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Garrity C, Garcia-Rovetta C, Rivas I, Delatorre U, Wong A, Kültz D, Peyton J, Arzi B, Vapniarsky N. Tilapia Fish Skin Treatment of Third-Degree Skin Burns in Murine Model. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:512. [PMID: 37888177 PMCID: PMC10607444 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14100512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explored the feasibility of using fish skin bandages as a therapeutic option for third-degree skin burns. Following the California wildfires, clinical observations of animals with third-degree skin burns demonstrated increased comfort levels and reduced pain when treated with tilapia fish skin. Despite the promises of this therapy, there are few studies explaining the healing mechanisms behind the application of tilapia fish skin. In this study, mice with third-degree burns were treated with either a hydrocolloid adhesive bandage (control) (n = 16) or fish skin (n = 16) 7 days post-burn. Mice were subjected to histologic, hematologic, molecular, and gross evaluation at days 7, 16, and 28 post-burn. The fish skin offered no benefit to overall wound closure compared to hydrocolloids. Additionally, we detected no difference between fish skin and control treatments in regard to hypermetabolism or hematologic values. However, the fish skin groups exhibited 2 times more vascularization and 2 times higher expression of antimicrobial defensin peptide in comparison to controls. Proteomic analysis of the fish skin revealed the presence of antimicrobial peptides. Collectively, these data suggest that fish skin can serve as an innovative and cost-effective therapeutic alternative for burn victims to facilitate vascularization and reduce bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa Garrity
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.G.); (I.R.)
| | - Christina Garcia-Rovetta
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.G.); (I.R.)
| | - Iris Rivas
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.G.); (I.R.)
| | - Ubaldo Delatorre
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.G.); (I.R.)
| | - Alice Wong
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dietmar Kültz
- Department of Animal Sciences and Coastal & Marine Sciences Institute, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Jamie Peyton
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Natalia Vapniarsky
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.G.); (I.R.)
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2
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Ikeda T, Kondo H, Nunomura D, Sato G, Ito M, Yamanaka N, Iwamuro S, Hasunuma I, Kikuyama S, Kobayashi T. Molecular Cloning, Expression Analyses, and Physiological Roles of Cathelicidins in the Bursa of Fabricius of the Japanese Quail, Coturnix japonica. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1341. [PMID: 37627761 PMCID: PMC10451233 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) act directly on pathogens and maintain the anti-inflammatory effects and activation of immunocompetent cells. Therefore, the activation of the immune system in poultry via the elevation of endogenous AMPs has been attempted. In this study, we focused on the host defense mechanisms in the bursa of Fabricius (BF) of Japanese quail, cloned the cDNA of cathelicidin (CATH)-1 to -3, and analyzed their expression sites. In situ hybridization experiments revealed the mRNA expression of the CATHs in the interfollicular epithelium surrounding the lumen of the quail BF, which suggests that each CATH may exert its antimicrobial action directly in the BF. The intravenous injection of bacterial lipoteichoic acid and lipopolysaccharide endotoxins into the quail promoted the mRNA expression of CATH-1 and CATH-3 in the BF. The addition of CATH-1 or CATH-2 at the time of the antigen injection into mice resulted in antiserum with high antibody titers. Ad libitum administration of butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid, in the drinking water induced an increase in CATH-2 mRNA expression in the BF under certain conditions. These results may improve the defense mechanisms of quail by stimulating CATH expression in the BF through their diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Ikeda
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Hirotada Kondo
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Daiki Nunomura
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Genki Sato
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Machi Ito
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Nanako Yamanaka
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi 274-8510, Japan (S.I.); (I.H.)
| | - Shawichi Iwamuro
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi 274-8510, Japan (S.I.); (I.H.)
| | - Itaru Hasunuma
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi 274-8510, Japan (S.I.); (I.H.)
| | - Sakae Kikuyama
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Center for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan;
| | - Tetsuya Kobayashi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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3
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Wu E, Zhu J, Ma Z, Tuo B, Terai S, Mizuno K, Li T, Liu X. Gastric alarmin release: A warning signal in the development of gastric mucosal diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1008047. [PMID: 36275647 PMCID: PMC9583272 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1008047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alarmins exist outside cells and are early warning signals to the immune system; as such, alarmin receptors are widely distributed on various immune cells. Alarmins, proinflammatory molecular patterns associated with tissue damage, are usually released into the extracellular space, where they induce immune responses and participate in the damage and repair processes of mucosal diseases.In the stomach, gastric alarmin release has been shown to be involved in gastric mucosal inflammation, antibacterial defense, adaptive immunity, and wound healing; moreover, this release causes damage and results in the development of gastric mucosal diseases, including various types of gastritis, ulcers, and gastric cancer. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the role of alarmins in gastric mucosal diseases. This review focuses on the contribution of alarmins, including IL33, HMGB1, defensins and cathelicidins, to the gastric mucosal barrier and their role in gastric mucosal diseases. Here, we offer a new perspective on the prevention and treatment of gastric mucosal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enqin Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Biguang Tuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Shuji Terai
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kenichi Mizuno
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Taolang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- *Correspondence: Xuemei Liu, ; Taolang Li,
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- *Correspondence: Xuemei Liu, ; Taolang Li,
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4
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Lobognon VD, Alard JE. Could AMPs and B-cells be the missing link in understanding periodontitis? Front Immunol 2022; 13:887147. [PMID: 36211356 PMCID: PMC9532695 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.887147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases are common inflammatory conditions characterized by bone loss in response to simultaneous bacterial aggression and host defenses. The etiology of such diseases is still not completely understood, however. It has been shown that specific pathogens involved in the build-up of dysbiotic biofilms participate actively in the establishment of periodontitis. This multifactorial pathology also depends on environmental factors and host characteristics, especially defenses. The immune response to the pathogens seems to be critical in preventing the disease from starting but also contributes to tissue damage. It is known that small molecules known as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are key actors in the innate immune response. They not only target microbes, but also act as immuno-modulators. They can help to recruit or activate cells such as neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells, or lymphocytes. AMPs have already been described in the periodontium, and their expression seems to be connected to disease activity. Alpha and beta defensins and LL37 are the AMPs most frequently linked to periodontitis. Additionally, leukocyte infiltrates, especially B-cells, have also been linked to the severity of periodontitis. Indeed, the particular subpopulations of B-cells in these infiltrates have been linked to inflammation and bone resorption. A link between B-cells and AMP could be relevant to understanding B-cells' action. Some AMP receptors, such as chemokines receptors, toll-like receptors, or purinergic receptors, have been shown to be expressed by B-cells. Consequently, the action of AMPs on B-cell subpopulations could participate to B-cell recruitment, their differentiation, and their implication in both periodontal defense and destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Dominique Lobognon
- B lymphocytes, Autoimmunity and Immunotherapies (LBAI), Mixed Research Unit (UMR)1227 INSERM, University of Brest, Brest, France
| | - Jean-Eric Alard
- B lymphocytes, Autoimmunity and Immunotherapies (LBAI), Mixed Research Unit (UMR)1227 INSERM, University of Brest, Brest, France,Service d’Odontologie, University Hospital (CHU) de Brest, Brest, France,*Correspondence: Jean-Eric Alard,
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5
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Host Defence Peptides: A Potent Alternative to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040475. [PMID: 35453226 PMCID: PMC9032040 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges facing the medical community today is the ever-increasing trajectory of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which is being compounded by the decrease in our antimicrobial armamentarium. From their initial discovery to the current day, antibiotics have seen an exponential increase in their usage, from medical to agricultural use. Benefits aside, this has led to an exponential increase in AMR, with the fear that over 10 million lives are predicted to be lost by 2050, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). As such, medical researchers are turning their focus to discovering novel alternatives to antimicrobials, one being Host Defence Peptides (HDPs). These small cationic peptides have shown great efficacy in being used as an antimicrobial therapy for currently resistant microbial variants. With the sudden emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 variant and the subsequent global pandemic, the great versatility and potential use of HDPs as an alternative to conventional antibiotics in treating as well as preventing the spread of COVID-19 has been reviewed. Thus, to allow the reader to have a full understanding of the multifaceted therapeutic use of HDPs, this literature review shall cover the association between COVID-19 and AMR whilst discussing and evaluating the use of HDPs as an answer to antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
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Chen K, Yoshimura T, Yao X, Gong W, Huang J, Dzutsev AK, McCulloch J, O'hUigin C, Bian XW, Trinchieri G, Wang JM. Distinct contributions of cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) derived from epithelial cells and macrophages to colon mucosal homeostasis. J Pathol 2021; 253:339-350. [PMID: 33104252 PMCID: PMC7898386 DOI: 10.1002/path.5572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cathelin‐related antimicrobial peptide CRAMP protects the mouse colon from inflammation, inflammation‐associated carcinogenesis, and disrupted microbiome balance, as shown in systemic Cnlp−/− mice (also known as Camp−/− mice). However, the mechanistic basis for the role and the cellular source of CRAMP in colon pathophysiology are ill defined. This study, using either epithelial or myeloid conditional Cnlp−/−mice, demonstrated that epithelial cell‐derived CRAMP played a major role in supporting normal development of colon crypts, mucus production, and repair of injured mucosa. On the other hand, myeloid cell‐derived CRAMP potently supported colon epithelial resistance to bacterial invasion during acute inflammation with exacerbated mucosal damage and higher rate of mouse mortality. Therefore, a well concerted cooperation of epithelial‐ and myeloid‐derived CRAMP is essential for colon mucosal homeostasis. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang Chen
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA.,Laboratory of Cancer and Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Teizo Yoshimura
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Wanghua Gong
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jiaqiang Huang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA.,College of Life Sciences, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Amiran K Dzutsev
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - John McCulloch
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Colm O'hUigin
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Xiu-Wu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA.,Laboratory of Cancer and Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
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7
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Li Z, Ahmed I, Xu Z, Sun S, Li T, Gu D, Liu Y, Zhang X, Yan S, Hu W, Jiang Z, Duan X, Li Q, Liu L, Rong H, Wang K, Abdulwahid AM, Dou T, Wang S, Su Z, Ge C, te Pas MFW, Jia J, Huang Y. Profiles of expression pattern and tissue distribution of host defense peptides genes in different chicken (Gallus gallus) breeds related to body weight. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238675. [PMID: 33370283 PMCID: PMC7769465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) are an important first line of defense with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. Selection for increased body weight is hypothesized to be related to reduced immune response. We studied the relationships among body weight, age, and the HDP expression patterns in intestine and immune organs. We used chickens with marked differences of body sizes. The non-selected Daweishan mini chickens showed the highest indexes of immune organs and the lowest concentrations of the plasma immune parameters C3, C4, IgA, and IgY, while the commercial Avian broiler showed the opposite results. The Daweishan mini chickens showed the highest mRNA expressions of HDP genes in small intestine followed by the semi-selected Wuding chickens. Compared with local breeds, broiler chickens showed higher mRNA expression of HDP genes in spleen, thymus, and bursa. Body weight and HDP expression levels were negatively correlated in the intestine and positively in the immune organs. Our results indicated that the HDP immune regulatory roles in small intestine acted as first line of defense in innate immunity in local breeds, and as an adaptive immunity in broiler chickens. Selection was associated with different expression expressions of HDP genes in breed-, age-, and organ-specific manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengtian Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Irfan Ahmed
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Food Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuai Sun
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dahai Gu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Food Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Liu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shixiong Yan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenyuan Hu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziqing Jiang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Duan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qihua Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lixian Liu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Rong
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Wang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Alsoufi Mohammed Abdulwahid
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tengfei Dou
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanrong Wang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengchang Su
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, College of Computing and Informatics, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
| | - Changrong Ge
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Marinus F. W. te Pas
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Visiting Professor Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (MFWP); , (JJ); (YH)
| | - Junjing Jia
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (MFWP); , (JJ); (YH)
| | - Ying Huang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (MFWP); , (JJ); (YH)
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Keum H, Kim TW, Kim Y, Seo C, Son Y, Kim J, Kim D, Jung W, Whang CH, Jon S. Bilirubin nanomedicine alleviates psoriatic skin inflammation by reducing oxidative stress and suppressing pathogenic signaling. J Control Release 2020; 325:359-369. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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Orchestration of Adaptive T Cell Responses by Neutrophil Granule Contents. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:8968943. [PMID: 30983883 PMCID: PMC6431490 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8968943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in peripheral blood and respond rapidly to danger, infiltrating tissues within minutes of infectious or sterile injury. Neutrophils were long thought of as simple killers, but now we recognise them as responsive cells able to adapt to inflammation and orchestrate subsequent events with some sophistication. Here, we discuss how these rapid responders release mediators which influence later adaptive T cell immunity through influences on DC priming and directly on the T cells themselves. We consider how the release of granule contents by neutrophils—through NETosis or degranulation—is one way in which the innate immune system directs the phenotype of the adaptive immune response.
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10
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van Harten RM, van Woudenbergh E, van Dijk A, Haagsman HP. Cathelicidins: Immunomodulatory Antimicrobials. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6030063. [PMID: 30223448 PMCID: PMC6161271 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathelicidins are host defense peptides with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory functions. These effector molecules of the innate immune system of many vertebrates are diverse in their amino acid sequence but share physicochemical characteristics like positive charge and amphipathicity. Besides being antimicrobial, cathelicidins have a wide variety in immunomodulatory functions, both boosting and inhibiting inflammation, directing chemotaxis, and effecting cell differentiation, primarily towards type 1 immune responses. In this review, we will examine the biology and various functions of cathelicidins, focusing on putting in vitro results in the context of in vivo situations. The pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions are highlighted, as well both direct and indirect effects on chemotaxis and cell differentiation. Additionally, we will discuss the potential and limitations of using cathelicidins as immunomodulatory or antimicrobial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel M van Harten
- Division Molecular Host Defence, Dept. Infectious diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Esther van Woudenbergh
- Division Molecular Host Defence, Dept. Infectious diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Albert van Dijk
- Division Molecular Host Defence, Dept. Infectious diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Henk P Haagsman
- Division Molecular Host Defence, Dept. Infectious diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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11
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Zhang JA, Liu J, Wu HJ, Xu Y, Si CC, Zhou BR, Luo D. The effects of Antimicrobial Peptides and Hyaluronic Acid compound mask on wound healing after ablative fractional Carbon Dioxide laser resurfacing. J COSMET LASER THER 2018; 21:217-224. [PMID: 30198801 DOI: 10.1080/14764172.2018.1516886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-an Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong-jin Wu
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen-cheng Si
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing-rong Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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12
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Ali A, Cui X, Alexander S, Eyles D. The placental immune response is dysregulated developmentally vitamin D deficient rats: Relevance to autism. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 180:73-80. [PMID: 29408533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that maternal or developmental vitamin D (DVD) deficiency is a risk factor for Autism Spectrum Disorders. A well-established association has also been found between gestational infection and increased incidence of autism. Placenta mediates the maternal immune response in respect to the foetus. The placenta is also a major source of vitamin D and locally produced vitamin D is an essential regulator of immune function during pregnancy. Here we investigate the effects of DVD-deficiency on baseline placental immune status and in response to the well-known viral and bacterial immune activating agents polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (poly(I:C) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We show DVD-deficiency does not affect baseline inflammatory cytokines in placenta. However, when challenged with poly(I:C) but not LPS, DVD-deficient placentas from male foetuses had higher production of IL-6 and 1L-1β compared to control placentas. This suggests the developing DVD-deficient male foetus may be particularly vulnerable to maternal viral exposures. This in turn may have adverse implications for the developing male brain. In conclusion, a dysregulated placental immune response may provide a plausible mechanism for both the epidemiological links between DVD-deficiency and increased male incidence of developmental conditions such as autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Ali
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Xiaoying Cui
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Suzanne Alexander
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, 4076, Australia
| | - Darryl Eyles
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, 4076, Australia.
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13
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Thomi R, Schlapbach C, Yawalkar N, Simon D, Yerly D, Hunger RE. Elevated levels of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in hidradenitis suppurativa are associated with a Th1/Th17 immune response. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:172-177. [PMID: 29222824 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is an inflammatory skin disease with poorly understood immunopathogenic mechanisms. LL-37 is an antimicrobial peptide, which is transcribed from the CAMP (cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide) gene. Previous reports showed upregulated levels of CAMP and LL-37 in HS lesions, and therefore, the aim of this study was to compare levels of LL-37 in HS to other inflammatory skin diseases and to establish immunomodulatory functions of LL-37 in HS. We confirm an upregulation of the LL-37 peptide in lesional HS skin with comparable levels as in psoriasis patients and are able to positively correlate the presence of LL-37 in HS with the presence of T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-23, TNF-α, IL-32 and IL-1β. Mechanistically, LL-37 boosts the proliferation of unspecifically activated CD4+ T cells via an increased calcium signalling independent of antigen-presenting cells. Targeting LL-37 may therefore represent a new therapeutic option for the treatment of this recalcitrant disease, but it has to be kept in mind that LL-37 also has an antimicrobial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Thomi
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Schlapbach
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nikhil Yawalkar
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dagmar Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Yerly
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert E Hunger
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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de la Fuente-Núñez C, Silva ON, Lu TK, Franco OL. Antimicrobial peptides: Role in human disease and potential as immunotherapies. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 178:132-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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15
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Sousa FH, Casanova V, Findlay F, Stevens C, Svoboda P, Pohl J, Proudfoot L, Barlow PG. Cathelicidins display conserved direct antiviral activity towards rhinovirus. Peptides 2017; 95:76-83. [PMID: 28764966 PMCID: PMC5577862 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the most common cause of viral respiratory tract infections, and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals and patients with pre-existing pulmonary conditions. The therapeutic options available are extremely limited and therefore novel therapeutics for HRV infections are of significant interest. Cathelicidins have been shown to have potent antiviral activity against a range of pathogens and are known to be key immunomodulatory mediators during infection. We therefore assessed the antiviral potential of cathelicidins from humans and other mammalian species against HRV, together with the potential for the human cathelicidin to modulate apoptotic pathways and alter cell viability during HRV infection. We demonstrate that LL-37, the porcine cathelicidin Protegrin-1, and the ovine cathelicidin SMAP-29 display potent antiviral activity towards HRV and that this activity is visible when either the virus is exposed to the peptides prior to cell infection or after cells have been infected. We further demonstrate that, in contrast to established findings with bacterial infection models, LL-37 does not induce apoptosis or necrosis in HRV-infected lung epithelial cells at physiological or superphysiological concentrations, but does reduce the metabolic activity of infected cells compared to uninfected cells treated with similar peptide concentrations. Collectively, the findings from this study demonstrate that the mechanism of action of cathelicidins against rhinovirus is by directly affecting the virus and we propose that the delivery of exogenous cathelicidins, or novel synthetic analogues, represent an exciting and novel therapeutic strategy for rhinovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Henderson Sousa
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Casanova
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom
| | - Fern Findlay
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Stevens
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom
| | - Pavel Svoboda
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Jan Pohl
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Lorna Proudfoot
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Barlow
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom.
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16
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Zhang XJ, Wang P, Zhang N, Chen DD, Nie P, Li JL, Zhang YA. B Cell Functions Can Be Modulated by Antimicrobial Peptides in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: Novel Insights into the Innate Nature of B Cells in Fish. Front Immunol 2017; 8:388. [PMID: 28421080 PMCID: PMC5378723 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells in fish were recently proven to have potent innate immune activities like macrophages. This inspired us to further explore the innate nature of B cells in fish. Moreover, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are representative molecules of innate immunity, and they can modulate the functions of macrophages. These make fish an appropriate model to study the interactions between B cells and AMPs. Interestingly, the results in this study revealed that the IgM+ and IgT+ B cells of rainbow trout could express multiple AMP genes, including four cathelicidin genes and one β-defensin gene. The expression levels of the cathelicidin genes were obviously higher than that of the β-defensin gene. Further studies revealed that intracellular, extracellular, in vitro, and in vivo stimulations could significantly increase the expression of the cathelicidin genes in trout IgM+ and IgT+ B cells but not the expression of the β-defensin gene, indicating that cathelicidin peptides are the main innate immune effectors of trout B cells. More interestingly, we found that cathelicidin peptides could significantly enhance the phagocytic, intracellular bactericidal, and reactive oxygen species activities of trout IgM+ and IgT+ B cells, a phenomenon previously reported only in macrophages, and these activities might also be mediated by the P2X7 receptor. These results collectively suggest that B cells play multiple roles in the innate immunity of fish, and they provide new evidence for understanding the close relationship between B cells and macrophages in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Jie Zhang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan-Dan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Le Li
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Holani R, Shah C, Haji Q, Inglis GD, Uwiera RRE, Cobo ER. Proline-arginine rich (PR-39) cathelicidin: Structure, expression and functional implication in intestinal health. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 49:95-101. [PMID: 27865272 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Proline-Arginine-39 (PR-39) is a small cationic, proline and arginine rich, cathelicidin that plays an important role in the porcine innate immune system. Although PR-39 was first discovered in intestinal cell lysates of pigs, subsequent research has indicated that it is primarily expressed in bone marrow and other lymphoid tissues including the thymus and spleen, as well as in leukocytes. Mature PR-39 cathelicidin has anti-microbial activity against many gram-negative and some gram-positive bacteria. PR-39 is also a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune system with recognized immunomodulatory, wound healing, anti-apoptotic, and pro-angiogenic functions. The purpose of this review is to summarize our current knowledge about the structure, expression, and functions of PR-39 and its potential to promote intestinal homeostasis. This understanding is relevant in the search of alternative therapeutics against diarrheic enterocolitis, a major problem faced by pork producers both in terms of costs and risk of zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Holani
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Chaitanya Shah
- Bachelor of Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Qahir Haji
- Bachelor of Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - G Douglas Inglis
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Canada
| | - Richard R E Uwiera
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Eduardo R Cobo
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada.
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18
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Cuperus T, van Dijk A, Matthijs MGR, Veldhuizen EJA, Haagsman HP. Protective effect of in ovo treatment with the chicken cathelicidin analog D-CATH-2 against avian pathogenic E. coli. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26622. [PMID: 27229866 PMCID: PMC4882517 DOI: 10.1038/srep26622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing antibiotic resistance and ever stricter control on antibiotic use are a driving force to develop alternatives to antibiotics. One such strategy is the use of multifunctional Host Defense Peptides. Here we examined the protective effect of prophylactic treatment with the D analog of chicken cathelicidin-2 (D-CATH-2) against a respiratory E. coli infection. Chickens were treated with D-CATH-2 in ovo at day 18 of embryonic development or intramuscularly at days 1 and 4 after hatch. At 7 days of age, birds were challenged intratracheally with avian pathogenic E. coli. Protection was evaluated by recording mortality, morbidity (Mean Lesion Score) and bacterial swabs of air sacs at 7 days post-infection. In ovo D-CATH-2 treatment significantly reduced morbidity (63%) and respiratory bacterial load (>90%), while intramuscular treatment was less effective. D-CATH-2 increased the percentage of peripheral blood lymphocytes and heterophils by both administration routes. E. coli specific IgM levels were lower in in ovo treated animals compared to intramuscular D-CATH-2 treatment. In short, in ovo treatment with the Host Defense Peptide derived D-CATH-2 can partially protect chickens from E. coli infection, making this peptide an interesting starting point to develop alternatives to antibiotics for use in the poultry sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tryntsje Cuperus
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases &Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van Dijk
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases &Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke G R Matthijs
- Division of Poultry Health, Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin J A Veldhuizen
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases &Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henk P Haagsman
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases &Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
PURPOSE Alarmins are constitutively present endogenous molecules that essentially act as early warning signals for the immune system. We provide a brief overview of major alarmins and highlight their roles in tumor immunity. METHODS We searched PubMed up to January 10, 2016, using alarmins and/or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), as key words. We selected and reviewed articles that focused on the discovery and functions of alarmin and their roles in tumor immunity. FINDINGS Alarmins are essentially endogenous immunostimulatory DAMP molecules that are exposed in response to danger (eg, infection or tissue injury) as a result of degranulation, cell death, or induction. They are sensed by chemotactic receptors and pattern recognition receptors to induce immune responses by promoting the recruitment and activation of leukocytes, particularly antigen-presenting cells. IMPLICATIONS Accumulating data suggest that certain alarmins, High-mobility group nucleosome-binding protein 1 (HMGN1) in particular, contribute to the generation of antitumor immunity. Some alarmins can also be used as cancer biomarkers. Therefore, alarmins can potentially be applied for our fight against cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Nie
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland; Guizhou Provincial Peoples' Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - De Yang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland; Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Joost J Oppenheim
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland.
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20
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Lee SI, Jang HJ, Jeon MH, Lee MO, Kim JS, Jeon IS, Byun SJ. Transcriptional regulation of cathelicidin genes in chicken bone marrow cells. Poult Sci 2016; 95:912-9. [PMID: 26908883 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathelicidins form a family of vertebrate-specific immune molecules with an evolutionarily conserved gene structure. We analyzed the expression patterns of cathelicidin genes (CAMP, CATH3, and CATHB1) in chicken bone marrow cells (BMCs) and chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEFs). We found that CAMP and CATHB1 were significantly up-regulated in BMCs, whereas the expression of CATH3 did not differ significantly between BMCs and CEFs. To study the mechanism underlying the up-regulation of cathelicidin genes in BMCs, we predicted the transcription factors (TFs) that bind to the 5'-flanking regions of cathelicidin genes. CEBPA, EBF1, HES1, MSX1, and ZIC3 were up-regulated in BMCs compared to CEFs. Subsequently, when a siRNA-mediated knockdown assay was performed for MSX1, the expression of CAMP and CATHB1 was decreased in BMCs. We also showed that the transcriptional activity of the CAMP promoter was decreased by mutation of the MSX1-binding sites present within the 5'-flanking region of CAMP. These results increase our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms controlling cathelicidin genes in BMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang In Lee
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, 1500, Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 565-851, Republic of Korea Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Choongnam, 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun June Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-hyang Jeon
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, 1500, Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 565-851, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ock Lee
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467
| | - Jeom Sun Kim
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, 1500, Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 565-851, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Soo Jeon
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, 1500, Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 565-851, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung June Byun
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, 1500, Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 565-851, Republic of Korea
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21
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Pantic JM, Radosavljevic GD, Jovanovic IP, Arsenijevic NN, Conlon JM, Lukic ML. In vivo administration of the frog skin peptide frenatin 2.1S induces immunostimulatory phenotypes of mouse mononuclear cells. Peptides 2015; 71:269-75. [PMID: 25861850 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Host-defense peptides secreted by epithelial cells exhibit cytotoxic and immunoregulatory effects in order to protect the organism against invading microorganisms. Antimicrobial peptides derived from frog skin display both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive actions as demonstrated by in vitro cytokine production by macrophages. Frenatin 2.1S, first isolated from skin secretions of the frog, Sphaenorhynchus lacteus (Hylidae), enhances the in vitro production of pro-inflammatory IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-23 by mouse peritoneal cells. In order to test whether the immunostimulatory action of frenatin 2.1S may be reproduced in vivo, effects of intraperitoneal injections of this peptide on mononuclear cells in the peritoneum and spleen were determined 24h after administration. The data indicate that frenatin 2.1S enhances the activation state and homing capacity of Th1 type lymphocytes and NKT cells in the mouse peritoneal cavity, as evaluated by increased expression of early activation marker CD69 among T and NKT cells and chemokine receptor CXCR3 among T cells. Frenatin 2.1S significantly increases the percentage of (F4/80(+)CD11c(+)CD206(+)) pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and enhances the expression of MHC class II molecules on F4/80(+)CD11c(+) macrophages in the mouse peritoneal cavity. Additionally, injection of frenatin 2.1S, in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide, increases the percentage of peritoneal B cells of the (CD19(+)CD11b(+)CD5(+)) B1a phenotype thus contributing to an inflammatory milieu. We suggest that the immunostimulatory effect of frenatin 2.1S may have therapeutic relevance in disease states, such as certain types of cancer, in which an enhanced inflammatory response may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena M Pantic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Gordana D Radosavljevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ivan P Jovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa N Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - J Michael Conlon
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK.
| | - Miodrag L Lukic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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22
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Chromek M. The role of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin in renal diseases. Pediatr Nephrol 2015; 30:1225-32. [PMID: 25159719 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-014-2895-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The balance between the human body and surrounding microorganisms is crucial for homeostasis and health. A disturbance in host-pathogen interactions causes disease. Two important diseases of the kidney and urinary tract are directly caused by bacteria or bacterial toxins: urinary tract infection (UTI) and diarrhea-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). In the majority of cases, UTIs are caused by bacteria ascending from the perineum through the urethra to the urinary tract. In contrast, HUS is caused by non-invasive bacteria, such as enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, which colonize the gut and do not enter the blood stream. In this latter case, the bacteria release Shiga toxin, which binds to blood cells and thus reaches the target organs, mainly kidneys. Interactions between Shiga toxin, blood cells and endothelial cells in the kidney lead to cell apoptosis and inflammation. Innate immunity and the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin seem to play important roles in the pathogenesis of both UTI and HUS. Moreover, influencing cathelicidin production and release might offer new therapeutic and prophylactic strategies for both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Chromek
- Paediatric Nephrology Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, B57, SE-14186, Stockholm, Sweden,
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23
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Xiong HT, Gao YH, Liu D, Wang YZ, Du HH. High level of hepcidin mRNA expression is associated with high production of immune factors in Tibetan pigs. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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Lowry MB, Guo C, Borregaard N, Gombart AF. Regulation of the human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide gene by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in primary immune cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 143:183-91. [PMID: 24565560 PMCID: PMC4127358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Production of the human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide gene (hCAP18/LL-37), is regulated by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) and is critical in the killing of pathogens by innate immune cells. In addition, secreted LL-37 binds extracellular receptors and modulates the recruitment and activity of both innate and adaptive immune cells. Evidence suggests that during infections activated immune cells locally produce increased levels of 1,25D3 thus increasing production of hCAP18/LL-37. The relative expression levels of hCAP18/LL-37 among different immune cell types are not well characterized. The aim of this study was to determine the relative levels of hCAP18/LL-37 in human peripheral blood immune cells and determine to what extent 1,25D3 increased its expression in peripheral blood-derived cells. We show for the first time, a hierarchy of expression of hCAP18 in freshly isolated cells with low levels in lymphocytes, intermediate levels in monocytes and the highest levels found in neutrophils. In peripheral blood-derived cells, the highest levels of hCAP18 following treatment with 1,25D3 were in macrophages, while comparatively lower levels were found in GM-CSF-derived dendritic cells and osteoclasts. We also tested whether treatment with parathyroid hormone in combination with 1,25D3 would enhance hCAP18 induction as has been reported in skin cells, but we did not find enhancement in any immune cells tested. Our results indicate that hCAP18 is expressed at different levels according to cell type and lineage. Furthermore, potent induction of hCAP18 by 1,25D3 in macrophages and dendritic cells may modulate functions of both innate and adaptive immune cells at sites of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm B Lowry
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Chunxiao Guo
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Niels Borregaard
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet-4042, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-1200, Denmark
| | - Adrian F Gombart
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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25
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Host defense peptides: front-line immunomodulators. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:443-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Ma Q, Jiao W, Wang Z, Wu C, Shan A, Wang Y, Cai J. Tissue specificity and species superiority of cathelicidin gene expression in Chinese indigenous Min pigs. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Gender differences of B cell signature in healthy subjects underlie disparities in incidence and course of SLE related to estrogen. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:814598. [PMID: 24741625 PMCID: PMC3987971 DOI: 10.1155/2014/814598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate mechanism of the gender differences of B cells. The results showed that 358 differential gene expressions (DEGs) were displayed between healthy females and males. Compared with male, 226 and 132 genes were found to be up- and downregulated in the female. 116 genes displayed possible correlation with estrogen. Moreover, the upregulated DEGs (Cav1, CD200R1, TNFRSF17, and CXCR3) and downregulated DEGs (EIF1AY and DDX3Y) in healthy female may be involved in gender predominance of some immune diseases. Furthermore, signaling pathway analysis for estrogen-relevant DEGs showed that only 26 genes were downregulated in SLE female versus SLE male, of which expressions of 8 genes had significant difference between SLE females and SLE males but are having nonsignificant difference between healthy females and healthy males. Except for the 5 Y-chromosome-related genes or varients, only 3 DEGs (LTF, CAMP, and DEFA4) were selected and qRT-PCR confirmed that the expressions of LTF and CAMP decreased significantly in B cells from female SLE patients. These data indicated that the gender differences were existent in global gene expression of B cells and the difference may be related to estrogen.
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Santos JC, Silva-Gomes S, Silva JP, Gama M, Rosa G, Gallo RL, Appelberg R. Endogenous cathelicidin production limits inflammation and protective immunity to Mycobacterium avium in mice. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2013; 2:1-12. [PMID: 25400920 PMCID: PMC4220664 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The production of antimicrobial peptides, such as the cathelicidins, plays a prominent role in the innate immune response against microbial pathogens. Cathelicidins are widely distributed amongst living organisms, and the antimicrobial peptides generated by proteolysis of the precursor forms are typically cationic and α-helical, a structure that facilitates their interaction and insertion into anionic bacterial cell walls and membranes, causing damage and promoting microbial death. Here, we found that mouse cathelicidin (Camp) expression was induced in bone marrow-derived macrophages by infection with Mycobacterium avium in a TLR2- and TNF-dependent manner. However, the endogenous production of the cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) was not required for the bacteriostasis of M. avium either in primary cultures of macrophages or in vivo, as shown by the use of CRAMP-null mice. In contrast, the lack of Camp led to a transient improvement of M. avium growth control in the spleens of infected mice while at the same time causing an exacerbation of the inflammatory response to infection. Our data highlight the anti-inflammatory effects of CRAMP and suggests that virulent mycobacteria may possess strategies to escape its antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Santos
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), University of Porto 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandro Silva-Gomes
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), University of Porto 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Pedro Silva
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho Braga, Portugal
| | - Miguel Gama
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho Braga, Portugal
| | - Gustavo Rosa
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), University of Porto 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of California 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA, 92093-0612, USA
| | - Rui Appelberg
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), University of Porto 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
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Di Francesco A, Favaroni A, Donati M. Host defense peptides: general overview and an update on their activity against Chlamydia spp. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2013; 11:1215-24. [PMID: 24111488 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2013.841450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria that cause serious diseases in a wide range of hosts. Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the leading sexually transmitted pathogens in the world. Because vaccines are not currently available, effective drugs are essential. In both animals and humans, chlamydial infections are often treated with tetracycline or its derivatives. A stable tetracycline-resistant phenotype was described in Chlamydia suis strains from pigs in the USA and in Europe. In humans, there are reports of tetracycline treatment failure and the in vitro adaptability of C. trachomatis to evolve to antibiotic resistance has been described, suggesting the pressing need to search for alternative and effective classes of antimicrobial drugs. Host defense peptides (HDPs) are known as direct antimicrobial agents as well as innate immune modulators. Being active against multidrug-resistant bacteria, HDPs are attractive candidates as templates for new drugs. A number of studies evaluated the activity of natural and synthetic HDPs against Chlamydia spp., showing C. trachomatis to be the most sensitive among chlamydia species tested. Protegrins and α-helical peptides were the most active among the HDPs assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Di Francesco
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
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Thivierge K, Cotton S, Schaefer DA, Riggs MW, To J, Lund ME, Robinson MW, Dalton JP, Donnelly SM. Cathelicidin-like helminth defence molecules (HDMs): absence of cytotoxic, anti-microbial and anti-protozoan activities imply a specific adaptation to immune modulation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2307. [PMID: 23875042 PMCID: PMC3708846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defence peptides (HDPs) are expressed throughout the animal and plant kingdoms. They have multifunctional roles in the defence against infectious agents of mammals, possessing both bactericidal and immune-modulatory activities. We have identified a novel family of molecules secreted by helminth parasites (helminth defence molecules; HDMs) that exhibit similar structural and biochemical characteristics to the HDPs. Here, we have analyzed the functional activities of four HDMs derived from Schistosoma mansoni and Fasciola hepatica and compared them to human, mouse, bovine and sheep HDPs. Unlike the mammalian HDPs the helminth-derived HDMs show no antimicrobial activity and are non-cytotoxic to mammalian cells (macrophages and red blood cells). However, both the mammalian- and helminth-derived peptides suppress the activation of macrophages by microbial stimuli and alter the response of B cells to cytokine stimulation. Therefore, we hypothesise that HDMs represent a novel family of HDPs that evolved to regulate the immune responses of their mammalian hosts by retaining potent immune modulatory properties without causing deleterious cytotoxic effects. In mammals, secreted host defence peptides (HDPs) protect against a wide range of infectious pathogens. They also perform a range of immune modulatory functions which regulate the immune response to pathogens, ensuring that the protective inflammatory response is not exacerbated and that post-infection repair mechanisms are initiated. We identified a novel family of molecules secreted by medically-important helminth pathogens (termed helminth defence molecules; HDMs) that exhibit striking structural and biochemical similarities to the HDPs. To further investigate the extent of this similarity, we have performed a comparative functional study between several well characterized, anti-microbial, mammalian HDPs and a series of parasite-derived peptides. The parasite HDMs displayed immune modulatory properties that were similar to their HDP homologs in mammals, but possessed no antimicrobial or cytotoxic activity. We propose that HDMs of these helminth pathogens underwent specific adaptation, losing their anti-microbial activity but retaining their ability to regulate the immune responses of their mammalian hosts. This absence of cytotoxicity and retention of immune-modulatory activity offers an opportunity to design novel immunotherapeutics derived from the HDMs which could be used to combat destructive inflammatory responses associated with microbial infection and immune-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Thivierge
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sophie Cotton
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Deborah A. Schaefer
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Riggs
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Joyce To
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
| | - Maria E. Lund
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark W. Robinson
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - John P. Dalton
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sheila M. Donnelly
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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31
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Parra M, Liu X, Derrick SC, Yang A, Tian J, Kolibab K, Kumar S, Morris SL. Molecular analysis of non-specific protection against murine malaria induced by BCG vaccination. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66115. [PMID: 23861742 PMCID: PMC3701530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the effectiveness of BCG vaccination in preventing adult pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) has been highly variable, epidemiologic studies have suggested that BCG provides other general health benefits to vaccinees including reducing the impact of asthma, leprosy, and possibly malaria. To further evaluate whether BCG immunization protects against malarial parasitemia and to define molecular correlates of this non-specific immunity, mice were vaccinated with BCG and then challenged 2 months later with asexual blood stage Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL (PyNL) parasites. Following challenge with PyNL, significant decreases in parasitemia were observed in BCG vaccinated mice relative to naïve controls. To identify immune molecules that may be associated with the BCG-induced protection, gene expression was evaluated by RT-PCR in i) naïve controls, ii) BCG-vaccinated mice, iii) PyNL infected mice and iv) BCG vaccinated/PyNL infected mice at 0, 1, 5, and 9 days after the P. yoelii infection. The expression results showed that i) BCG immunization induces the expression of at least 18 genes including the anti-microbial molecules lactoferrin, eosinophil peroxidase, eosinophil major basic protein and the cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP); ii) an active PyNL infection suppresses the expression of important immune response molecules; and iii) the extent of PyNL-induced suppression of specific genes is reduced in BCG-vaccinated/PyNL infected mice. To validate the gene expression data, we demonstrated that pre-treatment of malaria parasites with lactoferrin or the cathelicidin LL-37 peptide decreases the level of PyNL parasitemias in mice. Overall, our study suggests that BCG vaccination induces the expression of non-specific immune molecules including antimicrobial peptides which may provide an overall benefit to vaccinees by limiting infections of unrelated pathogens such as Plasmodium parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Parra
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Review, USFDA, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xia Liu
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Review, USFDA, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven C. Derrick
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Review, USFDA, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Amy Yang
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Review, USFDA, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jinhua Tian
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Review, USFDA, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kristopher Kolibab
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Review, USFDA, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sanjai Kumar
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Review, USFDA, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sheldon L. Morris
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Review, USFDA, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Alternatives to antibiotics: a symposium on the challenges and solutions for animal production. Anim Health Res Rev 2013; 14:78-87. [PMID: 23702321 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252313000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics are one of the most important medical discoveries of the 20th century and will remain an essential tool for treating animal and human diseases in the 21st century. However, antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens and concerns over their extensive use in food animals has garnered global interest in limiting antibiotic use in animal agriculture. Yet, limiting the availability of medical interventions to prevent and control animal diseases on the farm will directly impact global food security and safety as well as animal and human health. Insufficient attention has been given to the scientific breakthroughs and novel technologies that provide alternatives to antibiotics. The objectives of the symposium 'Alternatives to Antibiotics' were to highlight promising research results and novel technologies that could potentially lead to alternatives to conventional antibiotics, and assess challenges associated with their commercialization, and provide actionable strategies to support development of alternative antimicrobials. The symposium focused on the latest scientific breakthroughs and technologies that could provide new options and alternative strategies for preventing and treating diseases of animals. Some of these new technologies have direct applications as medical interventions for human health, but the focus of the symposium was animal production, animal health and food safety during food-animal production. Five subject areas were explored in detail through scientific presentations and expert panel discussions, including: (1) alternatives to antibiotics, lessons from nature; (2) immune modulation approaches to enhance disease resistance and to treat animal diseases; (3) gut microbiome and immune development, health and diseases; (4) alternatives to antibiotics for animal production; and (5) regulatory pathways to enable the licensure of alternatives to antibiotics.
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33
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Mily A, Rekha RS, Kamal SMM, Akhtar E, Sarker P, Rahim Z, Gudmundsson GH, Agerberth B, Raqib R. Oral intake of phenylbutyrate with or without vitamin D3 upregulates the cathelicidin LL-37 in human macrophages: a dose finding study for treatment of tuberculosis. BMC Pulm Med 2013; 13:23. [PMID: 23590701 PMCID: PMC3637063 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-13-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We earlier showed that 4-phenylbutyrate (PB) can induce cathelicidin LL-37 expression synergistically with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in a lung epithelial cell line. We aimed to evaluate a therapeutic dose of PB alone or in combination with vitamin D3 for induction of LL-37 expression in immune cells and enhancement of antimycobacterial activity in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). Methods Healthy volunteers were enrolled in an 8-days open trial with three doses of PB [250 mg (Group-I), 500 mg (Group-II) or 1000 mg (Group-III)] twice daily (b.d.) together with vitamin D3 {5000 IU once daily (o.d.)}, PB (500 mg b.d.) (Group-IV) or vitamin D3 (5000 IU o.d.) (Group-V), given orally for 4 days. Blood was collected on day-0, day-4 and day-8; plasma was separated, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), non-adherent lymphocytes (NAL) and MDM were cultured. LL-37 transcript in cells and peptide concentrations in supernatant were determined by qPCR and ELISA, respectively. In plasma, 25-hydorxyvitamin D3 levels were determined by ELISA. MDM-mediated killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) (H37Rv) was performed by conventional culture method. Results MDM from Group-II had increased concentration of LL-37 peptide and transcript at day-4, while Group-I showed increased transcript at day-4 and day-8 compared to day-0 (p < 0.05). Both Group-I and -II exhibited higher levels of transcript on day-4 compared to Group-III and Group-V (p < 0.035). Increased induction of peptide was observed in lymphocytes from Group-II on day-4 compared to Group-I and Group-IV (p < 0.05), while Group-IV showed increased levels on day-8 compared to Group-I and Group-III (p < 0.04). Intracellular killing of Mtb on day-4 was significantly increased compared to day-0 in Group-I, -II and -V (p < 0.05). Conclusion The results demonstrate that 500 mg b.d. PB with 5000 IU o.d. vitamin D3 is the optimal dose for the induction of LL-37 in macrophages and lymphocytes and intracellular killing of Mtb by macrophages. Hence, this dose has potential application in the treatment of TB and is now being used in a clinical trial of adults with active pulmonary TB (NCT01580007).
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhirunnesa Mily
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
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34
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Human cathelicidin LL-37 prevents bacterial biofilm formation. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:1587-99. [PMID: 22917247 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pathogens often colonize their host by the formation of biofilms. These surface-attached aggregates of bacteria are characterized by a self-produced extracellular matrix, which makes them highly resistant towards antibiotic treatment. Their abilities to adhere to abiotic surfaces (e.g., catheters and other medical devices) also makes bacterial biofilm formation a challenge in modern medicine. Antimicrobial peptides have lately been introduced as a potential class of drug molecules for combating severe hospital-acquired infections. One of these peptides, human cathelicidin LL-37, has recently been demonstrated to bridge innate and adaptive host defence, in addition to facilitating a robust antibiofilm effect at sub-inhibitory concentrations. In this review we will discuss the evidence, potential and challenges for LL-37 as a candidate molecule for therapeutic use.
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35
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Chromek M, Arvidsson I, Karpman D. The antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin protects mice from Escherichia coli O157:H7-mediated disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46476. [PMID: 23077510 PMCID: PMC3471911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the role of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin in Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection and subsequent renal damage. Mouse and human cathelicidin, CRAMP and LL-37, respectively, killed E. coli O157:H7 in vitro. Intestines from healthy wild-type (129/SvJ) and cathelicidin-knock-out (Camp−/−) mice were investigated, showing that cathelicidin-deficient mice had a thinner colonic mucus layer compared with wild-type mice. Wild-type (n = 11) and cathelicidin-knock-out (n = 11) mice were inoculated with E. coli O157:H7. Cathelicidin-deficient animals exhibited higher fecal counts of E. coli O157:H7 and bacteria penetrated the mucus forming attaching-and-effacing lesions to a much higher extent than in wild-type animals. Cathelicidin knock-out mice developed symptoms (9/11) as well as anemia, thrombocytopenia and extensive renal tubular damage while all cathelicidin-producing mice remained asymptomatic with normal laboratory findings. When injected with Shiga toxin intraperitoneally, both murine strains developed the same degree of renal tubular damage and clinical disease indicating that differences in sensitivity to infection between the murine strains were related to the initial intestinal response. In conclusion, cathelicidin substantially influenced the antimicrobial barrier in the mouse colon mucosa. Cathelicidin deficiency lead to increased susceptibility to E. coli O157:H7 infection and subsequent renal damage. Administration of cathelicidin or stimulation of endogenous production may prove to be novel treatments for E. coli O157:H7-induced hemolytic uremic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diana Karpman
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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36
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Kin NW, Stefanov EK, Dizon BLP, Kearney JF. Antibodies generated against conserved antigens expressed by bacteria and allergen-bearing fungi suppress airway disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2246-56. [PMID: 22837487 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There has been a sharp rise in allergic asthma and asthma-related deaths in the developed world, in contrast to many childhood illnesses that have been reduced or eliminated. The hygiene hypothesis proposes that excessively sanitary conditions early in life result in autoimmune and allergic phenomena because of a failure of the immune system to receive proper microbial stimulation during development. We demonstrate that Abs generated against conserved bacterial polysaccharides are reactive with and dampen the immune response against chitin and Aspergillus fumigatus. A reduction in Ag uptake, cell influx, cell activation, and cytokine production occurred in the presence of anti-polysaccharide Abs, resulting in a striking decrease in the severity of allergic airway disease in mice. Overall, our results suggest that Ag exposure--derived from environmental sources, self-antigens, or vaccination--during the neonatal period has dramatic effects on the adult Ab response and modifies the development of allergic airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Kin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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37
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Choi KYG, Mookherjee N. Multiple immune-modulatory functions of cathelicidin host defense peptides. Front Immunol 2012; 3:149. [PMID: 22701455 PMCID: PMC3371594 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Yee Grace Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Immunology, Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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38
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Choi KY, Chow LNY, Mookherjee N. Cationic host defence peptides: multifaceted role in immune modulation and inflammation. J Innate Immun 2012; 4:361-70. [PMID: 22739631 DOI: 10.1159/000336630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defence peptides (HDPs) are innate immune effector molecules found in diverse species. HDPs exhibit a wide range of functions ranging from direct antimicrobial properties to immunomodulatory effects. Research in the last decade has demonstrated that HDPs are critical effectors of both innate and adaptive immunity. Various studies have hypothesized that the antimicrobial property of certain HDPs may be largely due to their immunomodulatory functions. Mechanistic studies revealed that the role of HDPs in immunity is very complex and involves various receptors, signalling pathways and transcription factors. This review will focus on the multiple functions of HDPs in immunity and inflammation, with special reference to cathelicidins, e.g. LL-37, certain defensins and novel synthetic innate defence regulator peptides. We also discuss emerging concepts of specific HDPs in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, including the potential use of cationic peptides as therapeutics for immune-mediated inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Yee Choi
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man., Canada
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39
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Chen CH, Lin YL, Liu YK, He PJ, Lin CM, Chiu YH, Wu CJ, Cheng TL, Liu SJ, Liao KW. Liposome-based polymer complex as a novel adjuvant: enhancement of specific antibody production and isotype switch. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:607-21. [PMID: 22346354 PMCID: PMC3277439 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s28097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of vaccination is to induce appropriate immunity against pathogens. Antibody-mediated immunity is critical for protection against many virus diseases, although it is becoming more evident that coordinated, multifunctional immune responses lead to the most effective defense. Specific antibody (Ab) isotypes are more efficient at protecting against pathogen invasion in different locations in the body. For example, compared to other Ab isotypes, immunoglobulin (Ig) A provides more protection at mucosal areas. In this study, we developed a cationic lipopolymer (liposome-polyethylene glycol-polyethyleneimine complex [LPPC]) adjuvant that strongly adsorbs antigens or immunomodulators onto its surface to enhance or switch immune responses. The results demonstrate that LPPC enhances uptake ability, surface marker expression, proinflammatory cytokine release, and antigen presentation in mouse phagocytes. In contrast to Freund’s adjuvant, LPPC preferentially activates Th1- immunity against antigens in vivo. With lipopolysaccharides or CpG oligodeoxynucleotides, LPPC dramatically enhances the IgA or IgG2A proportion of total Ig, even in hosts that have developed Th2 immunities and high IgG1 serum titers. Taken together, the results demonstrate that the LPPC adjuvant not only increases the immunogenicity of antigens but also modulates host immunity to produce an appropriate Ab isotype by combining with immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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40
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Wuerth K, Hancock REW. New insights into cathelicidin modulation of adaptive immunity. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:2817-9. [PMID: 21953640 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidins are a family of host defence peptides that are known to selectively alter innate immunity in response to infection and other changes in immune status. A study in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology elucidates a new role for mouse cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide in the adaptive immune response by clearly demonstrating for the first time that a cathelicidin can alter T-cell-dependent activation of the humoral response in vivo and thus modulate the activities of both B and T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli Wuerth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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