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Bacsa B, Hopl V, Derler I. Synthetic Biology Meets Ca 2+ Release-Activated Ca 2+ Channel-Dependent Immunomodulation. Cells 2024; 13:468. [PMID: 38534312 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Many essential biological processes are triggered by the proximity of molecules. Meanwhile, diverse approaches in synthetic biology, such as new biological parts or engineered cells, have opened up avenues to precisely control the proximity of molecules and eventually downstream signaling processes. This also applies to a main Ca2+ entry pathway into the cell, the so-called Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel. CRAC channels are among other channels are essential in the immune response and are activated by receptor-ligand binding at the cell membrane. The latter initiates a signaling cascade within the cell, which finally triggers the coupling of the two key molecular components of the CRAC channel, namely the stromal interaction molecule, STIM, in the ER membrane and the plasma membrane Ca2+ ion channel, Orai. Ca2+ entry, established via STIM/Orai coupling, is essential for various immune cell functions, including cytokine release, proliferation, and cytotoxicity. In this review, we summarize the tools of synthetic biology that have been used so far to achieve precise control over the CRAC channel pathway and thus over downstream signaling events related to the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadett Bacsa
- Division of Medical Physics und Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Valentina Hopl
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, A-4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Isabella Derler
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, A-4020 Linz, Austria
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2
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Manolios N, Papaemmanouil J, Adams DJ. The role of ion channels in T cell function and disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1238171. [PMID: 37705981 PMCID: PMC10497217 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1238171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes (T cells) are an important sub-group of cells in our immune system responsible for cell-mediated adaptive responses and maintaining immune homeostasis. Abnormalities in T cell function, lead the way to the persistence of infection, impaired immunosurveillance, lack of suppression of cancer growth, and autoimmune diseases. Ion channels play a critical role in the regulation of T cell signaling and cellular function and are often overlooked and understudied. Little is known about the ion "channelome" and the interaction of ion channels in immune cells. This review aims to summarize the published data on the impact of ion channels on T cell function and disease. The importance of ion channels in health and disease plus the fact they are easily accessible by virtue of being expressed on the surface of plasma membranes makes them excellent drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Manolios
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Rheumatology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John Papaemmanouil
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David J. Adams
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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3
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How the Potassium Channel Response of T Lymphocytes to the Tumor Microenvironment Shapes Antitumor Immunity. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153564. [PMID: 35892822 PMCID: PMC9330401 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Competent antitumor immune cells are fundamental for tumor surveillance and combating active cancers. Once established, tumors generate a tumor microenvironment (TME) consisting of complex cellular and metabolic elements that serve to suppress the function of antitumor immune cells. T lymphocytes are key cellular elements of the TME. In this review, we explore the role of ion channels, particularly K+ channels, in mediating the suppressive effects of the TME on T cells. First, we will review the complex network of ion channels that mediate Ca2+ influx and control effector functions in T cells. Then, we will discuss how multiple features of the TME influence the antitumor capabilities of T cells via ion channels. We will focus on hypoxia, adenosine, and ionic imbalances in the TME, as well as overexpression of programmed cell death ligand 1 by cancer cells that either suppress K+ channels in T cells and/or benefit from regulating these channels’ activity, ultimately shaping the immune response. Finally, we will review some of the cancer treatment implications related to ion channels. A better understanding of the effects of the TME on ion channels in T lymphocytes could promote the development of more effective immunotherapies, especially for resistant solid malignancies.
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4
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Jacobelli J, Buser AE, Heiden DL, Friedman RS. Autoimmunity in motion: Mechanisms of immune regulation and destruction revealed by in vivo imaging. Immunol Rev 2022; 306:181-199. [PMID: 34825390 PMCID: PMC9135487 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity arises when mechanisms of immune tolerance fail. Here we discuss mechanisms of T cell activation and tolerance and the dynamics of the autoimmune response at the site of disease. Live imaging of autoimmunity provides the ability to analyze immune cell dynamics at the single-cell level within the complex intact environment where disease occurs. These analyses have revealed mechanisms of T cell activation and tolerance in the lymph nodes, mechanisms of T cell entry into sites of autoimmune disease, and mechanisms leading to pathogenesis or protection in the autoimmune lesions. The overarching conclusions point to stable versus transient T cell antigen presenting cell interactions dictating the balance between T cell activation and tolerance, and T cell restimulation as a driver of pathogenesis at the site of autoimmunity. Findings from models of multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes are highlighted, however, the results have implications for basic mechanisms of T cell regulation during immune responses, tumor immunity, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Jacobelli
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Alan E. Buser
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Dustin L. Heiden
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Rachel S. Friedman
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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5
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Boutet M, Benet Z, Guillen E, Koch C, M’Homa Soudja S, Delahaye F, Fooksman D, Lauvau G. Memory CD8 + T cells mediate early pathogen-specific protection via localized delivery of chemokines and IFNγ to clusters of monocytes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf9975. [PMID: 34516896 PMCID: PMC8442869 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf9975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
While cognate antigen drives clonal expansion of memory CD8+ T (CD8+ TM) cells to achieve sterilizing immunity in immunized hosts, not much is known on how cognate antigen contributes to early protection before clonal expansion occurs. Here, using distinct models of immunization, we establish that cognate antigen recognition by CD8+ TM cells on dendritic cells initiates their rapid and coordinated production of a burst of CCL3, CCL4, and XCL1 chemokines under the transcriptional control of interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 4. Using intravital microscopy imaging, we reveal that CD8+ TM cells undergo antigen-dependent arrest in splenic red pulp clusters of CCR2+Ly6C+ monocytes to which they deliver IFNγ and chemokines. IFNγ enables chemokine-induced microbicidal activities in monocytes for protection. Thus, rapid and effective CD8+ TM cell responses require spatially and temporally coordinated events that quickly restrict microbial pathogen growth through the local delivery of activating chemokines to CCR2+Ly6C+ monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Boutet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Zachary Benet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Erik Guillen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Caroline Koch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Saidi M’Homa Soudja
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Fabien Delahaye
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR1283/8199, 59000 Lille, France
| | - David Fooksman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Grégoire Lauvau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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6
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This S, Valbon SF, Lebel MÈ, Melichar HJ. Strength and Numbers: The Role of Affinity and Avidity in the 'Quality' of T Cell Tolerance. Cells 2021; 10:1530. [PMID: 34204485 PMCID: PMC8234061 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of T cells to identify foreign antigens and mount an efficient immune response while limiting activation upon recognition of self and self-associated peptides is critical. Multiple tolerance mechanisms work in concert to prevent the generation and activation of self-reactive T cells. T cell tolerance is tightly regulated, as defects in these processes can lead to devastating disease; a wide variety of autoimmune diseases and, more recently, adverse immune-related events associated with checkpoint blockade immunotherapy have been linked to a breakdown in T cell tolerance. The quantity and quality of antigen receptor signaling depend on a variety of parameters that include T cell receptor affinity and avidity for peptide. Autoreactive T cell fate choices (e.g., deletion, anergy, regulatory T cell development) are highly dependent on the strength of T cell receptor interactions with self-peptide. However, less is known about how differences in the strength of T cell receptor signaling during differentiation influences the 'function' and persistence of anergic and regulatory T cell populations. Here, we review the literature on this subject and discuss the clinical implications of how T cell receptor signal strength influences the 'quality' of anergic and regulatory T cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien This
- Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada; (S.T.); (S.F.V.); (M.-È.L.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Stefanie F. Valbon
- Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada; (S.T.); (S.F.V.); (M.-È.L.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Lebel
- Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada; (S.T.); (S.F.V.); (M.-È.L.)
| | - Heather J. Melichar
- Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada; (S.T.); (S.F.V.); (M.-È.L.)
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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7
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Tran MT. Overview of Ca2+ signaling in lung cancer progression and metastatic lung cancer with bone metastasis. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2021; 2:249-265. [PMID: 36046435 PMCID: PMC9400727 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2021.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Ca2+ ions that are thought to be one of the most important second messengers for cellular signaling, have a substantial diversity of roles in regulating a plethora of fundamental cellular physiology such as gene expression, cell division, cell motility and apoptosis. It has been suggestive of the Ca2+ signaling-dependent cellular processes to be tightly regulated by the numerous types of Ca2+ channels, pumps, exchangers and sensing receptors. Consequently, dysregulated Ca2+ homeostasis leads to a series of events connected to elevated malignant phenotypes including uncontrolled proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis, all of which are frequently observed in advanced stage lung cancer cells. The incidence of bone metastasis in patients with advanced stage lung cancer is estimated in a range of 30% to 40%, bringing about a significant negative impact on both morbidity and survival. This review dissects and summarizes the important roles of Ca2+ signaling transduction in contributing to lung cancer progression, and address the question: if and how Ca2+ signaling might have been engaged in metastatic lung cancer with bone metastasis, thereby potentially providing the multifaceted and promising solutions for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manh Tien Tran
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
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8
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Vaeth M, Kahlfuss S, Feske S. CRAC Channels and Calcium Signaling in T Cell-Mediated Immunity. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:878-901. [PMID: 32711944 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) signals play fundamental roles in immune cell function. The main sources of Ca2+ influx in mammalian lymphocytes following antigen receptor stimulation are Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels. These are formed by ORAI proteins in the plasma membrane and are activated by stromal interaction molecules (STIM) located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Human loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in ORAI1 and STIM1 that abolish Ca2+ influx cause a unique disease syndrome called CRAC channelopathy that is characterized by immunodeficiency autoimmunity and non-immunological symptoms. Studies in mice lacking Stim and Orai genes have illuminated many cellular and molecular mechanisms by which these molecules control lymphocyte function. CRAC channels are required for the differentiation and function of several T lymphocyte subsets that provide immunity to infection, mediate inflammation and prevent autoimmunity. This review examines new insights into how CRAC channels control T cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vaeth
- Institute of Systems Immunology, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sascha Kahlfuss
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stefan Feske
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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9
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Bohineust A, Garcia Z, Corre B, Lemaître F, Bousso P. Optogenetic manipulation of calcium signals in single T cells in vivo. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1143. [PMID: 32123168 PMCID: PMC7051981 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
By offering the possibility to manipulate cellular functions with spatiotemporal control, optogenetics represents an attractive tool for dissecting immune responses. However, applying these approaches to single cells in vivo remains particularly challenging for immune cells that are typically located in scattering tissues. Here, we introduce an improved calcium actuator with sensitivity allowing for two-photon photoactivation. Furthermore, we identify an actuator/reporter combination that permits the simultaneous manipulation and visualization of calcium signals in individual T cells in vivo. With this strategy, we document the consequences of defined patterns of calcium signals on T cell migration, adhesion, and chemokine release. Manipulation of individual immune cells in vivo should open new avenues for establishing the functional contribution of single immune cells engaged in complex reactions. The ability to manipulate and monitor calcium signaling in cells in vivo would provide insights into signaling in an endogenous context. Here the authors develop a two-photon-responsive calcium actuator and reporter combination to monitor the effect of calcium actuation on T cell migration, adhesion and chemokine release in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Bohineust
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1223, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Zacarias Garcia
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1223, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Béatrice Corre
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1223, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Lemaître
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1223, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bousso
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1223, 75015, Paris, France.
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10
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Fenninger F, Jefferies WA. What's Bred in the Bone: Calcium Channels in Lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1021-1030. [PMID: 30718290 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is an important second messenger in lymphocytes and is essential in regulating various intracellular pathways that control critical cell functions. Ca2+ channels are located in the plasma membrane and intracellular membranes, facilitating Ca2+ entry into the cytoplasm. Upon Ag receptor stimulation, Ca2+ can enter the lymphocyte via the Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ channel found in the plasma membrane. The increase of cytosolic Ca2+ modulates signaling pathways, resulting in the transcription of target genes implicated in differentiation, activation, proliferation, survival, and apoptosis of lymphocytes. Along with Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ channels, several other channels have been found in the membranes of T and B lymphocytes contributing to key cellular events. Among them are the transient receptor potential channels, the P2X receptors, voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, and the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor as well as the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. In this article, we review the contributions of these channels to mediating Ca2+ currents that drive specific lymphocyte functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Fenninger
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wilfred A Jefferies
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, British Columbia, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6H 3Z6, British Columbia, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada.,The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada; and.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
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11
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Zhang S, Al-Maghout T, Cao H, Pelzl L, Salker MS, Veldhoen M, Cheng A, Lang F, Singh Y. Gut Bacterial Metabolite Urolithin A (UA) Mitigates Ca 2+ Entry in T Cells by Regulating miR-10a-5p. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1737. [PMID: 31417547 PMCID: PMC6685097 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota influences several biological functions including immune responses. Inflammatory bowel disease is favorably influenced by consumption of several dietary natural plant products such as pomegranate, walnuts, and berries containing polyphenolic compounds such as ellagitannins and ellagic acid. The gut microbiota metabolizes ellagic acid resulting in the formation of bioactive urolithins A, B, C, and D. Urolithin A (UA) is the most active and effective gut metabolite and acts as a potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant agent. However, whether gut metabolite UA affects the function of immune cells remains incompletely understood. T cell proliferation is stimulated by store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) resulting from stimulation of Orai1 by STIM1/STIM2. We show here that treatment of murine CD4+ T cells with UA (10 μM, 3 days) significantly blunted SOCE in CD4+ T cells, an effect paralleled by significant downregulation of Orai1 and STIM1/2 transcript levels and protein abundance. UA treatment further increased miR-10a-5p abundance in CD4+ T cells in a dose dependent fashion. Overexpression of miR-10a-5p significantly decreased STIM1/2 and Orai1 mRNA and protein levels as well as SOCE in CD4+ T cells. UA further decreased CD4+ T cell proliferation. Thus, the gut bacterial metabolite UA increases miR-10a-5p levels thereby downregulating Orai1/STIM1/STIM2 expression, store operated Ca2+ entry, and proliferation of murine CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tamer Al-Maghout
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hang Cao
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lisann Pelzl
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre for Clinical Transfusion Medicine, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Madhuri S. Salker
- Research Institute of Women's Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc Veldhoen
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Joâo Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yogesh Singh
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
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12
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Friedmann KS, Bozem M, Hoth M. Calcium signal dynamics in T lymphocytes: Comparing in vivo and in vitro measurements. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 94:84-93. [PMID: 30630031 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amplitude and kinetics of intracellular Ca2+ signals ([Ca2+]int) determine many immune cell functions. To mimic in vivo changes of [Ca2+]int in human immune cells, two approaches may be best suited: 1) Analyze primary human immune cells taken from blood under conditions resembling best physiological or pathophysiological conditions. 2.) Analyze the immune system in vivo or ex vivo in explanted tissue from small vertebrate animals, such as mice. With the help of genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators and intravital microscopy, [Ca2+]int have been investigated in murine T lymphocytes (T cells) in vivo during the last five years and in explanted lymph node (LN) during the last 10 years. There are several important reasons to compare [Ca2+]int measured in primary murine T lymphocytes in vivo and in vitro with [Ca2+]int measured in primary human T lymphocytes in vitro. First, how do human and murine data compare? Second, how do in vivo and in vitro data compare? Third, can in vitro data predict in vivo data? The last point is particularly important considering the many technical challenges that limit in vivo measurements and to reduce the number of animals sacrificed. This review summarizes and compares the results of the available publications on in vivo and in vitro [Ca2+]int measurements in T lymphocytes stimulated focally by antigen-presenting cells (APC) after forming an immunological synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim S Friedmann
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Monika Bozem
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus Hoth
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
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13
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Bohineust A, Garcia Z, Beuneu H, Lemaître F, Bousso P. Termination of T cell priming relies on a phase of unresponsiveness promoting disengagement from APCs and T cell division. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1481-1492. [PMID: 29588347 PMCID: PMC5940264 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bohineust et al. establish that recently activated T cells exhibit a phase of unresponsiveness associated with a defect in calcium entry. This stage was essential to terminate priming, distracting T cells from APCs, and favoring their clonal expansion. T cells are primed in secondary lymphoid organs by establishing stable interactions with antigen-presenting cells (APCs). However, the cellular mechanisms underlying the termination of T cell priming and the initiation of clonal expansion remain largely unknown. Using intravital imaging, we observed that T cells typically divide without being associated to APCs. Supporting these findings, we demonstrate that recently activated T cells have an intrinsic defect in establishing stable contacts with APCs, a feature that was reflected by a blunted capacity to stop upon T cell receptor (TCR) engagement. T cell unresponsiveness was caused, in part, by a general block in extracellular calcium entry. Forcing TCR signals in activated T cells antagonized cell division, suggesting that T cell hyporesponsiveness acts as a safeguard mechanism against signals detrimental to mitosis. We propose that transient unresponsiveness represents an essential phase of T cell priming that promotes T cell disengagement from APCs and favors effective clonal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Bohineust
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, U1223, Paris, France
| | - Zacarias Garcia
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, U1223, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Beuneu
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, U1223, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Lemaître
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, U1223, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bousso
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France .,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, U1223, Paris, France
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14
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Dong TX, Othy S, Greenberg ML, Jairaman A, Akunwafo C, Leverrier S, Yu Y, Parker I, Dynes JL, Cahalan MD. Intermittent Ca 2+ signals mediated by Orai1 regulate basal T cell motility. eLife 2017; 6:27827. [PMID: 29239723 PMCID: PMC5747518 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ influx through Orai1 channels is crucial for several T cell functions, but a role in regulating basal cellular motility has not been described. Here, we show that inhibition of Orai1 channel activity increases average cell velocities by reducing the frequency of pauses in human T cells migrating through confined spaces, even in the absence of extrinsic cell contacts or antigen recognition. Utilizing a novel ratiometric genetically encoded cytosolic Ca2+ indicator, Salsa6f, which permits real-time monitoring of cytosolic Ca2+ along with cell motility, we show that spontaneous pauses during T cell motility in vitro and in vivo coincide with episodes of cytosolic Ca2+ signaling. Furthermore, lymph node T cells exhibited two types of spontaneous Ca2+ transients: short-duration 'sparkles' and longer duration global signals. Our results demonstrate that spontaneous and self-peptide MHC-dependent activation of Orai1 ensures random walk behavior in T cells to optimize immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias X Dong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Shivashankar Othy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Milton L Greenberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Amit Jairaman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Chijioke Akunwafo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Sabrina Leverrier
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Ian Parker
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Joseph L Dynes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Michael D Cahalan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
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15
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Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) up-regulates miR-15b expression thus attenuating store operated calcium entry (SOCE) into murine CD4 + T cells and human leukaemic T cell lymphoblasts. Oncotarget 2017; 8:89500-89514. [PMID: 29163766 PMCID: PMC5685687 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are key elements in immune responses and inflammation. Activation of T cell receptors in CD4+ T cells triggers cytosolic Ca2+ release with subsequent store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), which is accomplished by the pore forming Ca2+ release activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel Orai1 and its regulator stromal cell-interaction molecule 2 (STIM2). Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) acts as a potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant agent for various types of cells including immune cells. However, how post-transcriptional gene regulators such as miRNAs are involved in the regulation of Ca2+ influx into murine CD4+ T cells and human Jurkat T cells through EGCG is not defined. EGCG treatment of murine CD4+ T cells significantly down-regulated the expression of STIM2 and Orai1 both at mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, EGCG significantly decreased SOCE in both murine and human T cells. EGCG treatment increased miRNA-15b (miR-15b) abundance in both murine and human T cells. Bioinformatics analysis reveals that miR-15b, which has a STIM2 binding site, is involved in the down-regulation of SOCE. Overexpression of miR-15b significantly decreased the mRNA and protein expression of STIM2 and Orai1 in murine T cells. Treatment of Jurkat T cells with 10 μM EGCG further decreased mTOR and PTEN protein levels. EGCG decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in both human and murine T cells. In conclusion, the observations suggest that EGCG inhibits the Ca2+ entry into murine and human T cells, an effect accomplished at least in part by up-regulation of miR-15b.
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16
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Abstract
Imaging is widely used in anticancer drug development, typically for whole-body tracking of labelled drugs to different organs or to assess drug efficacy through volumetric measurements. However, increasing attention has been drawn to pharmacology at the single-cell level. Diverse cell types, including cancer-associated immune cells, physicochemical features of the tumour microenvironment and heterogeneous cell behaviour all affect drug delivery, response and resistance. This Review summarizes developments in the imaging of in vivo anticancer drug action, with a focus on microscopy approaches at the single-cell level and translational lessons for the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles A. Miller
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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17
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Dustin ML, Choudhuri K. Signaling and Polarized Communication Across the T Cell Immunological Synapse. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2016; 32:303-325. [PMID: 27501450 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100814-125330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
T cells express a somatically recombined antigen receptor (αβTCR) that is calibrated during development to respond to changes in peptides displayed by major histocompatibility complex proteins (pMHC) on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APC). A key characteristic of pMHC for adaptive immunity is the ability to sample internal states of cells and tissues to sensitively detect changes associated with infection, cell derangement, or tissue injury. Physical T cell-APC contact sets up an axis for polarization of TCR, adhesion molecules, kinases, cytoskeletal elements, and organelles inherent in this mode of juxtacrine signaling. The discovery of further lateral organization of the TCR and adhesion molecules into radially symmetric compartments, the immunological synapse, revealed an intersecting plane of symmetry and potential for regulated symmetry breaking to control duration of T cell-APC interactions. In addition to organizing signaling machinery, the immunological synapse directs the polarized transport and secretion of cytokines and cytolytic agents across the synaptic cleft and is a site for the generation and exocytic release of bioactive microvesicles that can functionally affect recipient APC and other cells in the environment. This machinery is coopted by retroviruses, and human immune deficiency virus-1 may even use antigen-specific synapses for infection of healthy T cells. Here, we discuss recent advances in the molecular and cell biological mechanisms of immunological synapse assembly and signaling and its role in intercellular communication across the synaptic cleft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom;
| | - Kaushik Choudhuri
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5620;
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18
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Signal strength regulates antigen-mediated T-cell deceleration by distinct mechanisms to promote local exploration or arrest. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:12151-6. [PMID: 26371316 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1506654112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes are highly motile cells that decelerate upon antigen recognition. These cells can either completely stop or maintain a low level of motility, forming contacts referred to as synapses or kinapses, respectively. Whether similar or distinct molecular mechanisms regulate T-cell deceleration during synapses or kinapses is unclear. Here, we used microfabricated channels and intravital imaging to observe and manipulate T-cell kinapses and synapses. We report that high-affinity antigen induced a pronounced deceleration selectively dependent on Ca(2+) signals and actin-related protein 2/3 complex (Arp2/3) activity. In contrast, low-affinity antigens induced a switch of migration mode that promotes T-cell exploratory behavior, characterized by partial deceleration and frequent direction changes. This switch depended on T-cell receptor binding but was largely independent of downstream signaling. We propose that distinct mechanisms of T-cell deceleration can be triggered during antigenic recognition to favor local exploration and signal integration upon suboptimal stimulus and complete arrest on the best antigen-presenting cells.
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19
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Desvignes L, Weidinger C, Shaw P, Vaeth M, Ribierre T, Liu M, Fergus T, Kozhaya L, McVoy L, Unutmaz D, Ernst JD, Feske S. STIM1 controls T cell-mediated immune regulation and inflammation in chronic infection. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2347-62. [PMID: 25938788 DOI: 10.1172/jci80273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infections induce a complex immune response that controls pathogen replication, but also causes pathology due to sustained inflammation. Ca2+ influx mediates T cell function and immunity to infection, and patients with inherited mutations in the gene encoding the Ca2+ channel ORAI1 or its activator stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) are immunodeficient and prone to chronic infection by various pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Here, we demonstrate that STIM1 is required for T cell-mediated immune regulation during chronic Mtb infection. Compared with WT animals, mice with T cell-specific Stim1 deletion died prematurely during the chronic phase of infection and had increased bacterial burdens and severe pulmonary inflammation, with increased myeloid and lymphoid cell infiltration. Although STIM1-deficient T cells exhibited markedly reduced IFN-γ production during the early phase of Mtb infection, bacterial growth was not immediately exacerbated. During the chronic phase, however, STIM1-deficient T cells displayed enhanced IFN-γ production in response to elevated levels of IL-12 and IL-18. The lack of STIM1 in T cells was associated with impaired activation-induced cell death upon repeated TCR engagement and pulmonary lymphocytosis and hyperinflammation in Mtb-infected mice. Chronically Mtb-infected, STIM1-deficient mice had reduced levels of inducible regulatory T cells (iTregs) due to a T cell-intrinsic requirement for STIM1 in iTreg differentiation and excessive production of IFN-γ and IL-12, which suppress iTreg differentiation and maintenance. Thus, STIM1 controls multiple aspects of T cell-mediated immune regulation to limit injurious inflammation during chronic infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcium Channels/genetics
- Calcium Channels/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Chronic Disease
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/microbiology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Stromal Interaction Molecule 1
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/genetics
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/pathology
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20
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Christo SN, Diener KR, Hayball JD. The functional contribution of calcium ion flux heterogeneity in T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:694-704. [PMID: 25823995 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of intracellular calcium ion oscillations in T-cell physiology is being increasingly appreciated by studies that describe how unique temporal and spatial calcium ion signatures can control different signalling pathways. Within this review, we provide detailed mechanisms of calcium ion oscillations, and emphasise the pivotal role that calcium signalling plays in directing crucial events pertaining to T-cell functionality. We also describe methods of calcium ion quantification, and take the opportunity to discuss how a deeper understanding of calcium signalling combined with new detection and quantification methodologies can be used to better design immunotherapies targeting T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan N Christo
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Sansom Institute and Hanson Institute, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kerrilyn R Diener
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Sansom Institute and Hanson Institute, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John D Hayball
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Sansom Institute and Hanson Institute, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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21
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Abstract
Ion channels and transporters mediate the transport of charged ions across hydrophobic lipid membranes. In immune cells, divalent cations such as calcium, magnesium, and zinc have important roles as second messengers to regulate intracellular signaling pathways. By contrast, monovalent cations such as sodium and potassium mainly regulate the membrane potential, which indirectly controls the influx of calcium and immune cell signaling. Studies investigating human patients with mutations in ion channels and transporters, analysis of gene-targeted mice, or pharmacological experiments with ion channel inhibitors have revealed important roles of ionic signals in lymphocyte development and in innate and adaptive immune responses. We here review the mechanisms underlying the function of ion channels and transporters in lymphocytes and innate immune cells and discuss their roles in lymphocyte development, adaptive and innate immune responses, and autoimmunity, as well as recent efforts to develop pharmacological inhibitors of ion channels for immunomodulatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Feske
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Edward Y. Skolnik
- Division of Nephrology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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22
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Nielsen N, Lindemann O, Schwab A. TRP channels and STIM/ORAI proteins: sensors and effectors of cancer and stroma cell migration. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:5524-40. [PMID: 24724725 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cancer cells are strongly influenced by host cells within the tumour stroma and vice versa. This leads to the development of a tumour microenvironment with distinct physical and chemical properties that are permissive for tumour progression. The ability to migrate plays a central role in this mutual interaction. Migration of cancer cells is considered as a prerequisite for tumour metastasis and the migration of host stromal cells is required for reaching the tumour site. Increasing evidence suggests that transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and STIM/ORAI proteins affect key calcium-dependent mechanisms implicated in both cancer and stroma cell migration. These include, among others, cytoskeletal remodelling, growth factor/cytokine signalling and production, and adaptation to tumour microenvironmental properties such as hypoxia and oxidative stress. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge regarding TRP channels and STIM/ORAI proteins in cancer and stroma cell migration. We focus on how TRP channel or STIM/ORAI-mediated Ca(2+) signalling directly or indirectly influences cancer and stroma cell migration by affecting the above listed mechanisms. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cytoskeleton, Extracellular Matrix, Cell Migration, Wound Healing and Related Topics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue-24.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nielsen
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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23
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Curado S, Kumari S, Dustin ML. "Cell biology meets physiology: functional organization of vertebrate plasma membranes"--the immunological synapse. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2013; 72:313-46. [PMID: 24210434 PMCID: PMC4878826 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417027-8.00009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The immunological synapse (IS) is an excellent example of cell-cell communication, where signals are exchanged between two cells, resulting in a well-structured line of defense during adaptive immune response. This process has been the focus of several studies that aimed at understanding its formation and subsequent events and has led to the realization that it relies on a well-orchestrated molecular program that only occurs when specific requirements are met. The development of more precise and controllable T cell activation systems has led to new insights including the role of mechanotransduction in the process of formation of the IS and T cell activation. Continuous advances in our understanding of the IS formation, particularly in the context of T cell activation and differentiation, as well the development of new T cell activation systems are being applied to the establishment and improvement of immune therapeutical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Curado
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA and Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxfordshire, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Sudha Kumari
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA and Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxfordshire, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA and Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxfordshire, OX3 7FY, UK
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