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Wang Z, Liu T, Wang Z, Mi Z, Zhang Y, Wang C, Sun L, Ma S, Xue X, Liu H, Zhang F. CYBB-Mediated Ferroptosis Associated with Immunosuppression in Mycobacterium leprae-Infected Monocyte-Derived Macrophages. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:874-887.e2. [PMID: 37925067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium leprae-infected macrophages preferentially exhibit the regulatory M2 phenotype in vitro, which helps the immune escape unabated growth of M leprae in host cells. The mechanism that triggers macrophage polarization is still unknown. In this study, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing to determine the initial responses of human monocyte-derived macrophages against M leprae infection of 4 healthy individuals and found an increase in a major alternative-activated macrophage type that overexpressed NEAT1, CCL2, and CD163. Importantly, further functional analysis showed that ferroptosis was positively correlated with M2 polarization of macrophages, and in vitro experiments have shown that inhibition of ferroptosis promotes the survival of M leprae within macrophages. In addition, further joint analysis of our results with mutisequencing data from patients with leprosy and in vitro validation identified that CYBB was the pivotal molecule for ferroptosis that could promote the M2 polarization of M leprae-infected macrophages, resulting in the immune escape and unabated growth of pathogenic bacteria. Overall, our results suggest that M leprae facilitated its survival by inducing CYBB-mediated macrophage ferroptosis leading to its alternative activation and might reveal the potential for a new therapeutic strategy of leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zihao Mi
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lele Sun
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaotong Xue
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.
| | - Furen Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.
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Quaresma TC, de Aguiar Valentim L, de Sousa JR, de Souza Aarão TL, Fuzii HT, Duarte MIS, de Souza J, Quaresma JAS. Immunohistochemical Characterization of M1, M2, and M4 Macrophages in Leprosy Skin Lesions. Pathogens 2023; 12:1225. [PMID: 37887741 PMCID: PMC10610015 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium leprae is the etiological agent of leprosy. Macrophages (Mφs) are key players involved in the pathogenesis of leprosy. In this study, immunohistochemical analysis was performed to examine the phenotype of Mφ subpopulations, namely M1, M2, and M4, in the skin lesions of patients diagnosed with leprosy. Based on the database of treatment-naïve patients treated between 2015 and 2019 at the Department of Dermatology of the University of the State of Pará, Belém, routine clinical screening samples were identified. The monolabeling protocol was used for M1 macrophages (iNOS, IL-6, TNF-α) and M2 macrophages (IL-10, IL-13, CD163, Arginase 1, TGF-β, FGFb), and the double-labeling protocol was used for M4 macrophages (IL-6, MMP7, MRP8, TNF-α e CD68). To confirm the M4 macrophage lineage, double labeling of the monoclonal antibodies CD68 and MRP8 was also performed. Our results demonstrated a statistically significant difference for the M1 phenotype among the Virchowian (VV) (4.5 ± 1.3, p < 0.0001), Borderline (1.6 ± 0.4, p < 0.0001), and tuberculoid (TT) (12.5 ± 1.8, p < 0.0001) clinical forms of leprosy. Additionally, the M2 phenotype showed a statistically significant difference among the VV (12.5 ± 2.3, p < 0.0001), Borderline (1.3 ± 0.2, p < 0.0001), and TT (3.2 ± 0.7, p < 0.0001) forms. For the M4 phenotype, a statistically significant difference was observed in the VV (9.8 ± 1.7, p < 0.0001), Borderline (1.2 ± 0.2, p < 0.0001), and TT (2.6 ± 0.7, p < 0.0001) forms. A significant correlation was observed between the VV M1 and M4 (r = 0.8712; p = 0.0000) and between the VV M2 × TT M1 (r = 0.834; p = 0.0002) phenotypes. The M1 Mφs constituted the predominant Mφ subpopulation in the TT and Borderline forms of leprosy, whereas the M2 Mφs showed increased immunoexpression and M4 was the predominant Mφ phenotype in VV leprosy. These results confirm the relationship of the Mφ profile with chronic pathological processes of the inflammatory response in leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Costa Quaresma
- Health Department, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Para-CCBS, UEPA, Belem 66087-662, Brazil
| | - Lívia de Aguiar Valentim
- Health Department, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Para-CCBS, UEPA, Belem 66087-662, Brazil
| | - Jorge Rodrigues de Sousa
- Health Department, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Para-CCBS, UEPA, Belem 66087-662, Brazil
| | - Tinara Leila de Souza Aarão
- Health Department, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Para-CCBS, UEPA, Belem 66087-662, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Para-UFPA, Altamira 68440-000, Brazil
| | - Hellen Thais Fuzii
- Health Department, Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Para-NMT-UFPA, Belem 66055-240, Brazil
| | | | - Juarez de Souza
- Health Department, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Para-CCBS, UEPA, Belem 66087-662, Brazil
| | - Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma
- Health Department, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Para-CCBS, UEPA, Belem 66087-662, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Para-UFPA, Altamira 68440-000, Brazil
- Health Department, Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Para-NMT-UFPA, Belem 66055-240, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
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3
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Sugawara-Mikami M, Tanigawa K, Kawashima A, Kiriya M, Nakamura Y, Fujiwara Y, Suzuki K. Pathogenicity and virulence of Mycobacterium leprae. Virulence 2022; 13:1985-2011. [PMID: 36326715 PMCID: PMC9635560 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2141987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) and M. lepromatosis, an obligate intracellular organism, and over 200,000 new cases occur every year. M. leprae parasitizes histiocytes (skin macrophages) and Schwann cells in the peripheral nerves. Although leprosy can be treated by multidrug therapy, some patients relapse or have a prolonged clinical course and/or experience leprosy reaction. These varying outcomes depend on host factors such as immune responses against bacterial components that determine a range of symptoms. To understand these host responses, knowledge of the mechanisms by which M. leprae parasitizes host cells is important. This article describes the characteristics of leprosy through bacteriology, genetics, epidemiology, immunology, animal models, routes of infection, and clinical findings. It also discusses recent diagnostic methods, treatment, and measures according to the World Health Organization (WHO), including prevention. Recently, the antibacterial activities of anti-hyperlipidaemia agents against other pathogens, such as M. tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus have been investigated. Our laboratory has been focused on the metabolism of lipids which constitute the cell wall of M. leprae. Our findings may be useful for the development of future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Sugawara-Mikami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.,West Yokohama Sugawara Dermatology Clinic, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazunari Tanigawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Kawashima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kiriya
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Fujiwara
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Suzuki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Alves AF, Pereira RDA, Rodrigues MA, Campos LS, do Carmo DD, de Abreu Teles PP, Andrade HM, de Araújo SA, Gomes DA, Tafuri WL. Leishmania (L.) infantum BH401 strain induces classic renal lesions in dogs: Histological and confocal microscopy study. Exp Parasitol 2022; 242:108342. [PMID: 35987406 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) alterations in visceral leishmaniasis are related mainly to collagen deposition (fibropoiesis). In canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), an intense fibrosis associated to chronic inflammation in organs such as kidneys is described. However, renal fibropoiesis has not been described in natural or experimental infections with L. (L.) infantum. We aimed to characterize renal nephropathies by histology and confocal microscopy comparing renal lesions in dogs naturally and experimentally infected with L. (L.) infantum. Sixty-two mixed-breed symptomatic dogs naturally infected with L. (L.) infantum, sixteen beagles experimentally infected with two strains of L. infantum (eleven dogs with the BH400 strain and five dogs with the BH401 strain), and four uninfected beagles (controls) were used. Samples were stained with hematoxylin & eosin for routine histology. Congo red was used to visualize amyloid protein deposits, periodic acid-Schiff to identify glomerular basal membrane anomalies, Masson's trichrome for collagen deposits, and Jones' methenamine silver to reveal membranous glomerulonephropathy. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify Leishmania amastigotes, and confocal microscopy was used for macrophage characterization (L1/calprotectin and CD163 antigen receptors). The most common lesions were chronic glomerular and interstitial nephritis, which was found in all naturally infected dogs and dogs experimentally infected with L. infantum strain BH401 but not with the BH400 strain. Glomeruloesclerosis was the main lesion presented in all BH401 group. Morphometric analysis revealed positive correlation of renal glomeruli tufts with cellular expression of L1/calprotectin and CD163 antigens. Leishmania infantum strain BH401 shows pathogenicity that may be sufficient to induce classic chronic visceral renal leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Francisco Alves
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, João Pessoa, PB, CEP 58050-585, Brazil
| | - Ramon de Alencar Pereira
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Michele A Rodrigues
- Departamento de Imunologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leandro Soares Campos
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel Dias do Carmo
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro Paulo de Abreu Teles
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Helida Monteiro Andrade
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Stanley Almeida de Araújo
- Departamento de Anatomia Patológica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCBI), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Dawidson Assis Gomes
- Departamento de Imunologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wagner Luiz Tafuri
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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5
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Negera E, Bobosha K, Aseffa A, Dockrell HM, Lockwood DNJ, Walker SL. Regulatory T cells in erythema nodosum leprosum maintain anti-inflammatory function. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010641. [PMID: 35867720 PMCID: PMC9348709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
The numbers of circulating regulatory T cells (Tregs) are increased in lepromatous leprosy (LL) but reduced in erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), the inflammatory complication of LL. It is unclear whether the suppressive function of Tregs is intact in both these conditions.
Methods
A longitudinal study recruited participants at ALERT Hospital, Ethiopia. Peripheral blood samples were obtained before and after 24 weeks of prednisolone treatment for ENL and multidrug therapy (MDT) for participants with LL. We evaluated the suppressive function of Tregs in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of participants with LL and ENL by analysis of TNFα, IFNγ and IL-10 responses to Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) stimulation before and after depletion of CD25+ cells.
Results
30 LL participants with ENL and 30 LL participants without ENL were recruited. The depletion of CD25+ cells from PBMCs was associated with enhanced TNFα and IFNγ responses to M. leprae stimulation before and after 24 weeks treatment of LL with MDT and of ENL with prednisolone. The addition of autologous CD25+ cells to CD25+ depleted PBMCs abolished these responses. In both non-reactional LL and ENL groups mitogen (PHA)-induced TNFα and IFNγ responses were not affected by depletion of CD25+ cells either before or after treatment. Depleting CD25+ cells did not affect the IL-10 response to M. leprae before and after 24 weeks of MDT in participants with LL. However, depletion of CD25+ cells was associated with an enhanced IL-10 response on stimulation with M. leprae in untreated participants with ENL and reduced IL-10 responses in treated individuals with ENL. The enhanced IL-10 in untreated ENL and the reduced IL-10 response in prednisolone treated individuals with ENL was abolished by addition of autologous CD25+ cells.
Conclusion
The findings support the hypothesis that the impaired cell-mediated immune response in individuals with LL is M. leprae antigen specific and the unresponsiveness can be reversed by depleting CD25+ cells. Our results suggest that the suppressive function of Tregs in ENL is intact despite ENL being associated with reduced numbers of Tregs. The lack of difference in IL-10 response in control PBMCs and CD25+ depleted PBMCs in individuals with LL and the increased IL-10 response following the depletion of CD25+ cells in individuals with untreated ENL suggest that the mechanism of immune regulation by Tregs in leprosy appears independent of IL-10 or that other cells may be responsible for IL-10 production in leprosy. The present findings highlight mechanisms of T cell regulation in LL and ENL and provide insights into the control of peripheral immune tolerance, identifying Tregs as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edessa Negera
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, London, United Kingdom
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Kidist Bobosha
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- World Health Organization, TDR, the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hazel M. Dockrell
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diana N. J. Lockwood
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen L. Walker
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, London, United Kingdom
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Ferreira H, Leal-Calvo T, Mendes MA, Avanzi C, Busso P, Benjak A, Sales AM, Ferreira CP, de Berrêdo-Pinho M, Cole ST, Sarno EN, Moraes MO, Pinheiro RO. Gene expression patterns associated with multidrug therapy in multibacillary leprosy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:917282. [PMID: 35937686 PMCID: PMC9354612 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.917282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug therapy (MDT) has been successfully used in the treatment of leprosy. However, although patients are cured after the completion of MDT, leprosy reactions, permanent disability, and occasional relapse/reinfection are frequently observed in patients. The immune system of multibacillary patients (MB) is not able to mount an effective cellular immune response against M. leprae. Consequently, clearance of bacilli from the body is a slow process and after 12 doses of MDT not all MB patients reduce bacillary index (BI). In this context, we recruited MB patients at the uptake and after 12-month of MDT. Patients were stratified according to the level of reduction of the BI after 12 doses MDT. A reduction of at least one log in BI was necessary to be considered a responder patient. We evaluated the pattern of host gene expression in skin samples with RNA sequencing before and after MDT and between samples from patients with or without one log reduction in BI. Our results demonstrated that after 12 doses of MDT there was a reduction in genes associated with lipid metabolism, inflammatory response, and cellular immune response among responders (APOBEC3A, LGALS17A, CXCL13, CXCL9, CALHM6, and IFNG). Also, by comparing MB patients with lower BI reduction versus responder patients, we identified high expression of CDH19, TMPRSS4, PAX3, FA2H, HLA-V, FABP7, and SERPINA11 before MDT. From the most differentially expressed genes, we observed that MDT modulates pathways related to immune response and lipid metabolism in skin cells from MB patients after MDT, with higher expression of genes like CYP11A1, that are associated with cholesterol metabolism in the group with the worst response to treatment. Altogether, the data presented contribute to elucidate gene signatures and identify differentially expressed genes associated with MDT outcomes in MB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Ferreira
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thyago Leal-Calvo
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mayara Abud Mendes
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Charlotte Avanzi
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Busso
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrej Benjak
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Maria Sales
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cássio Porto Ferreira
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Márcia de Berrêdo-Pinho
- Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stewart Thomas Cole
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Euzenir Nunes Sarno
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Milton Ozório Moraes
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberta Olmo Pinheiro
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Roberta Olmo Pinheiro,
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Cabral N, de Figueiredo V, Gandini M, de Souza CF, Medeiros RA, Lery LMS, Lara FA, de Macedo CS, Pessolani MCV, Pereira GMB. Modulation of the Response to Mycobacterium leprae and Pathogenesis of Leprosy. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:918009. [PMID: 35722339 PMCID: PMC9201476 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.918009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial infection by the obligate intracellular bacillus Mycobacterium leprae evolves to leprosy in a small subset of the infected individuals. Transmission is believed to occur mainly by exposure to bacilli present in aerosols expelled by infected individuals with high bacillary load. Mycobacterium leprae-specific DNA has been detected in the blood of asymptomatic household contacts of leprosy patients years before active disease onset, suggesting that, following infection, the bacterium reaches the lymphatic drainage and the blood of at least some individuals. The lower temperature and availability of protected microenvironments may provide the initial conditions for the survival of the bacillus in the airways and skin. A subset of skin-resident macrophages and the Schwann cells of peripheral nerves, two M. leprae permissive cells, may protect M. leprae from effector cells in the initial phase of the infection. The interaction of M. leprae with these cells induces metabolic changes, including the formation of lipid droplets, that are associated with macrophage M2 phenotype and the production of mediators that facilitate the differentiation of specific T cells for M. leprae-expressed antigens to a memory regulatory phenotype. Here, we discuss the possible initials steps of M. leprae infection that may lead to active disease onset, mainly focusing on events prior to the manifestation of the established clinical forms of leprosy. We hypothesize that the progressive differentiation of T cells to the Tregs phenotype inhibits effector function against the bacillus, allowing an increase in the bacillary load and evolution of the infection to active disease. Epigenetic and metabolic mechanisms described in other chronic inflammatory diseases are evaluated for potential application to the understanding of leprosy pathogenesis. A potential role for post-exposure prophylaxis of leprosy in reducing M. leprae-induced anti-inflammatory mediators and, in consequence, Treg/T effector ratios is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Cabral
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vilma de Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Gandini
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Fernandes de Souza
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rychelle Affonso Medeiros
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Letícia Miranda Santos Lery
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávio Alves Lara
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiana Santos de Macedo
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Geraldo Moura Batista Pereira
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Arginase 1 is a marker of protection against illness in contacts of leprosy patients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7850. [PMID: 35552484 PMCID: PMC9098644 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11944-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy household contacts are generally more prone to develop the disease compared to the general population. Previous studies have demonstrated that genes related to the alternative activation (M2) profile in macrophages are associated with the increased bacillary load in multibacillary leprosy patients (MB), and that contacts of MB patients have a higher risk of contracting the disease. In addition, positive serological responses to PGL-1 or LID-1 are associated with a higher risk of disease. We performed a 5-year follow-up of contacts of leprosy patients and evaluated the pattern of gene and protein expression in cells from contacts that developed leprosy during this period. Leprosy household contacts had decreased soluble CD163 and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) serum levels when compared with healthy donors and leprosy patients. In contrast, arginase 1 activities were higher in contacts when compared with both healthy donors and leprosy patients. Of the contacts, 33 developed leprosy during the follow-up. Gene expression analysis revealed reduced ARG1 expression in these contacts when compared with contacts that did not develop disease. Arginase activity was a good predictive marker of protection in contacts (sensitivity: 90.0%, specificity: 96.77%) and the association with serology for anti-PGL-1 and anti-LID-1 increased the sensitivity to 100%. Altogether, the data presented here demonstrate a positive role of arginase against leprosy and suggest that the evaluation of arginase activity should be incorporated into leprosy control programs in order to aid in the decision of which contacts should receive chemoprophylaxis.
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9
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de Oliveira JADP, de Athaide MM, Rahman AU, de Mattos Barbosa MG, Jardim MM, Moraes MO, Pinheiro RO. Kynurenines in the Pathogenesis of Peripheral Neuropathy During Leprosy and COVID-19. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:815738. [PMID: 35281455 PMCID: PMC8907883 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.815738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory disorders are associated with the activation of tryptophan (TRYP) catabolism via the kynurenine pathway (KP). Several reports have demonstrated the role of KP in the immunopathophysiology of both leprosy and coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). The nervous system can be affected in infections caused by both Mycobacterium leprae and SARS-CoV-2, but the mechanisms involved in the peripheral neural damage induced by these infectious agents are not fully understood. In recent years KP has received greater attention due the importance of kynurenine metabolites in infectious diseases, immune dysfunction and nervous system disorders. In this review, we discuss how modulation of the KP may aid in controlling the damage to peripheral nerves and the effects of KP activation on neural damage during leprosy or COVID-19 individually and we speculate its role during co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Atta Ur Rahman
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcia Maria Jardim
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Milton Ozório Moraes
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberta Olmo Pinheiro
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Roberta Olmo Pinheiro,
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10
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Llibre A, Dedicoat M, Burel JG, Demangel C, O’Shea MK, Mauro C. Host Immune-Metabolic Adaptations Upon Mycobacterial Infections and Associated Co-Morbidities. Front Immunol 2021; 12:747387. [PMID: 34630426 PMCID: PMC8495197 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.747387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial diseases are a major public health challenge. Their causative agents include, in order of impact, members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (causing tuberculosis), Mycobacterium leprae (causing leprosy), and non-tuberculous mycobacterial pathogens including Mycobacterium ulcerans. Macrophages are mycobacterial targets and they play an essential role in the host immune response to mycobacteria. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the immune-metabolic adaptations of the macrophage to mycobacterial infections. This metabolic rewiring involves changes in glycolysis and oxidative metabolism, as well as in the use of fatty acids and that of metals such as iron, zinc and copper. The macrophage metabolic adaptations result in changes in intracellular metabolites, which can post-translationally modify proteins including histones, with potential for shaping the epigenetic landscape. This review will also cover how critical tuberculosis co-morbidities such as smoking, diabetes and HIV infection shape host metabolic responses and impact disease outcome. Finally, we will explore how the immune-metabolic knowledge gained in the last decades can be harnessed towards the design of novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools, as well as vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Llibre
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Dedicoat
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Heartlands Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Julie G. Burel
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Caroline Demangel
- Immunobiology of Infection Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1224, Paris, France
| | - Matthew K. O’Shea
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Heartlands Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Claudio Mauro
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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11
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Nogueira OC, Gandini M, Cabral N, de Figueiredo V, Rodrigues-da-Silva RN, Lima-Junior JDC, Pinheiro RO, Pereira GMB, Pessolani MCV, de Macedo CS. Changes in B Cell Pool of Patients With Multibacillary Leprosy: Diminished Memory B Cell and Enhanced Mature B in Peripheral Blood. Front Immunol 2021; 12:727580. [PMID: 34621273 PMCID: PMC8490736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.727580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being treatable, leprosy still represents a major public health problem, and many mechanisms that drive leprosy immunopathogenesis still need to be elucidated. B cells play important roles in immune defense, being classified in different subgroups that present distinct roles in the immune response. Here, the profile of B cell subpopulations in peripheral blood of patients with paucibacillary (TT/BT), multibacillary (LL/BL) and erythema nodosum leprosum was analyzed. B cell subpopulations (memory, transition, plasmablasts, and mature B cells) and levels of IgG were analyzed by flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively. It was observed that Mycobacterium leprae infection can alter the proportions of B cell subpopulations (increase of mature and decrease of memory B cells) in patients affected by leprosy. This modulation is associated with an increase in total IgG and the patient's clinical condition. Circulating B cells may be acting in the modulation of the immune response in patients with various forms of leprosy, which may reflect the patient's ability to respond to M. leprae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Castro Nogueira
- Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Gandini
- Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natasha Cabral
- Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vilma de Figueiredo
- Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Roberta Olmo Pinheiro
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cristiana Santos de Macedo
- Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Center for Technological Development in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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12
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Bezerra OCDL, Alvarado-Arnez LE, Mabunda N, Salomé G, de Sousa A, Kehdy FDSG, Sales-Marques C, Manta FSDN, Andrade RM, Ferreira LP, Leal-Calvo T, Cardoso CC, Nunes K, Gouveia MH, Mbulaiteve SM, Yeboah ED, Hsing A, Latini ACP, Leturiondo AL, Rodrigues FDC, Noronha AB, Ferreira CDO, Talhari C, Rêgo JL, Castellucci LCDC, Tarazona-Santos E, de Carvalho EF, Meyer D, Pinheiro RO, Jani IV, Pacheco AG, Moraes MO. Putative pathogen-selected polymorphisms in the PKLR gene are associated with mycobacterial susceptibility in Brazilian and African populations. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009434. [PMID: 34449765 PMCID: PMC8396769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase (PK), encoded by the PKLR gene, is a key player in glycolysis controlling the integrity of erythrocytes. Due to Plasmodium selection, mutations for PK deficiency, which leads to hemolytic anemia, are associated with resistance to malaria in sub-Saharan Africa and with susceptibility to intracellular pathogens in experimental models. In this case-control study, we enrolled 4,555 individuals and investigated whether PKLR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) putatively selected for malaria resistance are associated with susceptibility to leprosy across Brazil (Manaus-North; Salvador-Northeast; Rondonópolis-Midwest and Rio de Janeiro-Southeast) and with tuberculosis in Mozambique. Haplotype T/G/G (rs1052176/rs4971072/rs11264359) was associated with leprosy susceptibility in Rio de Janeiro (OR = 2.46, p = 0.00001) and Salvador (OR = 1.57, p = 0.04), and with tuberculosis in Mozambique (OR = 1.52, p = 0.07). This haplotype downregulates PKLR expression in nerve and skin, accordingly to GTEx, and might subtly modulate ferritin and haptoglobin levels in serum. Furthermore, we observed genetic signatures of positive selection in the HCN3 gene (xpEHH>2 -recent selection) in Europe but not in Africa, involving 6 SNPs which are PKLR/HCN3 eQTLs. However, this evidence was not corroborated by the other tests (FST, Tajima's D and iHS). Altogether, we provide evidence that a common PKLR locus in Africans contribute to mycobacterial susceptibility in African descent populations and also highlight, for first, PKLR as a susceptibility gene for leprosy and TB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Elena Alvarado-Arnez
- Laboratory of Leprosy, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Research Coordination, Franz Tamayo University (UNIFRAZ), Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Nédio Mabunda
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Graça Salomé
- Medical Faculty, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Amina de Sousa
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Carolinne Sales-Marques
- Laboratory of Leprosy, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology and Genetics, Federal University of Alagoas, Arapiraca, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Thyago Leal-Calvo
- Laboratory of Leprosy, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Chester Cardoso
- Laboratory of Leprosy, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kelly Nunes
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics and Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mateus H. Gouveia
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sam M. Mbulaiteve
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Ann Hsing
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carolina Talhari
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Alfredo da Matta Foundation, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jamile Leão Rêgo
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Tarazona-Santos
- Departament of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Diogo Meyer
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics and Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ilesh V. Jani
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
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13
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Ferreira H, Mendes MA, de Mattos Barbosa MG, de Oliveira EB, Sales AM, Moraes MO, Sarno EN, Pinheiro RO. Potential Role of CXCL10 in Monitoring Response to Treatment in Leprosy Patients. Front Immunol 2021; 12:662307. [PMID: 34354699 PMCID: PMC8329534 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.662307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of multibacillary cases of leprosy with multidrug therapy (MDT) comprises 12 doses of a combination of rifampicin, dapsone and clofazimine. Previous studies have described the immunological phenotypic pattern in skin lesions in multibacillary patients. Here, we evaluated the effect of MDT on skin cell phenotype and on the Mycobacterium leprae-specific immune response. An analysis of skin cell phenotype demonstrated a significant decrease in MRS1 (SR-A), CXCL10 (IP-10) and IFNG (IFN-γ) gene and protein expression after MDT release. Patients were randomized according to whether they experienced a reduction in bacillary load after MDT. A reduction in CXCL10 (IP-10) in sera was associated with the absence of a reduction in the bacillary load at release. Although IFN-γ production in response to M. leprae was not affected by MDT, CXCL10 (IP-10) levels in response to M. leprae increased in cells from patients who experienced a reduction in bacillary load after treatment. Together, our results suggest that CXCL10 (IP-10) may be a good marker for monitoring treatment efficacy in multibacillary patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Ferreira
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mayara Abud Mendes
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Anna Maria Sales
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Milton Ozório Moraes
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Euzenir Nunes Sarno
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberta Olmo Pinheiro
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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14
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Brothwell JA, Griesenauer B, Chen L, Spinola SM. Interactions of the Skin Pathogen Haemophilus ducreyi With the Human Host. Front Immunol 2021; 11:615402. [PMID: 33613541 PMCID: PMC7886810 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.615402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The obligate human pathogen Haemophilus ducreyi causes both cutaneous ulcers in children and sexually transmitted genital ulcers (chancroid) in adults. Pathogenesis is dependent on avoiding phagocytosis and exploiting the suppurative granuloma-like niche, which contains a myriad of innate immune cells and memory T cells. Despite this immune infiltrate, long-lived immune protection does not develop against repeated H. ducreyi infections—even with the same strain. Most of what we know about infectious skin diseases comes from naturally occurring infections and/or animal models; however, for H. ducreyi, this information comes from an experimental model of infection in human volunteers that was developed nearly three decades ago. The model mirrors the progression of natural disease and serves as a valuable tool to determine the composition of the immune cell infiltrate early in disease and to identify host and bacterial factors that are required for the establishment of infection and disease progression. Most recently, holistic investigation of the experimentally infected skin microenvironment using multiple “omics” techniques has revealed that non-canonical bacterial virulence factors, such as genes involved in central metabolism, may be relevant to disease progression. Thus, the immune system not only defends the host against H. ducreyi, but also dictates the nutrient availability for the invading bacteria, which must adapt their gene expression to exploit the inflammatory metabolic niche. These findings have broadened our view of the host-pathogen interaction network from considering only classical, effector-based virulence paradigms to include adaptations to the metabolic environment. How both host and bacterial factors interact to determine infection outcome is a current focus in the field. Here, we review what we have learned from experimental H. ducreyi infection about host-pathogen interactions, make comparisons to what is known for other skin pathogens, and discuss how novel technologies will deepen our understanding of this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Brothwell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Brad Griesenauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Stanley M Spinola
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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15
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Yasmin H, Varghese PM, Bhakta S, Kishore U. Pathogenesis and Host Immune Response in Leprosy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1313:155-177. [PMID: 34661895 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67452-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Leprosy is an ancient insidious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, where the skin and peripheral nerves undergo chronic granulomatous infections, leading to sensory and motor impairment with characteristic deformities. Susceptibility to leprosy and its disease state are determined by the manifestation of innate immune resistance mediated by cells of monocyte lineage. Due to insufficient innate resistance, granulomatous infection is established, influencing the specific cellular immunity. The clinical presentation of leprosy ranges between two stable polar forms (tuberculoid to lepromatous) and three unstable borderline forms. The tuberculoid form involves Th1 response, characterized by a well demarcated granuloma, infiltrated by CD4+ T lymphocytes, containing epitheloid and multinucleated giant cells. In the lepromatous leprosy, there is no characteristic granuloma but only unstructured accumulation of ineffective macrophages containing engulfed pathogens. Th1 response, characterised by IFN-γ and IL-2 production, activates macrophages in order to kill intracellular pathogens. Conversely, a Th2 response, characterized by the production of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10, helps in antibody production and consequently downregulates the cell-mediated immunity induced by the Th1 response. M. lepare has a long generation time and its inability to grow in culture under laboratory conditions makes its study challenging. The nine-banded armadillo still remains the best clinical and immunological model to study host-pathogen interaction in leprosy. In this chapter, we present cellular morphology and the genomic uniqueness of M. leprae, and how the pathogen shows tropism for Schwann cells, macrophages and dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadida Yasmin
- Immunology and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India
| | - Praveen Mathews Varghese
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK.,School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
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16
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Abstract
Leprosy is a disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae (ML) with diverse clinical manifestations, which are strongly correlated with the host's immune response. Skin lesions may be accompanied by peripheral neural damage, leading to sensory and motor losses, as well as deformities of the hands and feet. Both innate and acquired immune responses are involved, but the disease has been classically described along a Th1/Th2 spectrum, where the Th1 pole corresponds to the most limited presentations and the Th2 to the most disseminated ones. We discuss this dichotomy in the light of current knowledge of cytokines, Th subpopulations and regulatory T cells taking part in each leprosy presentation. Leprosy reactions are associated with an increase in inflammatory activity both in limited and disseminated presentations, leading to a worsening of previous symptoms or the development of new symptoms. Despite the efforts of many research groups around the world, there is still no adequate serological test for diagnosis in endemic areas, hindering the eradication of leprosy in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Angela Bianconcini Trindade
- Departamento de Patologia, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Imunodermatologia, Universidade de São Paulo Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Oliveira JAP, Gandini M, Sales JS, Fujimori SK, Barbosa MGM, Frutuoso VS, Moraes MO, Sarno EN, Pessolani MCV, Pinheiro RO. Mycobacterium leprae induces a tolerogenic profile in monocyte-derived dendritic cells via TLR2 induction of IDO. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 110:167-176. [PMID: 33040382 PMCID: PMC8359402 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4a0320-188r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme IDO‐1 is involved in the first stage of tryptophan catabolism and has been described in both microbicidal and tolerogenic microenvironments. Previous data from our group have shown that IDO‐1 is differentially regulated in the distinctive clinical forms of leprosy. The present study aims to investigate the mechanisms associated with IDO‐1 expression and activity in human monocyte‐derived dendritic cells (mDCs) after stimulation with irradiated Mycobacterium leprae and its fractions. M. leprae and its fractions induced the expression and activity of IDO‐1 in human mDCs. Among the stimuli studied, irradiated M. leprae and its membrane fraction (MLMA) induced the production of proinflammatory cytokines TNF and IL‐6 whereas irradiated M. leprae and its cytosol fraction (MLSA) induced an increase in IL‐10. We investigated if TLR2 activation was necessary for IDO‐1 induction in mDCs. We observed that in cultures treated with a neutralizing anti‐TLR2 antibody, there was a decrease in IDO‐1 activity and expression induced by M. leprae and MLMA. The same effect was observed when we used a MyD88 inhibitor. Our data demonstrate that coculture of mDCs with autologous lymphocytes induced an increase in regulatory T (Treg) cell frequency in MLSA‐stimulated cultures, showing that M. leprae constituents may play opposite roles that may possibly be related to the dubious effect of IDO‐1 in the different clinical forms of disease. Our data show that M. leprae and its fractions are able to differentially modulate the activity and functionality of IDO‐1 in mDCs by a pathway that involves TLR2, suggesting that this enzyme may play an important role in leprosy immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica A P Oliveira
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Gandini
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jorgenilce S Sales
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sérgio K Fujimori
- Laboratory for Development and Analytical Validation, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Farmanguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mayara G M Barbosa
- Cascalho-Platt Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Valber S Frutuoso
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Milton O Moraes
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Euzenir N Sarno
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria C V Pessolani
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberta O Pinheiro
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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18
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da Silva TP, Bittencourt TL, de Oliveira AL, Prata RBDS, Menezes V, Ferreira H, Nery JADC, de Oliveira EB, Sperandio da Silva GM, Sarno EN, Pinheiro RO. Macrophage Polarization in Leprosy-HIV Co-infected Patients. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1493. [PMID: 32849508 PMCID: PMC7403476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In HIV-infected individuals, a paradoxical clinical deterioration may occur in preexisting leprosy when highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-associated reversal reaction (RR) develops. Leprosy–HIV co-infected patients during HAART may present a more severe form of the disease (RR/HIV), but the immune mechanisms related to the pathogenesis of leprosy–HIV co-infection remain unknown. Although the adaptive immune responses have been extensively studied in leprosy–HIV co-infected individuals, recent studies have described that innate immune cells may drive the overall immune responses to mycobacterial antigens. Monocytes are critical to the innate immune system and play an important role in several inflammatory conditions associated with chronic infections. In leprosy, different tissue macrophage phenotypes have been associated with the different clinical forms of the disease, but it is not clear how HIV infection modulates the phenotype of innate immune cells (monocytes or macrophages) during leprosy. In the present study, we investigated the phenotype of monocytes and macrophages in leprosy–HIV co-infected individuals, with or without RR. We did not observe differences between the monocyte profiles in the studied groups; however, analysis of gene expression within the skin lesion cells revealed that the RR/HIV group presents a higher expression of macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MRS1), CD209 molecule (CD209), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), arginase 2 (ARG2), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) when compared with the RR group. Our data suggest that different phenotypes of tissue macrophages found in the skin from RR and RR/HIV patients could differentially contribute to the progression of leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vinicius Menezes
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helen Ferreira
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gilberto Marcelo Sperandio da Silva
- Chagas Disease Clinic Research Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Euzenir Nunes Sarno
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberta Olmo Pinheiro
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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19
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Farag AGA, El Askary SA, Fathy WM, Elbassal F, Azzam AA, Tayel NR, Abdul Karim SS, Shehata WA. Relationship Between sCD163 and mCD163 and Their Implication in the Detection and Typing of Leprosy. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2020; 13:379-389. [PMID: 32581565 PMCID: PMC7276209 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s240420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Leprosy is a chronic contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium lepraea. CD163 is a monocyte trans-membrane glycoprotein receptor (mCD163) that sheds from the cell surface and circulates as a soluble (serum) form (sCD163). Changes in the mCD163 and sCD163 levels could mirror the categorization of inflammatory procedure, demonstrating a possible use of CD163 as a diagnostic indicator of inflammation. Objective To investigate the possible role of CD163 (sCD163 and mCD163) in leprosy pathogenesis and to assess whether CD163 is a helpful inflammatory marker of leprosy development and typing. Patients and Methods This case control study included 70 leprosy patients and 30 healthy controls. Leprosy patients were classified according to the Madrid criteria (1953) into: tuberculoid leprosy (TT), border-line leprosy (BL), and lepromatous leprosy (LL). For all participants, complete blood count (CBC), serum CD163 using ELISA and monocytes positive for CD163 using flow cytometry were done. Results Leprosy patients had significantly low WBCs and platelet counts (p<0.001) and had significantly higher sCD163 (p=0.025) and mCD163 (p=0.042) that were highest in LL followed by BL, then TT patients (p<0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between mCD163 and sCD163 levels in leprosy patients (r=0.896, p<0.001). ROC analysis revealed a significant role of serum sCD163 and of mCD163 positive monocytes in the detection (p<0.001) and typing of leprosy (p=0.002 and p<0.001, respectively). Conclusion Both sCD163 and mCD163 positive monocytes may have an active role in leprosy pathogenesis. They could be potential biomarkers for leprosy detection and typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Gaber Antar Farag
- Dermatology, Andrology & STDs Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Al Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Shymaa A El Askary
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Minufya, Egypt
| | - Waleed M Fathy
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Minufya, Egypt
| | - Fathia Elbassal
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Minufya, Egypt
| | - Ayman Ali Azzam
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Minufya, Egypt
| | - Nermin Reda Tayel
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Genetic Engineering Biotechnology Research Institute, Sadat City, Egypt
| | | | - Wafaa Ahmed Shehata
- Dermatology, Andrology & STDs Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Al Menoufia, Egypt
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de Macedo CS, Lara FA, Pinheiro RO, Schmitz V, de Berrêdo-Pinho M, Pereira GM, Pessolani MCV. New insights into the pathogenesis of leprosy: contribution of subversion of host cell metabolism to bacterial persistence, disease progression, and transmission. F1000Res 2020; 9:F1000 Faculty Rev-70. [PMID: 32051758 PMCID: PMC6996526 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.21383.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection by the obligate intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium leprae may lead to the development of leprosy. Of note, in the lepromatous clinical form of the disease, failure of the immune system to constrain infection allows the pathogen to reproduce to very high numbers with minimal clinical signs, favoring transmission. The bacillus can modulate cellular metabolism to support its survival, and these changes directly influence immune responses, leading to host tolerance, permanent disease, and dissemination. Among the metabolic changes, upregulation of cholesterol, phospholipids, and fatty acid biosynthesis is particularly important, as it leads to lipid accumulation in the host cells (macrophages and Schwann cells) in the form of lipid droplets, which are sites of polyunsaturated fatty acid-derived lipid mediator biosynthesis that modulate the inflammatory and immune responses. In Schwann cells, energy metabolism is also subverted to support a lipogenic environment. Furthermore, effects on tryptophan and iron metabolisms favor pathogen survival with moderate tissue damage. This review discusses the implications of metabolic changes on the course of M. leprae infection and host immune response and emphasizes the induction of regulatory T cells, which may play a pivotal role in immune modulation in leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Santos de Macedo
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, 21040-361, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Flavio Alves Lara
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Roberta Olmo Pinheiro
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Veronica Schmitz
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Marcia de Berrêdo-Pinho
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Moura Pereira
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Vidal Pessolani
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
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Ferreira DW, Ulecia-Morón C, Alvarado-Vázquez PA, Cunnane K, Moracho-Vilriales C, Grosick RL, Cunha TM, Romero-Sandoval EA. CD163 overexpression using a macrophage-directed gene therapy approach improves wound healing in ex vivo and in vivo human skin models. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151862. [PMID: 31711674 PMCID: PMC7864009 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Large tissue damage or wounds cause serious comorbidities and represent a major burden for patients, families, and health systems. Due to the pivotal role of immune cells in the proper resolution of inflammation and tissue repair, we focus our current study on the interaction of macrophages with skin cells, and specifically on the effects of CD163 gene induction in macrophages in wound healing. We hypothesize that the over-expression of the scavenger receptor gene CD163 in human macrophages would result in a more efficient wound healing process. Using 3D human wounded skin organotypic tissues, we observed that CD163 overexpression in THP-1 and human primary macrophages induced a more efficient re-epithelization when compared to control cells. Using human primary skin cells and an in vitro scratch assay we observed that CD163 overexpression in THP-1 macrophages promoted a more rapid and efficient wound healing process through a unique interaction with fibroblasts. The addition of CD163-blocking antibody, but not isotype control, blocked the efficient wound healing process induced by CD163 overexpression in macrophages. We found that the co-culture of skin cells and CD163 overexpressing macrophages reduced monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and enhanced tumor growth factor (TGF)-α, without altering interleukin (IL)-6 or TGF-β. Our findings show that CD163 induces a more efficient wound healing and seems to promote a wound milieu with a pro-resolution molecular profile. Our studies set the foundation to study this approach in in vivo clinically relevant settings to test its effects in wound healing processes such as acute major injuries, large surgeries, or chronic ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wilson Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, 3900 Bandeirantes Ave., Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil; Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Ave - BST3, 6th floor, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
| | - Cristina Ulecia-Morón
- Center for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n., 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Perla Abigail Alvarado-Vázquez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Uppsala, 75123, Sweden.
| | - Katharine Cunnane
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Carolina Moracho-Vilriales
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, 307 N Broad St., Clinton, SC, 29325, USA.
| | - Rachel L Grosick
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, 307 N Broad St., Clinton, SC, 29325, USA.
| | - Thiago Mattar Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, 3900 Bandeirantes Ave., Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.
| | - E Alfonso Romero-Sandoval
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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Changes in the Molecular and Functional Phenotype of Bovine Monocytes during Theileria parva Infection. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00703-19. [PMID: 31570561 PMCID: PMC6867863 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00703-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Theileria parva is the causative agent of East Coast fever (ECF), a tick-borne disease that kills over a million cattle each year in sub-Saharan Africa. Immune protection against T. parva involves a CD8+ cytotoxic T cell response to parasite-infected cells. However, there is currently a paucity of knowledge regarding the role played by innate immune cells in ECF pathogenesis and T. parva control. Theileria parva is the causative agent of East Coast fever (ECF), a tick-borne disease that kills over a million cattle each year in sub-Saharan Africa. Immune protection against T. parva involves a CD8+ cytotoxic T cell response to parasite-infected cells. However, there is currently a paucity of knowledge regarding the role played by innate immune cells in ECF pathogenesis and T. parva control. Here, we demonstrate an increase in intermediate monocytes (CD14++ CD16+) with a concomitant decrease in the classical (CD14++ CD16−) and nonclassical (CD14+ CD16+) subsets at 12 days postinfection (dpi) during lethal infection but not during nonlethal T. parva infection. Ex vivo analyses of monocytes demonstrated upregulation of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) mRNA and increased nitric oxide production during T. parva lethal infection compared to nonlethal infection at 10 dpi. Interestingly, no significant differences in peripheral blood parasite loads were observed between lethally and nonlethally infected animals at 12 dpi. In vitro stimulation with T. parva schizont-infected cells or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in significant upregulation of IL-1β production by monocytes from lethally infected cattle compared to those from nonlethally infected animals. Strikingly, monocytes from lethally infected animals produced significant amounts of IL-10 mRNA after stimulation with T. parva schizont-infected cells. In conclusion, we demonstrate that T. parva infection leads to alterations in the molecular and functional phenotypes of bovine monocytes. Importantly, since these changes primarily occur in lethal infection, they can serve as biomarkers for ECF progression and severity, thereby aiding in the standardization of protection assessment for T. parva candidate vaccines.
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Corrêa RDS, Rodrigues LS, Pereira LHL, Nogueira OC, Leung J, Sousa MDS, Hacker MDA, Siqueira HRD, Capone D, Alves RLR, Pessolani MCV, Schmitz V, Pereira GMB. Neutrophil CD64 expression levels in IGRA-positive individuals distinguish latent tuberculosis from active disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2019; 114:e180579. [PMID: 30970080 PMCID: PMC6454854 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760180579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD64 (FcγR1) is a high-affinity receptor for monomeric IgG1 and IgG3.
Circulating neutrophils express very low amounts of CD64 on their
surface. OBJECTIVES Our primary aim was to investigate the utility of neutrophil CD64 surface
expression as a biomarker of active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). We
hypothesised that elevated neutrophil CD64 expression in TB infection would
be associated with interferon gamma (IFN-γ) as an inducer of CD64
expression. METHODS The expression level of CD64 per neutrophil (PMN CD64 index) was
quantitatively measured with flow cytometry using a Leuko64 kit in samples
from patients with TB and latent TB infection (LTBI) as well as healthy
controls, as part of a prospective cohort study in Brazil. FINDINGS The PMN CD64 index in patients with TB was higher than that in healthy
controls and LTBI. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses
determined that the PMN CD64 index could discriminate patients with TB from
those with LTBI and healthy individuals. PMN CD64 index levels returned to
baseline levels after treatment. CONCLUSIONS The positive regulation of CD64 expression in circulating neutrophils of
patients with active TB could represent an additional biomarker for
diagnosis of active TB and could be used for monitoring individuals with
LTBI before progression of TB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel da Silva Corrêa
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Luciana Silva Rodrigues
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Leticia Hagge Lima Pereira
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Otto Castro Nogueira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Janaína Leung
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Serviço de Pneumologia e Tisiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Marcela da S Sousa
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Mariana de Andrea Hacker
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Hanseníase, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Helio Ribeiro de Siqueira
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Serviço de Pneumologia e Tisiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Domênico Capone
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Serviço de Pneumologia e Tisiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rogério Lopes Rufino Alves
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Serviço de Pneumologia e Tisiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Veronica Schmitz
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Hanseníase, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Geraldo Moura Batista Pereira
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Differential immunoglobulin and complement levels in leprosy prior to development of reversal reaction and erythema nodosum leprosum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007089. [PMID: 30689631 PMCID: PMC6366718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leprosy is a treatable infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. However, there is additional morbidity from leprosy-associated pathologic immune reactions, reversal reaction (RR) and erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), which occur in 1 in 3 people with leprosy, even with effective treatment of M. leprae. There is currently no predictive marker in use to indicate which people with leprosy will develop these debilitating immune reactions. Our peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) transcriptome analysis revealed that activation of the classical complement pathway is common to both RR and ENL. Additionally, differential expression of immunoglobulin receptors and B cell receptors during RR and ENL support a role for the antibody-mediated immune response during both RR and ENL. In this study, we investigated B-cell immunophenotypes, total and M. leprae-specific antibodies, and complement levels in leprosy patients with and without RR or ENL. The objective was to determine the role of these immune mediators in pathogenesis and assess their potential as biomarkers of risk for immune reactions in people with leprosy. Methodology/findings We followed newly diagnosed leprosy cases (n = 96) for two years for development of RR or ENL. They were compared with active RR (n = 35), active ENL (n = 29), and healthy household contacts (n = 14). People with leprosy who subsequently developed ENL had increased IgM, IgG1, and C3d-associated immune complexes with decreased complement 4 (C4) at leprosy diagnosis. People who developed RR also had decreased C4 at leprosy diagnosis. Additionally, elevated anti-M. leprae antibody levels were associated with subsequent RR or ENL. Conclusions Differential co-receptor expression and immunoglobulin levels before and during immune reactions intimate a central role for humoral immunity in RR and ENL. Decreased C4 and elevated anti-M. leprae antibodies in people with new diagnosis of leprosy may be risk factors for subsequent development of leprosy immune reactions. One in three people with leprosy develop an immune reaction, which worsen quality of life. Reactions occur despite effective treatment of the causative bacteria of leprosy, Mycobacterium leprae, with antibiotics. These reactions cause worsening skin lesions and additional nerve damage. Reactions can be chronic and recurrent, and may necessitate years of treatment with high dose corticosteroids. Our research focuses on why certain people develop these reactions while others do not. We found that people who have higher antibodies to M. leprae when they are diagnosed with leprosy are more likely to develop immune reactions in the two years after diagnosis. Also, we identify that C4 levels in the blood may be useful for monitoring the development and progression of leprosy reactions. These may be ways to identify who is at highest risk for leprosy immune reactions before they occur.
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de Sousa JR, Lucena Neto FD, Sotto MN, Quaresma JAS. Immunohistochemical characterization of the M4 macrophage population in leprosy skin lesions. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:576. [PMID: 30442123 PMCID: PMC6238386 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since macrophages are one of the major cell types involved in the Mycobacterium leprae immune response, roles of the M1 and M2 macrophage subpopulations have been well defined. However, the role of M4 macrophages in leprosy or other infectious diseases caused by mycobacteria has not yet been clearly characterized. This study aimed to investigate the presence and potential role of M4 macrophages in the immunopathology of leprosy. Methods We analyzed the presence of M4 macrophage markers (CD68, MRP8, MMP7, IL-6, and TNF-α) in 33 leprosy skin lesion samples from 18 patients with tuberculoid leprosy and 15 with lepromatous leprosy by immunohistochemistry. Results The M4 phenotype was more strongly expressed in patients with the lepromatous form of the disease, indicating that this subpopulation is less effective in the elimination of the bacillus and consequently is associated with the evolution to one of the multibacillary clinical forms of infection. Conclusion M4 macrophages are one of the cell types involved in the microbial response to M. leprae and probably are less effective in controlling bacillus replication, contributing to the evolution to the lepromatous form of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rodrigues de Sousa
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil.,Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Mirian Nacagami Sotto
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Juarez Antonio Simões Quaresma
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil. .,Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil. .,Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil. .,Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, UFPA, Av. Generalíssimo Deodoro 92, Umarizal, Belém, Pará, 66055-190, Brazil.
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de Mattos Barbosa MG, de Andrade Silva BJ, Assis TQ, da Silva Prata RB, Ferreira H, Andrade PR, da Paixão de Oliveira JA, Sperandio da Silva GM, da Costa Nery JA, Sarno EN, Pinheiro RO. Autophagy Impairment Is Associated With Increased Inflammasome Activation and Reversal Reaction Development in Multibacillary Leprosy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1223. [PMID: 29915584 PMCID: PMC5994478 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy reactions are responsible for incapacities in leprosy and represent the major cause of permanent neuropathy. The identification of biomarkers able to identify patients more prone to develop reaction could contribute to adequate clinical management and the prevention of disability. Reversal reaction may occur in unstable borderline patients and also in lepromatous patients. To identify biomarker signature profiles related with the reversal reaction onset, multibacillary patients were recruited and classified accordingly the occurrence or not of reversal reaction during or after multidrugtherapy. Analysis of skin lesion cells at diagnosis of multibacillary leprosy demonstrated that in the group that developed reaction (T1R) in the future there was a downregulation of autophagy associated with the overexpression of TLR2 and MLST8. The autophagy impairment in T1R group was associated with increased expression of NLRP3, caspase-1 (p10) and IL-1β production. In addition, analysis of IL-1β production in serum from multibacillary patients demonstrated that patients who developed reversal reaction have significantly increased concentrations of IL-1β at diagnosis, suggesting that the pattern of innate immune responses could predict the reactional episode outcome. In vitro analysis demonstrated that the blockade of autophagy with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) in Mycobacterium leprae-stimulated human primary monocytes increased the assembly of NLRP3 specks assembly, and it was associated with an increase of IL-1β and IL-6 production. Together, our data suggest an important role for autophagy in multibacillary leprosy patients to avoid exacerbated inflammasome activation and the onset of reversal reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tayná Quintella Assis
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Helen Ferreira
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Euzenir Nunes Sarno
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberta Olmo Pinheiro
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Pinheiro LJ, Paranaíba LF, Alves AF, Parreiras PM, Gontijo NF, Soares RP, Tafuri WL. Salivary Gland Extract Modulates the Infection of Two Leishmania enriettii Strains by Interfering With Macrophage Differentiation in the Model of Cavia porcellus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:969. [PMID: 29896161 PMCID: PMC5986888 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The subgenus Mundinia includes several Leishmania species that have human and veterinary importance. One of those members, Leishmania Mundinia enriettii was isolated from the guinea pig Cavia porcellus in the 1940s. Several histopathological studies have already been performed in this species in the absence of salivary gland extract (SGE), which are determinant and the early and future events of the infection. Our main hypothesis is that SGE could differentially modulate the course of the lesion and macrophage differentiation caused by avirulent and virulent L. enriettii strains. Here, the C. porcellus nasal region was infected using needles with two strains of L. enriettii (L88 and Cobaia) in the presence/absence of SGE and followed for 12 weeks. Those strains vary in terms of virulence, and their histopathological development was characterized. Some L88-infected animals could develop ulcerated/nodular lesions, whereas Cobaia strain developed non-ulcerated nodular lesions. Animals experimentally inoculated developed a protuberance and/or lesion after the 4th and 5th weeks of infection. Macroscopically, the size of lesion in L88-infected animals was smaller in the presence of SGE. Remarkable differences were detected microscopically in the presence of SGE for both strains. After the 6th and 7th weeks, L88-infected animals were heavily parasitized with an intense inflammatory profile bearing amastigotes and pro-inflammatory cells compared to those infected by Cobaia strain. Morphometry analysis revealed that L1+ macrophages were abundant in the L88 infection, but not in the Cobaia infection. In the presence of SGE, an increased CD163+ macrophage infiltrate by both strains was detected. Interestingly, this effect was more pronounced in Cobaia-infected animals. This study showed the role of SGE during the course of L. enriettii (strains L88 and Cobaia) infection and its role in modulating macrophage attraction to the lesion site. SGE decreased L1+ macrophages and this may favor an escaping mechanism for L88 parasites. On the other hand, in the presence of SGE, an increase in CD163+ cells during Cobaia infection may be important for its control. Although both strains healed at the end of the infection, the role of SGE was determinant for the kinetics of the immunopathological events in this dermotropic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucélia J Pinheiro
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Larissa F Paranaíba
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Adriano F Alves
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Nelder F Gontijo
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo P Soares
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Tafuri
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Pinheiro RO, Schmitz V, Silva BJDA, Dias AA, de Souza BJ, de Mattos Barbosa MG, de Almeida Esquenazi D, Pessolani MCV, Sarno EN. Innate Immune Responses in Leprosy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:518. [PMID: 29643852 PMCID: PMC5882777 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is an infectious disease that may present different clinical forms depending on host immune response to Mycobacterium leprae. Several studies have clarified the role of various T cell populations in leprosy; however, recent evidences suggest that local innate immune mechanisms are key determinants in driving the disease to its different clinical manifestations. Leprosy is an ideal model to study the immunoregulatory role of innate immune molecules and its interaction with nervous system, which can affect homeostasis and contribute to the development of inflammatory episodes during the course of the disease. Macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and keratinocytes are the major cell populations studied and the comprehension of the complex networking created by cytokine release, lipid and iron metabolism, as well as antimicrobial effector pathways might provide data that will help in the development of new strategies for leprosy management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Olmo Pinheiro
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Veronica Schmitz
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - André Alves Dias
- Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Euzenir Nunes Sarno
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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de Sousa JR, Sotto MN, Simões Quaresma JA. Leprosy As a Complex Infection: Breakdown of the Th1 and Th2 Immune Paradigm in the Immunopathogenesis of the Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1635. [PMID: 29234318 PMCID: PMC5712391 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease whose evolution involves complex immune mechanisms of the host that influence the clinical presentation of the disease. For many years, the main interpretation of the host defense response was based on characterization of the established immune paradigm between T helper (Th) 1 and Th2 lymphocytes. However, with advances in the knowledge of immunology, new approaches have emerged along with the development of new immunological pathways that have changed the interpretation of the long-established paradigm of the polar forms of the disease, especially with the identification of new subtypes of T lymphocytes such as Th9, Th17, Th22, and Tregs. Thus, this review discusses the role of these new subtypes of T helper lymphocytes and how the development of the immune response of these cells modifies the pattern of the Th1/Th2 response in the immunopathogenesis of leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirian Nacagami Sotto
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Sao Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juarez Antonio Simões Quaresma
- Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Center of Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
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Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and iron are required for Mycobacterium leprae survival. Microbes Infect 2017; 19:505-514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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de Sousa JR, de Sousa RPM, de Souza Aarão TL, Dias LB, Oliveira Carneiro FR, Simões Quaresma JA. Response of iNOS and its relationship with IL-22 and STAT3 in macrophage activity in the polar forms of leprosy. Acta Trop 2017; 171:74-79. [PMID: 28327412 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infection that manifests as different clinical forms related to the immunological response. The aim of the study was to evaluated the response of IL-22, STAT3, CD68 and iNOS in leprosy skin lesions. The mean number IL-22 positive cells was 12.12±1.90cells/field in the TT form and 31.31±2.91cells/field in the LL form. STAT3 positive cells was 5.29±1.96 cells/field in the TT form, while this number was 11.13±3.48cells/field in the LL form. The mean number of CD68 positive cells was 25.18±6.21cells/field in the TT form and 62.81±8.13cells/field in the LL form. Quantitative analysis of iNOS revealed a significant difference, with the mean number of cells expressing the enzyme being 30.24±2.88cells/field in the TT form compared to 35.44±4.69cells/field in the LL form. Linear correlations in lesions of TT patients showed a moderate positive correlations between CD68 and iNOS, STAT3 and Inos, IL-22 and STAT3, and IL-22 and iNOS. Our results demonstrate that these factors can act synergistically to induce a microbicidal activity in the population of macrophages in the leprosy lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tinara Leila de Souza Aarão
- Nucleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Para, Belem, Brazil; Centro de ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Para, Belem, Brazil
| | - Leonidas Braga Dias
- Centro de ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Para, Belem, Brazil
| | | | - Juarez Antonio Simões Quaresma
- Nucleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Para, Belem, Brazil; Centro de ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Para, Belem, Brazil.
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Alvarado-Vazquez PA, Bernal L, Paige CA, Grosick RL, Moracho Vilrriales C, Ferreira DW, Ulecia-Morón C, Romero-Sandoval EA. Macrophage-specific nanotechnology-driven CD163 overexpression in human macrophages results in an M2 phenotype under inflammatory conditions. Immunobiology 2017; 222:900-912. [PMID: 28545809 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
M1 macrophages release proinflammatory factors during inflammation. They transit to an M2 phenotype and release anti-inflammatory factors to resolve inflammation. An imbalance in the transition from M1 to M2 phenotype in macrophages contributes to the development of persistent inflammation. CD163, a member of the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich family, is an M2 macrophage marker. The functional role of CD163 during the resolution of inflammation is not completely known. We postulate that CD163 contributes to the transition from M1 to M2 phenotype in macrophages. We induced CD163 gene in THP-1 and primary human macrophages using polyethylenimine nanoparticles grafted with a mannose ligand (Man-PEI). This nanoparticle specifically targets cells of monocytic origin via mannose receptors. Cells were challenged with a single or a double stimulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A CD163 or empty plasmid was complexed with Man-PEI nanoparticles for cell transfections. Quantitative RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, and ELISAs were used for molecular assessments. CD163-overexpressing macrophages displayed reduced levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF)-α and monocytes chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 after a single stimulation with LPS. Following a double stimulation paradigm, CD163-overexpressing macrophages showed an increase of interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-1ra and a reduction of MCP-1. This anti-inflammatory phenotype was partially blocked by an anti-CD163 antibody (effects on IL-10 and IL-1ra). A decrease in the release of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 was observed in CD163-overexpressing human primary macrophages. The release of IL-6 was blocked by an anti-CD163 antibody in the CD163-overexpressing group. Our data show that the induction of the CD163 gene in human macrophages under inflammatory conditions produces changes in cytokine secretion in favor of an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Targeting macrophages to induce CD163 using cell-directed nanotechnology is an attractive and practical approach for inflammatory conditions that could lead to persistent pain, i.e. major surgeries, burns, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla Abigail Alvarado-Vazquez
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, 307 N. Broad St, Clinton, SC 29325, USA
| | - Laura Bernal
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, 307 N. Broad St, Clinton, SC 29325, USA; Department of Systems' Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alcala Campus Universitario - C/19, Carretera Madrid-Barcelona, Km 33,600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Candler A Paige
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, 307 N. Broad St, Clinton, SC 29325, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, Systems Neuroscience, University of Texas at Dallas, 800W Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Rachel L Grosick
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, 307 N. Broad St, Clinton, SC 29325, USA
| | - Carolina Moracho Vilrriales
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, 307 N. Broad St, Clinton, SC 29325, USA
| | - David Wilson Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, 307 N. Broad St, Clinton, SC 29325, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School - University of Sao Paulo, 3900 Bandeirantes Avenue, Ribeirão Preto SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Cristina Ulecia-Morón
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, 307 N. Broad St, Clinton, SC 29325, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense. Pza. Ramón y Cajal, s/n, Ciudad Universitaria., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E Alfonso Romero-Sandoval
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, 307 N. Broad St, Clinton, SC 29325, USA.
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Silva RLL, Santos MB, Almeida PLS, Barros TS, Magalhães L, Cazzaniga RA, Souza PRM, Luz NF, França-Costa J, Borges VM, Lima-Junior DS, Lipscomb MW, Duthie MS, Reed SG, Almeida RP, Jesus AR. sCD163 levels as a biomarker of disease severity in leprosy and visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005486. [PMID: 28355218 PMCID: PMC5386291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CD163, receptor for the haptoglobin–hemoglobin complex, is expressed on monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils. A soluble form of CD163 (sCD163) has been associated with the M2 macrophage phenotype, and M2 macrophages have been shown to down-modulate inflammatory responses. In particular, previous studies have shown that M2 is closely associated with the most severe clinical presentation of leprosy (i.e. lepromatous leprosy (LL)), as well as tuberculosis. We hypothesized that sCD163 correlates with severity of diseases caused by intracellular pathogens. Methodology/Principal findings To assess this hypothesis, sCD163 levels were measured in the serum of leprosy and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients stratified by severity of the clinical presentation. sCD163 levels were significantly higher in patients with these diseases than those observed in healthy control individuals. Further analyses on infection and disease status of leprosy and VL patients revealed a clear association of sCD163 levels with clinical parameters of disease severity. In vitro culture assays revealed that Leishmania infection induced CD163 expression on the surface of both monocyte/macrophages and neutrophils, suggesting these cells as possible sources of sCD163. FACS analyses shows that the cells expressing CD163 produces both TNF-α and IL-4. Conclusions/Significance Taken together, our results reveal sCD163 as a potential biomarker of severity of diseases caused by intracellular pathogens M. leprae and Leishmania spp. and have a modulatory role, with a mix of an inflammatory property induced by TNF-α release, but that potentially induces an anti-inflammatory T cell response, related to IL-4 release. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a systemic, and most severe form of leishmaniasis. Soluble CD163 (sCD163) levels can serve as biomarker for disease severity in several inflammatory disorders. However, no linkage has been reported for its relationship with Leishmania infections. We now demonstrate, for the first time, that sCD163 is increased in VL patients, and its presence is directly correlated to clinical parameters of disease severity. In vitro infection of monocyte-derived macrophages and neutrophils with L. infantum and L. amazonensis induces, while BCG reduce the expression of CD163 on macrophage surface Furthermore, presence of sCD163 is reduced during clinical improvements. Taken together, results reveal an important role for sCD163 in immune modulation during disease progression, and suggest a potential role as biomarker for determining disease severity and clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Luís Louzada Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular–Hospital Universitário–Universidade Federal de Sergipe–Aracaju—Brazil
- Departamento de Educação em Saúde de Lagarto–Universidade Federal de Sergipe–Lagarto–Brazil
| | - Marcio B. Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular–Hospital Universitário–Universidade Federal de Sergipe–Aracaju—Brazil
- Departamento de Educação em Saúde de Lagarto–Universidade Federal de Sergipe–Lagarto–Brazil
| | - Priscila L. S. Almeida
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular–Hospital Universitário–Universidade Federal de Sergipe–Aracaju—Brazil
- Departamento de Educação em Saúde de Lagarto–Universidade Federal de Sergipe–Lagarto–Brazil
| | - Thayse S. Barros
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular–Hospital Universitário–Universidade Federal de Sergipe–Aracaju—Brazil
| | - Lucas Magalhães
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular–Hospital Universitário–Universidade Federal de Sergipe–Aracaju—Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A. Cazzaniga
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular–Hospital Universitário–Universidade Federal de Sergipe–Aracaju—Brazil
| | - Patrícia R. M. Souza
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular–Hospital Universitário–Universidade Federal de Sergipe–Aracaju—Brazil
- Departamento de Educação em Saúde de Lagarto–Universidade Federal de Sergipe–Lagarto–Brazil
| | - Nívea F. Luz
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (CPqGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline França-Costa
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (CPqGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Valeria M. Borges
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (CPqGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Djalma S. Lima-Junior
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia–Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto–Universidade de São Paulo–Ribeirão Preto–Brazil
| | - Michael W. Lipscomb
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington–DC–United States of America
| | - Malcolm S. Duthie
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute (IDRI)–Seattle–WA–United States of America
| | - Steven G. Reed
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute (IDRI)–Seattle–WA–United States of America
| | - Roque Pacheco Almeida
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular–Hospital Universitário–Universidade Federal de Sergipe–Aracaju—Brazil
| | - Amélia Ribeiro Jesus
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular–Hospital Universitário–Universidade Federal de Sergipe–Aracaju—Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Silva BJDA, Barbosa MGDM, Andrade PR, Ferreira H, Nery JADC, Côrte-Real S, da Silva GMS, Rosa PS, Fabri M, Sarno EN, Pinheiro RO. Autophagy Is an Innate Mechanism Associated with Leprosy Polarization. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006103. [PMID: 28056107 PMCID: PMC5215777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease that may present different clinical forms according to the immune response of the host. Levels of IFN-γ are significantly raised in paucibacillary tuberculoid (T-lep) when compared with multibacillary lepromatous (L-lep) patients. IFN-γ primes macrophages for inflammatory activation and induces the autophagy antimicrobial mechanism. The involvement of autophagy in the immune response against Mycobacterium leprae remains unexplored. Here, we demonstrated by different autophagic assays that LC3-positive autophagosomes were predominantly observed in T-lep when compared with L-lep lesions and skin-derived macrophages. Accumulation of the autophagic receptors SQSTM1/p62 and NBR1, expression of lysosomal antimicrobial peptides and colocalization analysis of autolysosomes revealed an impairment of the autophagic flux in L-lep cells, which was restored by IFN-γ or rapamycin treatment. Autophagy PCR array gene-expression analysis revealed a significantly upregulation of autophagy genes (BECN1, GPSM3, ATG14, APOL1, and TPR) in T-lep cells. Furthermore, an upregulation of autophagy genes (TPR, GFI1B and GNAI3) as well as LC3 levels was observed in cells of L-lep patients that developed type 1 reaction (T1R) episodes, an acute inflammatory condition associated with increased IFN-γ levels. Finally, we observed increased BCL2 expression in L-lep cells that could be responsible for the blockage of BECN1-mediated autophagy. In addition, in vitro studies demonstrated that dead, but not live M. leprae can induce autophagy in primary and lineage human monocytes, and that live mycobacteria can reduce the autophagy activation triggered by dead mycobacteria, suggesting that M. leprae may hamper the autophagic machinery as an immune escape mechanism. Together, these results indicate that autophagy is an important innate mechanism associated with the M. leprae control in skin macrophages. Leprosy is an interesting model to study immune responses in humans due to the dichotomy observed among the poles of the disease. While in the self-limited tuberculoid form (T-lep) there are high systemic levels of the cytokine IFN-γ, in the clinically progressive lepromatous form (L-lep) low IFN-γ levels are found. IFN-γ activates an antimicrobial mechanism called autophagy, which has been implicated in control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. However, the role played by autophagy in the immunopathogenesis of leprosy remains unknown. Here we show that autophagy was differentially regulated in T-lep and L-lep patients. In T-lep skin lesion cells autophagy contributes for bacilli control, whereas in L-lep cells the BCL2-mediated block of autophagy promotes the mycobacterial persistence. We also observed that IFN-γ may counteract the inhibition of autophagy triggered by M. leprae infection in L-lep macrophages. In addition, the levels of autophagy were restored in L-lep patients who developed the reversal reaction, an inflammatory state associated with augmented IFN-γ, which is the most important cause of nerve damage and deformities in leprosy. These findings suggest that the modulation of autophagy has the potential to be useful in the treatment of the disease, and provides new insights to prevent leprosy reactional episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Priscila Ribeiro Andrade
- Leprosy Laboratory; Oswaldo Cruz Institute; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helen Ferreira
- Leprosy Laboratory; Oswaldo Cruz Institute; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Suzana Côrte-Real
- Structural Biology Laboratory; Oswaldo Cruz Institute; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mario Fabri
- Department of Dermatology; University of Cologne; Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine; University of Cologne; Cologne, Germany
| | - Euzenir Nunes Sarno
- Leprosy Laboratory; Oswaldo Cruz Institute; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberta Olmo Pinheiro
- Leprosy Laboratory; Oswaldo Cruz Institute; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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dos Santos LN, da Silva PHL, Alvim IMP, Nery JADC, Lara FA, Sarno EN, Esquenazi D. Role of TEFFECTOR/MEMORY Cells, TBX21 Gene Expression and T-Cell Homing Receptor on Type 1 Reaction in Borderline Lepromatous Leprosy Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164543. [PMID: 27764137 PMCID: PMC5072666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of hyporesponsivity to Mycobacterium leprae, borderline lepromatous (BL) patients show clinical and immunological instability, and undergo frequent acute inflammatory episodes such as type 1 reaction (T1R), which may cause nerve damages. This work focused on the participation of T cell subsets from blood and skin at T1R onset. We observed a significantly increased ex vivo frequency of both effector and memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in T1R group. Besides, ex vivo frequency of T cell homing receptor, the Cutaneous Leukocyte-associated Antigen (CLA) was significantly increased in T cells from T1R patients. M. leprae induced a higher frequency of CD4+ TEM and CD8+ TEF cells, as well as of CD8+/TEMRA (terminally differentiated effector T cells) subset, which expressed high CD69+. The presence of IFN-γ‒producing-CD4+ TEF and naïve and effector CD8+ T lymphocytes was significant in T1R. TBX21 expression was significantly higher in T1R, while BL showed increased GATA3 and FOXP3 expression. In T1R, TBX21 expression was strongly correlated with CD8+/IFN-γ‒ T cells frequency. The number of double positive CD8+/CLA+ and CD45RA+/CLA+ cells was significantly higher in skin lesions from T1R, in comparison with non-reactional BL group. The observed increase of ex vivo T cells at T1R onset suggests intravascular activation at the beginning of reactional episodes. The antigen-specific response in T1R group confirmed the higher number of CD8+/CLA+ and CD45RA+/CLA+ cells in T1R lesions suggests possible migration of these cells activated by M. leprae components inside the vascular compartment to skin and participation in T1R physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iris Maria Peixoto Alvim
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Flávio Alves Lara
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Euzenir Nunes Sarno
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Danuza Esquenazi
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Pathology and Laboratories, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Schmitz V, Prata RBDS, Barbosa MGDM, Mendes MA, Brandão SS, Amadeu TP, Rodrigues LS, Ferreira H, Costa FDMR, Dos Santos JB, Pacheco FDS, Machado ADM, Nery JADC, Hacker MDA, Sales AM, Pinheiro RO, Sarno EN. Expression of CD64 on Circulating Neutrophils Favoring Systemic Inflammatory Status in Erythema Nodosum Leprosum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004955. [PMID: 27556927 PMCID: PMC4996526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (ENL) is an immune reaction in leprosy that aggravates the patient´s clinical condition. ENL presents systemic symptoms of an acute infectious syndrome with high leukocytosis and intense malaise clinically similar to sepsis. The treatment of ENL patients requires immunosuppression and thus needs to be early and efficient to prevent both disabilities and permanent nerve damage. Some patients experience multiple episodes of ENL and prolonged use of immunosuppressive drugs may lead to serious adverse effects. Thalidomide treatment is extremely effective at ameliorating ENL symptoms. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the efficacy of thalidomide in ENL, including the inhibition of TNF production. Given its teratogenicity, thalidomide is prohibitive for women of childbearing age. A rational search for molecular targets during ENL episodes is essential to better understand the disease mechanisms involved, which may also lead to the discovery of new drugs and diagnostic tests. Previous studies have demonstrated that IFN-γ and GM-CSF, involved in the induction of CD64 expression, increase during ENL. The aim of the present study was to investigate CD64 expression during ENL and whether thalidomide treatment modulated its expression. Leprosy patients were allocated to one of five groups: (1) Lepromatous leprosy, (2) Borderline leprosy, (3) Reversal reaction, (4) ENL, and (5) ENL 7 days after thalidomide treatment. The present study demonstrated that CD64 mRNA and protein were expressed in ENL lesions and that thalidomide treatment reduced CD64 expression and neutrophil infiltrates—a hallmark of ENL. We also showed that ENL blood neutrophils exclusively expressed CD64 on the cell surface and that thalidomide diminished overall expression. Patient classification based on clinical symptoms found that severe ENL presented high levels of neutrophil CD64. Collectively, these data revealed that ENL neutrophils express CD64, presumably contributing to the immunopathogenesis of the disease. Leprosy reactions are an acute exacerbation of a patient´s clinical condition. Reactions are classified into type 1 (reversal reaction; RR) and type 2 (erythema nodosum leprosum; ENL) according to the etiopathogenesis. Early detection of both types of reactional states is fundamental to treatment management with the most adequate available drugs to ameliorate symptoms and avoid permanent disabilities. The current study investigated whether or not CD64 is expressed during ENL. Analyses of circulating neutrophils revealed that ENL patients expressed higher levels of surface CD64 in comparison to those with nonreactional leprosy and that the severity of ENL was coupled with high levels of CD64 expression. Despite the limited number of patients included in this study, it demonstrated that measurement of neutrophil CD64 expression could be used as a prognostic biomarker of ENL and that quantifying the CD64 response could also help indicate the severity of ENL. Indeed, the methodology adopted found that circulating neutrophil CD64 expression could provide a rapid and non-invasive ENL diagnosis capable of detecting reactions in outpatient clinics as well as leprosy reference centers, leading to more effective therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Schmitz
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Thaís Porto Amadeu
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Silva Rodrigues
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helen Ferreira
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anna Maria Sales
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Batista-Silva LR, Rodrigues LS, Vivarini ADC, Costa FDMR, Mattos KAD, Costa MRSN, Rosa PS, Toledo-Pinto TG, Dias AA, Moura DF, Sarno EN, Lopes UG, Pessolani MCV. Mycobacterium leprae-induced Insulin-like Growth Factor I attenuates antimicrobial mechanisms, promoting bacterial survival in macrophages. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27632. [PMID: 27282338 PMCID: PMC4901318 DOI: 10.1038/srep27632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium leprae (ML), the etiologic agent of leprosy, can subvert macrophage antimicrobial activity by mechanisms that remain only partially understood. In the present study, the participation of hormone insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in this phenomenum was investigated. Macrophages from the dermal lesions of the disseminated multibacillary lepromatous form (LL) of leprosy expressed higher levels of IGF-I than those from the self-limited paucibacillary tuberculoid form (BT). Higher levels of IGF-I secretion by ML-infected macrophages were confirmed in ex vivo and in vitro studies. Of note, the dampening of IGF-I signaling reverted the capacity of ML-infected human and murine macrophages to produce antimicrobial molecules and promoted bacterial killing. Moreover, IGF-I was shown to inhibit the JAK/STAT1-dependent signaling pathways triggered by both mycobacteria and IFN-γ most probably through its capacity to induce the suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3). Finally, these in vitro findings were corroborated by in vivo observations in which higher SOCS3 expression and lower phosphorylation of STAT1 levels were found in LL versus BT dermal lesions. Altogether, our data strongly suggest that IGF-I contributes to the maintenance of a functional program in infected macrophages that suits ML persistence in the host, reinforcing a key role for IGF-I in leprosy pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Batista-Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana Silva Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aislan de Carvalho Vivarini
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, 21940-590, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - T G Toledo-Pinto
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - André Alves Dias
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Euzenir Nunes Sarno
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ulisses Gazos Lopes
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, 21940-590, RJ, Brazil
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de Sousa JR, de Sousa RPM, de Souza Aarão TL, Dias LB, Carneiro FRO, Fuzii HT, Quaresma JAS. In situ expression of M2 macrophage subpopulation in leprosy skin lesions. Acta Trop 2016; 157:108-14. [PMID: 26827741 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The clinical manifestations of the leprosy depend on host immune response and the macrophages are the primary cells involved in this process. M1 and M2 cells exhibited distinct morphology, distinct surface marker profiles, as well as different cytokine and chemokine secretion. Macrophages express receptors such as CD163, CD68, CD206, and costimulatory molecules such as CD80 and CD86, and cytokines that trigger a suppressive or inflammatory response. Thirty-three untreated patients were selected, 17 patients had the tuberculoid leprosy (TT) and 16 had the lepromatous leprosy (LL). We performed immunohistochemistry to detect IL-13, IL-10, TGF-β, FGF-β, CD163, CD68, arginase 1. M2 macrophages showed significant differences between the groups studied with increase in the expression of costimulatory molecules (CD68 and CD163), arginase 1 and cytokines (IL-10, IL-13, TGF-β and FGF-b) in the LL form. Response of M2 macrophages emerge as an alternative for a better understanding of the innate immunity in the polar forms of leprosy, highlighting the role of cytokines, arginase 1 and costimulatory molecules in the repair and suppressive responses in the lepromatous form of the disease.
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Alvarado-Arnez LE, Amaral EP, Sales-Marques C, M. B. Durães S, C. Cardoso C, Nunes Sarno E, G. Pacheco A, C. F. Lana F, Ozório Moraes M. Association of IL10 Polymorphisms and Leprosy: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136282. [PMID: 26340474 PMCID: PMC4560376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease that depends on the interplay of several factors. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in host immune related genes have been consistently suggested as participants in susceptibility towards disease. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a crucial immunomodulatory cytokine in mycobacterial pathogenesis and especially the -819C>T SNP (rs1800871) has been tested in several case-control studies indicating association with leprosy risk, although a recent consensus estimate is still missing. In this study, we evaluated the association of the -819C>T SNP and leprosy in two new Brazilian family-based populations. Then, we performed meta-analysis for this polymorphism summarizing published studies including these Brazilian family-based groups. Finally, we also retrieved published studies for other distal and proximal IL10 polymorphisms: -3575 T>A (rs1800890), -2849 G>A (rs6703630), -2763 C>A (rs6693899), -1082 G>A (rs1800896) and -592 C>A (rs1800872). Results from meta-analysis supported a significant susceptibility association for the -819T allele, with pooled Odds Ratio of 1.22 (CI = 1.11–1.34) and P-value = 3x10–5 confirming previous data. This result remained unaltered after inclusion of the Brazilian family-based groups (OR = 1.2, CI = 1.10–1.31, P-value = 2x10–5). Also, meta-analysis confirmed association of -592 A allele and leprosy outcome (OR = 1.24, CI = 1.03–1.50, P-value = 0.02). In support of this, linkage disequilibrium analysis in 1000 genomes AFR, EUR, ASN and AMR populations pointed to r2 = 1.0 between the -592C>A and -819C>T SNPs. We found no evidence of association for the other IL10 polymorphisms analyzed for leprosy outcome. Our results reinforce the role of the -819C>T as a tag SNP (rs1800871) and its association with leprosy susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evaldo P. Amaral
- Departamento de Enfermagem Materno-Infantil e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Sandra M. B. Durães
- Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Serviço de Dermatologia da Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cynthia C. Cardoso
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Euzenir Nunes Sarno
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco C. F. Lana
- Departamento de Enfermagem Materno-Infantil e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Milton Ozório Moraes
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Boer MC, Joosten SA, Ottenhoff THM. Regulatory T-Cells at the Interface between Human Host and Pathogens in Infectious Diseases and Vaccination. Front Immunol 2015; 6:217. [PMID: 26029205 PMCID: PMC4426762 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) act at the interface of host and pathogen interactions in human infectious diseases. Tregs are induced by a wide range of pathogens, but distinct effects of Tregs have been demonstrated for different pathogens and in different stages of infection. Moreover, Tregs that are induced by a specific pathogen may non-specifically suppress immunity against other microbes and parasites. Thus, Treg effects need to be assessed not only in homologous but also in heterologous infections and vaccinations. Though Tregs protect the human host against excessive inflammation, they probably also increase the risk of pathogen persistence and chronic disease, and the possibility of disease reactivation later in life. Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, causing leprosy and tuberculosis, respectively, are among the most ancient microbes known to mankind, and are master manipulators of the immune system toward tolerance and pathogen persistence. The majority of mycobacterial infections occur in settings co-endemic for viral, parasitic, and (other) bacterial coinfections. In this paper, we discuss recent insights in the activation and activity of Tregs in human infectious diseases, with emphasis on early, late, and non-specific effects in disease, coinfections, and vaccination. We highlight mycobacterial infections as important models of modulation of host responses and vaccine-induced immunity by Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mardi C Boer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Simone A Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
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41
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Shin MK, Shin SW, Jung M, Park H, Park HE, Yoo HS. Host gene expression for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in human THP-1 macrophages. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv031. [PMID: 25877879 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne's disease, which causes considerable economic loss in the dairy industry and has a possible relationship to Crohn's disease (CD) in humans. As MAP has been detected in retail pasteurized milk samples, its transmission via milk is of concern. Despite its possible role in the etiology of CD, there have been few studies examining the interactions between MAP and human cells. In the current study, we applied Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to the transcription profiles generated from a murine model with MAP infection as part of a previously conducted study. Twenty-one genes were selected as potential host immune responses, compared with the transcriptional profiles in naturally MAP-infected cattle, and validated in MAP-infected human monocyte-derived macrophage THP-1 cells. Of these, the potential host responses included up-regulation of genes related to immune response (CD14, S100A8, S100A9, LTF, HP and CHCIL3), up-regulation of Th1-polarizing factor (CCL4, CCL5, CXCL9 and CXCL10), down-regulation of genes related to metabolism (ELANE, IGF1, TCF7L2 and MPO) and no significant response of other genes (GADD45a, GPNMB, HMOX1, IFNG and NQO1) in THP-1 cells infected with MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Korea Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 1Z3, Canada
| | - Seung Won Shin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
| | - Myunghwan Jung
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
| | - Hongtae Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
| | - Hyun-Eui Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Korea Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, 232-916, Korea
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Andrade PR, Pinheiro RO, Sales AM, Illarramendi X, de Mattos Barbosa MG, Moraes MO, Jardim MR, da Costa Nery JA, Sampaio EP, Sarno EN. Type 1 reaction in leprosy: a model for a better understanding of tissue immunity under an immunopathological condition. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:391-407. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.1012501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Andrade P, Amadeu T, Nery J, Pinheiro R, Sarno E. CD123, the plasmacytoid dendritic cell phenotypic marker, is abundant in leprosy type 1 reaction. Br J Dermatol 2014; 172:268-71. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P.R. Andrade
- Leprosy Laboratory; Oswaldo Cruz Institute; FIOCRUZ; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - T.P. Amadeu
- Laboratory of Immunopathology; Department of Pathology and Laboratories; FCM; State University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - J.A. Nery
- Leprosy Laboratory; Oswaldo Cruz Institute; FIOCRUZ; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - R.O. Pinheiro
- Leprosy Laboratory; Oswaldo Cruz Institute; FIOCRUZ; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - E.N. Sarno
- Leprosy Laboratory; Oswaldo Cruz Institute; FIOCRUZ; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
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Proteomic Analysis in Serum of Rat Hind-Limb Allograft Tolerance Induced by Immunosuppressive Therapy with Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Plast Reconstr Surg 2014; 134:1213-1223. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000000725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nairz M, Schroll A, Demetz E, Tancevski I, Theurl I, Weiss G. 'Ride on the ferrous wheel'--the cycle of iron in macrophages in health and disease. Immunobiology 2014; 220:280-94. [PMID: 25240631 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Iron homeostasis and macrophage biology are closely interconnected. On the one hand, iron exerts multiple effects on macrophage polarization and functionality. On the other hand, macrophages are central for mammalian iron homeostasis. The phagocytosis of senescent erythrocytes and their degradation by macrophages enable efficient recycling of iron and the maintenance of systemic iron balance. Macrophages express multiple molecules and proteins for the acquisition and utilization of iron and many of these pathways are affected by inflammatory signals. Of note, iron availability within macrophages has significant effects on immune effector functions and metabolic pathways within these cells. This review summarizes the physiological and pathophysiological aspects of macrophage iron metabolism and highlights its relevant consequences on immune function and in common diseases such as infection and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Andrea Schroll
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Egon Demetz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ivan Tancevski
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
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Effect of apoptotic cell recognition on macrophage polarization and mycobacterial persistence. Infect Immun 2014; 82:3968-78. [PMID: 25024361 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02194-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Mycobacterium leprae infection modifies host macrophage programming, creating a protective niche for bacterial survival. The milieu regulating cellular apoptosis in the tissue plays an important role in defining susceptible and/or resistant phenotypes. A higher density of apoptotic cells has been demonstrated in paucibacillary leprosy lesions than in multibacillary ones. However, the effect of apoptotic cell removal on M. leprae-stimulated cells has yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated whether apoptotic cell removal (efferocytosis) induces different phenotypes in proinflammatory (Mϕ1) and anti-inflammatory (Mϕ2) macrophages in the presence of M. leprae. We stimulated Mϕ1 and Mϕ2 cells with M. leprae in the presence or absence of apoptotic cells and subsequently evaluated the M. leprae uptake, cell phenotype, and cytokine pattern in the supernatants. In the presence of M. leprae and apoptotic cells, Mϕ1 macrophages changed their phenotype to resemble the Mϕ2 phenotype, displaying increased CD163 and SRA-I expression as well as higher phagocytic capacity. Efferocytosis increased M. leprae survival in Mϕ1 cells, accompanied by reduced interleukin-15 (IL-15) and IL-6 levels and increased transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and IL-10 secretion. Mϕ1 cells primed with M. leprae in the presence of apoptotic cells induced the secretion of Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 in autologous T cells compared with cultures stimulated with M. leprae or apoptotic cells alone. Efferocytosis did not alter the Mϕ2 cell phenotype or cytokine secretion profile, except for TGF-β. Based on these data, we suggest that, in paucibacillary leprosy patients, efferocytosis contributes to mycobacterial persistence by increasing the Mϕ2 population and sustaining the infection.
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Bobosha K, Wilson L, van Meijgaarden KE, Bekele Y, Zewdie M, van der Ploeg- van Schip JJ, Abebe M, Hussein J, Khadge S, Neupane KD, Hagge DA, Jordanova ES, Aseffa A, Ottenhoff THM, Geluk A. T-cell regulation in lepromatous leprosy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2773. [PMID: 24722473 PMCID: PMC3983090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are known for their role in maintaining self-tolerance and balancing immune reactions in autoimmune diseases and chronic infections. However, regulatory mechanisms can also lead to prolonged survival of pathogens in chronic infections like leprosy and tuberculosis (TB). Despite high humoral responses against Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae), lepromatous leprosy (LL) patients have the characteristic inability to generate T helper 1 (Th1) responses against the bacterium. In this study, we investigated the unresponsiveness to M. leprae in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of LL patients by analysis of IFN-γ responses to M. leprae before and after depletion of CD25+ cells, by cell subsets analysis of PBMC and by immunohistochemistry of patients' skin lesions. Depletion of CD25+ cells from total PBMC identified two groups of LL patients: 7/18 (38.8%) gained in vitro responsiveness towards M. leprae after depletion of CD25+ cells, which was reversed to M. leprae-specific T-cell unresponsiveness by addition of autologous CD25+ cells. In contrast, 11/18 (61.1%) remained anergic in the absence of CD25+ T-cells. For both groups mitogen-induced IFN-γ was, however, not affected by depletion of CD25+ cells. In M. leprae responding healthy controls, treated lepromatous leprosy (LL) and borderline tuberculoid leprosy (BT) patients, depletion of CD25+ cells only slightly increased the IFN-γ response. Furthermore, cell subset analysis showed significantly higher (p = 0.02) numbers of FoxP3+ CD8+CD25+ T-cells in LL compared to BT patients, whereas confocal microscopy of skin biopsies revealed increased numbers of CD68+CD163+ as well as FoxP3+ cells in lesions of LL compared to tuberculoid and borderline tuberculoid leprosy (TT/BT) lesions. Thus, these data show that CD25+ Treg cells play a role in M. leprae-Th1 unresponsiveness in LL. Leprosy is a curable infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) that affects the skin and peripheral nerves. It is manifested in different forms ranging from self-healing, tuberculoid leprosy (TT) with low bacillary load and high cellular immunity against M. leprae, to lepromatous leprosy (LL) with high bacillary load and high antibody titers to M. leprae antigens. However, LL patients have poor cell mediated response against M. leprae leading to delayed clearance of the bacilli. A possible explanation for this bacterial persistence could lie in the presence of more regulatory cells at infection sites and in peripheral blood. This study shows the recovery of the cell mediated response by depletion of CD25+ cells in a subset of LL patients, while another patient subset was not affected similarly. Moreover, an increased frequency of FoxP3+ T cells together with anti-inflammatory macrophages was observed in LL patients' skin biopsies. Thus, these data show that CD25+ Treg cells play a role in M. leprae-unresponsiveness in leprosy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kidist Bobosha
- The Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute and ALERT hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Louis Wilson
- The Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Yonas Bekele
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute and ALERT hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Martha Zewdie
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute and ALERT hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Markos Abebe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute and ALERT hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jemal Hussein
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute and ALERT hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Saraswoti Khadge
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratory, Anandaban Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Kapil D. Neupane
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratory, Anandaban Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Deanna A. Hagge
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratory, Anandaban Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ekaterina S. Jordanova
- The Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Free University Amsterdam, Center for Gynaecologic Oncology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute and ALERT hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- The Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Geluk
- The Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Mattos KA, Oliveira VCG, Berrêdo-Pinho M, Amaral JJ, Antunes LCM, Melo RCN, Acosta CCD, Moura DF, Olmo R, Han J, Rosa PS, Almeida PE, Finlay BB, Borchers CH, Sarno EN, Bozza PT, Atella GC, Pessolani MCV. Mycobacterium leprae intracellular survival relies on cholesterol accumulation in infected macrophages: a potential target for new drugs for leprosy treatment. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:797-815. [PMID: 24552180 PMCID: PMC4262048 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We recently showed that Mycobacterium leprae (ML) is able to induce lipid droplet formation in infected macrophages. We herein confirm that cholesterol (Cho) is one of the host lipid molecules that accumulate in ML-infected macrophages and investigate the effects of ML on cellular Cho metabolism responsible for its accumulation. The expression levels of LDL receptors (LDL-R, CD36, SRA-1, SR-B1, and LRP-1) and enzymes involved in Cho biosynthesis were investigated by qRT-PCR and/or Western blot and shown to be higher in lepromatous leprosy (LL) tissues when compared to borderline tuberculoid (BT) lesions. Moreover, higher levels of the active form of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) transcriptional factors, key regulators of the biosynthesis and uptake of cellular Cho, were found in LL skin biopsies. Functional in vitro assays confirmed the higher capacity of ML-infected macrophages to synthesize Cho and sequester exogenous LDL-Cho. Notably, Cho colocalized to ML-containing phagosomes, and Cho metabolism impairment, through either de novo synthesis inhibition by statins or depletion of exogenous Cho, decreased intracellular bacterial survival. These findings highlight the importance of metabolic integration between the host and bacteria to leprosy pathophysiology, opening new avenues for novel therapeutic strategies to leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Mattos
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
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New findings in the pathogenesis of leprosy and implications for the management of leprosy. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2014; 26:413-9. [PMID: 23982232 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0b013e3283638b04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on recent work in leprosy pathogenesis. New research of both innate and adaptive immune responses to Mycobacterium leprae is described. The proposition that Mycobacterium lepromatosis is a new species causing leprosy is discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Modulation of the lipid metabolism and reprogramming of adult Schwann cells have both been suggested as mechanisms used by M. leprae to disseminate the disease. New markers associated with localized, disseminated disease or the occurrences of leprosy reactions include the human interferons, CD163, microRNA-21, NOD2, galectin-3 and toll-like receptor 4. The role of keratinocytes instead of macrophages is underlined in the pathogenesis of leprosy. Adaptive immunity reports focus on the role of T regulatory cells and cytokines secreted by T helper cells in leprosy. Finally, a newly identified species named M. lepromatosis has been detected in patients with leprosy and severe erythema nodosum leprosum. SUMMARY Novel biological pathways have been identified to be associated with the clinical phenotype of leprosy or the occurrence of leprosy reactions. Future work should include larger numbers of clinical samples from across the leprosy spectrum in order to give new insights in the pathogenesis and management of the disease.
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50
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Systemic and cellular consequences of macrophage control of iron metabolism. Semin Immunol 2012; 24:393-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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