidelines; the search was performed on three databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase) in date November 2nd, 2021. Subsequent to the exclusion of duplicates, we applied as inclusion criteria: 1. focus on the relationship between ENG and SSc; 2. English language. As exclusion criteria: 1. ENG exclusively as a cellular biomarker; 2. no focus on ENG-SSc relationship; 3. review articles and 4. abstracts that did not add novel data. Eligibility was assessed independently by each author to reduce biases. We divided records into clinical and molecular works and subgrouped them by their study features and aim. Results We selected 25 original papers and 10 conference abstracts. Molecular studies included 6 articles and 4 abstracts, whereas clinical studies included 17 articles and 6 abstracts; 2 articles presented both characteristics. Molecular studies were focussed on ENG expression in different cell types, showing an altered ENG expression in SSc-affected cells. Clinical studies mainly suggested that different disease phenotypes can be related to peculiar disregulations in soluble ENG concentrations. Discussion Concerning the possible limits of our search, boolean operators in our strings might have been uneffective. However, the use of different strings in different databases should have reduced this issue at a minimum. Another bias can be represented by the selection step, in which we excluded many articles based on the role of Endoglin as a histological vascular marker rather than a signaling receptor. We tried to reduce this risk by performing the selection independently by each author and discussing disagreements. Our systematic review pointed out that ENG has a pivotal role in activating different TGFβ-stimulated pathways that can be crucial in SSc pathogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Grignaschi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Rheumatology Division, Fondazione Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Sbalchiero
- General Biology and Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spinozzi
- Otorhinolaryngology Division, Fondazione Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Bianca Lucia Palermo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Rheumatology Division, Fondazione Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Cantarini
- General Biology and Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chantal Nardiello
- General Biology and Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cavagna
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Rheumatology Division, Fondazione Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carla Olivieri
- General Biology and Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Ruiz-Llorente L, Vega MC, Fernández FJ, Langa C, Morrell NW, Upton PD, Bernabeu C. Generation of a Soluble Form of Human Endoglin Fused to Green Fluorescent Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011282. [PMID: 34681942 PMCID: PMC8539536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoglin (Eng, CD105) is a type I membrane glycoprotein that functions in endothelial cells as an auxiliary receptor for transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family members and as an integrin ligand, modulating the vascular pathophysiology. Besides the membrane-bound endoglin, there is a soluble form of endoglin (sEng) that can be generated by the action of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-14 or -12 on the juxtamembrane region of its ectodomain. High levels of sEng have been reported in patients with preeclampsia, hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis and cancer. In addition, sEng is a marker of cardiovascular damage in patients with hypertension and diabetes, plays a pathogenic role in preeclampsia, and inhibits angiogenesis and tumor proliferation, migration, and invasion in cancer. However, the mechanisms of action of sEng have not yet been elucidated, and new tools and experimental approaches are necessary to advance in this field. To this end, we aimed to obtain a fluorescent form of sEng as a new tool for biological imaging. Thus, we cloned the extracellular domain of endoglin in the pEGFP-N1 plasmid to generate a fusion protein with green fluorescent protein (GFP), giving rise to pEGFP-N1/Eng.EC. The recombinant fusion protein was characterized by transient and stable transfections in CHO-K1 cells using fluorescence microscopy, SDS-PAGE, immunodetection, and ELISA techniques. Upon transfection with pEGFP-N1/Eng.EC, fluorescence was readily detected in cells, indicating that the GFP contained in the recombinant protein was properly folded into the cytosol. Furthermore, as evidenced by Western blot analysis, the secreted fusion protein yielded the expected molecular mass and displayed a specific fluorescent signal. The fusion protein was also able to bind to BMP9 and BMP10 in vitro. Therefore, the construct described here could be used as a tool for functional in vitro studies of the extracellular domain of endoglin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Ruiz-Llorente
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.R.-L.); (M.C.V.); (F.J.F.); (C.L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of System Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Cristina Vega
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.R.-L.); (M.C.V.); (F.J.F.); (C.L.)
| | - Francisco J. Fernández
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.R.-L.); (M.C.V.); (F.J.F.); (C.L.)
| | - Carmen Langa
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.R.-L.); (M.C.V.); (F.J.F.); (C.L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicholas W. Morrell
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (N.W.M.); (P.D.U.)
| | - Paul D. Upton
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (N.W.M.); (P.D.U.)
| | - Carmelo Bernabeu
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.R.-L.); (M.C.V.); (F.J.F.); (C.L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Endoglin/CD105-Based Imaging of Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094804. [PMID: 33946583 PMCID: PMC8124553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging of pathologic lesions can improve efficient detection of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. A shared pathophysiological feature is angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels. Endoglin (CD105) is a coreceptor for ligands of the Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) family and is highly expressed on angiogenic endothelial cells. Therefore, endoglin-based imaging has been explored to visualize lesions of the aforementioned diseases. This systematic review highlights the progress in endoglin-based imaging of cancer, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and aortic aneurysm, focusing on positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging, and ultrasound imaging. PubMed was searched combining the following subjects and their respective synonyms or relevant subterms: “Endoglin”, “Imaging/Image-guided surgery”. In total, 59 papers were found eligible to be included: 58 reporting about preclinical animal or in vitro models and one ex vivo study in human organs. In addition to exact data extraction of imaging modality type, tumor or cardiovascular disease model, and tracer (class), outcomes were described via a narrative synthesis. Collectively, the data identify endoglin as a suitable target for intraoperative and diagnostic imaging of the neovasculature in tumors, whereas for cardiovascular diseases, the evidence remains scarce but promising.
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Jeng KS, Sheen IS, Lin SS, Leu CM, Chang CF. The Role of Endoglin in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063208. [PMID: 33809908 PMCID: PMC8004096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoglin (CD105) is a type-1 integral transmembrane glycoprotein and coreceptor for transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) ligands. The endoglin/TGF-β signaling pathway regulates hemostasis, cell proliferation/migration, extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and angiogenesis. Angiogenesis contributes to early progression, invasion, postoperative recurrence, and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most widespread malignancies globally. Endoglin is overexpressed in newly formed HCC microvessels. It increases microvessel density in cirrhotic and regenerative HCC nodules. In addition, circulating endoglin is present in HCC patients, suggesting potential for use as a diagnostic or prognostic factor. HCC angiogenesis is dynamic and endoglin expression varies by stage. TRC105 (carotuximab) is an antibody against endoglin, and three of its clinical trials were related to liver diseases. A partial response was achieved when combining TRC105 with sorafenib. Although antiangiogenic therapy still carries some risks, combination therapy with endoglin inhibitors or other targeted therapies holds promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Shyang Jeng
- Division of General Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei 22060, Taiwan; (K.-S.J.); (S.-S.L.)
| | - I-Shyan Sheen
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan city 33305, Taiwan;
| | - Shu-Sheng Lin
- Division of General Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei 22060, Taiwan; (K.-S.J.); (S.-S.L.)
| | - Chuen-Miin Leu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei city 11221, Taiwan;
| | - Chiung-Fang Chang
- Division of General Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei 22060, Taiwan; (K.-S.J.); (S.-S.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-7728-4564
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11
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Endoglin in the Spotlight to Treat Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063186. [PMID: 33804796 PMCID: PMC8003971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A spotlight has been shone on endoglin in recent years due to that fact of its potential to serve as both a reliable disease biomarker and a therapeutic target. Indeed, endoglin has now been assigned many roles in both physiological and pathological processes. From a molecular point of view, endoglin mainly acts as a co-receptor in the canonical TGFβ pathway, but also it may be shed and released from the membrane, giving rise to the soluble form, which also plays important roles in cell signaling. In cancer, in particular, endoglin may contribute to either an oncogenic or a non-oncogenic phenotype depending on the cell context. The fact that endoglin is expressed by neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells within the tumor microenvironment suggests new possibilities for targeted therapies. Here, we aimed to review and discuss the many roles played by endoglin in different tumor types, as well as the strong evidence provided by pre-clinical and clinical studies that supports the therapeutic targeting of endoglin as a novel clinical strategy.
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Liu Y, Paauwe M, Nixon AB, Hawinkels LJ. Endoglin Targeting: Lessons Learned and Questions That Remain. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010147. [PMID: 33375670 PMCID: PMC7795616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 30 years ago, endoglin was identified as a transforming growth factor (TGF)-β coreceptor with a crucial role in developmental biology and tumor angiogenesis. Its selectively high expression on tumor vessels and its correlation with poor survival in cancer patients led to the exploration of endoglin as a therapeutic target for cancer. The endoglin neutralizing antibody TRC105 (Carotuximab®, Tracon Pharmaceuticals (San Diego, CA, USA) was subsequently tested in a wide variety of preclinical cancer models before being tested in phase I-III clinical studies in cancer patients as both a monotherapy and in combination with other chemotherapeutic and anti-angiogenic therapies. The combined data of these studies have revealed new insights into the role of endoglin in angiogenesis and its expression and functional role on other cells in the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we will summarize the preclinical work, clinical trials and biomarker studies of TRC105 and explore what these studies have enabled us to learn and what questions remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmiao Liu
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (Y.L.); (A.B.N.)
| | - Madelon Paauwe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Andrew B. Nixon
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (Y.L.); (A.B.N.)
| | - Lukas J.A.C. Hawinkels
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-71-526-6736
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13
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Endoglin: An 'Accessory' Receptor Regulating Blood Cell Development and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239247. [PMID: 33287465 PMCID: PMC7729465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a pleiotropic factor sensed by most cells. It regulates a broad spectrum of cellular responses including hematopoiesis. In order to process TGF-β1-responses in time and space in an appropriate manner, there is a tight regulation of its signaling at diverse steps. The downstream signaling is mediated by type I and type II receptors and modulated by the ‘accessory’ receptor Endoglin also termed cluster of differentiation 105 (CD105). Endoglin was initially identified on pre-B leukemia cells but has received most attention due to its high expression on activated endothelial cells. In turn, Endoglin has been figured out as the causative factor for diseases associated with vascular dysfunction like hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia-1 (HHT-1), pre-eclampsia, and intrauterine growth restriction (IUPR). Because HHT patients often show signs of inflammation at vascular lesions, and loss of Endoglin in the myeloid lineage leads to spontaneous inflammation, it is speculated that Endoglin impacts inflammatory processes. In line, Endoglin is expressed on progenitor/precursor cells during hematopoiesis as well as on mature, differentiated cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. However, so far only pro-monocytes and macrophages have been in the focus of research, although Endoglin has been identified in many other immune system cell subsets. These findings imply a functional role of Endoglin in the maturation and function of immune cells. Aside the functional relevance of Endoglin in endothelial cells, CD105 is differentially expressed during hematopoiesis, arguing for a role of this receptor in the development of individual cell lineages. In addition, Endoglin expression is present on mature immune cells of the innate (i.e., macrophages and mast cells) and the adaptive (i.e., T-cells) immune system, further suggesting Endoglin as a factor that shapes immune responses. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on Endoglin expression and function in hematopoietic precursors and mature hematopoietic cells of different lineages.
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Nogués A, Gallardo-Vara E, Zafra MP, Mate P, Marijuan JL, Alonso A, Botella LM, Prieto MI. Endoglin (CD105) and VEGF as potential angiogenic and dissemination markers for colorectal cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2020; 18:99. [PMID: 32434528 PMCID: PMC7240983 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-020-01871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an important current problem concerning public health due to its high incidence and mortality. Advances in molecular and cellular knowledge and the detection of new disease biomarkers are very important to improve prognosis, prediction, and early diagnosis. In this study, we aimed to analyze the gene and protein expression levels of two angiogenic markers, VEGF and soluble Endoglin, during different tumor stages as well as at different stages of cancer treatment, to predict the diagnosis and evolution of colon and rectal cancer. Material and methods This study includes 133 CRC patients (93 with colon cancer and 40 with rectal cancer) on which the gene and protein expression of Endoglin (membrane and soluble form) and VEGF were analyzed by molecular and immunohistochemical techniques on different tumor stage samples and plasma obtained preoperatively as well as 3, 6, and 9 months after resection of the tumor. Results VEGF and Endoglin gene expressions were higher in tumor tissue than in surrounding non-tumoral tissue for both types of cancer. The VEGF levels in plasma were found to decrease in less aggressive tumors, whereas soluble Endoglin was increased in preoperative samples of patients with metastasis. Membrane Endoglin expression was higher on the vascular endothelium of more aggressive tumors. In contrast, Endoglin expression was mainly in the colon epithelium in less aggressive stage tumors. Conclusion Endoglin and VEGF are proteins with a major role in the tumor angiogenesis process. This study performed with a wide cohort of human samples shows that both proteins seem to be valuable biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Nogués
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eunate Gallardo-Vara
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª Paz Zafra
- Department of Medicine, Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Paloma Mate
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Marijuan
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Alonso
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital Universitario del Sureste de Madrid, Arganda del Rey, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luisa Mª Botella
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª Isabel Prieto
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Gallardo-Vara E, Gamella-Pozuelo L, Perez-Roque L, Bartha JL, Garcia-Palmero I, Casal JI, López-Novoa JM, Pericacho M, Bernabeu C. Potential Role of Circulating Endoglin in Hypertension via the Upregulated Expression of BMP4. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040988. [PMID: 32316263 PMCID: PMC7226995 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoglin is a membrane glycoprotein primarily expressed by the vascular endothelium and involved in cardiovascular diseases. Upon the proteolytic processing of the membrane-bound protein, a circulating form of endoglin (soluble endoglin, sEng) can be released, and high levels of sEng have been observed in several endothelial-related pathological conditions, where it appears to contribute to endothelial dysfunction. Preeclampsia is a multisystem disorder of high prevalence in pregnant women characterized by the onset of high blood pressure and associated with increased levels of sEng. Although a pathogenic role for sEng involving hypertension has been reported in several animal models of preeclampsia, the exact molecular mechanisms implicated remain to be identified. To search for sEng-induced mediators of hypertension, we analyzed the protein secretome of human endothelial cells in the presence of sEng. We found that sEng induces the expression of BMP4 in endothelial cells, as evidenced by their proteomic signature, gene transcript levels, and BMP4 promoter activity. A mouse model of preeclampsia with high sEng plasma levels (sEng+) showed increased transcript levels of BMP4 in lungs, stomach, and duodenum, and increased circulating levels of BMP4, compared to those of control animals. In addition, after crossing female wild type with male sEng+ mice, hypertension appeared 18 days after mating, coinciding with the appearance of high plasma levels of BMP4. Also, serum levels of sEng and BMP4 were positively correlated in pregnant women with and without preeclampsia. Interestingly, sEng-induced arterial pressure elevation in sEng+ mice was abolished in the presence of the BMP4 inhibitor noggin, suggesting that BMP4 is a downstream mediator of sEng. These results provide a better understanding on the role of sEng in the physiopathology of preeclampsia and other cardiovascular diseases, where sEng levels are increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunate Gallardo-Vara
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.G.-V.); (L.G.-P.); (I.G.-P.); (J.I.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Luis Gamella-Pozuelo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.G.-V.); (L.G.-P.); (I.G.-P.); (J.I.C.)
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL) and Renal and Cardiovascular Physiopathology Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (L.P.-R.); (J.M.L.-N.)
| | - Lucía Perez-Roque
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL) and Renal and Cardiovascular Physiopathology Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (L.P.-R.); (J.M.L.-N.)
| | - José L. Bartha
- Division of Obstetrics and Maternal and Fetal Medicine, University Hospital La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Irene Garcia-Palmero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.G.-V.); (L.G.-P.); (I.G.-P.); (J.I.C.)
| | - J. Ignacio Casal
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.G.-V.); (L.G.-P.); (I.G.-P.); (J.I.C.)
| | - José M. López-Novoa
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL) and Renal and Cardiovascular Physiopathology Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (L.P.-R.); (J.M.L.-N.)
| | - Miguel Pericacho
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL) and Renal and Cardiovascular Physiopathology Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (L.P.-R.); (J.M.L.-N.)
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Carmelo Bernabeu
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.G.-V.); (L.G.-P.); (I.G.-P.); (J.I.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (C.B.)
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16
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S-endoglin expression is induced in hyperoxia and contributes to altered pulmonary angiogenesis in bronchopulmonary dysplasia development. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3043. [PMID: 32080296 PMCID: PMC7033222 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59928-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered pulmonary angiogenesis contributes to disrupted alveolarization, which is the main characteristic of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) plays an important role during lung vascular development, and recent studies have demonstrated that endoglin is engaged in the modulation of TGFβ downstream signalling. Although there are two different isoforms of endoglin, L- and S-endoglin, little is known about the effect of S-endoglin in developing lungs. We analysed the expression of both L- and S-endoglin in the lung vasculature and its contribution to TGFβ-activin-like kinase (ALK)-Smad signalling with respect to BPD development. Hyperoxia impaired pulmonary angiogenesis accompanied by alveolar simplification in neonatal mouse lungs. S-endoglin, phosphorylated Smad2/3 and connective tissue growth factor levels were significantly increased in hyperoxia-exposed mice, while L-endoglin, phosphor-Smad1/5 and platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 levels were significantly decreased. Hyperoxia suppressed the tubular growth of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (ECs), and the selective inhibition of ALK5 signalling restored tubular growth. These results indicate that hyperoxia alters the balance in two isoforms of endoglin towards increased S-endoglin and that S-endoglin attenuates TGFβ-ALK1-Smad1/5 signalling but stimulates TGFβ-ALK5-Smad2/3 signalling in pulmonary ECs, which may lead to impaired pulmonary angiogenesis in developing lungs.
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17
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Leite AR, Borges-Canha M, Cardoso R, Neves JS, Castro-Ferreira R, Leite-Moreira A. Novel Biomarkers for Evaluation of Endothelial Dysfunction. Angiology 2020; 71:397-410. [PMID: 32077315 DOI: 10.1177/0003319720903586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is one of the earliest indicators of cardiovascular (CV) dysfunction, and its evaluation would be of considerable importance to stratify CV risk of many diseases and to assess the efficacy of atheroprotective treatments. Flow-mediated dilation is the most widely used method to study endothelial function. However, it is operator-dependent and can be influenced by physiological variations. Circulating biomarkers are a promising alternative. Due to the complexity of endothelial function, many of the biomarkers studied do not provide consistent information about the endothelium when measured alone. New circulating markers are being explored and some of them are thought to be suitable for the clinical setting. In this review, we focus on novel biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction, particularly endothelial microparticles, endocan, and endoglin, and discuss whether they fulfill the criteria to be applied in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Leite
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Borges-Canha
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Cardoso
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Sérgio Neves
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Castro-Ferreira
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Serviço de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Adelino Leite-Moreira
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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18
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Schoonderwoerd MJA, Goumans MJTH, Hawinkels LJAC. Endoglin: Beyond the Endothelium. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020289. [PMID: 32059544 PMCID: PMC7072477 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Keywords: endoglin; CD105 TGF-β; BMP9; ALK-1; TRC105; tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. A. Schoonderwoerd
- Department of Gastrenterology-Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lukas J. A. C. Hawinkels
- Department of Gastrenterology-Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-71-526-6736
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19
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About F, Bibert S, Jouanguy E, Nalpas B, Lorenzo L, Rattina V, Zarhrate M, Hanein S, Munteanu M, Müllhaupt B, Semela D, Semmo N, Casanova JL, Theodorou I, Sultanik P, Poynard T, Pol S, Bochud PY, Cobat A, Abel L. Identification of an Endoglin Variant Associated With HCV-Related Liver Fibrosis Progression by Next-Generation Sequencing. Front Genet 2019; 10:1024. [PMID: 31749832 PMCID: PMC6844190 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the astonishing progress in treating chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with direct-acting antiviral agents, liver fibrosis remains a major health concern in HCV infected patients, in particular due to the treatment cost and insufficient HCV screening in many countries. Only a fraction of patients with chronic HCV infection develop liver fibrosis. While there is evidence that host genetic factors are involved in the development of liver fibrosis, the common variants identified so far, in particular by genome-wide association studies, were found to have limited effects. Here, we conducted an exome association study in 88 highly selected HCV-infected patients with and without fibrosis. A strategy focusing on TGF-β pathway genes revealed an enrichment in rare variants of the endoglin gene (ENG) in fibrosis patients. Replication studies in additional cohorts (617 patients) identified one specific ENG variant, Thr5Met, with an overall odds ratio for fibrosis development in carriers of 3.04 (1.39-6.69). Our results suggest that endoglin, a key player in TGF-β signaling, is involved in HCV-related liver fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédégonde About
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Bibert
- Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Nalpas
- Inserm Scientific Information and Communication Department, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Lazaro Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Vimel Rattina
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Mohammed Zarhrate
- Genomics Core Facility, Imagine Institute, Research Federative Structure Necker, Inserm U1163 and Inserm US24/CNRS UMS3633, Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cite University, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Hanein
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Translational Genetics Platform, Inserm U1163, Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | | | - Beat Müllhaupt
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Service, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David Semela
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kantonsspital Sankt Gallen, Sankt Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Nasser Semmo
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Department of Hepatology, Inselspital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, United States.,Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Ioannis Theodorou
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Inserm UMR S 1135, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Sultanik
- Université Paris Centre; U1223, Institut Pasteur; Liver Department, Hôpital Cochin, APHP; Paris, France
| | - Thierry Poynard
- Hepatology Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, Paris, France.,Saint-Antoine Research Center & Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Inserm, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Stanislas Pol
- Université Paris Centre; U1223, Institut Pasteur; Liver Department, Hôpital Cochin, APHP; Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Bochud
- Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
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Gallardo-Vara E, Ruiz-Llorente L, Casado-Vela J, Ruiz-Rodríguez MJ, López-Andrés N, Pattnaik AK, Quintanilla M, Bernabeu C. Endoglin Protein Interactome Profiling Identifies TRIM21 and Galectin-3 as New Binding Partners. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091082. [PMID: 31540324 PMCID: PMC6769930 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoglin is a 180-kDa glycoprotein receptor primarily expressed by the vascular endothelium and involved in cardiovascular disease and cancer. Heterozygous mutations in the endoglin gene (ENG) cause hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1, a vascular disease that presents with nasal and gastrointestinal bleeding, skin and mucosa telangiectases, and arteriovenous malformations in internal organs. A circulating form of endoglin (alias soluble endoglin, sEng), proteolytically released from the membrane-bound protein, has been observed in several inflammation-related pathological conditions and appears to contribute to endothelial dysfunction and cancer development through unknown mechanisms. Membrane-bound endoglin is an auxiliary component of the TGF-β receptor complex and the extracellular region of endoglin has been shown to interact with types I and II TGF-β receptors, as well as with BMP9 and BMP10 ligands, both members of the TGF-β family. To search for novel protein interactors, we screened a microarray containing over 9000 unique human proteins using recombinant sEng as bait. We find that sEng binds with high affinity, at least, to 22 new proteins. Among these, we validated the interaction of endoglin with galectin-3, a secreted member of the lectin family with capacity to bind membrane glycoproteins, and with tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21), an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Using human endothelial cells and Chinese hamster ovary cells, we showed that endoglin co-immunoprecipitates and co-localizes with galectin-3 or TRIM21. These results open new research avenues on endoglin function and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunate Gallardo-Vara
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.G.-V.); (L.R.-L.)
| | - Lidia Ruiz-Llorente
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.G.-V.); (L.R.-L.)
| | - Juan Casado-Vela
- Bioengineering and Aerospace Engineering Department, Universidad Carlos III and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leganés, 28911 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - Natalia López-Andrés
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Asit K. Pattnaik
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Miguel Quintanilla
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.Q.); (C.B.)
| | - Carmelo Bernabeu
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.G.-V.); (L.R.-L.)
- Correspondence: (M.Q.); (C.B.)
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Microglial Phenotyping in Neurodegenerative Disease Brains: Identification of Reactive Microglia with an Antibody to Variant of CD105/Endoglin. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070766. [PMID: 31340569 PMCID: PMC6678308 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is considered a key pathological process in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), but there are still mechanisms not understood. In the brain, most microglia are performing essential homeostatic functions, but can also respond to pathogenic stimuli by producing harmful pro-inflammatory cytokines or free radicals. Distinguishing between damaging and homeostatic microglia in human diseased brain tissues is a challenge. This report describes findings using a monoclonal antibody to CD105/Endoglin (R&D Systems MAB1097) that identifies subtypes of activated microglia. CD105/Endoglin is a co-receptor for transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) receptor that antagonizes TGFβ signaling. CD105/Endoglin is a marker for vascular endothelial cells, but was originally identified as a marker for activated macrophages. This antibody did not identify endothelial cells in brain sections, only microglia-like cells. In this study, we examined with this antibody tissue section from middle temporal gyrus derived from human brains from normal control subjects with low-plaque pathology, high-plaque pathology, and AD cases, and also substantia nigra samples from control and PD cases, in conjunction with antibodies to markers of pathology and microglia. In low-plaque pathology cases, CD105-positive microglia were mostly absent, but noticeably increased with increasing pathology. CD105-positive cells strongly colocalized with amyloid-beta plaques, but not phosphorylated tau positive tangles. In substantia nigra, strong microglial CD105 staining was observed in microglia associated with degenerating dopaminergic neurons and neuromelanin. In PD cases with few surviving dopaminergic neurons, this staining had decreased. By Western blot, this antibody identified polypeptide bands of 70 kDa in brain samples, and samples from microglia, macrophages, and brain endothelial cells. In comparison with other tested CD105 antibodies, this antibody did not recognize the glycosylated forms of CD105 on Western blots. Overall, the data indicate that this antibody and this marker could have utility for subtyping of microglia in pathologically-involved tissue.
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Ruiz-Llorente L, McDonald J, Wooderchak-Donahue W, Briggs E, Chesnutt M, Bayrak-Toydemir P, Bernabeu C. Characterization of a family mutation in the 5' untranslated region of the endoglin gene causative of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. J Hum Genet 2019; 64:333-339. [PMID: 30728427 PMCID: PMC8075931 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-019-0564-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a vascular disease characterized by nose and gastrointestinal bleeding, telangiectases in skin and mucosa, and arteriovenous malformations in major internal organs. Most patients carry a mutation in the coding region of the endoglin (ENG) or activin A receptor type II-1 (ACVRL1) gene. Nonetheless, in around 15% of patients, sequencing analysis and duplication/deletion tests fail to pinpoint mutations in the coding regions of these genes. In these cases, it has been shown that sequencing of the 5’-untranslated region (5’UTR) of ENG may be useful to identify novel mutations in the ENG non-coding region. Here we report the genetic characterization and functional analysis of the heterozygous mutation c.-142A>T in the 5’UTR region of ENG found in a family with several members affected by HHT. This variant gives rise to a new initiation codon of the protein that involves the change in its open reading frame. Transfection studies in monkey cells using endoglin expression vectors demonstrated that c-142A>T mutation results in a clear reduction in the levels of the endoglin protein. These results support the inclusion of the 5’UTR of ENG in the standard genetic testing for HHT to increase its sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Ruiz-Llorente
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jamie McDonald
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, and Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Whitney Wooderchak-Donahue
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, and Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Eric Briggs
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, and Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mark Chesnutt
- Departments of Medicine and Interventional Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University and Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Pinar Bayrak-Toydemir
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, and Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Carmelo Bernabeu
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040, Madrid, Spain. .,ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, and Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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23
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Kasprzak A, Adamek A. Role of Endoglin (CD105) in the Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Anti-Angiogenic Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3887. [PMID: 30563158 PMCID: PMC6321450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is perfused by both arterial and venous blood, with a resulting abnormal microenvironment selecting for more-aggressive malignancies. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primary liver cancer, the sixth most common cancer globally, and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. HCC is characterized by its hypervascularization. Improving the efficiency of anti-angiogenic treatment and mitigation of anti-angiogenic drug resistance are the top priorities in the development of non-surgical HCC therapies. Endoglin (CD105), a transmembrane glycoprotein, is one of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) co-receptors. Involvement of that protein in angiogenesis of solid tumours is well documented. Endoglin is a marker of activated endothelial cells (ECs), and is preferentially expressed in the angiogenic endothelium of solid tumours, including HCC. HCC is associated with changes in CD105-positive ECs within and around the tumour. The large spectrum of endoglin effects in the liver is cell-type- and HCC- stage-specific. High expression of endoglin in non-tumour tissue suggests that this microenvironment might play an especially important role in the progression of HCC. Evaluation of tissue expression, as well as serum concentrations of this glycoprotein in HCC, tends to confirm its role as an important biomarker in HCC diagnosis and prognosis. The role of endoglin in liver fibrosis and HCC progression also makes it an attractive therapeutic target. Despite these facts, the exact molecular mechanisms of endoglin functioning in hepatocarcinogenesis are still poorly understood. This review summarizes the current data concerning the role and signalling pathways of endoglin in hepatocellular carcinoma development and progression, and provides an overview of the strategies available for a specific targeting of CD105 in anti-angiogenic therapy in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Kasprzak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań 60-781, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Adamek
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hepatology and Acquired Immunodeficiencies, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań 61-285, Poland.
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Smirnov IV, Gryazeva IV, Vasileva MY, Krutetskaia IY, Shashkova OA, Samoylovich MP, Stolbovaya AY, Solodovnikova NG, Zazerskaya IE, Sokolov DI, Selkov SA, Klimovich VB. New highly sensitive sandwich ELISA system for soluble endoglin quantification in different biological fluids. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2018; 78:515-523. [DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2018.1516892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Valerevich Smirnov
- Hybridoma Technology Laboratory, Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina Vladimirovna Gryazeva
- Hybridoma Technology Laboratory, Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Irina Yurevna Krutetskaia
- Hybridoma Technology Laboratory, Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga Alexandrovna Shashkova
- Hybridoma Technology Laboratory, Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina Platonovna Samoylovich
- Hybridoma Technology Laboratory, Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia Yurevna Stolbovaya
- Hybridoma Technology Laboratory, Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Dmitriy Igorevich Sokolov
- Department of Immunology, The Research Institute of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey Alexeevich Selkov
- Department of Immunology, The Research Institute of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir Borisovich Klimovich
- Hybridoma Technology Laboratory, Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Gallardo-Vara E, Tual-Chalot S, Botella LM, Arthur HM, Bernabeu C. Soluble endoglin regulates expression of angiogenesis-related proteins and induction of arteriovenous malformations in a mouse model of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.034397. [PMID: 30108051 PMCID: PMC6176985 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.034397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoglin is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed in vascular endothelium that plays a key role in angiogenesis. Mutations in the endoglin gene (ENG) cause hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1 (HHT1), characterized by arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in different organs. These vascular lesions derive from abnormal processes of angiogenesis, whereby aberrant vascular remodeling leads to focal loss of capillaries. Current treatments for HHT1 include antiangiogenic therapies. Interestingly, a circulating form of endoglin (also known as soluble endoglin, sEng), proteolytically released from the membrane-bound protein and displaying antiangiogenic activity, has been described in several endothelial-related pathological conditions. Using human and mouse endothelial cells, we find that sEng downregulates several pro-angiogenic and pro-migratory proteins involved in angiogenesis. However, this effect is much reduced in endothelial cells that lack endogenous transmembrane endoglin, suggesting that the antiangiogenic activity of sEng is dependent on the presence of endogenous transmembrane endoglin protein. In fact, sEng partially restores the phenotype of endoglin-silenced endothelial cells to that of normal endothelial cells. Moreover, using an established neonatal retinal model of HHT1 with depleted endoglin in the vascular endothelium, sEng treatment decreases the number of AVMs and has a normalizing effect on the vascular phenotype with respect to vessel branching, vascular density and migration of the vascular plexus towards the retinal periphery. Taken together, these data show that circulating sEng can influence vascular development and AVMs by modulating angiogenesis, and that its effect on endothelial cells depends on the expression of endogenous endoglin. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Soluble endoglin regulates vascular development and arteriovenous malformations by modulating angiogenesis, and its effect on endothelial cells depends on expression of endogenous membrane-bound endoglin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunate Gallardo-Vara
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Simon Tual-Chalot
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Luisa M Botella
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Helen M Arthur
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Carmelo Bernabeu
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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26
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Endogenous Antiangiogenic Factors in Chronic Kidney Disease: Potential Biomarkers of Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071859. [PMID: 29937525 PMCID: PMC6073618 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major global health problem. Unless intensive intervention is initiated, some patients can rapidly progress to end-stage kidney disease. However, it is often difficult to predict renal outcomes using conventional laboratory tests in individuals with CKD. Therefore, many researchers have been searching for novel biomarkers to predict the progression of CKD. Angiogenesis is involved in physiological and pathological processes in the kidney and is regulated by the balance between a proangiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, and various endogenous antiangiogenic factors. In recent reports using genetically engineered mice, the roles of these antiangiogenic factors in the pathogenesis of kidney disease have become increasingly clear. In addition, recent clinical studies have demonstrated associations between circulating levels of antiangiogenic factors and renal dysfunction in CKD patients. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the study of representative endogenous antiangiogenic factors, including soluble fms-related tyrosine kinase 1, soluble endoglin, pigment epithelium-derived factor, VEGF-A165b, endostatin, and vasohibin-1, in associations with kidney diseases and discuss their predictive potentials as biomarkers of progression of CKD.
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Plumitallo S, Ruiz-Llorente L, Langa C, Morini J, Babini G, Cappelletti D, Scelsi L, Greco A, Danesino C, Bernabeu C, Olivieri C. Functional analysis of a novel ENG variant in a patient with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) identifies a new Sp1 binding-site. Gene 2018; 647:85-92. [PMID: 29305977 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) is a rare disease, with an autosomal dominant inheritance and a worldwide incidence of about 1: 5000 individuals. In >80% of patients, HHT is caused by mutations in either ENG or ACVRL1, which code for ENDOGLIN and Activin A Receptor Type II-Like Kinase 1 (ALK1), belonging to the TGF-β/BMP signalling pathway. Typical HHT clinical features are mucocutaneous telangiectases, arteriovenous malformations, spontaneous and recurrent epistaxis, as well as gastrointestinal bleedings. An additional, but less frequent, clinical manifestation in some HHT patients is the presence of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH). The aim of this work is to describe the functional role of a novel ENG intronic variant found in a patient affected by both HHT and PAH, in order to assess whether it has a pathogenic role. We proved that the variant lies in a novel binding-site for the transcription factor Sp1, known to be involved in the regulation of ENG and ACVRL1 transcription. We confirmed a pathogenic role for this intronic variant, as it significantly reduces ENG transcription by affecting this novel Sp1 binding-site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Plumitallo
- Molecular Medicine Department, General Biology and Medical Genetics Unit, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Lidia Ruiz-Llorente
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Calle Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carmen Langa
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Calle Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jacopo Morini
- Physics Department, Radiation Biophysics and Radiobiology Lab, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Babini
- Physics Department, Radiation Biophysics and Radiobiology Lab, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Donata Cappelletti
- Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Laura Scelsi
- Cardiothoracic-Vascular Department, Cardiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Greco
- Cardiothoracic-Vascular Department, Cardiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Cesare Danesino
- Molecular Medicine Department, General Biology and Medical Genetics Unit, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Genetic Counselling Service, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Piazzale Golgi 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Carmelo Bernabeu
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Calle Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carla Olivieri
- Molecular Medicine Department, General Biology and Medical Genetics Unit, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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28
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Saito T, Bokhove M, Croci R, Zamora-Caballero S, Han L, Letarte M, de Sanctis D, Jovine L. Structural Basis of the Human Endoglin-BMP9 Interaction: Insights into BMP Signaling and HHT1. Cell Rep 2018; 19:1917-1928. [PMID: 28564608 PMCID: PMC5464963 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoglin (ENG)/CD105 is an essential endothelial cell co-receptor of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily, mutated in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1 (HHT1) and involved in tumor angiogenesis and preeclampsia. Here, we present crystal structures of the ectodomain of human ENG and its complex with the ligand bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9). BMP9 interacts with a hydrophobic surface of the N-terminal orphan domain of ENG, which adopts a new duplicated fold generated by circular permutation. The interface involves residues mutated in HHT1 and overlaps with the epitope of tumor-suppressing anti-ENG monoclonal TRC105. The structure of the C-terminal zona pellucida module suggests how two copies of ENG embrace homodimeric BMP9, whose binding is compatible with ligand recognition by type I but not type II receptors. These findings shed light on the molecular basis of the BMP signaling cascade, with implications for future therapeutic interventions in this fundamental pathway. Crystal structures of human ENG and its complex with BMP9 were determined The orphan domain of ENG adopts a fold that explains the effect of HHT1 mutations ZP module-mediated dimerization of ENG creates a clamp that secures homodimeric BMP9 ENG-bound BMP9 can interact with the ALK1 receptor but not the ActRIIB receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Saito
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 14183, Sweden
| | - Marcel Bokhove
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 14183, Sweden
| | - Romina Croci
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 14183, Sweden
| | - Sara Zamora-Caballero
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 14183, Sweden
| | - Ling Han
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 14183, Sweden
| | - Michelle Letarte
- Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | | | - Luca Jovine
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 14183, Sweden.
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Goumans MJ, Ten Dijke P. TGF-β Signaling in Control of Cardiovascular Function. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a022210. [PMID: 28348036 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies in animals and humans indicate that gene mutations that functionally perturb transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling are linked to specific hereditary vascular syndromes, including Osler-Rendu-Weber disease or hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and Marfan syndrome. Disturbed TGF-β signaling can also cause nonhereditary disorders like atherosclerosis and cardiac fibrosis. Accordingly, cell culture studies using endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells (SMCs), cultured alone or together in two- or three-dimensional cell culture assays, on plastic or embedded in matrix, have shown that TGF-β has a pivotal effect on endothelial and SMC proliferation, differentiation, migration, tube formation, and sprouting. Moreover, TGF-β can stimulate endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, a process shown to be of key importance in heart valve cushion formation and in various pathological vascular processes. Here, we discuss the roles of TGF-β in vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis and the deregulation of TGF-β signaling in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-José Goumans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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30
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Nickel J, Ten Dijke P, Mueller TD. TGF-β family co-receptor function and signaling. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:12-36. [PMID: 29293886 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family members, which include TGF-βs, activins and bone morphogenetic proteins, are pleiotropic cytokines that elicit cell type-specific effects in a highly context-dependent manner in many different tissues. These secreted protein ligands signal via single-transmembrane Type I and Type II serine/threonine kinase receptors and intracellular SMAD transcription factors. Deregulation in signaling has been implicated in a broad array of diseases, and implicate the need for intricate fine tuning in cellular signaling responses. One important emerging mechanism by which TGF-β family receptor signaling intensity, duration, specificity and diversity are regulated and/or mediated is through cell surface co-receptors. Here, we provide an overview of the co-receptors that have been identified for TGF-β family members. While some appear to be specific to TGF-β family members, others are shared with other pathways and provide possible ways for signal integration. This review focuses on novel functions of TGF-β family co-receptors, which continue to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Nickel
- Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Lehrstuhl für Tissue Engineering und Regenerative Medizin und Fraunhofer Institut für Silicatforschung (ISC), Translationszentrum "Regenerative Therapien", Röntgenring 11, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas D Mueller
- Lehrstuhl für molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie und Biophysik, Julius-von-Sachs Institut für Biowissenschaften, Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
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31
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Deschênes M, Chabot B. The emerging role of alternative splicing in senescence and aging. Aging Cell 2017; 16:918-933. [PMID: 28703423 PMCID: PMC5595669 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of precursor mRNA splicing is associated with many illnesses and has been linked to age-related chronic diseases. Here we review recent progress documenting how defects in the machinery that performs intron removal and controls splice site selection contribute to cellular senescence and organismal aging. We discuss the functional association linking p53, IGF-1, SIRT1, and ING-1 splice variants with senescence and aging, and review a selection of splicing defects occurring in accelerated aging (progeria), vascular aging, and Alzheimer's disease. Overall, it is becoming increasingly clear that changes in the activity of splicing factors and in the production of key splice variants can impact cellular senescence and the aging phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Deschênes
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQuebecJ1E 4K8Canada
| | - Benoit Chabot
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQuebecJ1E 4K8Canada
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32
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Forte A, Bancone C, Cobellis G, Buonocore M, Santarpino G, Fischlein TJM, Cipollaro M, De Feo M, Della Corte A. A Possible Early Biomarker for Bicuspid Aortopathy: Circulating Transforming Growth Factor β-1 to Soluble Endoglin Ratio. Circ Res 2017; 120:1800-1811. [PMID: 28420669 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The pathogenesis of bicuspid aortic valve (BAV)-associated aortopathy is poorly understood, and no prognostic biomarker is currently available. OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify putative circulating biomarkers pathogenetically and prognostically linked to bicuspid aortopathy. METHODS AND RESULTS By reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, we evaluated gene expression variations (versus normal aorta) of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), connective tissue growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-14, endoglin (ENG), and superoxide dismutase 3 in ascending aorta samples from 50 tricuspid and 70 patients with BAV undergoing surgery for aortic stenosis (aorta diameter ≤45 mm: BAVnon-dil or >45 mm: BAVdil). Expression changes of the TGF-β1 active dimer and ENG were analyzed also by Western blot in ascending aorta samples from other 10 tricuspid aortic valve, 10 BAVnon-dil, and 10 BAVdil patients. The serum concentration of study targets was assessed through ELISA and the ratio of serum TGF-β1/ENG (T/E) was evaluated. All BAVnon-dil patients underwent follow-up echocardiography to assess aortic growth rate. In BAVnon-dil patients, TGF-β1 and MMP-2 gene expression increased significantly, whereas MMP-14 and ENG expression decreased versus controls. Expression changes were confirmed at protein level for TGF-β1 and ENG. TGF-β1 serum concentration significantly decreased in tricuspid aortic valve and BAVnon-dil patients versus healthy subjects. ENG serum concentration decreased in all patients, more markedly in BAVdil. A significant increase of the T/E ratio versus healthy subjects was unique of patients with BAV. In BAVnon-dil patients, a T/E ≥9 was independently associated in multivariable analysis with higher MMP-2 and lower superoxide dismutase 3 gene expression, independent of age and aortic diameter. A significant correlation was observed between baseline T/E ratio and aortic diameter growth rate in BAVnon-dil patients (r=0.66, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The novel evidence of a possible value of the T/E ratio as a biomarker of BAV aortopathy was presented: further validation studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Forte
- From the Experimental Medicine (A.F., M.C.), Cardiothoracic Sciences (C.B., M.B., M.D.F., A.D.C.), and Biophysics, Biochemistry, and General Pathology (G.C.), University of Campania "L.Vanvitelli", Naples Italy; and Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Nürnberg, Germany (G.S., T.J.M.F.).
| | - Ciro Bancone
- From the Experimental Medicine (A.F., M.C.), Cardiothoracic Sciences (C.B., M.B., M.D.F., A.D.C.), and Biophysics, Biochemistry, and General Pathology (G.C.), University of Campania "L.Vanvitelli", Naples Italy; and Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Nürnberg, Germany (G.S., T.J.M.F.)
| | - Gilda Cobellis
- From the Experimental Medicine (A.F., M.C.), Cardiothoracic Sciences (C.B., M.B., M.D.F., A.D.C.), and Biophysics, Biochemistry, and General Pathology (G.C.), University of Campania "L.Vanvitelli", Naples Italy; and Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Nürnberg, Germany (G.S., T.J.M.F.)
| | - Marianna Buonocore
- From the Experimental Medicine (A.F., M.C.), Cardiothoracic Sciences (C.B., M.B., M.D.F., A.D.C.), and Biophysics, Biochemistry, and General Pathology (G.C.), University of Campania "L.Vanvitelli", Naples Italy; and Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Nürnberg, Germany (G.S., T.J.M.F.)
| | - Giuseppe Santarpino
- From the Experimental Medicine (A.F., M.C.), Cardiothoracic Sciences (C.B., M.B., M.D.F., A.D.C.), and Biophysics, Biochemistry, and General Pathology (G.C.), University of Campania "L.Vanvitelli", Naples Italy; and Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Nürnberg, Germany (G.S., T.J.M.F.)
| | - Theodor J M Fischlein
- From the Experimental Medicine (A.F., M.C.), Cardiothoracic Sciences (C.B., M.B., M.D.F., A.D.C.), and Biophysics, Biochemistry, and General Pathology (G.C.), University of Campania "L.Vanvitelli", Naples Italy; and Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Nürnberg, Germany (G.S., T.J.M.F.)
| | - Marilena Cipollaro
- From the Experimental Medicine (A.F., M.C.), Cardiothoracic Sciences (C.B., M.B., M.D.F., A.D.C.), and Biophysics, Biochemistry, and General Pathology (G.C.), University of Campania "L.Vanvitelli", Naples Italy; and Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Nürnberg, Germany (G.S., T.J.M.F.)
| | - Marisa De Feo
- From the Experimental Medicine (A.F., M.C.), Cardiothoracic Sciences (C.B., M.B., M.D.F., A.D.C.), and Biophysics, Biochemistry, and General Pathology (G.C.), University of Campania "L.Vanvitelli", Naples Italy; and Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Nürnberg, Germany (G.S., T.J.M.F.)
| | - Alessandro Della Corte
- From the Experimental Medicine (A.F., M.C.), Cardiothoracic Sciences (C.B., M.B., M.D.F., A.D.C.), and Biophysics, Biochemistry, and General Pathology (G.C.), University of Campania "L.Vanvitelli", Naples Italy; and Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Nürnberg, Germany (G.S., T.J.M.F.)
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Núñez-Gómez E, Pericacho M, Ollauri-Ibáñez C, Bernabéu C, López-Novoa JM. The role of endoglin in post-ischemic revascularization. Angiogenesis 2016; 20:1-24. [PMID: 27943030 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-016-9535-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Following arterial occlusion, blood vessels respond by forming a new network of functional capillaries (angiogenesis), by reorganizing preexisting capillaries through the recruitment of smooth muscle cells to generate new arteries (arteriogenesis) and by growing and remodeling preexisting collateral arterioles into physiologically relevant arteries (collateral development). All these processes result in the recovery of organ perfusion. The importance of endoglin in post-occlusion reperfusion is sustained by several observations: (1) endoglin expression is increased in vessels showing active angiogenesis/remodeling; (2) genetic endoglin haploinsufficiency in humans causes deficient angiogenesis; and (3) the reduction of endoglin expression by gene disruption or the administration of endoglin-neutralizing antibodies reduces angiogenesis and revascularization. However, the precise role of endoglin in the several processes associated with revascularization has not been completely elucidated and, in some cases, the function ascribed to endoglin by different authors is controversial. The purpose of this review is to organize in a critical way the information available for the role of endoglin in several phenomena (angiogenesis, arteriogenesis and collateral development) associated with post-ischemic revascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Núñez-Gómez
- Renal and Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel Pericacho
- Renal and Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Claudia Ollauri-Ibáñez
- Renal and Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carmelo Bernabéu
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Spanish National Research Council (CIB, CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M López-Novoa
- Renal and Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain. .,Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain.
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Emeksiz HC, Bideci A, Damar Ç, Derinkuyu B, Çelik N, Döğer E, Yüce Ö, Özmen MC, Çamurdan MO, Cinaz P. Soluble Endoglin Level Increase Occurs Prior to Development of Subclinical Structural Vascular Alterations in Diabetic Adolescents. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2016; 8:313-20. [PMID: 27097763 PMCID: PMC5096495 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.2906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Soluble endoglin (S-endoglin) has been implicated as a potential marker of endothelial dysfunction (ED) and was reported to be elevated in diabetic adults, correlating with the severity of diabetic vasculopathy. However, circulating S-endoglin and its association with other markers of ED have not been formerly analyzed in the first decade of diabetes onset in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). METHODS Fifty-eight adolescents with moderately/poorly controlled T1DM were included in this study and twenty-nine healthy adolescents served as controls. The diabetic group was divided into two groups based on the presence of microalbuminuria, as the microalbuminuria group (n=15) and the normoalbuminuria group (n=43). Functional vascular alterations were evaluated by measuring serum S-endoglin and plasma nitric oxide (NO) concentrations, the flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery. Carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) was measured for evaluation of structural vascular alterations. RESULTS The S-endoglin and NO levels of both microalbuminuria and normoalbuminuria groups were higher than those of the control group (for S-endoglin, p=0.047 and p<0.001; for NO, p=0.004 and p=0.006, respectively). The FMD percent was lower in the microalbuminuria group compared to the normoalbuminuria and control groups (p=0.036 and p=0.020, respectively). There were negative correlations between S-endoglin concentration and FMD percent (r=-0.213, p=0.051) and between serum S-endoglin concentration and albumin excretion rate (r=-0.361, p=0.005). No significant differences were found in CIMT among any of the groups (p=0.443). CONCLUSION In adolescents with T1DM, S-endoglin concentrations might increase in parallel to the deterioration in endothelial function before subclinical structural vascular alterations become evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdi Cihan Emeksiz
- Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey, Phone: +90 462 341 56 56/11572 E-mail:
| | - Aysun Bideci
- Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Çağrı Damar
- Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Betül Derinkuyu
- Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nurullah Çelik
- Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esra Döğer
- Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özge Yüce
- Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cüneyt Özmen
- Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Orhun Çamurdan
- Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Peyami Cinaz
- Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
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Overexpression of the short endoglin isoform reduces renal fibrosis and inflammation after unilateral ureteral obstruction. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1801-14. [PMID: 27321931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is one of the most studied cytokines involved in renal tubulo-interstitial fibrosis, which is characterized by myofibroblast abundance and proliferation, and high buildup of extracellular matrix in the tubular interstitium leading to organ failure. Endoglin (Eng) is a 180-kDa homodimeric transmembrane protein that regulates a great number of TGF-β1 actions in different biological processes, including ECM synthesis. High levels of Eng have been observed in experimental models of renal fibrosis or in biopsies from patients with chronic kidney disease. In humans and mice, two Eng isoforms are generated by alternative splicing, L-Eng and S-Eng that differ in the length and composition of their cytoplasmic domains. We have previously described that L-Eng overexpression promotes renal fibrosis after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). However, the role of S-Eng in renal fibrosis is unknown and its study would let us analyze the possible function of the cytoplasmic domain of Eng in this process. For this purpose, we have generated a mice strain that overexpresses S-Eng (S-ENG(+)) and we have performed an UUO in S-ENG(+) and their wild type (WT) control mice. Our results indicate that obstructed kidney of S-ENG(+) mice shows lower levels of tubulo-interstitial fibrosis, less inflammation and less interstitial cell proliferation than WT littermates. Moreover, S-ENG(+) mice show less activation of Smad1 and Smad2/3 pathways. Thus, S-Eng overexpression reduces UUO-induced renal fibrosis and some associated mechanisms. As L-Eng overexpression provokes renal fibrosis we conclude that Eng-mediated induction of renal fibrosis in this model is dependent on its cytoplasmic domain.
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36
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Barriuso B, Antolín P, Arias FJ, Girotti A, Jiménez P, Cordoba-Diaz M, Cordoba-Diaz D, Girbés T. Anti-Human Endoglin (hCD105) Immunotoxin-Containing Recombinant Single Chain Ribosome-Inactivating Protein Musarmin 1. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E184. [PMID: 27294959 PMCID: PMC4926150 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8060184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoglin (CD105) is an accessory component of the TGF-β receptor complex, which is expressed in a number of tissues and over-expressed in the endothelial cells of tumor neovasculature. Targeting endoglin with immunotoxins containing type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins has proved an effective tool to reduce blood supply to B16 mice tumor xenografts. We prepared anti-endoglin immunotoxin (IT)-containing recombinant musarmin 1 (single chain ribosome-inactivating proteins) linked to the mouse anti-human CD105 44G4 mouse monoclonal antibody via N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP). The immunotoxin specifically killed L929 fibroblast mouse cells transfected with the short form of human endoglin with IC50 values in the range of 5 × 10(-10) to 10(-9) M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Barriuso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Pilar Antolín
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - F Javier Arias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain.
- Bioforge, University of Valladolid, Spain and Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 47002 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Alessandra Girotti
- Bioforge, University of Valladolid, Spain and Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 47002 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Pilar Jiménez
- Department of Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Manuel Cordoba-Diaz
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Technology and University Institute of Industrial Pharmacy (IUFI), Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Damián Cordoba-Diaz
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Technology and University Institute of Industrial Pharmacy (IUFI), Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Tomás Girbés
- Department of Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain.
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37
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Rossi E, Smadja DM, Boscolo E, Langa C, Arevalo MA, Pericacho M, Gamella-Pozuelo L, Kauskot A, Botella LM, Gaussem P, Bischoff J, Lopez-Novoa JM, Bernabeu C. Endoglin regulates mural cell adhesion in the circulatory system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1715-39. [PMID: 26646071 PMCID: PMC4805714 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The circulatory system is walled off by different cell types, including vascular mural cells and podocytes. The interaction and interplay between endothelial cells (ECs) and mural cells, such as vascular smooth muscle cells or pericytes, play a pivotal role in vascular biology. Endoglin is an RGD-containing counter-receptor for β1 integrins and is highly expressed by ECs during angiogenesis. We find that the adhesion between vascular ECs and mural cells is enhanced by integrin activators and inhibited upon suppression of membrane endoglin or β1-integrin, as well as by addition of soluble endoglin (SolEng), anti-integrin α5β1 antibody or an RGD peptide. Analysis of different endoglin mutants, allowed the mapping of the endoglin RGD motif as involved in the adhesion process. In Eng (+/-) mice, a model for hereditary hemorrhagic telangectasia type 1, endoglin haploinsufficiency induces a pericyte-dependent increase in vascular permeability. Also, transgenic mice overexpressing SolEng, an animal model for preeclampsia, show podocyturia, suggesting that SolEng is responsible for podocytes detachment from glomerular capillaries. These results suggest a critical role for endoglin in integrin-mediated adhesion of mural cells and provide a better understanding on the mechanisms of vessel maturation in normal physiology as well as in pathologies such as preeclampsia or hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endoglin
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Female
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Integrin beta1/genetics
- Jurkat Cells
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Pericytes/metabolism
- Podocytes/metabolism
- Pre-Eclampsia/genetics
- Pre-Eclampsia/pathology
- Pregnancy
- Protein Binding
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Retina/metabolism
- Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic/genetics
- Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rossi
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
- Hematology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - David M Smadja
- Hematology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Inserm UMR-S1140, Paris, France
| | - Elisa Boscolo
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Carmen Langa
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Arevalo
- Departamento de Anatomía e Histología Humanas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel Pericacho
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Unidad de Fisiopatología Renal y Cardiovascular, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luis Gamella-Pozuelo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Unidad de Fisiopatología Renal y Cardiovascular, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alexandre Kauskot
- Inserm UMR-S1176, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France
- Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Luisa M Botella
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pascale Gaussem
- Hematology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Inserm UMR-S1140, Paris, France
| | - Joyce Bischoff
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - José M Lopez-Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Unidad de Fisiopatología Renal y Cardiovascular, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carmelo Bernabeu
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Elton TS, Yalowich JC. Experimental procedures to identify and validate specific mRNA targets of miRNAs. EXCLI JOURNAL 2015; 14:758-90. [PMID: 27047316 PMCID: PMC4817421 DOI: 10.17179/excli2015-319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Functionally matured microRNAs (miRNAs) are small single-stranded non-coding RNA molecules which are emerging as important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and consequently are central players in many physiological and pathological processes. Since the biological roles of individual miRNAs will be dictated by the mRNAs that they regulate, the identification and validation of miRNA/mRNA target interactions is critical for our understanding of the regulatory networks governing biological processes. We promulgate the combined use of prediction algorithms, the examination of curated databases of experimentally supported miRNA/mRNA interactions, manual sequence inspection of cataloged miRNA binding sites in specific target mRNAs, and review of the published literature as a reliable practice for identifying and prioritizing biologically important miRNA/mRNA target pairs. Once a preferred miRNA/mRNA target pair has been selected, we propose that the authenticity of a functional miRNA/mRNA target pair be validated by fulfilling four well-defined experimental criteria. This review summarizes our current knowledge of miRNA biology, miRNA/mRNA target prediction algorithms, validated miRNA/mRNA target data bases, and outlines several experimental methods by which miRNA/mRNA targets can be authenticated. In addition, a case study of human endoglin is presented as an example of the utilization of these methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry S Elton
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jack C Yalowich
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Farrokh S, Brillen AL, Haendeler J, Altschmied J, Schaal H. Critical regulators of endothelial cell functions: for a change being alternative. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:1212-29. [PMID: 25203279 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The endothelium regulates vessel dilation and constriction, balances hemostasis, and inhibits thrombosis. In addition, pro- and anti-angiogenic molecules orchestrate proliferation, survival, and migration of endothelial cells. Regulation of all these processes requires fine-tuning of signaling pathways, which can easily be tricked into running the opposite direction when exogenous or endogenous signals get out of hand. Surprisingly, some critical regulators of physiological endothelial functions can turn malicious by mere alternative splicing, leading to the expression of protein isoforms with opposite functions. RECENT ADVANCES While reviewing the evidence of alternative splicing on cellular physiology, it became evident that expression of splice factors and their activities are regulated by externally triggered signaling cascades. Furthermore, genome-wide identification of RNA-binding sites of splicing regulatory proteins now offer a glimpse into the splicing code responsible for alternative splicing of molecules regulating endothelial functions. CRITICAL ISSUES Due to the constantly growing number of transcript and protein isoforms, it will become more and more important to identify and characterize all transcripts and proteins regulating endothelial cell functions. One critical issue will be a non-ambiguous nomenclature to keep consistency throughout different laboratories. FUTURE DIRECTIONS RNA-deep sequencing focusing on exon-exon junction needs to more reliably identify alternative splicing events combined with functional analyses that will uncover more splice variants contributing to or inhibiting proper endothelial functions. In addition, understanding the signals mediating alternative splicing and its regulation might allow us to derive new strategies to preserve endothelial function by suppressing or upregulating specific protein isoforms. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 22, 1212-1229.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Farrokh
- 1 Heisenberg-Group-Environmentally-Induced Cardiovascular Degeneration, IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine , Düsseldorf, Germany
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Blanco FJ, Ojeda-Fernandez L, Aristorena M, Gallardo-Vara E, Benguria A, Dopazo A, Langa C, Botella LM, Bernabeu C. Genome-wide transcriptional and functional analysis of endoglin isoforms in the human promonocytic cell line U937. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:947-58. [PMID: 25216259 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endoglin is an auxiliary cell surface receptor for TGF-β family members. Two different alternatively spliced isoforms, long (L)-endoglin and short (S)-endoglin, have been reported. S-endoglin and L-endoglin proteins vary from each other in their cytoplasmic tails that contain 14 and 47 amino acids, respectively. A critical role for endoglin in vascular development has primarily been studied in endothelial cells. In addition, endoglin expression is upregulated during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation; however, little is known about its role in this myeloid context. To investigate the function of endoglin in monocytes, stable transfectants expressing the two endoglin isoforms in the promonocytic human cell line U937 were generated. The differential gene expression fingerprinting of these endoglin transfectants using DNA microarrays and further bioinformatics analysis showed a clear alteration in essential biological functions, mainly those related to "Cellular Movement", including cell adhesion and transmigration. Interestingly, these cellular functions are highly dependent on adhesion molecules, including integrins α1 (CD49a, ITGA1 gene), αL (CD11a, ITGAL gene), αM (CD11b, ITGAM gene) and β2 (CD18, ITGB2 gene) and the chemokine receptor CCR2 (CD192, CCR2 gene), which are downregulated in endoglin transfectants. Moreover, activin A (INHBA gene), a TGF-β superfamily member involved in macrophage polarization, was distinctly affected in each endoglin transfectant, and may contribute to the regulated expression of integrins. These data were confirmed by quantitative PCR, flow cytometry and functional tests. Taken together, these results provide new insight into endoglin function in monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Blanco
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC) and Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
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Letteboer TGW, Benzinou M, Merrick CB, Quigley DA, Zhau K, Kim IJ, To MD, Jablons DM, van Amstel JKP, Westermann CJJ, Giraud S, Dupuis-Girod S, Lesca G, Berg JH, Balmain A, Akhurst RJ. Genetic variation in the functional ENG allele inherited from the non-affected parent associates with presence of pulmonary arteriovenous malformation in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia 1 (HHT1) and may influence expression of PTPN14. Front Genet 2015; 6:67. [PMID: 25815003 PMCID: PMC4357294 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
HHT shows clinical variability within and between families. Organ site and prevalence of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) depend on the HHT causative gene and on environmental and genetic modifiers. We tested whether variation in the functional ENG allele, inherited from the unaffected parent, alters risk for pulmonary AVM in HHT1 mutation carriers who are ENG haploinsufficient. Genetic association was found between rs10987746 of the wild type ENG allele and presence of pulmonary AVM [relative risk = 1.3 (1.0018-1.7424)]. The rs10987746-C at-risk allele associated with lower expression of ENG RNA in a panel of human lymphoblastoid cell lines (P = 0.004). Moreover, in angiogenically active human lung adenocarcinoma tissue, but not in uninvolved quiescent lung, rs10987746-C was correlated with expression of PTPN14 (P = 0.004), another modifier of HHT. Quantitative TAQMAN expression analysis in a panel of normal lung tissues from 69 genetically heterogeneous inter-specific backcross mice, demonstrated strong correlation between expression levels of Eng, Acvrl1, and Ptpn14 (r2 = 0.75-0.9, P < 1 × 10(-12)), further suggesting a direct or indirect interaction between these three genes in lung in vivo. Our data indicate that genetic variation within the single functional ENG gene influences quantitative and/or qualitative differences in ENG expression that contribute to risk of pulmonary AVM in HHT1, and provide correlative support for PTPN14 involvement in endoglin/ALK1 lung biology in vivo. PTPN14 has been shown to be a negative regulator of Yap/Taz signaling, which is implicated in mechanotransduction, providing a possible molecular link between endoglin/ALK1 signaling and mechanical stress. EMILIN2, which showed suggestive genetic association with pulmonary AVM, is also reported to interact with Taz in angiogenesis. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms regulating these interactions in endothelial cells may ultimately provide more rational choices for HHT therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom G W Letteboer
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA ; Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michael Benzinou
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher B Merrick
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA ; Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Dundee Dundee, UK
| | - David A Quigley
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kechen Zhau
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Il-Jin Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Minh D To
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA ; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David M Jablons
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Sophie Giraud
- Department of Medical Genetics, Lyon University Hospital Lyon, France
| | | | - Gaetan Lesca
- Department of Medical Genetics, Lyon University Hospital Lyon, France
| | - Jonathan H Berg
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Dundee Dundee, UK
| | - Allan Balmain
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA ; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA ; Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rosemary J Akhurst
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA ; Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA ; Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
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42
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Tillet E, Bailly S. Emerging roles of BMP9 and BMP10 in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Front Genet 2015; 5:456. [PMID: 25620979 PMCID: PMC4288046 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome, also known as hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), is an autosomal dominant vascular disorder. Three genes are causally related to HHT: the ENG gene encoding endoglin, a co-receptor of the TGFβ family (HHT1), the ACVRL1 gene encoding ALK1 (activin receptor-like kinase 1), a type I receptor of the TGFβ family (HHT2), and the SMAD4 gene, encoding a transcription factor critical for this signaling pathway. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are growth factors of the TGFβ family. Among them, BMP9 and BMP10 have been shown to bind directly with high affinity to ALK1 and endoglin, and BMP9 mutations have recently been linked to a vascular anomaly syndrome that has phenotypic overlap with HHT. BMP9 and BMP10 are both circulating cytokines in blood, and the current working model is that BMP9 and BMP10 maintain a quiescent endothelial state that is dependent on the level of ALK1/endoglin activation in endothelial cells. In accordance with this model, to explain the etiology of HHT we hypothesize that a deficient BMP9/BMP10/ALK1/endoglin pathway may lead to re-activation of angiogenesis or a greater sensitivity to an angiogenic stimulus. Resulting endothelial hyperproliferation and hypermigration may lead to vasodilatation and generation of an arteriovenous malformation (AVM). HHT would thus result from a defect in the angiogenic balance. This review will focus on the emerging role played by BMP9 and BMP10 in the development of this disease and the therapeutic approaches that this opens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Tillet
- Inserm, U1036 , Grenoble, France ; Laboratoire Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives , Grenoble, France ; Université Grenoble-Alpes , Grenoble, France
| | - Sabine Bailly
- Inserm, U1036 , Grenoble, France ; Laboratoire Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives , Grenoble, France ; Université Grenoble-Alpes , Grenoble, France
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Abstract
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis, are a major feature of end stage chronic kidney disease (CKD), characterised by an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) is a cytokine with an important role in many steps of renal fibrosis such as myofibroblast activation and proliferation, ECM protein synthesis and inflammatory cell infiltration. Endoglin is a TGF-β co-receptor that modulates TGF-β responses in different cell types. In numerous cells types, such as mesangial cells or myoblasts, endoglin regulates negatively TGF-β-induced ECM protein expression. However, recently it has been demonstrated that 'in vivo' endoglin promotes fibrotic responses. Furthermore, several studies have demonstrated an increase of endoglin expression in experimental models of renal fibrosis in the kidney and other tissues. Nevertheless, the role of endoglin in renal fibrosis development is unclear and a question arises: Does endoglin protect against renal fibrosis or promotes its development? The purpose of this review is to critically analyse the recent knowledge relating to endoglin and renal fibrosis. Knowledge of endoglin role in this pathology is necessary to consider endoglin as a possible therapeutic target against renal fibrosis.
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Jang YS, Choi IH. Contrasting roles of different endoglin forms in atherosclerosis. Immune Netw 2014; 14:237-40. [PMID: 25360074 PMCID: PMC4212084 DOI: 10.4110/in.2014.14.5.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoglin (also known as CD105 or TGF-β type III receptor) is a co-receptor involved in TGF-β signaling. In atherosclerosis, TGF-β signaling is crucial in regulating disease progression owing to its anti-inflammatory effects as well as its inhibitory effects on smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. Endoglin is a regulator of TGF-β signaling, but its role in atherosclerosis has yet to be defined. This review focuses on the roles of the various forms of endoglin in atherosclerosis. The expression of the two isoforms of endoglin (long-form and short-form) is increased in atherosclerotic lesions, and the expression of the soluble forms of endoglin is upregulated in sera of patients with hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Interestingly, long-form endoglin shows an atheroprotective effect via the induction of eNOS expression, while short-form and soluble endoglin enhance atherogenesis by inhibiting eNOS expression and TGF-β signaling. This review summarizes evidence suggesting that the different forms of endoglin have distinct roles in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Saeng Jang
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - In-Hong Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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Oujo B, Muñoz-Félix JM, Arévalo M, Núñez-Gómez E, Pérez-Roque L, Pericacho M, González-Núñez M, Langa C, Martínez-Salgado C, Perez-Barriocanal F, Bernabeu C, Lopez-Novoa JM. L-Endoglin overexpression increases renal fibrosis after unilateral ureteral obstruction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110365. [PMID: 25313562 PMCID: PMC4196986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays a pivotal role in renal fibrosis. Endoglin, a 180 KDa membrane glycoprotein, is a TGF-β co-receptor overexpressed in several models of chronic kidney disease, but its function in renal fibrosis remains uncertain. Two membrane isoforms generated by alternative splicing have been described, L-Endoglin (long) and S-Endoglin (short) that differ from each other in their cytoplasmic tails, being L-Endoglin the most abundant isoform. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of L-Endoglin overexpression in renal tubulo-interstitial fibrosis. For this purpose, a transgenic mouse which ubiquitously overexpresses human L-Endoglin (L-ENG+) was generated and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) was performed in L-ENG+ mice and their wild type (WT) littermates. Obstructed kidneys from L-ENG+ mice showed higher amounts of type I collagen and fibronectin but similar levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) than obstructed kidneys from WT mice. Smad1 and Smad3 phosphorylation were significantly higher in obstructed kidneys from L-ENG+ than in WT mice. Our results suggest that the higher increase of renal fibrosis observed in L-ENG+ mice is not due to a major abundance of myofibroblasts, as similar levels of α-SMA were observed in both L-ENG+ and WT mice, but to the higher collagen and fibronectin synthesis by these fibroblasts. Furthermore, in vivo L-Endoglin overexpression potentiates Smad1 and Smad3 pathways and this effect is associated with higher renal fibrosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Oujo
- Renal and Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute Queen Sophie for Renal Research, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José M. Muñoz-Félix
- Renal and Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute Queen Sophie for Renal Research, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel Arévalo
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute Queen Sophie for Renal Research, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Elena Núñez-Gómez
- Renal and Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute Queen Sophie for Renal Research, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Lucía Pérez-Roque
- Renal and Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute Queen Sophie for Renal Research, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel Pericacho
- Renal and Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute Queen Sophie for Renal Research, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María González-Núñez
- Renal and Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute Queen Sophie for Renal Research, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carmen Langa
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Martínez-Salgado
- Renal and Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute Queen Sophie for Renal Research, Salamanca, Spain
- Health Sciences Studies Institute of Castilla y León (IESCYL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Fernando Perez-Barriocanal
- Renal and Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute Queen Sophie for Renal Research, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carmelo Bernabeu
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Lopez-Novoa
- Renal and Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute Queen Sophie for Renal Research, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Mallet C, Lamribet K, Giraud S, Dupuis-Girod S, Feige JJ, Bailly S, Tillet E. Functional analysis of endoglin mutations from hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1 patients reveals different mechanisms for endoglin loss of function. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:1142-54. [PMID: 25312062 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant inheritable vascular dysplasia caused by mutations in genes encoding either endoglin or activin receptor-like kinase-1 (ALK1). Functional significance of endoglin missense mutations remains largely unknown leading to a difficult discrimination between polymorphisms and pathogenic mutations. In order to study the functional significance of endoglin mutations and to help HHT1 diagnosis, we developed a cellular assay based on the ability of endoglin to enhance ALK1 response to bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9). We generated and characterized 31 distinct ENG mutants reproducing human HHT1 missense mutations identified in patients of the Molecular Genetics Department in Lyon. We found that 16 mutants behaved like wild-type (WT) endoglin, and thus corresponded to benign rare variants. The 15 other variants showed defects in BMP9 response and were identified as pathogenic mutations. Interestingly, two mutants (S278P and F282V) had lost their ability to bind BMP9, identifying two crucial amino acids for BMP9 binding to endoglin. For all the others, the functional defect was correlated with a defective trafficking to the cell surface associated with retention in the endoplasmic reticulum. Further, we demonstrated that some intracellular mutants dimerized with WT endoglin and impaired its cell-surface expression thus acting as dominant-negatives. Taken together, we show that endoglin loss-of-function can result from different mechanisms in HHT1 patients. We also provide a diagnostic tool helping geneticists in screening for novel or conflicting ENG mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Mallet
- Inserm, U1036, Grenoble F-38000, France, CEA, DSV, iRTSV, Laboratoire Biologie du Cancer et de L'Infection, Grenoble F-38000, France, University Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble F-38000, France
| | - Khadija Lamribet
- Inserm, U1036, Grenoble F-38000, France, CEA, DSV, iRTSV, Laboratoire Biologie du Cancer et de L'Infection, Grenoble F-38000, France, University Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble F-38000, France
| | - Sophie Giraud
- Hôpital Edouard Herriot Service de Génétique Moléculaire et Clinique, Lyon, France and
| | - Sophie Dupuis-Girod
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Genetic Department and National Reference Center for Rendu-Osler Disease, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Feige
- Inserm, U1036, Grenoble F-38000, France, CEA, DSV, iRTSV, Laboratoire Biologie du Cancer et de L'Infection, Grenoble F-38000, France, University Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble F-38000, France
| | - Sabine Bailly
- Inserm, U1036, Grenoble F-38000, France, CEA, DSV, iRTSV, Laboratoire Biologie du Cancer et de L'Infection, Grenoble F-38000, France, University Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble F-38000, France
| | - Emmanuelle Tillet
- Inserm, U1036, Grenoble F-38000, France, CEA, DSV, iRTSV, Laboratoire Biologie du Cancer et de L'Infection, Grenoble F-38000, France, University Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble F-38000, France,
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Meurer SK, Alsamman M, Scholten D, Weiskirchen R. Endoglin in liver fibrogenesis: Bridging basic science and clinical practice. World J Biol Chem 2014; 5:180-203. [PMID: 24921008 PMCID: PMC4050112 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v5.i2.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoglin, also known as cluster of differentiation CD105, was originally identified 25 years ago as a novel marker of endothelial cells. Later it was shown that endoglin is also expressed in pro-fibrogenic cells including mesangial cells, cardiac and scleroderma fibroblasts, and hepatic stellate cells. It is an integral membrane-bound disulfide-linked 180 kDa homodimeric receptor that acts as a transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) auxiliary co-receptor. In humans, several hundreds of mutations of the endoglin gene are known that give rise to an autosomal dominant bleeding disorder that is characterized by localized angiodysplasia and arteriovenous malformation. This disease is termed hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type I and induces various vascular lesions, mainly on the face, lips, hands and gastrointestinal mucosa. Two variants of endoglin (i.e., S- and L-endoglin) are formed by alternative splicing that distinguishes from each other in the length of their cytoplasmic tails. Moreover, a soluble form of endoglin, i.e., sol-Eng, is shedded by the matrix metalloprotease-14 that cleaves within the extracellular juxtamembrane region. Endoglin interacts with the TGF-β signaling receptors and influences Smad-dependent and -independent effects. Recent work has demonstrated that endoglin is a crucial mediator during liver fibrogenesis that critically controls the activity of the different Smad branches. In the present review, we summarize the present knowledge of endoglin expression and function, its involvement in fibrogenic Smad signaling, current models to investigate endoglin function, and the diagnostic value of endoglin in liver disease.
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48
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A novel stent coated with antibodies to endoglin inhibits neointimal formation of porcine coronary arteries. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:428619. [PMID: 24883312 PMCID: PMC4026940 DOI: 10.1155/2014/428619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Endoglin/CD105 is an accessory protein of the transforming growth factor-β receptor system that plays a critical role in proliferation of endothelial cells and neovasculature. Here, we aimed to assess the effect of novel stents coated with antibodies to endoglin (ENDs) on coronary neointima formation. Thirty ENDs, thirty sirolimus-eluting stents (SESs), and thirty bare metal stents (BMSs) were randomly assigned and placed in the coronary arteries in 30 juvenile pigs. Histomorphometric analysis and scanning electron microscopy were performed after stent implantation. Our results showed that after 7 days, there was no difference in the neointimal area and percent area stenosis in ENDs compared with SMSs or BMSs. After 14 days, the neointima area and percent area stenosis in ENDs were markedly decreased than those in BMSs or SESs (P < 0.05). Moreover, the percentage of reendothelialization was significantly higher in ENDs than that in SESs or BMSs (P < 0.01) at 7 and 14 days. The artery injury and the inflammation scores were similar in all groups at 7 and 14 days. In conclusion, our results demonstrated for the first time to our knowledge that endoglin antibody-coated stents can markedly reduce restenosis by enhancing reendothelialization in the porcine model and potentially offer a new approach to prevent restenosis.
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49
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Aristorena M, Blanco FJ, de Las Casas-Engel M, Ojeda-Fernandez L, Gallardo-Vara E, Corbi A, Botella LM, Bernabeu C. Expression of endoglin isoforms in the myeloid lineage and their role during aging and macrophage polarization. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:2723-35. [PMID: 24777481 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.143644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoglin plays a crucial role in pathophysiological processes such as hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), preeclampsia and cancer. Endoglin expression is upregulated during the monocyte-to-macrophage transition, but little is known about its regulation and function in these immune cells. Two different alternatively spliced isoforms of endoglin have been reported, L-endoglin and S-endoglin. Although L-endoglin is the predominant variant, here, we found that there was an increased expression of the S-endoglin isoform during senescence of the myeloid lineage in human and murine models. We performed a stable isotope labelling of amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) analysis of both L-endoglin and S-endoglin transfectants in the human promonocytic cell line U937. Analysis of differentially expressed protein clusters allowed the identification of cellular activities affected during aging. S-endoglin expression led to decreased cellular proliferation and a decreased survival response to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-induced apoptosis, as well as increased oxidative stress. Gene expression and functional studies suggested that there was a non-redundant role for each endoglin isoform in monocyte biology. In addition, we found that S-endoglin impairs the monocytic differentiation into the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype and contributes to the compromised status of macrophage functions during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Aristorena
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Blanco
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mateo de Las Casas-Engel
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luisa Ojeda-Fernandez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eunate Gallardo-Vara
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Corbi
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luisa M Botella
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmelo Bernabeu
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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50
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The ALK-1/Smad1 pathway in cardiovascular physiopathology. A new target for therapy? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1492-510. [PMID: 23707512 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Activin receptor-like kinase-1 or ALK-1 is a type I cell surface receptor for the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family of proteins. The role of ALK-1 in endothelial cells biology and in angiogenesis has been thoroughly studied by many authors. However, it has been recently suggested a possible role of ALK-1 in cardiovascular homeostasis. ALK-1 is not only expressed in endothelial cells but also in smooth muscle cells, myofibroblast, hepatic stellate cells, chondrocytes, monocytes, myoblasts, macrophages or fibroblasts, but its role in these cells have not been deeply analyzed. Due to the function of ALK-1 in these cells, this receptor plays a role in several cardiovascular diseases. Animals with ALK-1 haploinsufficiency and patients with mutations in Acvrl1 (the gene that codifies for ALK-1) develop type-2 Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia. Moreover, ALK-1 heterozygous mice develop pulmonary hypertension. Higher levels of ALK-1 have been observed in atherosclerotic plaques, suggesting a possible protector role of this receptor. ALK-1 deficiency is also related to the development of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Besides, due to the ability of ALK-1 to regulate cell proliferation and migration, and to modulate extracellular matrix (ECM) protein expression in several cell types, ALK-1 has been now demonstrated to play an important role in cardiovascular remodeling. In this review, we would like to offer a complete vision of the role of ALK-1 in many process related to cardiovascular homeostasis, and the involvement of this protein in the development of cardiovascular diseases, suggesting the possibility of using the ALK-1/smad-1 pathway as a powerful therapeutic target.
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