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Zhao D, Hajiaghamohseni LM, Liu X, Szulc ZM, Bai A, Bielawska A, Norris JS, Reddy SV, Hannun YA, Haque A. Inhibition of acid ceramidase regulates MHC class II antigen presentation and suppression of autoimmune arthritis. Cytokine 2020; 135:155219. [PMID: 32738771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The bioactive sphingolipid ceramide affects immune responses although its effect on antigen (Ag) processing and delivery by HLA class II to CD4+T-cells remains unclear. Therefore, we examined the actions of a novel cell-permeable acid ceramidase (AC) inhibitor [(1R,2R) N myristoylamino-(4'-nitrophenyl)-propandiol-1,3] on antigen presentation and inflammatory cytokine production by Ag-presenting cells (APCs) such as B-cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. We found that AC inhibition in APCs perturbed Ag-processing and presentation via HLA-DR4 (MHC class II) proteins as measured by coculture assay and T-cell production of IL-2. Mass spectral analyses showed that B13 treatment significantly raised levels of four types of ceramides in human B-cells. B13 treatment did not alter Ag internalization and class II protein expression, but significantly inhibited lysosomal cysteinyl cathepsins (B, S and L) and thiol-reductase (GILT), HLA class II Ag-processing, and generation of functional class II-peptide complexes. Ex vivo Ag presentation assays showed that inhibition of AC impaired primary and recall CD4+T-cell responses and cytokine production in response against type II collagen. Further, B13 delayed onset and reduced severity of inflamed joints and cytokine production in the collagen-induced arthritis mouse model in vivo. These findings suggest that inhibition of AC in APCs may dysregulate endolysosomal proteases and HLA class II-associated self-antigen presentation to CD4+T-cells, attenuating inflammatory cytokine production and suppressing host autoimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Laela M Hajiaghamohseni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Zdzislaw M Szulc
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Aiping Bai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Alicja Bielawska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - James S Norris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Sakamuri V Reddy
- Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
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Spierings J, van Eden W. Heat shock proteins and their immunomodulatory role in inflammatory arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2016; 56:198-208. [PMID: 27411479 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, including inflammatory arthritis, are characterized by a loss of self-tolerance, leading to an excessive immune responses and subsequent ongoing inflammation. Current therapies are focused on dampening this inflammation, but a permanent state of tolerance is seldom achieved. Therefore, novel therapies that restore and maintain tolerance are needed. Tregs could be a potential target to achieve permanent immunotolerance. Activation of Tregs can be accomplished when they recognize and bind their specific antigens. HSPs are proteins present in all cells and are upregulated during inflammation. These proteins are immunogenic and can be recognized by Tregs. Several studies in animal models and in human clinical trials have shown the immunoregulatory effects of HSPs and their protective effects in inflammatory arthritis. In this review, an overview is presented of the immunomodulatory effects of several members of the HSP family in general and in inflammatory arthritis. These effects can be attributed to the activation of Tregs through cellular interactions within the immune system. The effect of HSP-specific therapies in patients with inflammatory arthritis should be explored further, especially with regard to long-term efficacy and safety and their use in combination with current therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Spierings
- Department of Rheumatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht
| | - Willem van Eden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Shi XL, Wang LP, Feng X, Fan DD, Zang WJ, Wang B, Zhou J. Inhibition of adjuvant-induced arthritis by nasal administration of novel synthetic peptides from heat shock protein 65. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014; 15:253. [PMID: 25059987 PMCID: PMC4115216 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease mediated by T cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of synthetic peptides (HP-R1, HP-R2 and HP-R3), derived from the sequence of 65-kD mycobacterial heat shock protein (HSP), in the treatment of RA using adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) animal model. Methods AA was induced by a single intradermal injection Freund’s complete adjuvant in male Lewis rats. At the first clinical sign of disease, rats were administered nasally by micropipette of peptides or phosphate buffer saline (PBS). Disease progression was monitored by measurement of body weight, arthritis score and paw swelling. The changes of histopathology were assessed by hematoxylin eosin staining. The serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) - alpha and interleukin (IL)-4 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results The peptides efficiently inhibited the footpad swelling and arthritic symptoms in AA rats. The synthetic peptides displayed significantly less inflammatory cellular infiltration and synovium hyperplasia than model controls. This effect was associated with a suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha production and an increase of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 production after peptides treatment. Conclusions These results suggest that the synthetic peptides derived from HSP65 induce highly effective protection against AA, which is mediated in part by down-regulation of inflammatory cytokines, and support the view that the synthetic peptides is a potential therapy for RA that may help to diminish both joint inflammation and destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P,R, China.
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Zhou J, Wang LP, Feng X, Fan DD, Zang WJ, Wang B. Synthetic peptides from heat-shock protein 65 inhibit proinflammatory cytokine secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 41:67-72. [PMID: 24111596 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease mediated by T cells. Proinflammatory cytokines plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of RA. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of synthetic peptides (HP-R1, HP-R2 and HP-R3), derived from the sequence of 65 kDa mycobacterial heat shock protein (HSP), on the proliferation of and cytokine secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from RA patients. 2. The PBMC were obtained from RA patients and collected by Ficoll-Hypaque density centrifugation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated with one of the three synthetic peptides for 4 h, after which time proliferation and cytokine production were determined. The effects of the three peptides on the proliferation of PBMC were analysed by the colorimetric cell proliferation (CCK-8) assay. Cytokine production was measured in culture supernatants using specific ELISAs. 3. None of the three peptides had any significant effect on the proliferation of PBMC from healthy controls. However, the proliferation of PBMC from RA patients was inhibited by all three peptides. The production of tumour necrosis factor-α from RA patients was significantly inhibited by all three peptides. The secretion of interferon-γ was significantly suppressed by HP-R1 and HP-R2. Unlike the other two peptides, HP-R2 increased the secretion of interleukin (IL)-4. None of the peptides had any significant effect on the production of IL-10. 4. The results of the present study suggest that the synthetic peptides derived from HSP65 exhibit antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activity, and support the potential use of synthetic peptides as therapeutic drugs in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Van Herwijnen MJC, Van Der Zee R, Van Eden W, Broere F. Heat shock proteins can be targets of regulatory T cells for therapeutic intervention in rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Hyperthermia 2013; 29:448-54. [PMID: 23863094 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2013.811546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterised by excessive immune responses resulting in inflammation of the joints. Although current therapies can be successful in dampening inflammation, a long-lived state of tolerance is seldom achieved. Therefore, novel therapies are needed that restore and maintain tolerance in patients with RA. Targeting regulatory T cells (Tregs) is a successful strategy to achieve tolerance, as was shown in studies performed in animal models and in human clinical trials. The antigen-specificity of Tregs is crucial for their effectiveness and allows for very specific targeting of these cells. However, which antigen is suitable for autoimmune diseases such as RA, for which the autoantigens are largely unknown? Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are ubiquitously expressed and can be up-regulated during inflammation. Additionally, HSPs, or HSP-derived peptides are immunogenic and can be recognised by a variety of immune cells, including Tregs. Therefore, this review highlights the potential of HSP-specific Tregs to control inflammatory immune responses. Targeting HSP-specific Tregs in RA can be achieved via the administration of HSPs (derived peptides), thereby controlling inflammatory responses. This makes HSPs attractive candidates for therapeutic intervention in chronic autoimmune diseases, with the ultimate goal of inducing long-lasting tolerance.
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Parada CA, Portaro F, Marengo EB, Klitzke CF, Vicente EJ, Faria M, Sant’Anna OA, Fernandes BL. Autolytic Mycobacterium leprae Hsp65 fragments may act as biological markers for autoimmune diseases. Microb Pathog 2011; 51:268-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Rodríguez-Narciso C, Pérez-Tapia M, Rangel-Cano RM, Silva CL, Meckes-Fisher M, Salgado-Garciglia R, Estrada-Parra S, López-Gómez R, Estrada-García I. Expression of Mycobacterium leprae HSP65 in tobacco and its effectiveness as an oral treatment in adjuvant-induced arthritis. Transgenic Res 2011; 20:221-9. [PMID: 20526808 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-010-9404-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic plants are able to express molecules with antigenic properties. In recent years, this has led the pharmaceutical industry to use plants as alternative systems for the production of recombinant proteins. Plant-produced recombinant proteins can have important applications in therapeutics, such as in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, the mycobacterial HSP65 protein expressed in tobacco plants was found to be effective as a treatment for adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). We cloned the hsp65 gene from Mycobacterium leprae into plasmid pCAMBIA 2301 under the control of the double 35S promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus. Agrobacterium tumefaciens bearing the pChsp65 plasmid was used to transform tobacco plants. Incorporation of the hsp65 gene was confirmed by PCR, reverse transcription-PCR, histochemistry, and western blot analyses in several transgenic lines of tobacco plants. Oral treatment of AIA rats with the HSP65 protein allowed them to recover body weight and joint inflammation was reduced. Our results suggest a synergistic effect between the HSP65 expressed protein and metabolites presents in tobacco plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Rodríguez-Narciso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B1, Francisco J Mújica S/N Col. Felicitas del Rio, CP 58060, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
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Wehrens EJ, van Wijk F, Roord ST, Albani S, Prakken BJ. Treating arthritis by immunomodulation: is there a role for regulatory T cells? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010; 49:1632-44. [PMID: 20463189 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keq130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of regulatory T cells almost 15 years ago initiated a new and exciting research area. The growing evidence for a critical role of these cells in controlling autoimmune responses has raised expectations for therapeutic application of regulatory T cells in patients with autoimmune arthritis. Here, we review recent studies investigating the presence, phenotype and function of these cells in patients with RA and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and consider their therapeutic potential. Both direct and indirect methods to target these cells will be discussed. Arguably, a therapeutic approach that combines multiple regulatory T-cell-enhancing strategies could be most successful for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J Wehrens
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Durai M, Huang MN, Moudgil KD. Self heat-shock protein 65-mediated regulation of autoimmune arthritis. J Autoimmun 2009; 33:208-13. [PMID: 19800761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heat-shock proteins (Hsps) have been invoked in the pathogenesis of a variety of autoimmune diseases. The mycobacterial heat-shock protein 65 (Bhsp65) has been studied extensively as one of the antigenic triggers of autoimmunity in experimental models of, as well as patients with, rheumatoid arthritis. As Hsps are highly conserved and immunogenic, it is generally anticipated that self Hsps might serve as the endogenous targets of the immune response initiated by the homologous foreign Hsps. Contrary to this expectation, studies in the rat adjuvant arthritis (AA) model have revealed that priming of the self (rat) hsp65 (Rhsp65)-directed T cells in the Lewis rat leads to protection against AA instead of disease induction or aggravation. The arthritis-protective attribute of the self hsp65 is also evident following spontaneous priming of the anti-Rhsp65 T cells during the natural course of AA. Furthermore, immunization of rats with human hsp60, or with Bhsp65 peptides that are crossreactive with the corresponding self hsp65 peptides, leads to protection against AA. Importantly, high levels of T cell reactivity against self hsp60 in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis positively correlate with a favorable outcome of the disease. Thus, immune response against self hsp65 in autoimmune arthritis is protective rather than being pathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malarvizhi Durai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Howard Hall Room 323 C, 660 West Redwood St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Satpute SR, Rajaiah R, Polumuri SK, Moudgil KD. Tolerization with Hsp65 induces protection against adjuvant-induced arthritis by modulating the antigen-directed interferon-gamma, interleukin-17, and antibody responses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:103-13. [PMID: 19116924 DOI: 10.1002/art.24139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pretreatment of Lewis rats with soluble mycobacterial Hsp65 affords protection against subsequent adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). This study was aimed at unraveling the mechanisms underlying mycobacterial Hsp65-induced protection against arthritis, using contemporary parameters of immunity. METHODS Lewis rats were given 3 intraperitoneal injections of mycobacterial Hsp65 in solution prior to the initiation of AIA with heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Thereafter, mycobacterial Hsp65-specific T cell proliferative, cytokine, and antibody responses were tested in tolerized rats. The roles of anergy and the indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO)-tryptophan pathway in tolerance induction were assessed, and the frequency and suppressive function of CD4+FoxP3+ Treg cells were monitored. Also tested was the effect of mycobacterial Hsp65 tolerization on T cell responses to AIA-related mycobacterial Hsp70, mycobacterial Hsp10, and rat Hsp65. RESULTS The AIA-protective effect of mycobacterial Hsp65-induced tolerance was associated with a significantly reduced T cell proliferative response to mycobacterial Hsp65, which was reversed by interleukin-2 (IL-2), indicating anergy induction. The production of interferon-gamma (but not IL-4/IL-10) was increased, with concurrent down-regulation of IL-17 expression by mycobacterial Hsp65-primed T cells. Neither the frequency nor the suppressive activity of CD4+FoxP3+ T cells changed following tolerization, but the serum level of anti-mycobacterial Hsp65 antibodies was increased. However, no evidence was observed for a role of IDO or cross-tolerance to mycobacterial Hsp70, mycobacterial Hsp10, or rat Hsp65. CONCLUSION Tolerization with soluble mycobacterial Hsp65 leads to suppression of IL-17, anergy induction, and enhanced production of anti-mycobacterial Hsp65 antibodies, which play a role in protection against AIA. These results are relevant to the development of effective immunotherapeutic approaches for autoimmune arthritis.
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Satpute SR, Durai M, Moudgil KD. Antigen-specific tolerogenic and immunomodulatory strategies for the treatment of autoimmune arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2008; 38:195-207. [PMID: 18177689 PMCID: PMC2723747 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review various antigen-specific tolerogenic and immunomodulatory approaches for arthritis in animal models and patients in regard to their efficacy, mechanisms of action, and limitations. METHODS We reviewed the published literature in Medline (PubMed) on the induction of antigen-specific tolerance and its effect on autoimmune arthritis, as well as the recent work on B-cell-mediated tolerance from our laboratory. The prominent key words used in different combinations included arthritis, autoimmunity, immunotherapy, innate immunity, tolerance, treatment, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although this search spanned the years 1975 to 2007, the majority of the short-listed articles belonged to the period 1990 to 2007. The relevant primary as well as cross-referenced articles were then collected from links within PubMed and reviewed. RESULTS Antigen-specific tolerance has been successful in the prevention and/or treatment of arthritis in animal models. The administration of soluble native antigen or an altered peptide ligand intravenously, orally, or nasally, and the delivery of the DNA encoding a particular antigen by gene therapy have been the mainstay of immunomodulation. Recently, the methods for in vitro expansion of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells have been optimized. Furthermore, interleukin-17 has emerged as a promising new therapeutic target in arthritis. However, in RA patients, non-antigen-specific therapeutic approaches have been much more successful than antigen-specific tolerogenic regimens. CONCLUSION An antigen-specific treatment against autoimmune arthritis is still elusive. However, insights into newly emerging mechanisms of disease pathogenesis provide hope for the development of effective and safe immunotherapeutic strategies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh R. Satpute
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Malarvizhi Durai
- Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kamal D. Moudgil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Sheikhi A, Nazarian M, Khadem-al-melleh A, Nasab NM, Esmaeilzadeh A, Yahaghi N, Sheikhi R. In-vitro effects of Mycobacterium bovis BCG-lysate and its derived heat shock proteins on cytokines secretion by blood mononuclear cells of rheumatoid arthritis patients in comparison with healthy controls. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:887-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Van Eden W, Wick G, Albani S, Cohen I. Stress, Heat Shock Proteins, and Autoimmunity: How Immune Responses to Heat Shock Proteins Are to Be Used for the Control of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1113:217-37. [PMID: 17584980 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1391.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Especially since the (re-)discovery of T cell subpopulations with specialized regulatory activities, mechanisms of anti-inflammatory T cell regulation are studied very actively and are expected to lead to the development of novel immunotherapeutic approaches, especially in chronic inflammatory diseases. Heat shock proteins (Hsp) are possible targets for regulatory T cells due to their enhanced expression in inflamed (stressed) tissues and the evidence that Hsp induce anti-inflammatory immunoregulatory T cell responses. Initial evidence for an immunoregulatory role of Hsp in chronic inflammation was obtained through analysis of T cell responses in the rat model of adjuvant arthritis and the findings that Hsp immunizations protected against the induction of various forms of autoimmune arthritis in rat and mouse models. Since then, immune reactivity to Hsp was found to result from inflammation in various disease models and human inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type 1 diabetes, and atherosclerosis. Now, also in the light of a growing interest in T cell regulation, it is of interest to further explore the mechanisms through which Hsp can be utilized to trigger immunoregulatory pathways, capable of suppressing such a wide and diversified spectrum of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Van Eden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht University, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disease that causes significant morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis outlined to date in RA consists of a cascade of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines leading to the recruitment of inflammatory cells and the self perpetuation of inflammation, ultimately leading to cartilage and bone destruction. The dramatic progress in understanding the molecular immunology in RA has led to a transition from conventional treatment with aggressive immune suppression to targeted biological-based therapies that control the inflammatory pathways associated with RA. This article reviews the current biological and small-molecule therapies approved for the treatment of RA and those in development, including antibodies, tolerising agents and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana H Tremoulet
- University of California, Department of Pediatrics, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0731, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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15
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Eden WV. Immunoregulatory T-Cell Response to Heat Shock Proteins and Suppression of Experimental Autoimmunity. Transfus Med Hemother 2005. [DOI: 10.1159/000089129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
Multiple mechanisms of tolerance are induced by oral antigen. Low doses favor active suppression, whereas higher doses favor clonal anergy/deletion. Oral antigen induces T-helper 2 [interleukin (IL)-4/IL-10] and Th3 [transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta] T cells plus CD4+CD25+ regulatory cells and latency-associated peptide+ T cells. Induction of oral tolerance is enhanced by IL-4, IL-10, anti-IL-12, TGF-beta, cholera toxin B subunit, Flt-3 ligand, and anti-CD40 ligand. Oral (and nasal) antigen administration suppresses animal models of autoimmune diseases including experimental autoimmune encephalitis, uveitis, thyroiditis, myasthenia, arthritis, and diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, plus non-autoimmune diseases such as asthma, atherosclerosis, graft rejection, allergy, colitis, stroke, and models of Alzheimer's disease. Oral tolerance has been tested in human autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), arthritis, uveitis, and diabetes and in allergy, contact sensitivity to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), and nickel allergy. Although positive results have been observed in phase II trials, no effect was observed in phase III trials of CII in rheumatoid arthritis or oral myelin and glatiramer acetate (GA) in MS. Large placebo effects were observed, and new trials of oral GA are underway. Oral insulin has recently been shown to delay onset of diabetes in at-risk populations, and confirmatory trials of oral insulin are being planned. Mucosal tolerance is an attractive approach for treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases because of lack of toxicity, ease of administration over time, and antigen-specific mechanisms of action. The successful application of oral tolerance for the treatment of human diseases will depend on dose, developing immune markers to assess immunologic effects, route (nasal versus oral), formulation, mucosal adjuvants, combination therapy, and early therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard L. Weiner
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andre Pires da Cunha
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francisco Quintana
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Henry Wu
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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van Eden W, van der Zee R, Prakken B. Heat-shock proteins induce T-cell regulation of chronic inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5:318-30. [PMID: 15803151 DOI: 10.1038/nri1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses to certain heat-shock proteins (HSPs) develop in almost all inflammatory diseases; however, the significance of such responses is only now becoming clear. In experimental disease models, HSPs can prevent or arrest inflammatory damage, and in initial clinical trials in patients with chronic inflammatory disease, HSP-derived peptides have been shown to promote the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, indicating that HSPs have immunoregulatory potential. In this Review, we discuss the unique characteristics of HSPs that endow them with these immunoregulatory qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem van Eden
- Division of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Quintana FJ, Cohen IR. DNA vaccines coding for heat-shock proteins (HSPs): tools for the activation of HSP-specific regulatory T cells. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2005; 5:545-54. [PMID: 15934832 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.5.4.545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) perform opposing functions in autoimmune arthritis. HSP-specific T cells drive the progression of adjuvant arthritis (AA), an experimental model of autoimmune arthritis. However, HSP-specific T cells can also have a regulatory phenotype, controlling arthritogenic T cells and inhibiting AA progression. This manuscript reviews the use of DNA vaccines coding for HSPs to analyse the role of these proteins in the regulation of arthritis. Recent studies suggest that HSPs participate in the control of pathological autoimmunity. Indeed, DNA vaccines coding for HSPs can be used to activate these HSP-specific built-in regulatory mechanisms. Thus, DNA vaccines coding for HSPs may serve not only as tools for the dissection of immunoregulatory mechanisms, but also as agents for the treatment of autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Quintana
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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Abstract
Tolerance has been defined as a lack of response to self but a more appropriate definition of tolerance is "any mechanism by which a potentially injurious immune response is prevented, suppressed, or shifted to a non-injurious class of immune response." Thus, tolerance is related to productive self-recognition, rather than blindness of the immune system to its auto-components. Oral tolerance, in this sense, is of unique immunologic importance, as it is a continuous natural immunologic event driven by exogenous antigen. Because of their privileged access to the internal milieu, antigens that are continuously in contact with the mucosa are a frontier between foreign and self-components. Thus, oral tolerance is an immunological mechanism that evolved to treat external agents that gain access to the body via a natural route as internal components that then become part of self. Given this, it would seem logical that autoimmune diseases caused by an inappropriate response to self-antigens might ultimately be treated by presenting such autoantigens to the mucosal surface where they can be dealt with in a non-injurious (noninflammatory) immunologic environment. Furthermore, mucosal tolerance as a treatment for autoimmune diseases is an attractive concept, as antigen-specific therapy is the most physiologic means to manipulate immune responses, and mucosal antigen is nontoxic and can be given on a chronic basis. The efficacy of mucosal tolerance has been clearly demonstrated in several animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard L Weiner
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5817, USA.
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Stemmer C, Guichard G. Antigen-based T-cell-targeted immunotherapy: recent developments in autoimmunity and allergy. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.8.7.819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Durai M, Gupta RS, Moudgil KD. The T cells specific for the carboxyl-terminal determinants of self (rat) heat-shock protein 65 escape tolerance induction and are involved in regulation of autoimmune arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:2795-802. [PMID: 14978079 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.5.2795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunization of Lewis rats with heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra leads to development of polyarthritis (adjuvant-induced arthritis; AA) that shares several features with human rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Immune response to the 65-kDa mycobacterial heat-shock protein (Bhsp65) is believed to be involved in induction of AA as well as in experimental modulation of this disease. However, the understanding of several critical aspects of the pathogenesis of AA in the Lewis rat has severely been hampered by the lack of information both regarding the level as well as epitope specificity of tolerance to the mammalian self (rat) homologue of Bhsp65, 65-kDa rat heat-shock protein (Rhsp65), and about the functional attributes of the T cell repertoire specific for this self protein. In this study, we established that tolerance to Rhsp65 in the Lewis rat is incomplete, and that the residual T cells primed upon challenge with this self hsp65 are disease regulating in nature. We also have defined the T cell epitopes in the C-terminal region within Rhsp65 that contribute predominantly to the immune reactivity as well as the AA-protective effect of this self protein. Furthermore, the T cells primed by peptides comprising these C-terminal determinants can be efficiently restimulated by the naturally generated epitopes from endogenous Rhsp65, suggesting that self hsp65 might also be involved in natural remission from acute AA. These novel first experimental insights into the self hsp65-directed regulatory T cell repertoire in AA would help develop better immunotherapeutic approaches for autoimmune arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malarvizhi Durai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Jonuleit H, Adema G, Schmitt E. Immune regulation by regulatory T cells: implications for transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2003; 11:267-76. [PMID: 12967780 DOI: 10.1016/s0966-3274(03)00057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The induction of antigen-specific T cell tolerance and its maintenance in the periphery are critical for the immune system to prevent autoaggressive immune responses. Our current state of knowledge about the immunoregulatory mechanisms responsible for T cell tolerance in the periphery offers new possibilities for immunomodulation to prevent transplant rejection as well as to diminish autoimmune reaction or chronic allergy. There is growing evidence that dendritic cells, besides their well-known T cell stimulatory functions, also maintain and regulate T cell tolerance in the periphery. This control function is exerted by certain maturation stages and subsets of dendritic cells, and can be further influenced and modulated by immunoregulatory cytokines and drugs. The regulatory functions of dendritic cells include the induction of T cell anergy, of T cells with regulatory properties and of T cells that produce immunosuppressive cytokines such as IL-10 or TGF-beta. Additionally, distinct subsets of resident regulatory T cells generated in the thymus play a central role in maintenance of peripheral tolerance by active suppression of effector T cell populations. These CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells inhibit a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and they are also efficient in the suppression of alloantigen responses. This review summarises the current knowledge regarding the immunoregulatory role of dendritic cells and the functional activities of resident regulatory T cells as guardians for peripheral T cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Jonuleit
- Department of Dermatology, University of Mainz, Hochhaus am Augustusplatz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany
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24
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Amaigrissement façon vietnamienne. Rev Med Interne 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0248-8663(03)80641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Kosaka H, Koshiba M, Nakazawa T, Tsuji G, Saegusa J, Kanagawa S, Saura R, Kurosaka M, Yoshino S, Kumagai S. Inhibition of the nucleoside transporter inhibits disease progression in the rat adjuvant-induced arthritis model. Drug Dev Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Cobelens PM, Kavelaars A, Vroon A, Ringeling M, van der Zee R, van Eden W, Heijnen CJ. The beta 2-adrenergic agonist salbutamol potentiates oral induction of tolerance, suppressing adjuvant arthritis and antigen-specific immunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:5028-35. [PMID: 12391218 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.9.5028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic protocols for treating autoimmune diseases by feeding autoantigens during the disease process have not been very successful to date. In vitro it has been shown that beta-adrenergic agonists inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine production and up-regulate anti-inflammatory cytokine production. We hypothesized that the protective effect of oral administration of Ag would be enhanced by oral coadministration of the beta(2)-adrenergic agonist salbutamol. Here we demonstrate that oral administration of salbutamol in combination with the Ag mycobacterial 65-kDa heat shock protein increased the efficacy of disease-suppressive tolerance induction in rat adjuvant arthritis. To study the mechanism of salbutamol in more detail, we also tested oral administration of salbutamol in an OVA tolerance model in BALB/c mice. Oral coadministration of OVA/salbutamol after immunization with OVA efficiently suppressed both cellular and humoral responses to OVA. Coadministration of salbutamol was associated with an immediate increase in IL-10, TGF-beta, and IL-1R antagonist in the intestine. The tolerizing effect of salbutamol/OVA was maintained for at least 12 wk. At this time point IFN-gamma production in Ag-stimulated splenocytes was increased in the OVA/salbutamol-treated animals. In conclusion, salbutamol can be of great clinical benefit for the treatment of autoimmune diseases by promoting oral tolerance induction.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Administration, Oral
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists/administration & dosage
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists/therapeutic use
- Albuterol/administration & dosage
- Albuterol/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/prevention & control
- Bacterial Proteins
- Cells, Cultured
- Chaperonin 60
- Chaperonins/administration & dosage
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Diet
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Drug Combinations
- Drug Synergism
- Epitopes/immunology
- Freund's Adjuvant/administration & dosage
- Immune Tolerance/drug effects
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunization
- Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Ovalbumin/administration & dosage
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter M Cobelens
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory for Psychoneuroimmunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Rha YH, Taube C, Haczku A, Joetham A, Takeda K, Duez C, Siegel M, Aydintug MK, Born WK, Dakhama A, Gelfand EW. Effect of microbial heat shock proteins on airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:5300-7. [PMID: 12391250 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.9.5300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Microbial heat shock proteins (hsp) have been associated with the generation and induction of Th1-type immune responses. We tested the effects of treatment with five different microbial hsp (Mycobacterium leprae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, bacillus Calmette-Guérin, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Mice were sensitized to OVA by i.p. injection and then challenged by OVA inhalation. Hsp were administered to each group by i.p. injection before sensitization and challenge. Sensitized and challenged mice developed increased serum levels of OVA-specific IgE with significant airway eosinophilia and heightened responsiveness to methacholine when compared with nonsensitized animals. Administration of M. leprae hsp prevented both development of AHR as well as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid eosinophilia in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with M. leprae hsp also resulted in suppression of IL-4 and IL-5 production in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, while IL-10 and IFN-gamma production were increased. Furthermore, M. leprae hsp treatment significantly suppressed OVA-specific IgE production and goblet cell hyperplasia/mucin hyperproduction. In contrast, treatment with the other hsp failed to prevent changes in airway responsiveness, lung eosinophilia, or cytokine production. Depletion of gamma/delta T lymphocytes before sensitization and challenge abolished the effect of M. leprae hsp treatment on AHR. These results indicate selective and distinctive properties among the hsp, and that M. leprae hsp may have a potential therapeutic role in the treatment of allergic airway inflammation and altered airway function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Ho Rha
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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Harats D, Yacov N, Gilburd B, Shoenfeld Y, George J. Oral tolerance with heat shock protein 65 attenuates Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced and high-fat-diet-driven atherosclerotic lesions. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40:1333-8. [PMID: 12383583 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(02)02135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to explore the efficacy of oral tolerance with heat shock protein (HSP) 65 in two apparently non-overlapping models of murine atherosclerosis. BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is considered to be a chronic inflammatory process. Autoimmune mechanisms have been shown to influence atherogenesis in experimental animal models. Heat shock protein 65 is a candidate antigen thought to drive a proatherogenic immune-mediated response. Mucosal tolerance is a therapeutic means of accomplishing immune unresponsiveness toward a given antigen by feeding it before active induction of the disorder. METHODS Low-density lipoprotein receptor deficient mice were fed with different doses of HSP65 every other day for 10 days. Feeding with either bovine serum albumin (BSA) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) served as control. One day after the last feeding, mice were challenged either by immunization with heat killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis or by a high fat diet. RESULTS Lymphocyte reactivity from mice fed with HSP65 and immunized either against HSP65 or M. tuberculosis was significantly reduced in comparison with BSA-fed mice. Moreover, co-incubation of splenocytes-from mice with tolerance induced with HSP65 but not BSA-with HSP65-reactive lymphocytes resulted in the suppression of HSP65 reactivity by the latter cells. Interleukin-4 production by HSP65-fed and immunized mice was increased upon priming with respective protein. Early atherosclerosis was attenuated in HSP65-fed mice, compared with either BSA- or PBS-fed mice, regardless of the method employed to induce fatty streaks (M. tuberculosis immunization or high-fat diet). CONCLUSIONS Oral tolerance induced with HSP65 could prove to be a novel means of suppressing atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dror Harats
- Institute of Lipid and Atherosclerosis Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
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29
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Quintana FJ, Carmi P, Mor F, Cohen IR. Inhibition of adjuvant arthritis by a DNA vaccine encoding human heat shock protein 60. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:3422-8. [PMID: 12218165 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.6.3422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvant arthritis (AA) is an autoimmune disease inducible in rats involving T cell reactivity to the mycobacterial 65-kDa heat shock protein (HSP65). HSP65-specific T cells cross-reactive with the mammalian 60-kDa heat shock protein (HSP60) are thought to participate in the modulation of AA. In this work we studied the effects on AA of DNA vaccination using constructs coding for HSP65 (pHSP65) or human HSP60 (pHSP60). We found that both constructs could inhibit AA, but that pHSP60 was more effective than pHSP65. The immune effects associated with specific DNA-induced suppression of AA were complex and included enhanced T cell proliferation to a variety of disease-associated Ags. Effective vaccination with HSP60 or HSP65 DNA led paradoxically to up-regulation of IFN-gamma secretion to HSP60 and, concomitantly, to down-regulation of IFN-gamma secretion to the P180-188 epitope of HSP65. There were also variable changes in the profiles of IL-10 secretion to different Ags. However, vaccination with pHSP60 or pHSP65 enhanced the production of TGFbeta1 to both HSP60 and HSP65 epitopes. Our results support a regulatory role for HSP60 autoreactivity in AA and demonstrate that this control mechanism can be activated by DNA vaccination with both HSP60 or HSP65.
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Ulmansky R, Cohen CJ, Szafer F, Moallem E, Fridlender ZG, Kashi Y, Naparstek Y. Resistance to adjuvant arthritis is due to protective antibodies against heat shock protein surface epitopes and the induction of IL-10 secretion. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:6463-9. [PMID: 12055266 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.12.6463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvant arthritis (AA) is an experimental model of autoimmune arthritis that can be induced in susceptible strains of rats such as inbred Lewis upon immunization with CFA. AA cannot be induced in resistant strains like Brown-Norway or in Lewis rats after recovery from arthritis. We have previously shown that resistance to AA is due to the presence of natural as well as acquired anti-heat shock protein (HSP) Abs. In this work we have studied the fine specificity of the protective anti-HSP Abs by analysis of their interaction with a panel of overlapping peptides covering the whole HSP molecule. We found that arthritis-susceptible rats lack Abs to a small number of defined epitopes of the mycobacterial HSP65. These Abs are found naturally in resistant strains and are acquired by Lewis rats after recovery from the disease. Active vaccination of Lewis rats with the protective epitopes as well as passive vaccination with these Abs induced suppression of arthritis. Incubation of murine and human mononuclear cells with the protective Abs induced secretion of IL-10. Analysis of the primary and tertiary structure of the whole Mycobacterium tuberculosis HSP65 molecule indicated that the protective epitopes are B cell epitopes with nonconserved amino acid sequences found on the outer surface of the molecule. We conclude that HSP, the Ag that contains the pathogenic T cell epitopes in AA, also contains protective B cell epitopes exposed on its surface, and that natural and acquired resistance to AA is associated with the ability to respond to these epitopes.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Bacterial/metabolism
- Antigens, Surface/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/prevention & control
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/prevention & control
- BCG Vaccine/administration & dosage
- BCG Vaccine/immunology
- Bacterial Proteins
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Chaperonin 60/immunology
- Chaperonin 60/metabolism
- Chaperonins/administration & dosage
- Chaperonins/chemistry
- Chaperonins/immunology
- Chaperonins/metabolism
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Female
- Heat-Shock Proteins/administration & dosage
- Heat-Shock Proteins/immunology
- Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunoglobulins/metabolism
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred BN
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Severity of Illness Index
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Ulmansky
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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Derry CJ, Harper N, Davies DH, Murphy JJ, Staines NA. Importance of dose of type II collagen in suppression of collagen-induced arthritis by nasal tolerance. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2001; 44:1917-27. [PMID: 11508445 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200108)44:8<1917::aid-art330>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of the dose of collagen given nasally on the induction of specific mucosal tolerance in collagen-induced arthritis. METHODS The severity of clinical arthritis induced in DBA/1 mice was studied after the nasal administration (before disease induction) of 1 of 4 doses (across a 2-log range) of bovine type II collagen (CII). Parameters of immunity included lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production in vitro in response to antigen stimulation, and the production of anticollagen IgG antibody subclasses. RESULTS The 3 highest doses (20, 80, and 320 microg) ameliorated disease severity, whereas the lowest dose (5 microg) aggravated disease. These findings correlated well with antigen-specific T cell proliferation and cytokine and antibody production. T cell proliferation was suppressed by the higher doses of CII, whereas the low dose enhanced T cell proliferation, indicating it primed the T cells. Suppression of T cell proliferation could be overcome by the addition of exogenous interleukin-2 (IL-2) to these cultures. Decreased T cell proliferation was associated with suppression of both Th1 (interferon-gamma [IFNgamma]) and Th2 (IL-4) cytokines and all the subclasses of anticollagen IgG in mice receiving 20, 80, or 320 microg of collagen. Overall, the highest dose of collagen (320 microg) was less effective at suppressing the immune response and disease than the 20-microg or 80-microg doses. There was an increased production of antibodies of all IgG isotypes, and of the Th1-associated cytokines IFNgamma and IL-2, in animals that had received the lowest dose of 5 microg collagen nasally. CONCLUSION Nasal administration of antigens is effective in inducing tolerance and reducing disease severity, but the effects are dose dependent. Low doses can prime the immune system and aggravate disease; high doses may not suppress disease. Suppression of the immune response, which correlates with suppression of disease, is not obviously associated with a type I to type II T cell switch, but rather with an overall suppression of both forms of T cell response, with a potential role for anergy of T cells in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Derry
- Division of Life Sciences, King's College London, UK
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32
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Abstract
Mucosal administration of vaccines is an important approach to the induction of appropriate immune responses to microbial and other environmental antigens in systemic sites and peripheral blood as well as in most external mucosal surfaces. The development of specific antibody- or T-cell-mediated immunologic responses and the induction of mucosally induced systemic immunologic hyporesponsiveness (oral or mucosal tolerance) depend on complex sets of immunologic events, including the nature of the antigenic stimulation of specialized lymphoid structures in the host, antigen-induced activation of different populations of regulatory T cells (Th1 versus Th2), and the expression of proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines. Availability of mucosal vaccines will provide a painless approach to deliver large numbers of vaccine antigens for human immunization. Currently, an average infant will receive 20 to 25 percutaneous injections for vaccination against different childhood infections by 18 months of age. It should be possible to develop for human use effective, nonliving, recombinant, replicating, transgenic, and microbial vector- or plant-based mucosal vaccines to prevent infections. Based on the experience with many dietary antigens, it is also possible to manipulate the mucosal immune system to induce systemic tolerance against environmental, dietary, and possibly other autoantigens associated with allergic and autoimmune disorders. Mucosal immunity offers new strategies to induce protective immune responses against a variety of infectious agents. Such immunization may also provide new prophylactic or therapeutic avenues in the control of autoimmune diseases in humans.
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Abstract
Mucosal administration of vaccines is an important approach to the induction of appropriate immune responses to microbial and other environmental antigens in systemic sites and peripheral blood as well as in most external mucosal surfaces. The development of specific antibody- or T-cell-mediated immunologic responses and the induction of mucosally induced systemic immunologic hyporesponsiveness (oral or mucosal tolerance) depend on complex sets of immunologic events, including the nature of the antigenic stimulation of specialized lymphoid structures in the host, antigen-induced activation of different populations of regulatory T cells (Th1 versus Th2), and the expression of proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines. Availability of mucosal vaccines will provide a painless approach to deliver large numbers of vaccine antigens for human immunization. Currently, an average infant will receive 20 to 25 percutaneous injections for vaccination against different childhood infections by 18 months of age. It should be possible to develop for human use effective, nonliving, recombinant, replicating, transgenic, and microbial vector- or plant-based mucosal vaccines to prevent infections. Based on the experience with many dietary antigens, it is also possible to manipulate the mucosal immune system to induce systemic tolerance against environmental, dietary, and possibly other autoantigens associated with allergic and autoimmune disorders. Mucosal immunity offers new strategies to induce protective immune responses against a variety of infectious agents. Such immunization may also provide new prophylactic or therapeutic avenues in the control of autoimmune diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Ogra
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, State University of New York at Buffalo, and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14222, USA.
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van Eden W, Wendling U, Paul L, Prakken B, van Kooten P, van der Zee R. Arthritis protective regulatory potential of self-heat shock protein cross-reactive T cells. Cell Stress Chaperones 2001. [PMID: 11189451 DOI: 10.1379/1466-1268(2000)005<0452:aprpos>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunization with heat shock proteins has protective effects in models of induced arthritis. Analysis has shown a reduced synovial inflammation in such protected animals. Adoptive transfer and immunization with selected T cell epitopes (synthetic peptides) have indicated the protection to be mediated by T cells directed to conserved hsp epitopes. This was shown first for mycobacterial hsp60 and later for mycobacterial hsp70. Fine specificity analysis showed that such T cells were cross-reactive with the homologous self hsp. Therefore protection by microbial hsp reactive T cells can be by cross-recognition of self hsp overexpressed in the inflamed tissue. Preimmunization with hsp leads to a relative expansion of such self hsp cross-responsive T cells. The regulatory nature of such T cells may originate from mucosal tolerance maintained by commensal flora derived hsp or from partial activation through recognition of self hsp as a partial agonist (Altered Peptide Ligand) or in the absence of proper costimulation. Recently, we reported the selective upregulation of B7.2 on microbial hsp600 specific T cells in response to self hsp60. Through a preferred interaction with CTLA-4 on proinflammatory T cells this may constitute an effector mechanism of regulation. Also, regulatory T cells produced IL10.
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Affiliation(s)
- W van Eden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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35
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Inada S, Kohashi O, Hamasaki Y. Humoral immune-mediated acute, antigen-induced arthritis in rats is suppressed by the inducing antigen administered orally before, but not after, immunization. Immunol Invest 2001; 30:47-56. [PMID: 11419911 DOI: 10.1081/imm-100103690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Acute ovalbumin-induced arthritis (OIA), which is mediated by Arthus reaction to ovalbumin (OVA) in the joint space, can be induced by immunization of rats with OVA followed by the intraarticular injection of OVA. Because oral administration of antigen induces immunological unresponsiveness, we studied for the first time the effects of oral administration of OVA on acute OIA. The oral administration of OVA before immunization significantly suppressed the development of acute OIA, in accordance with decreases in both the anti-OVA IgG antibody production and in vitro lymphocyte proliferative responses to OVA. However, the oral administration of OVA after immunization did not show any decrease in antibody production or in vitro lymphocyte proliferation to OVA, or in the severity of acute OIA. These results indicate that the induction of oral tolerance to OVA in OIA is possible by oral administration of OVA before, but not after, immunization with the antigen. This supports the concept of using antigen feeding as a treatment for certain humoral immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Inada
- Department of Pediatrics, Sega Prefectural Hospital Koseikan, Mizugae, Japan
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Cobelens PM, Heijnen CJ, Nieuwenhuis EE, Kramer PP, van der Zee R, van Eden W, Kavelaars A. Treatment of adjuvant-induced arthritis by oral administration of mycobacterial Hsp65 during disease. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2000; 43:2694-702. [PMID: 11145027 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200012)43:12<2694::aid-anr9>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oral administration of antigen prior to disease induction has been shown to induce peripheral tolerance in several experimental autoimmune diseases. However, the clinical benefit of pretreatment with antigens is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate whether adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) could be treated by oral administration of mycobacterial heat-shock protein 65 (Hsp65) during ongoing disease. METHODS AIA was induced in Lewis rats by immunization with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Oral feeding of Hsp65 in the presence or absence of soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) was started on day 11 after immunization. Arthritis was monitored visually, and joint pathology was examined radiologically. RESULTS Oral treatment with Hsp65 during ongoing disease significantly reduced the activity of AIA. However, treatment with Hsp65 was only successful when SBTI was coadministered to prevent breakdown of the Hsp65. The beneficial effect of Hsp65/SBTI treatment during AIA was also represented by a clear reduction of articular destruction, as visualized by radiography. Moreover, feeding Hsp65/SBTI resulted in a lower number of both spleen and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells expressing the costimulatory molecule CD80 (B7-1). The number of cells expressing CD86 (B7-2) was not altered. Furthermore, MLN cells from AIA animals treated with Hsp65/SBTI contained a lower number of T cells expressing the activation marker CD134 (Ox-40). In addition, treatment with Hsp65/ SBTI was accompanied by an increased proliferative response of spleen cells to the Hsp65 antigen in vitro. Moreover, Hsp65/SBTI-treated rats showed less Hsp65-specific interferon-gamma and increased production of interleukin-10. CONCLUSION Ongoing AIA activity can be reduced by oral administration of Hsp65 only when protein breakdown in the gastrointestinal tract is inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Cobelens
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital of the University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
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van Tienhoven EA, Broeren CP, Noordzij A, Wagenaar JP, van Eden W, Wauben MH. Nasal application of a naturally processed and presented T cell epitope derived from TCR AV11 protects against adjuvant arthritis. Int Immunol 2000; 12:1715-21. [PMID: 11099311 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/12.12.1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactivity towards TCR peptides plays an important role in the regulation of several experimental autoimmune diseases. In a previous paper, we showed the TCRAV11 usage by an arthritogenic T cell clone isolated from a rat with adjuvant arthritis (AA). Moreover, we identified three immunogenic peptides in AV11: AV11 24-40, 41-55 and 66-80. In the present study, we show that T cells directed towards all three epitopes are part of the immune repertoire. The strongest delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction was observed against the peptide derived from the third framework region, peptide AV11 66-80. DTH reactions to this peptide were detectable in naive rats and increased significantly after AA induction. Interestingly, modulation of the AV11 66-80 T cell response by nasal AV11 66-80 administration resulted in reduced DTH responses and in a strong inhibition of AA. These findings suggest that during the natural course of AA, T cells directed towards the third framework region of AV11 do not have a disease regulatory function, but instead play a role in the deterioration of AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A van Tienhoven
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80165, Yalelaan 1, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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38
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Nieuwenhuis EE, Visser MR, Kavelaars A, Cobelens PM, Fleer A, Harmsen W, Verhoef J, Akkermans LM, Heijnen CJ. Oral antibiotics as a novel therapy for arthritis: evidence for a beneficial effect of intestinal Escherichia coli. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2000; 43:2583-9. [PMID: 11083284 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200011)43:11<2583::aid-anr28>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The intestinal flora is thought to play an important role in regulation of immune responses. We investigated the effects of changing the intestinal flora on the course of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) and on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by the use of oral antibiotics. METHODS Oral treatment with either vancomycin or vancomycin, tobramycin, and colistin was started after AIA and EAE induction. Clinical symptoms of AIA and EAE were monitored, and microbial analysis of ileal samples was performed. RESULTS Oral vancomycin treatment after disease induction significantly decreased clinical symptoms of AIA. Simultaneously, increased concentrations of Escherichia coli were detected in the distal ileum of vancomycin-treated rats. Ileal concentrations of E coli were inversely related to disease scores in rats with AIA. Coadministration of colistin/tobramycin to prevent the increase in E coli abrogated the beneficial effect of vancomycin on AIA. Vancomycin treatment also reduced the clinical symptoms of EAE. CONCLUSION We propose oral vancomycin as a novel therapeutic strategy in autoimmune diseases.
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van Eden W, Wendling U, Paul L, Prakken B, van Kooten P, van der Zee R. Arthritis protective regulatory potential of self-heat shock protein cross-reactive T cells. Cell Stress Chaperones 2000; 5:452-7. [PMID: 11189451 PMCID: PMC312876 DOI: 10.1379/1466-1268(2000)005<0452:aprpos>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization with heat shock proteins has protective effects in models of induced arthritis. Analysis has shown a reduced synovial inflammation in such protected animals. Adoptive transfer and immunization with selected T cell epitopes (synthetic peptides) have indicated the protection to be mediated by T cells directed to conserved hsp epitopes. This was shown first for mycobacterial hsp60 and later for mycobacterial hsp70. Fine specificity analysis showed that such T cells were cross-reactive with the homologous self hsp. Therefore protection by microbial hsp reactive T cells can be by cross-recognition of self hsp overexpressed in the inflamed tissue. Preimmunization with hsp leads to a relative expansion of such self hsp cross-responsive T cells. The regulatory nature of such T cells may originate from mucosal tolerance maintained by commensal flora derived hsp or from partial activation through recognition of self hsp as a partial agonist (Altered Peptide Ligand) or in the absence of proper costimulation. Recently, we reported the selective upregulation of B7.2 on microbial hsp600 specific T cells in response to self hsp60. Through a preferred interaction with CTLA-4 on proinflammatory T cells this may constitute an effector mechanism of regulation. Also, regulatory T cells produced IL10.
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Affiliation(s)
- W van Eden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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40
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Wendling U, Paul L, van der Zee R, Prakken B, Singh M, van Eden W. A conserved mycobacterial heat shock protein (hsp) 70 sequence prevents adjuvant arthritis upon nasal administration and induces IL-10-producing T cells that cross-react with the mammalian self-hsp70 homologue. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:2711-7. [PMID: 10679112 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.5.2711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunization with Mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock protein (hsp) 60 has been shown to protect rats from experimental arthritis. Previously, the protection-inducing capacity was shown to reside in the evolutionary conserved parts of the molecule. Now we have studied the nature of the arthritis suppressive capacity of a distinct, antigenically unrelated protein, M. tuberculosis hsp70. Again, a conserved mycobacterial hsp70 sequence was found to be immunogenic and to induce T cells that cross-reacted with the rat homologue sequence. However, in this case parenteral immunization with the peptide containing the critical cross-reactive T cell epitope did not suppress disease. Upon analysis of cytokines produced by these peptide-specific T cells, high IL-10 production was found, as was the case with T cells responsive to whole hsp70 protein. Nasal administration of this peptide was found to lead to inhibition of subsequent adjuvant arthritis induction. The data presented here shows the intrinsic capacity of conserved bacterial hsp to trigger self-hsp cross-reactive T cells with the potential to down-regulate arthritis via IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Wendling
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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41
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Abstract
Microbial heat shock proteins (HSPs) are ubiquitous and highly immunogenic. In healthy humans, B- and T-cells with specificity for self-HSP can be easily detected. In patients with chronic inflammatory diseases, raised levels of antibodies and T-cells with reactivity to self-HSP have been observed. Based on this and other evidence, this raised immune reactivity might be the result of stress-induced upregulation of self-HSP during inflammation and is possibly caused by tissue destruction. More importantly, immunization with conserved sequences of microbial-HSP increases resistance to the induction of autoimmune disease. Together, it appears that immune reactivity directed towards self-HSP can be part of a regulatory immune effector mechanism that contributes to maintenance of self-tolerance and has anti-inflammatory activity. Boosting of such anti-inflammatory effector mechanisms by artificial immunization offers attractive immunotherapeutic possibilities.
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42
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Tanaka S, Kimura Y, Mitani A, Yamamoto G, Nishimura H, Spallek R, Singh M, Noguchi T, Yoshikai Y. Activation of T Cells Recognizing an Epitope of Heat-Shock Protein 70 Can Protect Against Rat Adjuvant Arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.10.5560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We have previously reported that CD4+ T cells recognizing a peptide comprising residues 234–252 of the heat shock protein (HSP)70 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) in the context of RT1.B MHC class II molecule emerged in the peritoneal cavity during the course of Listeria monocytogenes infection in rats and suppressed the inflammatory responses against listerial infection via IL-10 production. We report in this work that pretreatment with peptide 234–252 of HSP70 derived from M.tb suppressed the development of adjuvant arthritis (AA) in Lewis rats induced using heat-killed M.tb. T cells from rats pretreated with peptide 234–252 produced a significant amount of IL-10 in response to the epitope. T cells from rats pretreated with the peptide and immunized with M.tb produced the larger amount of IL-10 in response to the peptide, but only a marginal level of IFN-γ in response to purified protein derivative of M.tb. Administration of anti-IL-10 Ab partly inhibited the suppressive effect of pretreatment with peptide 234–252 on the development of AA. Furthermore, transfer of a T cell line specific for the epitope at the time of AA induction markedly suppressed AA. These findings suggested that T cells recognizing peptide 234–252 may play a regulatory role in inflammation during AA via the production of suppressive cytokines including IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehisa Tanaka
- *Laboratory of Host Defense and Germfree Life, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- †Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan; and
| | - Yuki Kimura
- *Laboratory of Host Defense and Germfree Life, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akio Mitani
- †Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan; and
| | - Genta Yamamoto
- *Laboratory of Host Defense and Germfree Life, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- †Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan; and
| | - Hitoshi Nishimura
- *Laboratory of Host Defense and Germfree Life, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ralf Spallek
- ‡GBF-German Research Center for Biotechnology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mahavir Singh
- ‡GBF-German Research Center for Biotechnology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Toshihide Noguchi
- †Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan; and
| | - Yasunobu Yoshikai
- *Laboratory of Host Defense and Germfree Life, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Faria
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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44
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Zügel U, Kaufmann SH. Role of heat shock proteins in protection from and pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999; 12:19-39. [PMID: 9880473 PMCID: PMC88905 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.12.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased synthesis of heat shock proteins (hsp) occurs in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells when they are exposed to stress. By increasing their hsp content, cells protect themselves from lethal assaults, primarily because hsp interfere with the uncontrolled protein unfolding that occurs under stress. However, hsp are not produced only by stressed cells; some hsp are synthesized constitutively and perform important housekeeping functions. Accordingly, hsp are involved in the assembly of molecules which play important roles in the immune system. It is not surprising that due to their wide distribution and their homology among different species, hsp represent target antigens of the immune response. Frequent confrontation of the immune system with conserved regions of hsp which are shared by various microbial pathogens can potentiate antimicrobial immunity. However, long-term confrontation of the immune system with hsp antigens which are similar in the host and invaders may convert the immune response against these host antigens and promote autoimmune disease. This review provides an overview of the role of hsp in immunity with a focus on infectious and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Zügel
- Department of Immunology, University Clinics Ulm, 89070 Ulm, Germany.
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45
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Weiner HL, Komagata Y. Oral tolerance and the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1998; 20:289-308. [PMID: 9836383 DOI: 10.1007/bf00832013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H L Weiner
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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46
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Haque MA, Kimoto M, Inada S, Tokunaga O, Kohashi O. Autoreactive CD4- CD8- alpha beta T cells to vaccinate adjuvant arthritis. Immunol Suppl 1998; 94:536-42. [PMID: 9767442 PMCID: PMC1364232 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1998.00543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies suggested that experimental autoimmune diseases can effectively be prevented and treated by application of normal autoreactive T cells or autoreactive T cells in an attenuated form. In this study, several autoreactive CD4- CD8- T-cell clones (A2, A6, and A13 cells) were isolated for the first time from the draining lymph nodes of Lewis rats with adjuvant arthritis (AA). Surprisingly, intraperitoneal inoculation with A13 cells, but not A2 or A6 cells protected rats from AA both clinically and histologically. It was demonstrated that A13 cells were CD4- CD8- alpha beta T cells, and showed proliferative responses to irradiated syngeneic spleen cells (antigen-presenting cells; APC). Interestingly, A13 cells proliferated against concanavalin A (Con A) and staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), but did not show any proliferation to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mt), or its 65 000 MW heat-shock protein (HSP). Rats protected from AA by inoculation with A13 cells showed a specific anti-idiotypic delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction compared with other autoreactive T cells (A2 or A6 cells). These findings demonstrate that AA can be suppressed by autoreactive CD4- CD8- alpha beta T cells, and these cells may be used as therapeutic agents in experimental autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Haque
- Department of Microbiology, Saga Medical School, Nabeshima, Saga, Japan
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47
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van Eden W, van der Zee R, Paul AG, Prakken BJ, Wendling U, Anderton SM, Wauben MH. Do heat shock proteins control the balance of T-cell regulation in inflammatory diseases? IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1998; 19:303-7. [PMID: 9666602 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(98)01283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W van Eden
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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48
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Mizzen L. Immune responses to stress proteins: applications to infectious disease and cancer. BIOTHERAPY (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 1998; 10:173-89. [PMID: 9559972 DOI: 10.1007/bf02678295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins, or stress proteins have been identified as part of a highly conserved cellular defence mechanism mediated by multiple, distinct gene families and corresponding gene products. As intracellular chaperones, stress proteins participate in many essential biochemical pathways of protein maturation and function active during times of stress and during normal cellular homeostasis. In addition to their well-characterized role as protein chaperones, stress proteins are now realized to possess another important biological property: immunogenicity. Stress proteins are now understood to play a fundamental role in immune surveillance of infection and malignancy and this body of basic research has provided a framework for their clinical application. As key targets of both humoral and cellular immunity during infection, stress proteins have accordingly received considerable research interest as prophylactic vaccines for infectious disease applications. The unique and potent immunostimulatory properties of stress proteins have similarly been applied to the development of new approaches to cancer therapy, including both protein and gene-based modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mizzen
- StressGen Biotechnologies Corporation, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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49
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Wendling U, Farine JC. Oral administration of HSP-containing E. coli extract OM-89 has suppressive effects in autoimmunity. Regulation of autoimmune processes by modulating peripheral immunity towards hsp's? BIOTHERAPY (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 1998; 10:223-7. [PMID: 9559977 DOI: 10.1007/bf02678300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OM-89 (Subreum) is an E. coli extract used for oral administration in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It contains bacterial heat shock proteins, namely hsp60 and hsp70, which were shown to be major immunogenic constituents of the drug. Immunity to bacterial heat-shock antigens was shown to be a means of immunomodulation of (experimental) autoimmune disease and possibly inflammation in general. This was demonstrated for mycobacterial hsp60 respectively hsp70 in autoimmune disease models for arthritis, diabetes and encephalitis. Parallel to the effects displayed by immunisation with hsp, oral administration of hsp-containing OM-89 was found to modify autoimmune disease in a number of animal models, such as for arthritis, diabetes and SLE. In rats immunisation with OM-89 was found to lead to proliferative T cell responses to hsp60 and hsp70 of both E. coli and mycobacterial origin. Conversely, immunisation with hsp antigens could induce T cell reactivity specific for OM-89. Given this and the autoimmune disease modulating properties of both hsp and OM-89 it is argued that OM-89 acts via the same mechanism as proposed for hsp: that peripheral tolerance is induced at the level of regulatory T cells with specificity for heat-shock proteins. This may constitute one mode of action for OM-89 as an arthritis suppressive oral drug in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Wendling
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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50
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Bonnin D, Albani S. Mucosal modulation of immune responses to heat shock proteins in autoimmune arthritis. BIOTHERAPY (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 1998; 10:213-21. [PMID: 9559976 DOI: 10.1007/bf02678299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Induction of oral tolerance to antigens that are targets of self-reactive immune responses is an attractive approach to antigen-specific immune therapy of autoimmune diseases. Oral tolerization has indeed proven to be safe and effective in amelioration of autoimmune diseases in animal models. In humans, results have been somewhat controversial. The emphasis given to clinical outcome rather than to immunomodulation, and the difficulty in identifying appropriate candidate antigens contribute to the controversy. Heat shock proteins are promising targets for immune intervention. Immune reactivity to heat shock proteins has indeed been correlated with autoimmune arthritis in animal models, and abnormal immune responses to heat shock proteins have been described in human arthritis as well. Despite significant recent progress, little is known at a molecular level regarding the mechanisms which are responsible for a switch from autoimmunity to tolerance in humans. This is particularly true with respect to sequential analysis of several molecular and immunologic markers during both the course and treatment of disease. Novel approaches are currently under way to fill the gaps. We will briefly detail here the experience gained to date, and identify some of the avenues which future research will explore.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bonnin
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0663, USA
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