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Fu J, Wang Z, Martinez M, Obradovic A, Jiao W, Frangaj K, Jones R, Guo XV, Zhang Y, Kuo WI, Ko HM, Iuga A, Bay Muntnich C, Prada Rey A, Rogers K, Zuber J, Ma W, Miron M, Farber DL, Weiner J, Kato T, Shen Y, Sykes M. Plasticity of intragraft alloreactive T cell clones in human gut correlates with transplant outcomes. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20230930. [PMID: 38091025 PMCID: PMC10720543 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The site of transition between tissue-resident memory (TRM) and circulating phenotypes of T cells is unknown. We integrated clonotype, alloreactivity, and gene expression profiles of graft-repopulating recipient T cells in the intestinal mucosa at the single-cell level after human intestinal transplantation. Host-versus-graft (HvG)-reactive T cells were mainly distributed to TRM, effector T (Teff)/TRM, and T follicular helper compartments. RNA velocity analysis demonstrated a trajectory from TRM to Teff/TRM clusters in association with rejection. By integrating pre- and post-transplantation (Tx) mixed lymphocyte reaction-determined alloreactive repertoires, we observed that pre-existing HvG-reactive T cells that demonstrated tolerance in the circulation were dominated by TRM profiles in quiescent allografts. Putative de novo HvG-reactive clones showed a transcriptional profile skewed to cytotoxic effectors in rejecting grafts. Inferred protein regulon network analysis revealed upstream regulators that accounted for the effector and tolerant T cell states. We demonstrate Teff/TRM interchangeability for individual T cell clones with known (allo)recognition in the human gut, providing novel insight into TRM biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Fu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zicheng Wang
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Aleksandar Obradovic
- Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wenyu Jiao
- Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristjana Frangaj
- Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Jones
- Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xinzheng V. Guo
- Human Immune Monitoring Core, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ya Zhang
- Human Immune Monitoring Core, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wan-I Kuo
- Human Immune Monitoring Core, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Huaibin M. Ko
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alina Iuga
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Constanza Bay Muntnich
- Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adriana Prada Rey
- Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kortney Rogers
- Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julien Zuber
- Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wenji Ma
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Miron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donna L. Farber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joshua Weiner
- Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tomoaki Kato
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yufeng Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Megan Sykes
- Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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2
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Kaminski A, Hager FT, Kopplin L, Ticconi F, Leufgen A, Vendelova E, Rüttger L, Gasteiger G, Cerovic V, Kastenmüller W, Pabst O, Ugur M. Resident regulatory T cells reflect the immune history of individual lymph nodes. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadj5789. [PMID: 37874251 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adj5789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are present in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues where they restrict immune activation, prevent autoimmunity, and regulate inflammation. Tregs in nonlymphoid tissues are typically resident, whereas those in lymph nodes (LNs) are considered to recirculate. However, Tregs in LNs are not a homogenous population, and circulation kinetics of different Treg subsets are poorly characterized. Furthermore, whether Tregs can acquire memory T cell properties and persist for extended periods after their activation in LNs is unclear. Here, we used in situ labeling with a stabilized photoconvertible protein to uncover turnover rates of Tregs in LNs in vivo. We found that, whereas most Tregs in LNs recirculate, 10 to 20% are memory-like resident cells that remain in their respective LNs for weeks to months. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that LN-resident cells are a functionally and ontogenetically heterogeneous population and share the same core residency gene signature with conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Resident cells in LNs did not actively proliferate and did not require continuous T cell receptor (TCR) signaling for their residency. However, resident and circulating Tregs had distinct TCR repertoires, and each LN contained exclusive clonal subpopulations of resident Tregs. Our results demonstrate that, similar to conventional T cells, Tregs can form resident memory-like populations in LNs after adaptive immune responses. Specific and local suppression of immune responses by resident Tregs in draining LNs might provide previously unidentified therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of local chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kaminski
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Fabian Tobias Hager
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Lydia Kopplin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Fabio Ticconi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Institute for Computational Genomics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Andrea Leufgen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Emilia Vendelova
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97078, Germany
| | - Lennart Rüttger
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97078, Germany
| | - Georg Gasteiger
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97078, Germany
| | - Vuk Cerovic
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kastenmüller
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97078, Germany
| | - Oliver Pabst
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Milas Ugur
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97078, Germany
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3
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Hu L, Han M, Deng Y, Gong J, Hou Z, Zeng Y, Zhang Y, He J, Zhong C. Genetic distinction between functional tissue-resident and conventional natural killer cells. iScience 2023; 26:107187. [PMID: 37404378 PMCID: PMC10316664 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-residential natural killer (trNK) cells act as pioneering responders during infectious challenges. However, their discrimination with conventional NK (cNK) cells is still an issue. Through an integrative transcriptome comparison of the two NK subgroups from different tissues, we have defined two genesets capable of efficiently distinguishing them. Based on the two genesets, a fundamental difference between the activation of trNK and cNK is identified and further confirmed. Mechanistically, we have discovered a particular role of chromatin landscape in regulating the trNK activation. In addition, IL-21R and IL-18R are respectively highly expressed by trNK and cNK, indicating a role of cytokine milieu in determining their differential activation. Indeed, IL-21 is particularly critical in accessorily promoting trNK activation using a bunch of bifunctional transcription factors. Together, this study sheds light on the bona fide difference between trNK and cNK, which will further expand our knowledge about their distinct functionalities during immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luni Hu
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mengwei Han
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yichen Deng
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jingjing Gong
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhiyuan Hou
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yanyu Zeng
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yime Zhang
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhong
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
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4
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Collins DR, Hitschfel J, Urbach JM, Mylvaganam GH, Ly NL, Arshad U, Racenet ZJ, Yanez AG, Diefenbach TJ, Walker BD. Cytolytic CD8 + T cells infiltrate germinal centers to limit ongoing HIV replication in spontaneous controller lymph nodes. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eade5872. [PMID: 37205767 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.ade5872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Follicular CD8+ T cells (fCD8) mediate surveillance in lymph node (LN) germinal centers against lymphotropic infections and cancers, but the precise mechanisms by which these cells mediate immune control remain incompletely resolved. To address this, we investigated functionality, clonotypic compartmentalization, spatial localization, phenotypic characteristics, and transcriptional profiles of LN-resident virus-specific CD8+ T cells in persons who control HIV without medications. Antigen-induced proliferative and cytolytic potential consistently distinguished spontaneous controllers from noncontrollers. T cell receptor analysis revealed complete clonotypic overlap between peripheral and LN-resident HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. Transcriptional analysis of LN CD8+ T cells revealed gene signatures of inflammatory chemotaxis and antigen-induced effector function. In HIV controllers, the cytotoxic effectors perforin and granzyme B were elevated among virus-specific CXCR5+ fCD8s proximate to foci of HIV RNA within germinal centers. These results provide evidence consistent with cytolytic control of lymphotropic infection supported by inflammatory recruitment, antigen-specific proliferation, and cytotoxicity of fCD8s.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Collins
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Julia Hitschfel
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Geetha H Mylvaganam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Ngoc L Ly
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Umar Arshad
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Adrienne G Yanez
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | | | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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5
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Choi EY, Franco D, Stapf CA, Gordin M, Chow A, Cover KK, Chandra R, Lobo MK. Inducible CRISPR Epigenome Systems Mimic Cocaine Induced Bidirectional Regulation of Nab2 and Egr3. J Neurosci 2023; 43:2242-2259. [PMID: 36849419 PMCID: PMC10072301 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1802-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorder is a chronic disease and a leading cause of disability around the world. The NAc is a major brain hub mediating reward behavior. Studies demonstrate exposure to cocaine is associated with molecular and functional imbalance in NAc medium spiny neuron subtypes (MSNs), dopamine receptor 1 and 2 enriched D1-MSNs and D2-MSNs. We previously reported repeated cocaine exposure induced transcription factor early growth response 3 (Egr3) mRNA in NAc D1-MSNs, and reduced it in D2-MSNs. Here, we report our findings of repeated cocaine exposure in male mice inducing MSN subtype-specific bidirectional expression of the Egr3 corepressor NGFI-A-binding protein 2 (Nab2). Using CRISPR activation and interference (CRISPRa and CRISPRi) tools combined with Nab2 or Egr3-targeted sgRNAs, we mimicked these bidirectional changes in Neuro2a cells. Furthermore, we investigated D1-MSN- and D2-MSN-specific expressional changes of histone lysine demethylases Kdm1a, Kdm6a, and Kdm5c in NAc after repeated cocaine exposure in male mice. Since Kdm1a showed bidirectional expression patterns in D1-MSNs and D2-MSNs, like Egr3, we developed a light-inducible Opto-CRISPR-KDM1a system. We were able to downregulate Egr3 and Nab2 transcripts in Neuro2A cells and cause similar bidirectional expression changes we observed in D1-MSNs and D2-MSNs of mouse repeated cocaine exposure model. Contrastingly, our Opto-CRISPR-p300 activation system induced the Egr3 and Nab2 transcripts and caused opposite bidirectional transcription regulations. Our study sheds light on the expression patterns of Nab2 and Egr3 in specific NAc MSNs in cocaine action and uses CRISPR tools to further mimic these expression patterns.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Substance use disorder is a major societal issue. The lack of medication to treat cocaine addiction desperately calls for a treatment development based on precise understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying cocaine addiction. In this study, we show that Egr3 and Nab2 are bidirectionally regulated in mouse NAc D1-MSNs and D2-MSNs after repeated exposure to cocaine. Furthermore, histone lysine demethylations enzymes with putative EGR3 binding sites showed bidirectional regulation in D1- and D2-MSNs after repeated exposure to cocaine. Using Cre- and light-inducible CRISPR tools, we show that we can mimic this bidirectional regulation of Egr3 and Nab2 in Neuro2a cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Y Choi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology
- Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Daniela Franco
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate Program in Life Sciences
| | - Catherine A Stapf
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate Program in Life Sciences
| | | | | | - Kara K Cover
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate Program in Life Sciences
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology
- Center for Innovative Biomedical Resources, Virus Vector Core, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
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6
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Li W, Zhu X, Xu Y, Chen J, Zhang H, Yang Z, Qi Y, Hong J, Li Y, Wang G, Shen J, Qian C. Simultaneous editing of TCR, HLA-I/II and HLA-E resulted in enhanced universal CAR-T resistance to allo-rejection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1052717. [PMID: 36532006 PMCID: PMC9757162 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1052717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The major challenge for universal chimeric antigen receptor T cell (UCAR-T) therapy is the inability to persist for a long time in patients leading to inferior efficacy clinically. The objective of this study was to design a novel UCAR-T cell that could avoid the occurrence of allo-rejection and provide effective resistance to allogeneic Natural Killer (NK) cell rejection, together with the validation of its safety and efficacy ex vivo and in vivo. Methods We prepared T-cell receptor (TCR), Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-I/II triple-edited (TUCAR-T) cells and evaluated the anti-tumor efficacy ex vivo and in vivo. We measured the resistance of exogenous HLA-E expressing TUCAR-T (ETUCAR-T) to NK rejection by using an enhanced NK. Furthermore, we established the safety and efficacy of this regimen by treating Nalm6 tumor-bearing mice with a repeated high-dose infusion of ETUCAR-T. Moreover, we analyzed the effects of individual gene deficiency CAR-T on treated mice and the changes in the transcriptional profiles of different gene-edited T cells via RNA-Seq. Results Data showed that HLA-II editing didn't impair the anti-tumor efficacy of TUCAR-T ex vivo and in vivo and we found for the first time that HLA-II deficiency could facilitate the persistence of CAR-T. Contrastively, as the most commonly eliminated target in UCAR-T, TCR deficiency was found to be a key disadvantageous factor for the shorter-term anti-tumor efficacy in vivo. Our study demonstrated ETUCAR-T could effectively resist allogeneic NK rejection ex vivo and in vivo. Discussion Our research provided a potential and effective strategy for promoting the persistence of UCAR-T cells in clinical application. And it reveals the potential key factors of the poor persistence of UCAR-T along with new insights for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuling Li
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiuxiu Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanmin Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Gene and Cell Therapy, Institute of Precision Medicine and Biotechnology, Chongqing Precision Biotech Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Gene and Cell Therapy, Institute of Precision Medicine and Biotechnology, Chongqing Precision Biotech Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Gene and Cell Therapy, Institute of Precision Medicine and Biotechnology, Chongqing Precision Biotech Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Gene and Cell Therapy, Institute of Precision Medicine and Biotechnology, Chongqing Precision Biotech Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Yanan Qi
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Gene and Cell Therapy, Institute of Precision Medicine and Biotechnology, Chongqing Precision Biotech Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Hong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Gene and Cell Therapy, Institute of Precision Medicine and Biotechnology, Chongqing Precision Biotech Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Yunyan Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Gene and Cell Therapy, Institute of Precision Medicine and Biotechnology, Chongqing Precision Biotech Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junjie Shen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Gene and Cell Therapy, Institute of Precision Medicine and Biotechnology, Chongqing Precision Biotech Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
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7
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Hodgson R, Xu X, Anzilotti C, Deobagkar-Lele M, Crockford TL, Kepple JD, Cawthorne E, Bhandari A, Cebrian-Serrano A, Wilcock MJ, Davies B, Cornall RJ, Bull KR. NDRG1 is induced by antigen-receptor signaling but dispensable for B and T cell self-tolerance. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1216. [PMID: 36357486 PMCID: PMC9649591 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04118-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral tolerance prevents the initiation of damaging immune responses by autoreactive lymphocytes. While tolerogenic mechanisms are tightly regulated by antigen-dependent and independent signals, downstream pathways are incompletely understood. N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), an anti-cancer therapeutic target, has previously been implicated as a CD4+ T cell clonal anergy factor. By RNA-sequencing, we identified Ndrg1 as the third most upregulated gene in anergic, compared to naïve follicular, B cells. Ndrg1 is upregulated by B cell receptor activation (signal one) and suppressed by co-stimulation (signal two), suggesting that NDRG1 may be important in B cell tolerance. However, though Ndrg1-/- mice have a neurological defect mimicking NDRG1-associated Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT4d) disease, primary and secondary immune responses were normal. We find that B cell tolerance is maintained, and NDRG1 does not play a role in downstream responses during re-stimulation of in vivo antigen-experienced CD4+ T cells, demonstrating that NDGR1 is functionally redundant for lymphocyte anergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Hodgson
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xijin Xu
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Consuelo Anzilotti
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mukta Deobagkar-Lele
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tanya L Crockford
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jessica D Kepple
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor Cawthorne
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aneesha Bhandari
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alberto Cebrian-Serrano
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin J Wilcock
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Benjamin Davies
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard J Cornall
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Katherine R Bull
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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8
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Hu Y, Hudson WH, Kissick HT, Medina CB, Baptista AP, Ma C, Liao W, Germain RN, Turley SJ, Zhang N, Ahmed R. TGF-β regulates the stem-like state of PD-1+ TCF-1+ virus-specific CD8 T cells during chronic infection. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213409. [PMID: 35980386 PMCID: PMC9393409 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have defined a novel population of PD-1+ TCF-1+ stem-like CD8 T cells in chronic infections and cancer. These quiescent cells reside in lymphoid tissues, are critical for maintaining the CD8 T cell response under conditions of persistent antigen, and provide the proliferative burst after PD-1 blockade. Here we examined the role of TGF-β in regulating the differentiation of virus-specific CD8 T cells during chronic LCMV infection of mice. We found that TGF-β signaling was not essential for the generation of the stem-like CD8 T cells but was critical for maintaining the stem-like state and quiescence of these cells. TGF-β regulated the unique transcriptional program of the stem-like subset, including upregulation of inhibitory receptors specifically expressed on these cells. TGF-β also promoted the terminal differentiation of exhausted CD8 T cells by suppressing the effector-associated program. Together, the absence of TGF-β signaling resulted in significantly increased accumulation of effector-like CD8 T cells. These findings have implications for immunotherapies in general and especially for T cell therapy against chronic infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghong Hu
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - William H. Hudson
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Haydn T. Kissick
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA,Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA,Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Christopher B. Medina
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Antonio P. Baptista
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGhent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium,Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Chaoyu Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Wei Liao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ronald N. Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA,Correspondence to R. Ahmed:
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9
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Külp M, Siemund AL, Larghero P, Dietz A, Alten J, Cario G, Eckert C, Caye-Eude A, Cavé H, Bardini M, Cazzaniga G, De Lorenzo P, Valsecchi MG, Diehl L, Bonig H, Meyer C, Marschalek R. The immune checkpoint ICOSLG is a relapse-predicting biomarker and therapeutic target in infant t(4;11) acute lymphoblastic leukemia. iScience 2022; 25:104613. [PMID: 35800767 PMCID: PMC9253708 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The most frequent genetic aberration leading to infant ALL (iALL) is the chromosomal translocation t(4;11), generating the fusion oncogenes KMT2A:AFF1 and AFF1:KMT2A, respectively. KMT2A-r iALL displays a dismal prognosis through high relapse rates and relapse-associated mortality. Relapse occurs frequently despite ongoing chemotherapy and without the accumulation of secondary mutations. A rational explanation for the observed chemo-resistance and satisfactory treatment options remain to be elucidated. We found that elevated ICOSLG expression level at diagnosis was associated with inferior event free survival (EFS) in a cohort of 43 patients with t(4;-11) iALL and that a cohort of 18 patients with iALL at relapse displayed strongly increased ICOSLG expression. Furthermore, co-culturing t(4;11) ALL cells (ICOSLGhi) with primary T-cells resulted in the development of Tregs. This was impaired through treatment with a neutralizing ICOSLG antibody. These findings imply ICOSLG (1) as a relapse-predicting biomarker, and (2) as a therapeutic target involved in a potential immune evasion relapse-mechanism of infant t(4;11) ALL. Early growth response 3 (EGR3) is a direct transactivator of the immune checkpoint gene ICOSLG high ICOSLG expression at diagnosis is predictive for ALL relapse EGR3 and ICOSLG expressions are relapse-associated expression of ICOSLG on t(4;11) ALL cells leads to the rapid expansion of Tregs
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10
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Xu J, Xu Y. Identifying of miRNA–mRNA Regulatory Networks Associated with Acute Kidney Injury by Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:1853-1864. [PMID: 35221717 PMCID: PMC8865863 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s353484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical emergency characterized by a dramatic decline in renal function and the accumulation of metabolic waste products in the body, with a high morbidity and mortality rate. The pathogenesis of AKI remains unclear and there are no effective treatment options. Methods We aimed to identify critical genes involved in the pathogenesis of AKI and construct a miRNA–mRNA regulatory network using gene expression data downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE85957) for 38 kidneys of AKI and 19 control rats and cisplatin treated kidneys of 3 AKI and 3 control rats. Data in GSE85957 were processed using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and biological function analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were used to analyze the functions associated with critical genes. Results Twenty-eight modules in the GSE85957 dataset were identified by WGCNA, of which 103 genes in the orange module and 30 genes in the black module were closely associated with AKI and dose. Biological function analysis of genes in the orange and black modules revealed that skeletal muscle cell differentiation, tissue development and organ development were involved in the pathological changes of AKI. Combining with our experimentally processed AKI rat kidney data, eight genes (Atf3, Egr1, Egr2, Fos, Fosb, Gdf15, Serpine1 and Nr1d1) were identified as potential biomarkers of AKI, and miRNA–mRNA regulatory networks were constructed based on the above eight critical genes. Further tissue validation revealed that Egr1 and Fos were highly expressed in AKI. Conclusion Our study identified potential biomarkers of AKI and constructed an associated miRNA–mRNA regulatory network, which may provide new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Department of Urology, Pudong New Area People’s Hospital, Shanghai, 201299, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jie Xu, Department of Urology, Pudong New Area People’s Hospital, No. 490, Chuanhuan South Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201299, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86-13816833210, Email
| | - Yunfei Xu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, People’s Republic of China
- Yunfei Xu, Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 301, Yanchang Road, Jing’an District, Shanghai, 200072, People’s Republic of China, Email
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11
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Single-cell immune profiling reveals distinct immune response in asymptomatic COVID-19 patients. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:342. [PMID: 34531370 PMCID: PMC8443960 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00753-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While some individuals infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) present mild-to-severe disease, many SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals are asymptomatic. We sought to identify the distinction of immune response between asymptomatic and moderate patients. We performed single-cell transcriptome and T-cell/B-cell receptor (TCR/BCR) sequencing in 37 longitudinal collected peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples from asymptomatic, moderate, and severe patients with healthy controls. Asymptomatic patients displayed increased CD56briCD16− natural killer (NK) cells and upregulation of interferon-gamma in effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and NK cells. They showed more robust TCR clonal expansion, especially in effector CD4+ T cells, but lack strong BCR clonal expansion compared to moderate patients. Moreover, asymptomatic patients have lower interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) expression in general but large interpatient variability, whereas moderate patients showed various magnitude and temporal dynamics of the ISGs expression across multiple cell populations but lower than a patient with severe disease. Our data provide evidence of different immune signatures to SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic infections.
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12
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Thomann AS, Schneider T, Cyran L, Eckert IN, Kerstan A, Lutz MB. Conversion of Anergic T Cells Into Foxp3 - IL-10 + Regulatory T Cells by a Second Antigen Stimulus In Vivo. Front Immunol 2021; 12:704578. [PMID: 34249012 PMCID: PMC8267912 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.704578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell anergy is a common mechanism of T cell tolerance. However, although anergic T cells are retained for longer time periods in their hosts, they remain functionally passive. Here, we describe the induction of anergic CD4+ T cells in vivo by intravenous application of high doses of antigen and their subsequent conversion into suppressive Foxp3- IL-10+ Tr1 cells but not Foxp3+ Tregs. We describe the kinetics of up-regulation of several memory-, anergy- and suppression-related markers such as CD44, CD73, FR4, CD25, CD28, PD-1, Egr-2, Foxp3 and CTLA-4 in this process. The conversion into suppressive Tr1 cells correlates with the transient intracellular CTLA-4 expression and required the restimulation of anergic cells in a short-term time window. Restimulation after longer time periods, when CTLA-4 is down-regulated again retains the anergic state but does not lead to the induction of suppressor function. Our data require further functional investigations but at this stage may suggest a role for anergic T cells as a circulating pool of passive cells that may be re-activated into Tr1 cells upon short-term restimulation with high and systemic doses of antigen. It is tentative to speculate that such a scenario may represent cases of allergen responses in non-allergic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sophie Thomann
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Schneider
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Laura Cyran
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ina Nathalie Eckert
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Kerstan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manfred B Lutz
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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13
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Peltier D, Radosevich M, Ravikumar V, Pitchiaya S, Decoville T, Wood SC, Hou G, Zajac C, Oravecz-Wilson K, Sokol D, Henig I, Wu J, Kim S, Taylor A, Fujiwara H, Sun Y, Rao A, Chinnaiyan AM, Goldstein DR, Reddy P. RNA-seq of human T cells after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation identifies Linc00402 as a regulator of T cell alloimmunity. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/585/eaaz0316. [PMID: 33731431 PMCID: PMC8589011 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms governing allogeneic T cell responses after solid organ and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are incompletely understood. To identify lncRNAs that regulate human donor T cells after clinical HSCT, we performed RNA sequencing on T cells from healthy individuals and donor T cells from three different groups of HSCT recipients that differed in their degree of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) mismatch. We found that lncRNA differential expression was greatest in T cells after MHC-mismatched HSCT relative to T cells after either MHC-matched or autologous HSCT. Differential expression was validated in an independent patient cohort and in mixed lymphocyte reactions using ex vivo healthy human T cells. We identified Linc00402, an uncharacterized lncRNA, among the lncRNAs differentially expressed between the mismatched unrelated and matched unrelated donor T cells. We found that Linc00402 was conserved and exhibited an 88-fold increase in human T cells relative to all other samples in the FANTOM5 database. Linc00402 was also increased in donor T cells from patients who underwent allogeneic cardiac transplantation and in murine T cells. Linc00402 was reduced in patients who subsequently developed acute graft-versus-host disease. Linc00402 enhanced the activity of ERK1 and ERK2, increased FOS nuclear accumulation, and augmented expression of interleukin-2 and Egr-1 after T cell receptor engagement. Functionally, Linc00402 augmented the T cell proliferative response to an allogeneic stimulus but not to a nominal ovalbumin peptide antigen or polyclonal anti-CD3/CD28 stimulus. Thus, our studies identified Linc00402 as a regulator of allogeneic T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Peltier
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 48109
| | - Molly Radosevich
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 48109
| | - Visweswaran Ravikumar
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, Biostatistics, Radiation Oncology, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 48109
| | | | - Thomas Decoville
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 48109
| | - Sherri C. Wood
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 48109
| | - Guoqing Hou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 48109
| | - Cynthia Zajac
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 48109
| | - Katherine Oravecz-Wilson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 48109
| | - David Sokol
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 48109
| | - Israel Henig
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 48109
| | - Julia Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 48109
| | - Stephanie Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 48109
| | - Austin Taylor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 48109
| | - Hideaki Fujiwara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 48109
| | - Yaping Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 48109
| | - Arvind Rao
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, Biostatistics, Radiation Oncology, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 48109
| | - Arul M. Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, 48109
| | - Daniel R. Goldstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gerontology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program of Michigan Biology of Cardiovascular Aging, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 48109
| | - Pavan Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 48109.,Corresponding Author: Pavan Reddy,
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14
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Kerr J. Early Growth Response Gene Upregulation in Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-Associated Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111484. [PMID: 33114612 PMCID: PMC7692278 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a chronic multisystem disease exhibiting a variety of symptoms and affecting multiple systems. Psychological stress and virus infection are important. Virus infection may trigger the onset, and psychological stress may reactivate latent viruses, for example, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). It has recently been reported that EBV induced gene 2 (EBI2) was upregulated in blood in a subset of ME/CFS patients. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the pattern of expression of early growth response (EGR) genes, important in EBV infection and which have also been found to be upregulated in blood of ME/CFS patients, paralleled that of EBI2. EGR gene upregulation was found to be closely associated with that of EBI2 in ME/CFS, providing further evidence in support of ongoing EBV reactivation in a subset of ME/CFS patients. EGR1, EGR2, and EGR3 are part of the cellular immediate early gene response and are important in EBV transcription, reactivation, and B lymphocyte transformation. EGR1 is a regulator of immune function, and is important in vascular homeostasis, psychological stress, connective tissue disease, mitochondrial function, all of which are relevant to ME/CFS. EGR2 and EGR3 are negative regulators of T lymphocytes and are important in systemic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Kerr
- Department of Microbiology, Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital (NNUH), Colney Lane, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UY, UK
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15
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Taefehshokr N, Miao T, Symonds ALJ, Wang P, Li S. Egr2 regulation in T cells is mediated through IFNγ/STAT1 and IL-6/STAT3 signalling pathway. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:153259. [PMID: 33099163 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is a host defence system to protect the body against foreign invaders. T cells are one of the major components of the immune cells and they are essential for immune responses. Early growth response gene (Egr2) in T cells is important for maintaining immune functions of T cells by promoting adaptive immune responses while controlling inflammation and preventing the development of autoimmune diseases. A study by our group demonstrated the function of Egr2 as a checkpoint regulator controlling the proliferation and differentiation of the T cells. In association, Egr2 and 3 play indispensable role in T cell immune response, but the mechanism regulating Egr2 expression in T cells is still unclear. In this study, we analysed the Egr2 expression mechanism in CD4 T cells under antigen stimulation. We found that Egr2 expression is regulated by different cytokines including IL-2 and IL-4, which increased Egr2 induction in activated T cells. However, inflammatory cytokines, including INFγ and IL-6, suppressed Egr2 expression through STAT1 and STAT3 signalling pathway respectively, highlighting a mechanism for tolergenic immune response on T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Taefehshokr
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, UB8 3PH, UK.
| | - Tizong Miao
- The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, LONDON E1 2AD, UK
| | - Alistair L J Symonds
- The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, LONDON E1 2AD, UK
| | - Ping Wang
- The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, LONDON E1 2AD, UK
| | - Suling Li
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, UB8 3PH, UK
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16
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Han S, Zhu T, Ding S, Wen J, Lin Z, Lu G, Zhang Y, Xiao W, Ding Y, Jia X, Chen H, Gong W. Early growth response genes 2 and 3 induced by AP-1 and NF-κB modulate TGF-β1 transcription in NK1.1 - CD4 + NKG2D + T cells. Cell Signal 2020; 76:109800. [PMID: 33011290 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
NK1.1- CD4+ NKG2D+ T cells are a subpopulation of regulatory T cells that downregulate the functions of CD4+ T, CD8+ T, natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages through TGF-β1 production. Early growth response genes 2 (Egr2) and 3 (Egr3) maintain immune homeostasis by modulating T lymphocyte development, inhibiting effector T cell function, and promoting the induction of regulatory T cells. Whether Egr2 and Egr3 directly regulate TGF-β1 transcription in NK1.1- CD4+ NKG2D+ T cells remains elusive. The expression levels of Egr2 and Egr3 were higher in NK1.1- CD4+ NKG2D+ T cells than in NK1.1- CD4+ NKG2D- T cells. Egr2 and Egr3 expression were remarkably increased after stimulating NK1.1- CD4+ NKG2D+ T cells with sRAE or α-CD3/sRAE. The ectopic expression of Egr2 or Egr3 resulted in the enhancement of TGF-β1 expression, while knockdown of Egr2 or Egr3 led to the decreased expression of TGF-β1 in NK1.1- CD4+ NKG2D+ T cells. Egr2 and Egr3 directly bound with the TGF-β1 promoter as demonstrated by the electrophoretic mobility shift assay and dual-luciferase gene reporter assay. Furthermore, the Egr2 and Egr3 expression of NK1.1- CD4+ NKG2D+ T cells could be induced by the AP-1 and NF-κB transcriptional factors, but had no involvement with the activation of NF-AT and STAT3. In conclusion, Egr2 and Egr3 induced by AP-1 and NF-κB directly initiate TGF-β1 transcription in NK1.1- CD4+ NKG2D+ T cells. This study indicates that manipulating Egr2 and Egr3 expression would potentiate or alleviate the regulatory function of NK1.1- CD4+ NKG2D+ T cells and this strategy could be used in the therapy for patients with autoimmune diseases or tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Han
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China; Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China
| | - Shizhen Ding
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China
| | - Jianqiang Wen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China
| | - Zhijie Lin
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China
| | - Guotao Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China; Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China
| | - Weiming Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China
| | - Yanbing Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China
| | - Xiaoqin Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China
| | - Huabiao Chen
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Weijuan Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China; Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China.
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17
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Mookerjee‐Basu J, Hooper R, Gross S, Schultz B, Go CK, Samakai E, Ladner J, Nicolas E, Tian Y, Zhou B, Zaidi MR, Tourtellotte W, He S, Zhang Y, Kappes DJ, Soboloff J. Suppression of Ca 2+ signals by EGR4 controls Th1 differentiation and anti-cancer immunity in vivo. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48904. [PMID: 32212315 PMCID: PMC7202224 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While the zinc finger transcription factors EGR1, EGR2, and EGR3 are recognized as critical for T-cell function, the role of EGR4 remains unstudied. Here, we show that EGR4 is rapidly upregulated upon TCR engagement, serving as a critical "brake" on T-cell activation. Hence, TCR engagement of EGR4-/- T cells leads to enhanced Ca2+ responses, driving sustained NFAT activation and hyperproliferation. This causes profound increases in IFNγ production under resting and diverse polarizing conditions that could be reversed by pharmacological attenuation of Ca2+ entry. Finally, an in vivo melanoma lung colonization assay reveals enhanced anti-tumor immunity in EGR4-/- mice, attributable to Th1 bias, Treg loss, and increased CTL generation in the tumor microenvironment. Overall, these observations reveal for the first time that EGR4 is a key regulator of T-cell differentiation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Hooper
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular BiologyPhiladelphiaPAUSA,Department of Medical Genetics & Molecular BiochemistryTemple University School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Scott Gross
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular BiologyPhiladelphiaPAUSA,Department of Medical Genetics & Molecular BiochemistryTemple University School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Bryant Schultz
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular BiologyPhiladelphiaPAUSA,Department of Medical Genetics & Molecular BiochemistryTemple University School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Christina K Go
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular BiologyPhiladelphiaPAUSA,Department of Medical Genetics & Molecular BiochemistryTemple University School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Elsie Samakai
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular BiologyPhiladelphiaPAUSA,Department of Medical Genetics & Molecular BiochemistryTemple University School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | | | | | - Yuanyuan Tian
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular BiologyPhiladelphiaPAUSA,Department of ImmunologyTemple University School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Bo Zhou
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular BiologyPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - M Raza Zaidi
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular BiologyPhiladelphiaPAUSA,Department of Medical Genetics & Molecular BiochemistryTemple University School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Warren Tourtellotte
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineCedars Sinai Medical CenterWest HollywoodCAUSA
| | - Shan He
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular BiologyPhiladelphiaPAUSA,Department of ImmunologyTemple University School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular BiologyPhiladelphiaPAUSA,Department of ImmunologyTemple University School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | | | - Jonathan Soboloff
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular BiologyPhiladelphiaPAUSA,Department of Medical Genetics & Molecular BiochemistryTemple University School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
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18
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Suboptimal stimulation by weak agonist epitope variants does not drive dysfunction of HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones. AIDS 2019; 33:1565-1574. [PMID: 31306165 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether weakly recognized epitope variants induce anergy in HIV-1-specific CD8 T lymphocyte (CTL) clones as a mechanism of dysfunction. DESIGN HIV-1-specific CTL clones were exposed to suboptimally recognized epitope variants, and screened for anergy and other T-cell dysfunction markers, and subsequent capability to kill target cells bearing index epitope. METHODS In addition to the optimally recognized index epitope, two suboptimally recognized epitope variants were selected based on titration curves for killing of peptide-labeled target cells by three HIV-1-specific CTL clones targeting the epitopes SLYNTVATL (Gag 77-85, A02-restricted), RPAEPVPLQL (Rev 66-75, B07-restricted), and KRWIIMGLNK (Gag 263-272, B27-restricted). Consequences of suboptimal stimulation were assessed by cytokine secretion, gene expression, and capacity to kill index epitope-labeled target cells upon rechallenge. RESULTS Suboptimal recognition of epitope variants reduced cytokine production by CTL similarly to reduction in killing of target cells. Gene expression profiles after suboptimal stimulation demonstrated no patterns consistent with T-cell dysfunction due to anergy, exhaustion, or apoptosis. Preexposure of CTL to epitope variants had no discernable impact on their subsequent capacity to kill index epitope-bearing target cells. CONCLUSION Our data explore the hypothesis that poorly recognized epitope variants not only facilitate HIV-1 evasion of CTL recognition, but also induce CTL dysfunction through suboptimal signaling causing anergy. However, the results do not suggest that suboptimal signaling induces anergy (or exhaustion or apoptosis), indicating that the major role of CTL epitope variation is likely viral escape.
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Differential Interleukin-2 Transcription Kinetics Render Mouse but Not Human T Cells Vulnerable to Splicing Inhibition Early after Activation. Mol Cell Biol 2019; 39:MCB.00035-19. [PMID: 31160491 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00035-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are nodal players in the adaptive immune response against pathogens and malignant cells. Alternative splicing plays a crucial role in T cell activation, which is analyzed mainly at later time points upon stimulation. Here we have discovered a 2-h time window early after stimulation where optimal splicing efficiency or, more generally, gene expression efficiency is crucial for successful T cell activation. Reducing the splicing efficiency at 4 to 6 h poststimulation significantly impaired murine T cell activation, which was dependent on the expression dynamics of the Egr1-Nab2-interleukin-2 (IL-2) pathway. This time window overlaps the time of peak IL-2 de novo transcription, which, we suggest, represents a permissive time window in which decreased splicing (or transcription) efficiency reduces mature IL-2 production, thereby hampering murine T cell activation. Notably, the distinct expression kinetics of the Egr1-Nab2-IL-2 pathway between mouse and human render human T cells refractory to this vulnerability. We propose that the rational temporal modulation of splicing or transcription during peak de novo expression of key effectors can be used to fine-tune stimulation-dependent biological outcomes. Our data also show that critical consideration is required when extrapolating mouse data to the human system in basic and translational research.
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20
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Hou J, Shen Q, Wan X, Zhao B, Wu Y, Xia Z. REM sleep deprivation-induced circadian clock gene abnormalities participate in hippocampal-dependent memory impairment by enhancing inflammation in rats undergoing sevoflurane inhalation. Behav Brain Res 2019; 364:167-176. [PMID: 30779975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disturbance can result in memory impairment, and both sleep and hippocampal memory formation are maintained by circadian clock genes. Although preoperative sleep deprivation is known to be an independent risk factor for postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) after inhalation anesthesia, the circadian mechanisms involved are currently unclear. To examine this issue, we constructed models of rapid eye movement sleep deprivation (RSD) and POCD after sevoflurane inhalation, to evaluate the circadian mechanisms underlying preoperative sleep deprivation-induced POCD after sevoflurane inhalation. Morris water maze probe test performance revealed that RSD aggravated the hippocampal-dependent memory impairment induced by sevoflurane anesthesia, and the recovery period of memory impairment was prolonged for more than a week by sleep deprivation. Western blot analysis revealed that sleep deprivation inhibited hippocampal Bmal1 and Egr1 expression for more than 7 days after sevoflurane inhalation. Importantly, hippocampal Per2 expression levels were first decreased by sevoflurane inhalation then increased from the third day by sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation enhanced the expression of hippocampal inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-6 after sevoflurane inhalation. In addition, sevoflurane inhalation activated the plasma expression of S100β and IL-6, particularly after sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation aggravated pathogenic impairment of pyramidal neurons and activated astrocytes in CA1 after sevoflurane inhalation. These results suggest that preoperative RSD aggravates hippocampal memory impairment by enhancing neuroinflammatory injuries after sevoflurane inhalation, which is related to hippocampal clock gene abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qianni Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xing Wan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhongyuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China.
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Xu T, Keller A, Martinez GJ. NFAT1 and NFAT2 Differentially Regulate CTL Differentiation Upon Acute Viral Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:184. [PMID: 30828328 PMCID: PMC6384247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cell differentiation orchestrated by transcription regulators is critical for balancing pathogen eradication and long-term immunity by effector and memory CTLs, respectively. The transcription factor Nuclear Factor of Activated T cells (NFAT) family members are known for their roles in T cell development and activation but still largely undetermined in CD8+ T cell differentiation in vivo. Here, we interrogated the role of two NFAT family members, NFAT1 and NFAT2, in the effector and memory phase of CD8+ T cell differentiation using LCMVArm acute infection model. We found that NFAT1 is critical for effector population generation whereas NFAT2 is required for promoting memory CTLs in a cell intrinsic manner. Moreover, we found that mice lacking both NFAT1 and NFAT2 in T cells display a significant increase in KLRG1hi CD127hi population and are unable to clear an acute viral infection. NFAT-deficient CTLs showed different degrees of impaired IFN-γ and TNF-α expression with NFAT1 being mainly responsible for IFN-γ production upon ex-vivo stimulation as well as for antigen-specific cytotoxicity. Our results suggest that NFAT1 and NFAT2 have distinct roles in mediating CD8+ T cell differentiation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ashleigh Keller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gustavo J Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL, United States
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22
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EGR-mediated control of STIM expression and function. Cell Calcium 2018; 77:58-67. [PMID: 30553973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ is a ubiquitous, dynamic and pluripotent second messenger with highly context-dependent roles in complex cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, and cell death. These Ca2+ signals are generated by Ca2+-permeable channels located on the plasma membrane (PM) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and shaped by PM- and ER-localized pumps and transporters. Differences in the expression of these Ca2+ homeostasis proteins contribute to cell and context-dependent differences in the spatiotemporal organization of Ca2+ signals and, ultimately, cell fate. This review focuses on the Early Growth Response (EGR) family of zinc finger transcription factors and their role in the transcriptional regulation of Stromal Interaction Molecule (STIM1), a critical regulator of Ca2+ entry in both excitable and non-excitable cells.
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Nor Effa SZ, Yaacob NS, Mohd Nor N. Crosstalk between PPARγ Ligands and Inflammatory-Related Pathways in Natural T-Regulatory Cells from Type 1 Diabetes Mouse Model. Biomolecules 2018; 8:E135. [PMID: 30400642 PMCID: PMC6315476 DOI: 10.3390/biom8040135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulation, as a means of immunotherapy, has been studied in major research and clinical laboratories for many years. T-Regulatory (Treg) cell therapy is one of the modulators used in immunotherapy approaches. Similarly, nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) has extensively been shown to play a role as an immuno-modulator during inflammation. Given their mutual roles in downregulating the immune response, current study examined the influence of PPARγ ligands i.e., thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of drugs on Forkhead Box P3 (Foxp3) expression and possible crosstalk between PPARγ and nTreg cells of Non-Obese Diabetes (NOD) and Non-Obese Diabetes Resistant (NOR) mice. Results showed that TZD drug, ciglitazone and natural ligand of PPARγ 15d-prostaglandin downregulated Foxp3 expression in activated nTreg cells from both NOD and NOR mice. Interestingly, addition of the PPARγ inhibitor, GW9662 further downregulated Foxp3 expression in these cells from both mice. We also found that PPARγ ligands negatively regulate Foxp3 expression in activated nTreg cells via PPARγ-independent mechanism(s). These results demonstrate that both natural and synthetic PPARγ ligands capable of suppressing Foxp3 expression in activated nTreg cells of NOD and NOR mice. This may suggest that the effect of PPARγ ligands in modulating Foxp3 expression in activated nTreg cells is different from their reported effects on effector T cells. Given the capability to suppress Foxp3 gene, it is possible to be tested as immunomodulators in cancer-related studies. The co-lateral use of PPARγ ligands in nTreg cells in inducing tolerance towards pseudo-self antigens as in tumor microenvironment may uphold beneficial outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zulkafli Nor Effa
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia.
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas 13200, Malaysia.
| | - Nik Soriani Yaacob
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia.
| | - Norazmi Mohd Nor
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia.
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a heterogeneous population playing a pivotal role in immune responses and tolerance. DCs promote immune tolerance by participating in the negative selection of autoreactive T cells in the thymus. Furthermore, to eliminate autoreactive T cells that have escaped thymic deletion, DCs also induce immune tolerance in the periphery through various mechanisms. Breakdown of these functions leads to autoimmune diseases. Moreover, DCs play a critical role in maintenance of homeostasis in body organs, especially the skin and intestine. In this review, we focus on recent developments in our understanding of the mechanisms of tolerance induction by DCs in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Hasegawa
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
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Marballi KK, Gallitano AL. Immediate Early Genes Anchor a Biological Pathway of Proteins Required for Memory Formation, Long-Term Depression and Risk for Schizophrenia. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:23. [PMID: 29520222 PMCID: PMC5827560 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
While the causes of myriad medical and infectious illnesses have been identified, the etiologies of neuropsychiatric illnesses remain elusive. This is due to two major obstacles. First, the risk for neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, is determined by both genetic and environmental factors. Second, numerous genes influence susceptibility for these illnesses. Genome-wide association studies have identified at least 108 genomic loci for schizophrenia, and more are expected to be published shortly. In addition, numerous biological processes contribute to the neuropathology underlying schizophrenia. These include immune dysfunction, synaptic and myelination deficits, vascular abnormalities, growth factor disruption, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction. However, the field of psychiatric genetics lacks a unifying model to explain how environment may interact with numerous genes to influence these various biological processes and cause schizophrenia. Here we describe a biological cascade of proteins that are activated in response to environmental stimuli such as stress, a schizophrenia risk factor. The central proteins in this pathway are critical mediators of memory formation and a particular form of hippocampal synaptic plasticity, long-term depression (LTD). Each of these proteins is also implicated in schizophrenia risk. In fact, the pathway includes four genes that map to the 108 loci associated with schizophrenia: GRIN2A, nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFATc3), early growth response 1 (EGR1) and NGFI-A Binding Protein 2 (NAB2); each of which contains the "Index single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)" (most SNP) at its respective locus. Environmental stimuli activate this biological pathway in neurons, resulting in induction of EGR immediate early genes: EGR1, EGR3 and NAB2. We hypothesize that dysfunction in any of the genes in this pathway disrupts the normal activation of Egrs in response to stress. This may result in insufficient electrophysiologic, immunologic, and neuroprotective, processes that these genes normally mediate. Continued adverse environmental experiences, over time, may thereby result in neuropathology that gives rise to the symptoms of schizophrenia. By combining multiple genes associated with schizophrenia susceptibility, in a functional cascade triggered by neuronal activity, the proposed biological pathway provides an explanation for both the polygenic and environmental influences that determine the complex etiology of this mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketan K. Marballi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine—Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Amelia L. Gallitano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine—Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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Ziegelhoeffer T, Heil M, Fischer S, Fernández B, Schaper W, Preissner KT, Deindl E, Pagel JI. Role of early growth response 1 in arteriogenesis: Impact on vascular cell proliferation and leukocyte recruitment in vivo. Thromb Haemost 2017; 107:562-74. [DOI: 10.1160/th11-07-0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SummaryBased on previous findings that early growth response 1 (Egr-1) participates in leukocyte recruitment and cell proliferation in vitro, this study was designed to investigate its mode of action during arteriogenesis in vivo. In a model of peripheral arteriogenesis, Egr-1 was significantly upregulated in growing collaterals of wild-type (WT) mice, both on mRNA and protein level. Egr-1−/− mice demonstrated delayed arteriogenesis after femoral artery ligation. They further showed increased levels of monocytes and granulocytes in the circulation, but reduced levels in adductor muscles under baseline conditions. After femoral artery ligation, elevated numbers of macrophages were detected in the perivascular zone of collaterals in Egr-1−/− mice and mRNA of leukocyte recruitment mediators was upregulated. Other Egr family members (Egr-2 to -4) were significantly upregulated only in Egr-1−/− mice, suggesting a mechanism of counterbalancing Egr-1 deficiency. Moreover, splicing factor-1, downregulated in WT mice after femoral artery ligation in the process of increased vascular cell proliferation, was upregulated in Egr-1−/− mice. αSM-actin on the other hand, significantly downregulated in WT mice, showed no differential expression in Egr-1−/− mice. While cell cycle regulator cyclin E and cdc20 were upregulated in Egr-1−/− mice, cyclin D1 expression decreased below the detection limit in collaterals, and the proliferation marker ki67 was not differentially expressed. In conclusion, compensation for deficiency in Egr-1 function in leukocyte recruitment can presumably be mediated by other transcription factors; however, Egr-1 is indispensable for effective vascular cell cycle progression in arteriogenesis.
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27
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Early growth response 2 and Egr3 are unique regulators in immune system. Cent Eur J Immunol 2017; 42:205-209. [PMID: 28860938 PMCID: PMC5573894 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2017.69363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is evolved to defend the body against pathogens and is composed of thousands of complicated and intertwined pathways, which are highly controlled by processes such as transcription and repression of cellular genes. Sometimes the immune system malfunctions and a break down in self-tolerance occurs. This lead to the inability to distinguish between self and non-self and cause attacks on host tissues, a condition also known as autoimmunity, which can result in chronic debilitating diseases. Early growth response genes are family of transcription factors comprising of four members, Egr1, Egr2, Egr3 and Egr4. All of which contain three cyc2-His2 zinc fingers. Initially, Egr2 function was identified in the regulation of peripheral nerve myelination, hindbrain segmentation. Egr3, on the other hand, is highly expressed in muscle spindle development. Egr2 and Egr3 are induced due to the antigen stimulation and this signaling is implemented through the B and T cell receptors in the adaptive immunity. T cell receptor signaling plays a key role in Egr 2 and 3 expressions via their interaction with NFAT molecules. Egr 2 and 3 play a crucial role in regulation of the immune system and their involvement in B and T cell activation, anergy induction and preventing the autoimmune disease has been investigated. The deficiency of these transcription factors has been associated to deficient Cbl-b expression, a resistant to anergy phenotype, and expression of effector and activated T cells.
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28
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Abstract
EGR1 is an early growth response zinc finger transcription factor with broad actions, including in differentiation, mitogenesis, tumor suppression, and neuronal plasticity. Here we demonstrate that Egr1-/- mice on the C57BL/6 background have normal eyelid development, but back-crossing to BALB/c background for four or five generations resulted in defective eyelid development by day E15.5, at which time EGR1 was expressed in eyelids of WT mice. Defective eyelid formation correlated with profound ocular anomalies evident by postnatal days 1-4, including severe cryptophthalmos, microphthalmia or anophthalmia, retinal dysplasia, keratitis, corneal neovascularization, cataracts, and calcification. The BALB/c albino phenotype-associated Tyrc tyrosinase mutation appeared to contribute to the phenotype, because crossing the independent Tyrc-2J allele to Egr1-/- C57BL/6 mice also produced ocular abnormalities, albeit less severe than those in Egr1-/- BALB/c mice. Thus EGR1, in a genetic background-dependent manner, plays a critical role in mammalian eyelid development and closure, with subsequent impact on ocular integrity.
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29
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Han P, Guerrero-Netro H, Estienne A, Cao B, Price CA. Regulation and action of early growth response 1 in bovine granulosa cells. Reproduction 2017; 154:547-557. [PMID: 28733346 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) modify cell proliferation and differentiation through receptor tyrosine kinases, which stimulate the expression of transcription factors including members of the early growth response (EGR) family. In ovarian granulosa cells, most FGFs activate typical response genes, although the role of EGR proteins has not been described. In the present study, we determined the regulation of EGR mRNA by FGFs and explored the role of EGR1 in the regulation of FGF-response genes. Addition of FGF1, FGF2, FGF4 or FGF8b increased EGR1 and EGR3 mRNA levels, whereas FGF18 increased only EGR1 mRNA abundance. No mRNA encoding EGR2 or EGR4 was detected. Overexpression of EGR1 increased EGR3 mRNA levels as well as the FGF-response genes SPRY2, NR4A1 and FOSL1 and also increased the phosphorylation of MAPK3/1. Knockdown of EGR3 did not alter the ability of FGF8b to stimulate SPRY2 mRNA levels. These data demonstrate the regulation of EGR1 and EGR3 mRNA abundance by FGFs in granulosa cells and suggest that EGR1 is likely an upstream component of FGF signaling in granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Han
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité (CRRF)Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hilda Guerrero-Netro
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité (CRRF)Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anthony Estienne
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité (CRRF)Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Binyun Cao
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Christopher A Price
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité (CRRF)Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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30
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Abstract
Fibrotic diseases contribute to 45% of deaths in the industrialized world, and therefore a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying tissue fibrosis is sorely needed. We aimed to identify novel modifiers of tissue fibrosis expressed by myofibroblasts and their progenitors in their disease microenvironment through RNA silencing in vivo. We leveraged novel biology, targeting genes upregulated during liver and kidney fibrosis in this cell lineage, and employed small interfering RNA (siRNA)-formulated lipid nanoparticles technology to silence these genes in carbon-tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in mice. We identified five genes, Egr2, Atp1a2, Fkbp10, Fstl1, and Has2, which modified fibrogenesis based on their silencing, resulting in reduced Col1a1 mRNA levels and collagen accumulation in the liver. These genes fell into different groups based on the effects of their silencing on a transcriptional mini-array and histological outcomes. Silencing of Egr2 had the broadest effects in vivo and also reduced fibrogenic gene expression in a human fibroblast cell line. Prior to our study, Egr2, Atp1a2, and Fkbp10 had not been functionally validated in fibrosis in vivo. Thus, our results provide a major advance over the existing knowledge of fibrogenic pathways. Our study is the first example of a targeted siRNA assay to identify novel fibrosis modifiers in vivo.
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Hastings KT, Elizalde D, Muppana L, Levine S, Kamel CM, Ingram WM, Kirkpatrick JT, Hu C, Rausch MP, Gallitano AL. Nab2 maintains thymus cellularity with aging and stress. Mol Immunol 2017; 85:185-195. [PMID: 28282643 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thymic cellularity is influenced by a variety of biological and environmental factors, such as age and stress; however, little is known about the molecular genetic mechanisms that regulate this process. Immediate early genes of the Early growth response (Egr) family have critical roles in immune function and response to environmental stress. The transcription factors, Egr1, Egr2 and Egr3, play roles in the thymus and in peripheral T-cell activation. Nab2, which binds Egrs 1, 2, and 3 as a co-regulator of transcription, also regulates peripheral T-cell activation. However, a role for Nab2 in the thymus has not been reported. Using Nab2-deficient (KO) mice we found that male Nab2KO mice have reduced thymus size and decreased numbers of thymocytes, compared with age-matched wildtype (WT) mice. Furthermore, the number of thymocytes in Nab2KO males decreases more rapidly with age. This effect is sex-dependent as female Nab2KO mice show neither reduced thymocyte numbers nor accelerated thymocyte loss with age, compared to female WT littermates. Since stress induces expression of Nab2 and the Egrs, we examined whether loss of Nab2 alters stress-induced decrease in thymic cellularity. Restraint stress induced a significant decrease in thymic cellularity in Nab2KO and WT mice, with significant changes in the thymocyte subset populations only in the Nab2KO mice. Stress reduced the percentage of DP cells by half and increased the percentage of CD4SP and CD8SP cells by roughly three-fold in Nab2KO mice. These findings indicate a requirement for Nab2 in maintaining thymocyte number in male mice with age and in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Taraszka Hastings
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
| | - Diana Elizalde
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Leela Muppana
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Sarah Levine
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Christy M Kamel
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Wendy M Ingram
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Jennifer T Kirkpatrick
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Chengcheng Hu
- Department of Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 714 E. Van Buren St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
| | - Matthew P Rausch
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Amelia L Gallitano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
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32
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Egr2 and Egr3 in regulatory T cells cooperatively control systemic autoimmunity through Ltbp3-mediated TGF-β3 production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E8131-E8140. [PMID: 27911796 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611286114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypical autoimmune disease characterized by multiorgan inflammation induced by autoantibodies. Early growth response gene 2 (Egr2), a transcription factor essential for T-cell anergy induction, controls systemic autoimmunity in mice and humans. We have previously identified a subpopulation of CD4+ regulatory T cells, CD4+CD25-LAG3+ cells, that characteristically express both Egr2 and LAG3 and control mice model of lupus via TGF-β3 production. However, due to the mild phenotype of lymphocyte-specific Egr2-deficient mice, the presence of an additional regulator has been speculated. Here, we show that Egr2 and Egr3 expressed in T cells cooperatively prevent humoral immune responses by supporting TGF-β3 secretion. T cell-specific Egr2/Egr3 double-deficient (Egr2/3DKO) mice spontaneously developed an early onset lupus-like disease that was more severe than in T cell-specific Egr2-deficient mice. In accordance with the observation that CD4+CD25-LAG3+ cells from Egr2/3DKO mice completely lost the capacity to produce TGF-β3, the excessive germinal center reaction in Egr2/3DKO mice was suppressed by the adoptive transfer of WT CD4+CD25-LAG3+ cells or treatment with a TGF-β3-expressing vector. Intriguingly, latent TGF-β binding protein (Ltbp)3 expression maintained by Egr2 and Egr3 was required for TGF-β3 production from CD4+CD25-LAG3+ cells. Because Egr2 and Egr3 did not demonstrate cell intrinsic suppression of the development of follicular helper T cells, Egr2- and Egr3-dependent TGF-β3 production by CD4+CD25-LAG3+ cells is critical for controlling excessive B-cell responses. The unique attributes of Egr2/Egr3 in T cells may provide an opportunity for developing novel therapeutics for autoantibody-mediated diseases including SLE.
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Morita K, Okamura T, Sumitomo S, Iwasaki Y, Fujio K, Yamamoto K. Emerging roles of Egr2 and Egr3 in the control of systemic autoimmunity. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2016; 55:ii76-ii81. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Delgoffe GM, Powell JD. Feeding an army: The metabolism of T cells in activation, anergy, and exhaustion. Mol Immunol 2016; 68:492-6. [PMID: 26256793 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Through the direct control of infection or by providing cytokine signals to other cellular players, T cells play a central role in the orchestration of the immune response. However, in many disease states, T cells are rendered dysfunctional, unable to carry out their effector functions. As T cell activation is bioenergetically demanding, some T cell dysfunction can have metabolic underpinnings. In this review, we will discuss how T cells are programmed to fuel their effector response, and how programmed or pathologic changes can disrupt their ability to generate the energy needed to proliferate and carry out their critical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg M Delgoffe
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, United States.
| | - Jonathan D Powell
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21223, United States
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van den Akker GGH, Surtel DAM, Cremers A, Hoes MFGA, Caron MM, Richardson SM, Rodrigues-Pinto R, van Rhijn LW, Hoyland JA, Welting TJM, Voncken JW. EGR1 controls divergent cellular responses of distinctive nucleus pulposus cell types. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2016; 17:124. [PMID: 26975996 PMCID: PMC4791893 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-016-0979-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immediate early genes (IEGs) encode transcription factors which serve as first line response modules to altered conditions and mediate appropriate cell responses. The immediate early response gene EGR1 is involved in physiological adaptation of numerous different cell types. We have previously shown a role for EGR1 in controlling processes supporting chondrogenic differentiation. We recently established a unique set of phenotypically distinct cell lines from the human nucleus pulposus (NP). Extensive characterization showed that these NP cellular subtypes represented progenitor-like cell types and more functionally mature cells. Methods To further understanding of cellular heterogeneity in the NP, we analyzed the response of these cell subtypes to anabolic and catabolic factors. Here, we test the hypothesis that physiological responses of distinct NP cell types are mediated by EGR1 and reflect specification of cell function using an RNA interference-based experimental approach. Results We show that distinct NP cell types rapidly induce EGR1 exposure to either growth factors or inflammatory cytokines. In addition, we show that mRNA profiles induced in response to anabolic or catabolic conditions are cell type specific: the more mature NP cell type produced a strong and more specialized transcriptional response to IL-1β than the NP progenitor cells and aspects of this response were controlled by EGR1. Conclusions Our current findings provide important substantiation of differential functionality among NP cellular subtypes. Additionally, the data shows that early transcriptional programming initiated by EGR1 is essentially restrained by the cells’ epigenome as it was determined during development and differentiation. These studies begin to define functional distinctions among cells of the NP and will ultimately contribute to defining functional phenotypes within the adult intervertebral disc. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12891-016-0979-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guus G H van den Akker
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Current Address: Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Don A M Surtel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andy Cremers
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn F G A Hoes
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein M Caron
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen M Richardson
- Centre for Tissue Injury and Repair, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ricardo Rodrigues-Pinto
- Centre for Tissue Injury and Repair, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Current Address: Department of Orthopaedics, Centro Hospitalar do Porto - Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lodewijk W van Rhijn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith A Hoyland
- Centre for Tissue Injury and Repair, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Tim J M Welting
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Voncken
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Being a member of the early growth response (Egr) family of transcription factors, Egr-2 is expressed in a variety of cell types of the immune system. Recent findings imply that Egr-2 is important in the development and function of T helper (Th) 17 cell, regulatory T (Treg) cell, as well as dendritic cell (DC). Although these cells perform significantly in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and systemic sclerosis, the roles of Egr-2 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases can not be neglected. In this article, we will discuss recent findings about the important roles of Egr-2 in immune cells and the possible pathological roles of Egr-2 in autoimmune diseases.
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Norouzi M, Norouzi S, Amini M, Amanzadeh A, Irian S, Salimi M. Apoptotic effects of two COX-2 inhibitors on breast adenocarcinoma cells through COX-2 independent pathway. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:81-90. [PMID: 25142612 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recently, much effort has been directed toward the search for compounds that influence apoptosis and to understand their mechanisms of action. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors may induce apoptosis through the COX-2-independent mechanism via a mitochondrial pathway. In view of the reported antiproliferative activities of two COX-2 inhibitor derivatives (1, 2) in breast cancer cells (MCF-7), the present study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of these compounds to induce apoptosis and unravel the associated mechanisms. The apoptotic activities of the two compounds were assessed using flow cytometry, fluorescence microscope, and Western blot analysis. Compounds 1 and 2-treated MCF-7 cells revealed the apoptotic cell death, as confirmed by the changes in nuclear morphology and the increased annexin-V/PI staining. Elevation of Bax to Bcl-2 ratio and activation of caspase-3 were found to be associated with the initiation of apoptosis induced by compound 1. Further investigation showed that compounds 1 and 2 inhibited NF-κB, FHC, and ERK activation, while no dramatic change was revealed in c-Myc and EGR-1 levels. Our data suggest that induction of apoptosis by compounds 1 and 2 is not associated with COX-2 expression and occurs through the NF-κB pathway, which sequentially inhibits P-ERK and FHC expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Norouzi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
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Rochman Y, Yukawa M, Kartashov AV, Barski A. Functional characterization of human T cell hyporesponsiveness induced by CTLA4-Ig. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122198. [PMID: 25860138 PMCID: PMC4393265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During activation, T cells integrate multiple signals from APCs and cytokine milieu. The blockade of these signals can have clinical benefits as exemplified by CTLA4-Ig, which blocks interaction of B7 co-stimulatory molecules on APCs with CD28 on T cells. Variants of CTLA4-Ig, abatacept and belatacept are FDA approved as immunosuppressive agents in arthritis and transplantation, yet murine studies suggested that CTLA4-Ig could be beneficial in a number of other diseases. However, detailed analysis of human CD4 cell hyporesponsivness induced by CTLA4-Ig has not been performed. Herein, we established a model to study the effect of CTLA4-Ig on the activation of human naïve T cells in a human mixed lymphocytes system. Comparison of human CD4 cells activated in the presence or absence of CTLA4-Ig showed that co-stimulation blockade during TCR activation does not affect NFAT signaling but results in decreased activation of NF-κB and AP-1 transcription factors followed by a profound decrease in proliferation and cytokine production. The resulting T cells become hyporesponsive to secondary activation and, although capable of receiving TCR signals, fail to proliferate or produce cytokines, demonstrating properties of anergic cells. However, unlike some models of T cell anergy, these cells did not possess increased levels of the TCR signaling inhibitor CBLB. Rather, the CTLA4-Ig-induced hyporesponsiveness was associated with an elevated level of p27kip1 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yrina Rochman
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Masashi Yukawa
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Andrey V. Kartashov
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Artem Barski
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
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Behavioral and Transcriptomic Fingerprints of an Enriched Environment in Horses (Equus caballus). PLoS One 2014; 9:e114384. [PMID: 25494179 PMCID: PMC4262392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of environmental enrichment (EE) has grown in popularity over decades, particularly because EE is known to promote cognitive functions and well-being. Nonetheless, little is known about how EE may affect personality and gene expression. To address this question in a domestic animal, 10-month-old horses were maintained in a controlled environment or EE for 12 weeks. The control horses (n = 9) lived in individual stalls on wood shaving bedding. They were turned out to individual paddocks three times a week and were fed three times a day with pellets or hay. EE-treated horses (n = 10) were housed in large individual stalls on straw bedding 7 hours per day and spent the remainder of the time together at pasture. They were fed three times a day with flavored pellets, hay, or fruits and were exposed daily to various objects, odors, and music. The EE modified three dimensions of personality: fearfulness, reactivity to humans, and sensory sensitivity. Some of these changes persisted >3 months after treatment. These changes are suggestive of a more positive perception of the environment and a higher level of curiosity in EE-treated horses, explaining partly why these horses showed better learning performance in a Go/No-Go task. Reduced expression of stress indicators indicated that the EE also improved well-being. Finally, whole-blood transcriptomic analysis showed that in addition to an effect on the cortisol level, the EE induced the expression of genes involved in cell growth and proliferation, while the control treatment activated genes related to apoptosis. Changes in both behavior and gene expression may constitute a psychobiological signature of the effects of enrichment and result in improved well-being. This study illustrates how the environment interacts with genetic information in shaping the individual at both the behavioral and molecular levels.
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Pletinckx K, Vaeth M, Schneider T, Beyersdorf N, Hünig T, Berberich-Siebelt F, Lutz MB. Immature dendritic cells convert anergic nonregulatory T cells into Foxp3- IL-10+ regulatory T cells by engaging CD28 and CTLA-4. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:480-91. [PMID: 25382658 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anergic T cells can survive for long time periods passively in a hyporesponsive state without obvious active functions. Thus, the immunological reason for their maintenance is unclear. Here, we induced peptide-specific anergy in T cells from mice by coculturing these cells with immature murine dendritic cells (DCs). We found that these anergic, nonsuppressive IL-10(-) Foxp3(-) CTLA-4(+) CD25(low) Egr2(+) T cells could be converted into suppressive IL-10(+) Foxp3(-) CTLA-4(+) CD25(high) Egr2(+) cells resembling type-1 Treg cells (Tr1) when stimulated a second time by immature DCs in vitro. Addition of TGF-β during anergy induction favored Foxp3(+) Treg-cell induction, while TGF-β had little effect when added to the second stimulation. Expression of both CD28 and CTLA-4 molecules on anergic T cells was required to allow their conversion into Tr1-like cells. Suppressor activity was enabled via CD28-mediated CD25 upregulation, acting as an IL-2 sink, together with a CTLA-4-mediated inhibition of NFATc1/α activation to shut down IL-2-mediated proliferation. Together, these data provide evidence and mechanistical insights into how persistent anergic T cells may serve as a resting memory pool for Tr1-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Pletinckx
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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41
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Sun Y, Zhu X, Chen X, Liu H, Xu Y, Chu Y, Wang G, Liu X. The mediator subunit Med23 contributes to controlling T-cell activation and prevents autoimmunity. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5225. [PMID: 25301163 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell activation is critical for successful immune responses and is controlled at multiple levels. Although many changes of T-cell receptor-associated signalling molecules affect T-cell activation, the transcriptional mechanisms that control this process remain largely unknown. Here we find that T cell-specific deletion of the mediator subunit Med23 leads to hyperactivation of T cells and aged Med23-deficient mice exhibit an autoimmune syndrome. Med23 specifically and consistently promotes the transcription of multiple negative regulators of T-cell activation. In the absence of Med23, the T-cell activation threshold is lower, which results in enhanced antitumour T-cell function. Cumulatively, our data suggest that Med23 contributes to controlling T-cell activation at the transcriptional level and prevents the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xufeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yajing Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Weil R. Does antigen masking by ubiquitin chains protect from the development of autoimmune diseases? Front Immunol 2014; 5:262. [PMID: 24917867 PMCID: PMC4042494 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by the production of antibodies against self-antigens and generally arise from a failure of central or peripheral tolerance. However, these diseases may develop when newly appearing antigens are not recognized as self by the immune system. The mechanism by which some antigens are “invisible” to the immune system is not completely understood. Apoptotic and complement system defects or autophagy imbalance can generate this antigenic autoreactivity. Under particular circumstances, cellular debris containing autoreactive antigens can be recognized by innate immune receptors or other sensors and can eventually lead to autoimmunity. Ubiquitination may be one of the mechanisms protecting autoreactive antigens from the immune system that, if disrupted, can lead to autoimmunity. Ubiquitination is an essential post-translational modification used by cells to target proteins for degradation or to regulate other intracellular processes. The level of ubiquitination is regulated during T cell tolerance and apoptosis and E3 ligases have emerged as a crucial signaling pathway for the regulation of T cell tolerance toward self-antigens. I propose here that an unrecognized role of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins could be to render intracellular or foreign antigens (present in cellular debris resulting from apoptosis, complement system, or autophagy defects) invisible to the immune system in order to prevent the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Weil
- Unité de Signalisation Moléculaire et Activation Cellulaire, CNRS URA 2582, Institut Pasteur , Paris , France
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Durinovic-Belló I, Gersuk VH, Ni C, Wu R, Thorpe J, Jospe N, Sanda S, Greenbaum CJ, Nepom GT. Avidity-dependent programming of autoreactive T cells in T1D. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98074. [PMID: 24844227 PMCID: PMC4028311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fate determination for autoreactive T cells relies on a series of avidity-dependent interactions during T cell selection, represented by two general types of signals, one based on antigen expression and density during T cell development, and one based on genes that interpret the avidity of TCR interaction to guide developmental outcome. We used proinsulin-specific HLA class II tetramers to purify and determine transcriptional signatures for autoreactive T cells under differential selection in type 1 diabetes (T1D), in which insulin (INS) genotypes consist of protective and susceptible alleles that regulate the level of proinsulin expression in the thymus. Upregulation of steroid nuclear receptor family 4A (NR4A) and early growth response family genes in proinsulin-specific T cells was observed in individuals with susceptible INS-VNTR genotypes, suggesting a mechanism for avidity-dependent fate determination of the T cell repertoire in T1D. The NR4A genes act as translators of TCR signal strength that guide central and peripheral T cell fate decisions through transcriptional modification. We propose that maintenance of an NR4A-guided program in low avidity autoreactive T cells in T1D reflects their prior developmental experience influenced by proinsulin expression, identifying a pathway permissive for autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Durinovic-Belló
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Vivian H Gersuk
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Chester Ni
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Wu
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jerill Thorpe
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Jospe
- University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Srinath Sanda
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Carla J Greenbaum
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gerald T Nepom
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States of America; University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Parkinson RM, Collins SL, Horton MR, Powell JD. Egr3 induces a Th17 response by promoting the development of γδ T cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87265. [PMID: 24475259 PMCID: PMC3901773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Early Growth Response 3 (Egr3) has been shown to play an important role in negatively regulating T cell activation and promoting T cell anergy in Th1 cells. However, its role in regulating other T helper subsets has yet to be described. We sought to determine the role of Egr3 in a Th17 response using transgenic mice that overexpress Egr3 in T cells (Egr3 TG). Splenocytes from Egr3 TG mice demonstrated more robust generation of Th17 cells even under non-Th17 skewing conditions. We found that while Egr3 TG T cells were not intrinsically more likely to become Th17 cells, the environment encountered by these cells was more conducive to Th17 development. Further analysis revealed a considerable increase in the number of γδ T cells in both the peripheral lymphoid organs and mucosal tissues of Egr3 TG mice, a cell type which normally accounts for only a small fraction of peripheral lymphocytes. Consistent with this marked increase in peripheral γδ T cells, thymocytes from Egr3 TG mice also appear biased toward γδ T cell development. Coculture of these Egr3-induced γδ T cells with wildtype CD4+ T cells increases Th17 differentiation, and Egr3 TG mice are more susceptible to bleomycin-induced lung inflammation. Overall our findings strengthen the role for Egr3 in promoting γδ T cell development and show that Egr3-induced γδ T cells are both functional and capable of altering the adaptive immune response in a Th17-biased manner. Our data also demonstrates that the role played by Egr3 in T cell activation and differentiation is more complex than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose M. Parkinson
- The Sidney-Kimmel Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Samuel L. Collins
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maureen R. Horton
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D. Powell
- The Sidney-Kimmel Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Anergy is a long-term stable state of T-lymphocyte unresponsiveness to antigenic stimulation associated with the blockade of IL-2 production and proliferation. Anergy is a pathway of peripheral tolerance formation. In this review, mechanisms underlying T-cell tolerization are considered in a classical in vitro model of clonal anergy, and these mechanisms are compared with different pathways of anergy induction in vivo. Special attention is given to regulatory T-lymphocytes because, on one hand, anergy is a specific feature of these cells, and on the other hand anergy is also a mechanism of their action on target cells - effector T-lymphocytes. The role of this phenomenon in the differentiation of regulatory T-cells and also in the development of activation-induced apoptosis in effector T-lymphocytes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Kuklina
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 614081 Perm, Russia.
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Sumitomo S, Fujio K, Okamura T, Morita K, Ishigaki K, Suzukawa K, Kanaya K, Kondo K, Yamasoba T, Furukawa A, Kitahara N, Shoda H, Shibuya M, Okamoto A, Yamamoto K. Transcription factor early growth response 3 is associated with the TGF-β1 expression and the regulatory activity of CD4-positive T cells in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:2351-9. [PMID: 23904169 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
TGF-β1 is an important anti-inflammatory cytokine, and several regulatory T cell (Treg) subsets including CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs and Th3 cells have been reported to exert regulatory activity via the production of TGF-β1. However, it has not yet been elucidated which transcription factor is involved in TGF-β1 transcription. Early growth response 3 (Egr-3) is a zinc-finger transcription factor that creates and maintains T cell anergy. In this study, we found that Egr-3 induces the expression of TGF-β1 in both murine and human CD4(+) T cells. Egr-3 overexpression in murine CD4(+) T cells induced the production of TGF-β1 and enhanced the phosphorylation of STAT3, which is associated with TGF-β1 transcription. Moreover, Egr-3 conferred Ag-specific regulatory activity on murine CD4(+) T cells. In collagen-induced arthritis and delayed-type hypersensitivity model mice, Egr-3-transduced CD4(+) T cells exhibited significant regulatory activity in vivo. In particular, the suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity depended on TGF-β1. In human tonsils, we found that CD4(+)CD25(-)CD45RO(-)lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3)(-) T cells express membrane-bound TGF-β1 in an EGR3-dependent manner. Gene-expression analysis revealed that CD4(+)CD25(-)CD45RO(-)LAG3(-) T cells are quite different from conventional CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs. Intriguingly, the CD4(+)CD25(-)CD45RO(-)LAG3(-) T cells suppressed graft-versus-host disease in immunodeficient mice transplanted with human PBMCs. Our results suggest that Egr-3 is a transcription factor associated with TGF-β1 expression and in vivo regulatory activity in both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Sumitomo
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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47
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Fang F, Shangguan AJ, Kelly K, Wei J, Gruner K, Ye B, Wang W, Bhattacharyya S, Hinchcliff ME, Tourtellotte WG, Varga J. Early growth response 3 (Egr-3) is induced by transforming growth factor-β and regulates fibrogenic responses. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1197-1208. [PMID: 23906810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Members of the early growth response (Egr) gene family of transcription factors have nonredundant biological functions. Although Egr-3 is implicated primarily in neuromuscular development and immunity, its regulation and role in tissue repair and fibrosis has not been studied. We now show that in normal skin fibroblasts, Egr-3 was potently induced by transforming growth factor-β via canonical Smad3. Moreover, transient Egr-3 overexpression was sufficient to stimulate fibrotic gene expression, whereas deletion of Egr-3 resulted in substantially attenuated transforming growth factor-β responses. Genome-wide expression profiling in fibroblasts showed that genes associated with tissue remodeling and wound healing were prominently up-regulated by Egr-3. Notably, <5% of fibroblast genes regulated by Egr-1 or Egr-2 were found to be coregulated by Egr-3, revealing substantial functional divergence among these Egr family members. In a mouse model of scleroderma, development of dermal fibrosis was accompanied by accumulation of Egr-3-positive myofibroblasts in the lesional tissue. Moreover, skin biopsy samples from patients with scleroderma showed elevated Egr-3 levels in the dermis, and Egr-3 mRNA levels correlated with the extent of skin involvement. These results provide the first evidence that Egr-3, a functionally distinct member of the Egr family with potent effects on inflammation and immunity, is up-regulated in scleroderma and is necessary and sufficient for profibrotic responses, suggesting important and distinct roles in the pathogenesis of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Fang
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anna J Shangguan
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kathleen Kelly
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jun Wei
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Katherine Gruner
- Department of Pathology and Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Boping Ye
- College of Life and Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxia Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Swati Bhattacharyya
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Monique E Hinchcliff
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Warren G Tourtellotte
- Department of Pathology and Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John Varga
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
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48
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Parra E, Gutiérrez L, Ferreira J. Increased expression of p21Waf1/Cip1 and JNK with costimulation of prostate cancer cell activation by an siRNA Egr-1 inhibitor. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:911-6. [PMID: 23715767 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The p21Waf1/Cip1 protein (hereafter, p21) and the c‑Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) are two well-characterized cell modulators that play a crucial role in cell differentiation, senescence and apoptosis. Here, we report that transcription of the p21Waf1/Cip1 and JNK-1 genes is affected by inhibition of the early growth response-1 (Egr-1) in response to a small interfering RNA [siRNA)-Egr-1] in LNCaP and PC-3 prostate carcinoma cell lines. The expression levels of protein were determined by western blotting, and apoptosis was measured by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometric analysis. Inhibition of Egr-1, p21 and JNK-1 was carried out by siRNAs. LNCaP and PC-3 cells exhibited readily detectable Egr-1, JNK and p21, even in low serum medium without the addition of other exogenous agents. The expression of Egr-1, p21 and JNK was strongly increased after treatment of the cells with TPA, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or arsenite. Suppression of Egr-1 expression by siRNA abrogated the ability of TPA to induce Egr-1 and JNK-1 activities, moderately increasing the p21 activity and abrogating the anti-apoptotic effect of Egr-1 observed in the prostate cancer cell lines. Moreover, blockade of p21 and JNK was unable to decrease the activity of Egr-1, while siRNA against p21 abrogated the pro‑apoptotic effect of p21. The results demonstrated that Egr-1 acts as a key player in prostate tumor cell growth and survival, while p21 plays a key pro‑apoptotic role in LNCaP and PC-3 prostate carcinoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Parra
- Laboratory of Experimental Biomedicine, University of Tarapaca, Campus Esmeralda, Iquique, Chile.
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49
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Sandy AR, Chung J, Toubai T, Shan GT, Tran IT, Friedman A, Blackwell TS, Reddy P, King PD, Maillard I. T cell-specific notch inhibition blocks graft-versus-host disease by inducing a hyporesponsive program in alloreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:5818-28. [PMID: 23636056 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) induced by donor-derived T cells remains the major limitation of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT). We previously reported that the pan-Notch inhibitor dominant-negative form of Mastermind-like 1 (DNMAML) markedly decreased the severity and mortality of acute GVHD mediated by CD4(+) T cells in mice. To elucidate the mechanisms of Notch action in GVHD and its role in CD8(+) T cells, we studied the effects of Notch inhibition in alloreactive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells using mouse models of allo-BMT. DNMAML blocked GVHD induced by either CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells. Both CD4(+) and CD8(+) Notch-deprived T cells had preserved expansion in lymphoid organs of recipients, but profoundly decreased IFN-γ production despite normal T-bet and enhanced Eomesodermin expression. Alloreactive DNMAML T cells exhibited decreased Ras/MAPK and NF-κB activity upon ex vivo restimulation through the TCR. In addition, alloreactive T cells primed in the absence of Notch signaling had increased expression of several negative regulators of T cell activation, including Dgka, Cblb, and Pdcd1. DNMAML expression had modest effects on in vivo proliferation but preserved overall alloreactive T cell expansion while enhancing accumulation of pre-existing natural regulatory T cells. Overall, DNMAML T cells acquired a hyporesponsive phenotype that blocked cytokine production but maintained their expansion in irradiated allo-BMT recipients, as well as their in vivo and ex vivo cytotoxic potential. Our results reveal parallel roles for Notch signaling in alloreactive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells that differ from past reports of Notch action and highlight the therapeutic potential of Notch inhibition in GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Sandy
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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50
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Spaapen F, van den Akker GGH, Caron MMJ, Prickaerts P, Rofel C, Dahlmans VEH, Surtel DAM, Paulis Y, Schweizer F, Welting TJM, Eijssen LM, Voncken JW. The immediate early gene product EGR1 and polycomb group proteins interact in epigenetic programming during chondrogenesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58083. [PMID: 23483971 PMCID: PMC3590300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Initiation of and progression through chondrogenesis is driven by changes in the cellular microenvironment. At the onset of chondrogenesis, resting mesenchymal stem cells are mobilized in vivo and a complex, step-wise chondrogenic differentiation program is initiated. Differentiation requires coordinated transcriptomic reprogramming and increased progenitor proliferation; both processes require chromatin remodeling. The nature of early molecular responses that relay differentiation signals to chromatin is poorly understood. We here show that immediate early genes are rapidly and transiently induced in response to differentiation stimuli in vitro. Functional ablation of the immediate early factor EGR1 severely deregulates expression of key chondrogenic control genes at the onset of differentiation. In addition, differentiating cells accumulate DNA damage, activate a DNA damage response and undergo a cell cycle arrest and prevent differentiation associated hyper-proliferation. Failed differentiation in the absence of EGR1 affects global acetylation and terminates in overall histone hypermethylation. We report novel molecular connections between EGR1 and Polycomb Group function: Polycomb associated histone H3 lysine27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) blocks chromatin access of EGR1. In addition, EGR1 ablation results in abnormal Ezh2 and Bmi1 expression. Consistent with this functional interaction, we identify a number of co-regulated targets genes in a chondrogenic gene network. We here describe an important role for EGR1 in early chondrogenic epigenetic programming to accommodate early gene-environment interactions in chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Spaapen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Guus G. H. van den Akker
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein M. J. Caron
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peggy Prickaerts
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Celine Rofel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vivian E. H. Dahlmans
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Don A. M. Surtel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette Paulis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Finja Schweizer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim J. M. Welting
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lars M. Eijssen
- Department of Bioinformatics – BiGCaT, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Voncken
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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