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Miller JS, Rhein J, Davis ZB, Cooley S, McKenna D, Anderson J, Escandón K, Wieking G, Reichel J, Thorkelson A, Jorstad S, Safrit JT, Soon-Shiong P, Beilman GJ, Chipman JG, Schacker TW. Safety and Virologic Impact of Haploidentical NK Cells Plus Interleukin 2 or N-803 in HIV Infection. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:1256-1265. [PMID: 38207119 PMCID: PMC11095546 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells are dysfunctional in chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection as they are not able to clear virus. We hypothesized that an infusion of NK cells, supported by interleukin 2 (IL-2) or IL-15, could decrease virus-producing cells in the lymphatic tissues. METHODS We conducted a phase 1 pilot study in 6 persons with HIV (PWH), where a single infusion of haploidentical related donor NK cells was given plus either IL-2 or N-803 (an IL-15 superagonist). RESULTS The approach was well tolerated with no unexpected adverse events. We did not pretreat recipients with cyclophosphamide or fludarabine to "make immunologic space," reasoning that PWH on stable antiretroviral treatment remain T-cell depleted in lymphatic tissues. We found donor cells remained detectable in blood for up to 8 days (similar to what is seen in cancer pretreatment with lymphodepleting chemotherapy) and in the lymph nodes and rectum up to 28 days. There was a moderate decrease in the frequency of viral RNA-positive cells in lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS There was a moderate decrease in HIV-producing cells in lymph nodes. Further studies are warranted to determine the impact of healthy NK cells on HIV reservoirs and if restoring NK-cell function could be part of an HIV cure strategy. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT03346499 and NCT03899480.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Joshua Rhein
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Zachary B Davis
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sarah Cooley
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - David McKenna
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jodi Anderson
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kevin Escandón
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Garritt Wieking
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jarrett Reichel
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ann Thorkelson
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Siri Jorstad
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | - Gregory J Beilman
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Chipman
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Timothy W Schacker
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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2
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Rallón N, Jiménez-Carretero D, Restrepo C, Ligos JM, Valentín-Quiroga J, Mahillo I, Cabello A, López-Collazo E, Sánchez-Cabo F, Górgolas M, Estrada V, Benito JM. A specific natural killer cells phenotypic signature associated to long term elite control of HIV infection. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29646. [PMID: 38699988 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Elite controllers (ECs) are an exceptional group of people living with HIV (PLWH) that control HIV replication without therapy. Among the mechanisms involved in this ability, natural killer (NK)-cells have recently gained much attention. We performed an in-deep phenotypic analysis of NK-cells to search for surrogate markers associated with the long term spontaneous control of HIV. Forty-seven PLWH (22 long-term EC [PLWH-long-term elite controllers (LTECs)], 15 noncontrollers receiving antiretroviral treatment [ART] [PLWH-onART], and 10 noncontrollers cART-naïve [PLWH-offART]), and 20 uninfected controls were included. NK-cells homeostasis was analyzed by spectral flow cytometry using a panel of 15 different markers. Data were analyzed using FCSExpress and R software for unsupervised multidimensional analysis. Six different subsets of NK-cells were defined on the basis of CD16 and CD56 expression, and the multidimensional analysis revealed the existence of 68 different NK-cells clusters based on the expression levels of the 15 different markers. PLWH-offART presented the highest disturbance of NK-cells homeostasis and this was not completely restored by long-term ART. Interestingly, long term spontaneous control of HIV (PLWH-LTEC group) was associated with a specific profile of NK-cells homeostasis disturbance, characterized by an increase of CD16dimCD56dim subset when compared to uninfected controls (UC) group and also to offART and onART groups (p < 0.0001 for the global comparison), an increase of clusters C16 and C26 when compared to UC and onART groups (adjusted p-value < 0.05 for both comparisons), and a decrease of clusters C10 and C20 when compared to all the other groups (adjusted p-value < 0.05 for all comparisons). These findings may provide clues to elucidate markers of innate immunity with a relevant role in the long-term control of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Rallón
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Daniel Jiménez-Carretero
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Restrepo
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | | | | | - Ignacio Mahillo
- Department of Statistics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Cabello
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo López-Collazo
- Grupo de respuesta inmune innata, IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fátima Sánchez-Cabo
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Górgolas
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José M Benito
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
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3
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Alrubayyi A, Rowland-Jones S, Peppa D. Natural killer cells during acute HIV-1 infection: clues for HIV-1 prevention and therapy. AIDS 2022; 36:1903-1915. [PMID: 35851334 PMCID: PMC9612724 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite progress in preexposure prophylaxis, the number of newly diagnosed cases with HIV-1 remains high, highlighting the urgent need for preventive and therapeutic strategies to reduce HIV-1 acquisition and limit disease progression. Early immunological events, occurring during acute infection, are key determinants of the outcome and course of disease. Understanding early immune responses occurring before viral set-point is established, is critical to identify potential targets for prophylactic and therapeutic approaches. Natural killer (NK) cells represent a key cellular component of innate immunity and contribute to the early host defence against HIV-1 infection, modulating the pathogenesis of acute HIV-1 infection (AHI). Emerging studies have identified tools for harnessing NK cell responses and expanding specialized NK subpopulations with adaptive/memory features, paving the way for development of novel HIV-1 therapeutics. This review highlights the knowns and unknowns regarding the role of NK cell subsets in the containment of acute HIV-1 infection, and summarizes recent advances in selectively augmenting NK cell functions through prophylactic and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljawharah Alrubayyi
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London
| | | | - Dimitra Peppa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, CNWL NHS Trust, London, UK
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4
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Höfle J, Trenkner T, Kleist N, Schwane V, Vollmers S, Barcelona B, Niehrs A, Fittje P, Huynh‐Tran VH, Sauter J, Schmidt AH, Peine S, Hoelzemer A, Richert L, Altfeld M, Körner C. Engagement of TRAIL triggers degranulation and IFNγ production in human natural killer cells. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54133. [PMID: 35758160 PMCID: PMC9346491 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells utilize a large array of receptors to screen their surroundings for aberrant or virus‐infected cells. Given the vast diversity of receptors expressed on NK cells we seek to identify receptors involved in the recognition of HIV‐1‐infected cells. By combining an unbiased large‐scale screening approach with a functional assay, we identify TRAIL to be associated with NK cell degranulation against HIV‐1‐infected target cells. Further investigating the underlying mechanisms, we demonstrate that TRAIL is able to elicit multiple effector functions in human NK cells independent of receptor‐mediated induction of apoptosis. Direct engagement of TRAIL not only results in degranulation but also IFNγ production. Moreover, TRAIL‐mediated NK cell activation is not limited to its cognate death receptors but also decoy receptor I, adding a new perspective to the perceived regulatory role of decoy receptors in TRAIL‐mediated cytotoxicity. Based on these findings, we propose that TRAIL not only contributes to the anti‐HIV‐1 activity of NK cells but also possesses a multifunctional role beyond receptor‐mediated induction of apoptosis, acting as a regulator for the induction of different effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pia Fittje
- Leibniz Institute of Virology Hamburg Germany
| | - Van Hung Huynh‐Tran
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center UMR1219 and Inria, team SISTM University of Bordeaux Bordeaux France
| | | | | | - Sven Peine
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Angelique Hoelzemer
- Leibniz Institute of Virology Hamburg Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Partner Site Hamburg‐Lübeck‐Borstel‐Riems Hamburg Germany
- First Department of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Laura Richert
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center UMR1219 and Inria, team SISTM University of Bordeaux Bordeaux France
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Leibniz Institute of Virology Hamburg Germany
- Institute of Immunology University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
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5
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Vollmers S, Lobermeyer A, Niehrs A, Fittje P, Indenbirken D, Nakel J, Virdi S, Brias S, Trenkner T, Sauer G, Peine S, Behrens GM, Lehmann C, Meurer A, Pauli R, Postel N, Roider J, Scholten S, Spinner CD, Stephan C, Wolf E, Wyen C, Richert L, Norman PJ, Sauter J, Schmidt AH, Hoelzemer A, Altfeld M, Körner C. Host KIR/HLA-C Genotypes Determine HIV-Mediated Changes of the NK Cell Repertoire and Are Associated With Vpu Sequence Variations Impacting Downmodulation of HLA-C. Front Immunol 2022; 13:922252. [PMID: 35911762 PMCID: PMC9334850 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.922252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells play a pivotal role in viral immunity, utilizing a large array of activating and inhibitory receptors to identify and eliminate virus-infected cells. Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) represent a highly polymorphic receptor family, regulating NK cell activity and determining the ability to recognize target cells. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules serve as the primary ligand for KIRs. Herein, HLA-C stands out as being the dominant ligand for the majority of KIRs. Accumulating evidence indicated that interactions between HLA-C and its inhibitory KIR2DL receptors (KIR2DL1/L2/L3) can drive HIV-1-mediated immune evasion and thus may contribute to the intrinsic control of HIV-1 infection. Of particular interest in this context is the recent observation that HIV-1 is able to adapt to host HLA-C genotypes through Vpu-mediated downmodulation of HLA-C. However, our understanding of the complex interplay between KIR/HLA immunogenetics, NK cell-mediated immune pressure and HIV-1 immune escape is still limited. Therefore, we investigated the impact of specific KIR/HLA-C combinations on the NK cell receptor repertoire and HIV-1 Vpu protein sequence variations of 122 viremic, untreated HIV-1+ individuals. Compared to 60 HIV-1- controls, HIV-1 infection was associated with significant changes within the NK cell receptor repertoire, including reduced percentages of NK cells expressing NKG2A, CD8, and KIR2DS4. In contrast, the NKG2C+ and KIR3DL2+ NK cell sub-populations from HIV-1+ individuals was enlarged compared to HIV-1- controls. Stratification along KIR/HLA-C genotypes revealed a genotype-dependent expansion of KIR2DL1+ NK cells that was ultimately associated with increased binding affinities between KIR2DL1 and HLA-C allotypes. Lastly, our data hinted to a preferential selection of Vpu sequence variants that were associated with HLA-C downmodulation in individuals with high KIR2DL/HLA-C binding affinities. Altogether, our study provides evidence that HIV-1-associated changes in the KIR repertoire of NK cells are to some extent predetermined by host KIR2DL/HLA-C genotypes. Furthermore, analysis of Vpu sequence polymorphisms indicates that differential KIR2DL/HLA-C binding affinities may serve as an additional mechanism how host genetics impact immune evasion by HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pia Fittje
- Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Sebastien Brias
- Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Gabriel Sauer
- Department I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sven Peine
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Georg M.N. Behrens
- Department for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Clara Lehmann
- Department I for Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anja Meurer
- Center for Internal Medicine and Infectiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Ramona Pauli
- Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum (MVZ) am Isartor, Munich, Germany
| | - Nils Postel
- Prinzmed, Practice for Infectious Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Roider
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Department of Infectious Diseases, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Christoph D. Spinner
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Department of Internal Medicine II, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Stephan
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Wyen
- Department I for Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Praxis am Ebertplatz, Cologne, Germany
| | - Laura Richert
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm U1219 Bordeaux Population Health, Inria Sistm, Bordeaux, France
| | - Paul J. Norman
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | | | | | - Angelique Hoelzemer
- Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Körner
- Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christian Körner,
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6
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Vollmers S, Lobermeyer A, Körner C. The New Kid on the Block: HLA-C, a Key Regulator of Natural Killer Cells in Viral Immunity. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113108. [PMID: 34831331 PMCID: PMC8620871 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The human leukocyte antigen system (HLA) is a cluster of highly polymorphic genes essential for the proper function of the immune system, and it has been associated with a wide range of diseases. HLA class I molecules present intracellular host- and pathogen-derived peptides to effector cells of the immune system, inducing immune tolerance in healthy conditions or triggering effective immune responses in pathological situations. HLA-C is the most recently evolved HLA class I molecule, only present in humans and great apes. Differentiating from its older siblings, HLA-A and HLA-B, HLA-C exhibits distinctive features in its expression and interaction partners. HLA-C serves as a natural ligand for multiple members of the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) family, which are predominately expressed by natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells are crucial for the early control of viral infections and accumulating evidence indicates that interactions between HLA-C and its respective KIR receptors determine the outcome and progression of viral infections. In this review, we focus on the unique role of HLA-C in regulating NK cell functions and its consequences in the setting of viral infections.
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7
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Dizaji Asl K, Velaei K, Rafat A, Tayefi Nasrabadi H, Movassaghpour AA, Mahdavi M, Nozad Charoudeh H. The role of KIR positive NK cells in diseases and its importance in clinical intervention. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 92:107361. [PMID: 33429335 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are essential for the elimination of the transformed and cancerous cells. Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) which expressed by T and NK cells, are key regulator of NK cell function. The KIR and their ligands, MHC class I (HLA-A, B and C) molecules, are highly polymorphic and their related genes are located on 19 q13.4 and 6 q21.3 chromosomes, respectively. It is clear that particular interaction between the KIRs and their related ligands can influence on the prevalence, progression and outcome of several diseases, like complications of pregnancy, viral infection, autoimmune diseases, and hematological malignancies. The mechanisms of immune signaling in particular NK cells involvement in causing pathological conditions are not completely understood yet. Therefore, better understanding of the molecular mechanism of KIR-MHC class I interaction could facilitate the treatment strategy of diseases. The present review focused on the main characteristics and functional details of various KIR and their combination with related ligands in diseases and also highlights ongoing efforts to manipulate the key checkpoints in NK cell-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Dizaji Asl
- Stem Cell Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kobra Velaei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Rafat
- Stem Cell Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Tayefi Nasrabadi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Movassaghpour
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Mahdavi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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8
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Abstract
The innate immune system is comprised of both cellular and humoral players that recognise and eradicate invading pathogens. Therefore, the interplay between retroviruses and innate immunity has emerged as an important component of viral pathogenesis. HIV-1 infection in humans that results in hematologic abnormalities and immune suppression is well represented by changes in the CD4/CD8 T cell ratio and consequent cell death causing CD4 lymphopenia. The innate immune responses by mucosal barriers such as complement, DCs, macrophages, and NK cells as well as cytokine/chemokine profiles attain great importance in acute HIV-1 infection, and thus, prevent mucosal capture and transmission of HIV-1. Conversely, HIV-1 has evolved to overcome innate immune responses through RNA-mediated rapid mutations, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) modification, down-regulation of NK cell activity and complement receptors, resulting in increased secretion of inflammatory factors. Consequently, epithelial tissues lining up female reproductive tract express innate immune sensors including anti-microbial peptides responsible for forming primary barriers and have displayed an effective potent anti-HIV activity during phase I/II clinical trials.
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9
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Hopfensperger K, Richard J, Stürzel CM, Bibollet-Ruche F, Apps R, Leoz M, Plantier JC, Hahn BH, Finzi A, Kirchhoff F, Sauter D. Convergent Evolution of HLA-C Downmodulation in HIV-1 and HIV-2. mBio 2020; 11:e00782-20. [PMID: 32665270 PMCID: PMC7360927 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00782-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA-C-mediated antigen presentation induces the killing of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected CD4+ T cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). To evade killing, many HIV-1 group M strains decrease HLA-C surface levels using their accessory protein Vpu. However, some HIV-1 group M isolates lack this activity, possibly to prevent the activation of natural killer (NK) cells. Analyzing diverse primate lentiviruses, we found that Vpu-mediated HLA-C downregulation is not limited to pandemic group M but is also found in HIV-1 groups O and P as well as several simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs). We show that Vpu targets HLA-C primarily at the protein level, independently of its ability to suppress NF-κB-driven gene expression, and that in some viral lineages, HLA-C downregulation may come at the cost of efficient counteraction of the restriction factor tetherin. Remarkably, HIV-2, which does not carry a vpu gene, uses its accessory protein Vif to decrease HLA-C surface expression. This Vif activity requires intact binding sites for the Cullin5/Elongin ubiquitin ligase complex but is separable from its ability to counteract APOBEC3G. Similar to HIV-1 Vpu, the degree of HIV-2 Vif-mediated HLA-C downregulation varies considerably among different virus isolates. In agreement with opposing selection pressures in vivo, we show that the reduction of HLA-C surface levels by HIV-2 Vif is accompanied by increased NK cell-mediated killing. In summary, our results highlight the complex role of HLA-C in lentiviral infections and demonstrate that HIV-1 and HIV-2 have evolved at least two independent mechanisms to decrease HLA-C levels on infected cells.IMPORTANCE Genome-wide association studies suggest that HLA-C expression is a major determinant of viral load set points and CD4+ T cell counts in HIV-infected individuals. On the one hand, efficient HLA-C expression enables the killing of infected cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). On the other hand, HLA-C sends inhibitory signals to natural killer (NK) cells and enhances the infectivity of newly produced HIV particles. HIV-1 group M viruses modulate HLA-C expression using the accessory protein Vpu, possibly to balance CTL- and NK cell-mediated immune responses. Here, we show that the second human immunodeficiency virus, HIV-2, can use its accessory protein Vif to evade HLA-C-mediated restriction. Furthermore, our mutational analyses provide insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms. In summary, our results reveal how the two human AIDS viruses modulate HLA-C, a key component of the antiviral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Christina M Stürzel
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frederic Bibollet-Ruche
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Richard Apps
- NIH Center for Human Immunology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marie Leoz
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, GRAM 2.0, Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Plantier
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, GRAM 2.0, Rouen University Hospital, Department of Virology, Laboratory Associated with the National Reference Center on HIV, Rouen, France
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Sauter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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10
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Krieger E, Sabo R, Moezzi S, Cain C, Roberts C, Kimball P, Chesney A, McCarty J, Keating A, Romee R, Wiedl C, Qayyum R, Toor A. Killer Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor-Ligand Interactions Predict Clinical Outcomes following Unrelated Donor Transplantations. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2019; 26:672-682. [PMID: 31676338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2019.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) and KIR ligand (KIRL) interactions play an important role in natural killer (NK) cell-mediated graft-versus-leukemia effect following hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). However, there is considerable heterogeneity in the KIR gene and KIRL content in individuals, making it difficult to estimate the full clinical impact of NK cell reconstitution following HCT. Here we present a novel adaptive mathematical model designed to quantify these interactions to better assess the influence of NK cell-mediated alloreactivity on transplant outcomes. Ninety-eight HLA- matched unrelated donor (URD) HCT recipients were studied retrospectively. The KIR-KIRL interactions were quantified using a system of matrix equations. Unit values were ascribed to each KIR-KIRL interaction, and the directionality of interactions was denoted by either a positive (activating) or negative (inhibition) symbol; these interactions were then summed. The absolute values of both the missing KIRL and inhibitory KIR-KIRL interactions were significantly associated with overall survival and relapse. These score components were initially used to develop a weighted score (w-KIR score) and subsequently a simplified, nonweighted KIR-KIRL interaction score (IM-KIR score). Increased w-KIR score and IM-KIR score were predictive of all-cause mortality and relapse (w-KIR score: hazard ratio [HR], .37 [P = .001] and .44 [P = .044], respectively; IM-KIR score: HR, .5 [P = .049] and .44 [P = .002], respectively). IM-KIR score was also associated with NK cell reconstitution post-HCT. KIR-KIRL interactions as reflected by the w-KIR and IM-KIR scores influence both relapse risk and survival in recipients of HLA-matched URD HCT with hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Krieger
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Roy Sabo
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Sanauz Moezzi
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Caitlin Cain
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Catherine Roberts
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Pamela Kimball
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Alden Chesney
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - John McCarty
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Armand Keating
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rizwan Romee
- Dana-Farber Cancer Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christina Wiedl
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Rehan Qayyum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Amir Toor
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.
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11
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HIV Controllers Have Low Inflammation Associated with a Strong HIV-Specific Immune Response in Blood. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01690-18. [PMID: 30814287 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01690-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV controllers (HIC) maintain control of HIV replication without combined antiretroviral treatment (cART). The mechanisms leading to virus control are not fully known. We used gene expression and cellular analyses to compare HIC and HIV-1-infected individuals under cART. In the blood, HIC are characterized by a low inflammation, a downmodulation of natural killer inhibitory cell signaling, and an upregulation of T cell activation gene expression. This balance that persists after stimulation of cells with HIV antigens was consistent with functional analyses showing a bias toward a Th1 and cytotoxic T cell response and a lower production of inflammatory cytokines. Taking advantage of the characterization of HIC based upon their CD8+ T lymphocyte capacity to suppress HIV-infection, we show here that unsupervised analysis of differentially expressed genes fits clearly with this cytotoxic activity, allowing the characterization of a specific signature of HIC. These results reveal significant features of HIC making the bridge between cellular function, gene signatures, and the regulation of inflammation and killing capacity of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. Moreover, these genetic profiles are consistent through analyses performed from blood to peripheral blood mononuclear cells and T cells. HIC maintain strong HIV-specific immune responses with low levels of inflammation. Our findings may pave the way for new immunotherapeutic approaches leading to strong HIV-1-specific immune responses while minimizing inflammation.IMPORTANCE A small minority of HIV-infected patients, called HIV controllers (HIC), maintains spontaneous control of HIV replication. It is therefore important to identify mechanisms that contribute to the control of HIV replication that may have implications for vaccine design. We observed a low inflammation, a downmodulation of natural killer inhibitory cell signaling, and an upregulation of T-cell activation gene expression in the blood of HIC compared to patients under combined antiretroviral treatment. This profile persists following in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with HIV antigens, and was consistent with functional analyses showing a Th1 and cytotoxic T cell response and a lower production of inflammatory cytokines. These results reveal significant features of HIC that maintain strong HIV-specific immune responses with low levels of inflammation. These findings define the immune status of HIC that is probably associated with the control of viral load.
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12
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Lunemann S, Langeneckert AE, Martrus G, Hess LU, Salzberger W, Ziegler AE, Löbl SM, Poch T, Ravichandran G, Sauter J, Schmidt AH, Schramm C, Oldhafer KJ, Altfeld M, Körner C. Human liver-derived CXCR6 + NK cells are predominantly educated through NKG2A and show reduced cytokine production. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:1331-1340. [PMID: 30779432 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ma1118-428r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
NK cells have been implicated to affect the outcome of numerous liver diseases. In particular, members of the killer-cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) family, predominantly expressed by NK cells, have been associated with the outcome of hepatitis C virus infection and clearance of hepatocellular carcinoma. Inhibitory KIRs tune NK cell function through interaction with HLA class I, a process termed education. Nevertheless, the impact of the hepatic environment on NK cell education is incompletely understood. Therefore, we investigated the composition and function of hepatic KIR-expressing NK cells. Matched PBMC and hepatic lymphocytes were isolated from 20 individuals undergoing liver surgery and subsequently phenotypically analyzed for expression of KIRs and markers for tissue residency using flow cytometry. NK cell function was determined by co-culturing NK cells with the target cell line 721.221 and subsequent assessment of CD107a, IFN-γ, and TNF-α expression. Liver-resident CXCR6+ /CD56Bright NK cells lacked KIRs and were predominantly educated through NKG2A, while CXCR6- /CD16+ NK cells expressed KIRs and resembled peripheral blood NK cells. Hepatic NK cells showed lower response rates compared to peripheral blood NK cells; in particular, CXCR6+ NK cells were hyporesponsive to stimulation with target cells. The high proportion of educated NK cells in both subsets indicates the importance of self-inhibitory receptors for the balance between maintenance of self-tolerance and functional readiness. However, the reduced functionality of hepatic NK cells may reflect the impact of the tolerogenic hepatic environment on NK cells irrespective of NK cell education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Lunemann
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annika E Langeneckert
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gloria Martrus
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leonard U Hess
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Salzberger
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annerose E Ziegler
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Löbl
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Poch
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gevitha Ravichandran
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Alexander H Schmidt
- DKMS Gemeinnützige GmbH, Tübingen, Germany.,DKMS Life Science Lab GmbH, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph Schramm
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Martin Zeitz Center for Rare Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karl J Oldhafer
- Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, Asklepios Hospital Barmbek, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Körner
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
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13
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NK cells in treated HIV-infected children display altered phenotype and function. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:294-303.e13. [PMID: 30735686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic HIV infection is known to trigger a population redistribution and alteration in the functional capacity of natural killer (NK) cells. Because of improved antiretroviral treatments, there are rising numbers of adolescents and young adults worldwide who are living with HIV infection since birth. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine how NK-cell phenotypic and functional subsets are altered in treated pediatric patients. METHODS NK cells were contrasted among 29 HIV-unexposed and uninfected controls (5-19 years), 23 HIV-exposed but uninfected patients (3-19 years), and 25 HIV-infected patients (3-19 years) using multiparametric flow cytometry. RESULTS Although most NK-cell markers did not differ, activating receptors such as NKp46, DNAX accessory molecule-1, and NKG2C and stimulatory receptors such as CD2 and CD11c were expressed by a higher frequency of NK cells in HIV-infected patients than in controls. Interestingly, there were less differences between HIV-infected and HIV-exposed but uninfected children. There was an inverse relationship between CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio (as a marker of disease progression) and CD11c and NKG2C frequency and CD69 upregulation on stimulation among HIV-infected patients. CONCLUSIONS A chronic NK-cell activation phenotype persists in HIV-infected children receiving antiretroviral therapy and is associated with declining CD4/CD8 T-cell ratios. A lower CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio was associated with higher baseline granzyme B (P = .0068; R2 = 0.29) and degranulation potential (P = .022; R2 = 0.22) in stimulated NK cells. Thus, NK cells in HIV-infected children receiving treatment have reduced functional potential and an activated phenotype that distinguishes them from uninfected children.
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14
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Pfeifer C, Highton AJ, Peine S, Sauter J, Schmidt AH, Bunders MJ, Altfeld M, Körner C. Natural Killer Cell Education Is Associated With a Distinct Glycolytic Profile. Front Immunol 2018; 9:3020. [PMID: 30619362 PMCID: PMC6305746 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells expressing self-inhibitory receptors display increased functionality compared to NK cells lacking those receptors. The acquisition of functional competence in these particular NK-cell subsets is termed education. Little is known about the underlying mechanisms that lead to the functional differences between educated and uneducated NK cells. An increasing number of studies suggest that cellular metabolism is a determinant of immune cell functions. Thus, alterations in cellular metabolic pathways may play a role in the process of NK-cell education. Here, we compared the glycolytic profile of educated and uneducated primary human NK cells. KIR-educated NK cells showed significantly increased expression levels of the glucose transporter Glut1 in comparison to NKG2A-educated or uneducated NK cells with and without exposure to target cells. Subsequently, the metabolic profile of NK-cell subsets was determined using a Seahorse XF Analyzer. Educated NK cells displayed significantly higher rates of cellular glycolysis than uneducated NK cells even in a resting state. Our results indicate that educated and uneducated NK cells reside in different metabolic states prior to activation. These differences in the ability to utilize glucose may represent an underlying mechanism for the superior functionality of educated NK cells expressing self-inhibitory receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Pfeifer
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrew J Highton
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Peine
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Alexander H Schmidt
- DKMS Gemeinnützige GmbH, Tübingen, Germany.,DKMS Life Science Lab, Dresden, Germany
| | - Madeleine J Bunders
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Experimental Immunology and the Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Körner
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
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15
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Biron CA, Altfeld M. Is There Natural Killer Cell Memory and Can It Be Harnessed by Vaccination? Can Natural Killer and CD8 T Cells Switch Jobs? Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a029892. [PMID: 29254975 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are components of innate immunity mediating defense at early times after viral infections. Their cytokine production and cell-mediated cytotoxicity functions overlap those of CD8 T cells elicited later during primary adaptive immune responses, but the populations are distinguished by their basal states and activating receptors as well as the kinetics of their responses. Demonstration of long-lived NK cells has led to speculation on the potential for inducing these to contribute to immunological memory. Conversely, activated CD8 T cells can acquire responses to innate cytokines and, as a result, have the potential to contribute to innate immunity. These observations beg the question: what is required to be a player in innate and adaptive immunity?
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Biron
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Division of Biology and Medicine, and The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; and Department of Virus Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
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16
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Hens J, Goovaerts O, Ceulemans A, Jennes W, Kestens L. Impact of the Variable Killer Ig-Like Receptor-Human Leukocyte Antigen Interactions on Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity Toward Foreign CD4 T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1588. [PMID: 30038628 PMCID: PMC6046604 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Natural killer (NK) cells are known to mount a response against foreign target cells, where the absence of the dominant inhibitory killer Ig-like receptor (KIR)–human leukocyte antigen (HLA) interaction immensely lowers the threshold for NK cell activation. NK cells could thus constitute a vital part in the mucosal defense against cell-associated sexually transmitted diseases. Here, we performed a detailed analysis of hitherto unexplored KIR–HLA-incompatible NK cell interactions. Methods and findings In vitro, healthy NK cells were cocultured with CD4+ T cells derived from human immunodeficiency virus-1 patients, and the KIR-specific NK cell cytotoxicity was measured using flow cytometry. Genotyping of KIR and HLA predicted the KIR–HLA interactions occurring during these 124 allogeneic encounters. KIR2DL1+ NK cells were seen as the strongest intrinsic responders in the absence of their ligand with a 3.2-fold increase in KIR2DL1+ NK cells in the total NK cell response. An association between the size of the alloreactive NK cell population and the amount of CD4+ T cell death (p = 0.0023) and NK cell degranulation (p = 0.0036) was only present in NK cell donors with an activating KIR haplotype. Conclusion We demonstrate differences in the activating effect of KIR–HLA incompatibility according to the KIR involved, with KIR2DL1 as the strongest responder. An activating KIR haplotype optimized the contribution of KIR–HLA-incompatible NK cells in the total NK cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jef Hens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Odin Goovaerts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ann Ceulemans
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Jennes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luc Kestens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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17
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Abstract
Retroviruses are genome invaders that have shared a long history of coevolution with vertebrates and their immune system. Found endogenously in genomes as traces of past invasions, retroviruses are also considerable threats to human health when they exist as exogenous viruses such as HIV. The immune response to retroviruses is engaged by germline-encoded sensors of innate immunity that recognize viral components and damage induced by the infection. This response develops with the induction of antiviral effectors and launching of the clonal adaptive immune response, which can contribute to protective immunity. However, retroviruses efficiently evade the immune response, owing to their rapid evolution. The failure of specialized immune cells to respond, a form of neglect, may also contribute to inadequate antiretroviral immune responses. Here, we discuss the mechanisms by which immune responses to retroviruses are mounted at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels. We also discuss how intrinsic, innate, and adaptive immunity may cooperate or conflict during the generation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Sáez-Cirión
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Nicolas Manel
- Immunity and Cancer Department, INSERM U932, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France;
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18
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Hölzemer A, Garcia-Beltran WF, Altfeld M. Natural Killer Cell Interactions with Classical and Non-Classical Human Leukocyte Antigen Class I in HIV-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1496. [PMID: 29184550 PMCID: PMC5694438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are effector lymphocytes of the innate immune system that are able to mount a multifaceted antiviral response within hours following infection. This is achieved through an array of cell surface receptors surveilling host cells for alterations in human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) expression and other ligands as signs of viral infection, malignant transformation, and cellular stress. This interaction between HLA-I ligands and NK-cell receptor is not only important for recognition of diseased cells but also mediates tuning of NK-cell-effector functions. HIV-1 alters the expression of HLA-I ligands on infected cells, rendering them susceptible to NK cell-mediated killing. However, over the past years, various HIV-1 evasion strategies have been discovered to target NK-cell-receptor ligands and allow the virus to escape from NK cell-mediated immunity. While studies have been mainly focusing on the role of polymorphic HLA-A, -B, and -C molecules, less is known about how HIV-1 affects the more conserved, non-classical HLA-I molecules HLA-E, -G, and -F. In this review, we will focus on the recent progress in understanding the role of non-classical HLA-I ligands in NK cell-mediated recognition of HIV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Hölzemer
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Marcus Altfeld
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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19
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Mikulak J, Oriolo F, Zaghi E, Di Vito C, Mavilio D. Natural killer cells in HIV-1 infection and therapy. AIDS 2017; 31:2317-2330. [PMID: 28926399 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
: Natural killer (NK) cells are important effectors of innate immunity playing a key role in the eradication and clearance of viral infections. Over the recent years, several studies have shown that HIV-1 pathologically changes NK cell homeostasis and hampers their antiviral effector functions. Moreover, high levels of chronic HIV-1 viremia markedly impair those NK cell regulatory features that normally regulate the cross talks between innate and adaptive immune responses. These pathogenic events take place early in the infection and are associated with a pathologic redistribution of NK cell subsets that includes the expansion of anergic CD56/CD16 NK cells with an aberrant repertoire of activating and inhibitory receptors. Nevertheless, the presence of specific haplotypes for NK cell receptors and the engagement of NK cell antibody-dependent cell cytotocity have been reported to control HIV-1 infection. This dichotomy can be extremely useful to both predict the clinical outcome of the infection and to develop alternative antiviral pharmacological approaches. Indeed, the administration of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected patients restores NK cell phenotype and functions to normal levels. Thus, antiretroviral therapy can help to develop NK cell-directed therapeutic strategies that include the use of broadly neutralizing antibodies and toll-like receptor agonists. The present review discusses how our current knowledge of NK cell pathophysiology in HIV-1 infection is being translated both in experimental and clinical trials aimed at controlling the infection and disease.
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20
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Mhandire K, Zijenah LS, Yindom LM, Duri K, Mlambo T, Tshabalala M, Mazengera LR, Mhandire DZ, Musarurwa C, Dandara C, Rowland-Jones S, Matarira HT, Stray-Pedersen B. KIR Gene Content Diversity in a Zimbabwean Population: Does KIR2DL2 Have a Role in Protection Against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection? OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2017; 20:727-735. [PMID: 27930093 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2016.0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) mediate natural killer cell function through interaction with their cognate human leukocyte antigen ligands. Thus, KIR gene variants have been implicated in resistance or susceptibility to viral infections. However, research on the role of these variants remains contradictory and inconclusive. In the present study, we investigated KIR gene content diversity and its association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in an adult Black Zimbabwean population. Presence or absence of 15 KIR genes was determined in 189 HIV-infected adults and 97 HIV-uninfected blood donors using sequence specific primer polymerase chain reaction. Frequencies of KIR genes, genotypes, and haplotypes were compared between the cases and controls to identify putative associations between KIR gene variants and HIV status. We report in this study the frequencies of 15 KIR genes and 43 KIR genotypes (40 known and 3 novel) among Zimbabweans. Importantly, the frequency of the inhibitory KIR2DL2 gene was significantly higher in the uninfected group (62%) compared to the HIV-infected group (47%) (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.33-0.90, p = 0.019). KIR2DL2/2DL2 homozygosity was also significantly higher in the uninfected group (35%) compared to HIV-infected group (53%) (OR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.16-0.72, p = 0.005) under a recessive model. We conclude that the KIR2DL2 gene may be involved in protection against HIV infection. It may be possible that inhibitory KIR genes may have an important role to play in HIV acquisition among populations of African origin in whom the activating KIR genes are less frequent compared to among Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kudakwashe Mhandire
- 1 Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe , Harare, Zimbabwe .,2 Letten Foundation Research House , Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Louis-Marie Yindom
- 4 Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kerina Duri
- 3 Department of Immunology, University of Zimbabwe , Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Tommy Mlambo
- 3 Department of Immunology, University of Zimbabwe , Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | | | - Doreen Zvipo Mhandire
- 1 Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe , Harare, Zimbabwe .,2 Letten Foundation Research House , Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Cuthbert Musarurwa
- 1 Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe , Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Collet Dandara
- 5 Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sarah Rowland-Jones
- 4 Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hilda Tendisa Matarira
- 1 Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe , Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Babill Stray-Pedersen
- 2 Letten Foundation Research House , Harare, Zimbabwe .,6 Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Womens' Clinic, Rikshospitalet, University Hospital , Oslo, Norway
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21
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Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Associated With Disease Progression in Primary HIV Infection: PD-L1 Blockade Attenuates Inhibition. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 76:200-208. [PMID: 28570288 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Events occurring during the initial phase of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are intriguing because of their dramatic impact on the subsequent course of the disease. In particular, the relationship between myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and HIV pathogenesis in primary infection remains unknown and the mechanism of MDSCs in HIV infection are incompletely defined. METHODS The frequency of MDSC expression in patients with primary HIV infection (PHI) and chronic HIV infection was measured, and the association with disease progression was studied. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and galectin-9 (Gal-9) expression on MDSCs was measured and in vitro blocking experiments were performed to study the role of PD-L1 in MDSCs' inhibition. RESULTS We found increased levels of HLA-DRCD14CD33CD11b granulocytic(G)-MDSCs in PHI individuals compared with normal controls, which correlated with viral loads and was negatively related to CD4 T-cell levels. When cocultured with purified G-MDSCs, both proliferation and interferon-γ secretion by T cell receptor (TCR)-stimulated CD8 T cells from HIV-infected patients were significantly inhibited. We also demonstrated that PD-L1, but not Gal-9, expression on HLA-DRCD14CD33CD11b cells increased during HIV infection. The suppressive activity of G-MDSCs from HIV-infected patients was attenuated by PD-L1 blockade. CONCLUSIONS We found a significant increase in G-MDSCs in PHI patients that was related to disease progression and PD-L1 was used by MDSCs to inhibit CD8 T cells in HIV infection. Our data improve the understanding of HIV pathogenesis in PHI.
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22
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Jackson E, Zhang CX, Kiani Z, Lisovsky I, Tallon B, Del Corpo A, Gilbert L, Bruneau J, Thomas R, Côté P, Trottier B, LeBlanc R, Rouleau D, Tremblay C, Tsoukas CM, Routy JP, Ni X, Mabanga T, Bernard NF. HIV exposed seronegative (HESN) compared to HIV infected individuals have higher frequencies of telomeric Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (KIR) B motifs; Contribution of KIR B motif encoded genes to NK cell responsiveness. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185160. [PMID: 28938026 PMCID: PMC5609756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we showed that Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (KIR)3DS1 homozygotes (hmz) are more frequent in HIV exposed seronegative (HESN) than in recently HIV infected (HIV+) individuals. KIR3DS1 encodes an activating Natural Killer (NK) cell receptor (NKR). The link between KIR genotype and HIV outcomes likely arises from the function that NK cells acquire through expression of particular NKRs. An initial screen of 97 HESN and 123 HIV+ subjects for the frequency of KIR region gene carriage observed between-group differences for several telomeric KIR region loci. In a larger set of up to 106 HESN and 439 HIV+ individuals, more HESN than HIV+ subjects were KIR3DS1 homozygotes, lacked a full length KIR2DS4 gene and carried the telomeric group B KIR haplotype motif, TB01. TB01 is characterized by the presence of KIR3DS1, KIR2DL5A, KIR2DS3/5 and KIR2DS1, in linkage disequilibrium with each other. We assessed which of the TB01 encoded KIR gene products contributed to NK cell responsiveness by stimulating NK cells from 8 HIV seronegative KIR3DS1 and TB01 motif homozygotes with 721.221 HLA null cells and evaluating the frequency of KIR3DS1+/-KIR2DL5+/-, KIR3DS1+/-KIR2DS1+/-, KIR3DS1+/-KIR2DS5+/- NK cells secreting IFN-γ and/or expressing CD107a. A higher frequency of NK cells expressing, versus not, KIR3DS1 responded to 721.221 stimulation. KIR2DL5A+, KIR2DS1+ and KIR2DS5+ NK cells did not contribute to 721.221 responses or modulate those by KIR3DS1+ NK cells. Thus, of the TB01 KIR gene products, only KIR3DS1 conferred responsiveness to HLA-null stimulation, demonstrating its ligation can activate ex vivo NK cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Jackson
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cindy Xinyu Zhang
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zahra Kiani
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Irene Lisovsky
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benjamin Tallon
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexa Del Corpo
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louise Gilbert
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie Bruneau
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Réjean Thomas
- Clinique Médicale l’Actuel, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Côté
- Clinique Médicale du Quartier Latin, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benoit Trottier
- Clinique Médicale du Quartier Latin, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Danielle Rouleau
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christos M. Tsoukas
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, MUHC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Clinical Immunology, MUHC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, MUHC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Hematology, MUHC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Xiaoyan Ni
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tsoarello Mabanga
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicole F. Bernard
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, MUHC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Clinical Immunology, MUHC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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23
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Körner C, Simoneau CR, Schommers P, Granoff M, Ziegler M, Hölzemer A, Lunemann S, Chukwukelu J, Corleis B, Naranbhai V, Kwon DS, Scully EP, Jost S, Kirchhoff F, Carrington M, Altfeld M. HIV-1-Mediated Downmodulation of HLA-C Impacts Target Cell Recognition and Antiviral Activity of NK Cells. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 22:111-119.e4. [PMID: 28704647 PMCID: PMC5565794 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It was widely accepted that HIV-1 downregulates HLA-A/B to avoid CTL recognition while leaving HLA-C unaltered in order to prevent NK cell activation by engaging inhibitory NK cell receptors, but it was recently observed that most primary isolates of HIV-1 can mediate HLA-C downmodulation. Now we report that HIV-1-mediated downmodulation of HLA-C was associated with reduced binding to its respective inhibitory receptors. Despite this, HLA-C-licensed NK cells displayed reduced antiviral activity compared to their unlicensed counterparts, potentially due to residual binding to the respective inhibitory receptors. Nevertheless, NK cells were able to sense alterations of HLA-C expression demonstrated by increased antiviral activity when exposed to viral strains with differential abilities to downmodulate HLA-C. These results suggest that the capability of HLA-C-licensed NK cells to control HIV-1 replication is determined by the strength of KIR/HLA-C interactions and is thus dependent on both host genetics and the extent of virus-mediated HLA-C downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Körner
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Department of Virus Immunology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | - Philipp Schommers
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Department of Virus Immunology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Cologne, Germany
| | - Mitchell Granoff
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Maja Ziegler
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Department of Virus Immunology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angelique Hölzemer
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Department of Virus Immunology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg, Germany; I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lunemann
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Department of Virus Immunology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janet Chukwukelu
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Department of Virus Immunology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Corleis
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Vivek Naranbhai
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Douglas S Kwon
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Eileen P Scully
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Stephanie Jost
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Mary Carrington
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Department of Virus Immunology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
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24
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Sips M, Liu Q, Draghi M, Ghebremichael M, Berger CT, Suscovich TJ, Sun Y, Walker BD, Carrington M, Altfeld M, Brouckaert P, De Jager PL, Alter G. HLA-C levels impact natural killer cell subset distribution and function. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:1147-1153. [PMID: 27521484 PMCID: PMC6684021 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Differences in HLA-C expression are inversely correlated with HIV viral load set-point and slower progression to AIDS, linked to enhanced cytotoxic T cell immunity. Yet, beyond T cells, HLA-C serves as a dominant ligand for natural killer (NK) cell killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). Thus, we speculated that HLA-C expression levels may also impact NK activity, thereby modulating HIV antiviral control. Phenotypic and functional profiling was performed on freshly isolated PBMCs. HLA-C expression was linked to changes in NK subset distribution and licensing, particularly in HLA-C1/C1, KIR2DL3+2DL2-individuals. Moreover, high levels of HLA-C, were associated with reduced frequencies of anergic CD56neg NKs and lower frequencies of KIR2DL1/2/3+ NK cells, pointing to an HLA-C induced influence on the NK cell development in the absence of disease. In HIV infection, several spontaneous controllers, that expressed higher levels of HLA-C demonstrated robust NK-IFN-γ secretion in response to target cells, highlighting a second disease induced licensing phenotype. Thus this population study points to a potential role for HLA-C levels both in NK cell education and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Sips
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Qingquan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, ShaanXi, China
| | - Monia Draghi
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Christoph T Berger
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Yongtao Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, ShaanXi, China
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mary Carrington
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Brouckaert
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA; Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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25
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Isitman G, Lisovsky I, Tremblay-McLean A, Kovacs C, Harris M, Routy JP, Bruneau J, Wainberg MA, Tremblay C, Bernard NF. Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Activity of Effector Cells from HIV-Infected Elite and Viral Controllers. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:1079-1088. [PMID: 27499379 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Carriage of alleles encoding certain inhibitory natural killer (NK) cell receptor/HLA ligand KIR3DL1/HLA-B combinations is associated with protection from HIV infection and slow time to AIDS, implicating NK cells in HIV control. NK cells also mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). ADCC has been identified as a correlate of protection in secondary analyses of the modestly protective RV144 Thai HIV vaccine trial. In ADCC, HIV envelope (Env)-specific antibodies (Abs) bridge HIV-infected or gp120-coated target cells and NK cells expressing CD16 receptors for Ab Fc domains. CD16 engagement activates NK cells to secrete cytokines/chemokines, degranulate, deliver granzyme B (GrB) to target cells, and cytolysis. A subset of HIV+ subjects, known as slow progressors (SPs), maintains low-level viremia without treatment. HIV+ SPs versus progressors have higher titers and/or a greater breadth of ADCC-competent Abs. Investigations of the functional capacity of NK effector cells following CD16 engagement in HIV+ subjects are lacking. We used the ADCC-GranToxiLux (ADCC-GTL) assay to assess the frequency of GrB+ (%GrB+) cells generated by effector cells from 37 HIV+ SPs and 15 progressors to gp120-coated CEM.NKr.CCR5 target cells in the presence of anti-Env Abs. Subject groups were stratified according to whether or not they carried educating KIR3DL1/HLA-B combinations able to confer NK cells with functional potential. No differences were observed in %GrB+ target cells generated by effector cells from carriers of educating versus noneducating KIR3DL1/HLA-B pairs. The absence of an effect of NK cell education on this readout may be due to loss of the ability of educated NK cells from SPs to respond to Ab-dependent stimulation and/or the lower frequency of KIR3DL1+ than KIR3DL1- NK cells that coexpress CD16. That KIR/HLA genotypes have minimal impact on interindividual differences in ADCC potency has relevance for therapeutic interventions that target ADCC for HIV control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Isitman
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Irene Lisovsky
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alexandra Tremblay-McLean
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Colin Kovacs
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marianne Harris
- Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Division of AIDS, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, MUHC, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Hematology, MUHC, Montreal, Canada
| | - Julie Bruneau
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mark A. Wainberg
- McGill AIDS Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nicole F. Bernard
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, MUHC, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Clinical Immunology, MUHC, Montreal, Canada
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26
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Zhu L, Chen X, Kong X, Cai YD. Investigation of the roles of trace elements during hepatitis C virus infection using protein-protein interactions and a shortest path algorithm. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2756-68. [PMID: 27208424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis is a type of infectious disease that induces inflammation of the liver without pinpointing a particular pathogen or pathogenesis. Type C hepatitis, as a type of hepatitis, has been reported to induce cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma within a very short amount of time. It is a great threat to human health. Some studies have revealed that trace elements are associated with infection with and immune rejection against hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is still unclear. METHODS In this study, we aimed to expand our knowledge of this phenomenon by designing a computational method to identify genes that may be related to both HCV and trace element metabolic processes. The searching procedure included three stages. First, a shortest path algorithm was applied to a large network, constructed by protein-protein interactions, to identify potential genes of interest. Second, a permutation test was executed to exclude false discoveries. Finally, some rules based on the betweenness and associations between candidate genes and HCV and trace elements were built to select core genes among the remaining genes. RESULTS 12 lists of genes, corresponding to 12 types of trace elements, were obtained. These genes are deemed to be associated with HCV infection and trace elements metabolism. CONCLUSIONS The analyses indicate that some genes may be related to both HCV and trace element metabolic processes, further confirming the associations between HCV and trace elements. The method was further tested on another set of HCV genes, the results indicate that this method is quite robustness. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The newly found genes may partially reveal unknown mechanisms between HCV infection and trace element metabolism. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "System Genetics" Guest Editor: Dr. Yudong Cai and Dr. Tao Huang.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiuCun Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - XiJia Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyin Kong
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Dong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China.
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27
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He X, Simoneau CR, Granoff ME, Lunemann S, Dugast AS, Shao Y, Altfeld M, Körner C. Assessment of the antiviral capacity of primary natural killer cells by optimized in vitro quantification of HIV-1 replication. J Immunol Methods 2016; 434:53-60. [PMID: 27094484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite a growing number of studies investigating the impact of natural killer (NK) cells on HIV-1 pathogenesis, the exact mechanism by which NK cells recognize HIV-1-infected cells and exert immunological pressure on HIV-1 remains unknown. Previously several groups including ours have introduced autologous HIV-1-infected CD4(+) T cells as suitable target cells to study NK-cell function in response to HIV-1 infection in vitro. Here, we re-evaluated and optimized a standardized in vitro assay that allows assessing the antiviral capacity of NK cells. This includes the implementation of HIV-1 RNA copy numbers as readout for NK-cell-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 replication and the investigation of inter-assay variation in comparison to previous methods, such as HIV-1 p24 Gag production and frequency of p24(+) CD4(+) T cells. Furthermore, we investigated the possibility to hasten the duration of the assay and provide concepts for downstream applications. Autologous CD4(+) T cells and NK cells were obtained from peripheral blood of HIV-negative healthy individuals and were separately enriched through negative selection. CD4(+) T cells were infected with the HIV-1 strain JR-CSF at an MOI of 0.01. Infected CD4(+) T cells were then co-cultured with primary NK cells at various effector:target ratios for up to 14days. Supernatants obtained from media exchanged at days 4, 7, 11 and 14 were used for quantification of HIV-1 p24 Gag and HIV-1 RNA copy numbers. In addition, frequency of infected CD4(+) T cells was determined by flow cytometric detection of intracellular p24 Gag. The assay displayed minimal inter-assay variation when utilizing viral RNA quantification or p24 Gag concentration for the assessment of viral replication. Viral RNA quantification was more rigorous to display magnitude and kinetics of NK-cell-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 replication, longitudinally and between tested individuals. The results of this study demonstrate that NK-cell-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 replication can be reliably quantified in vitro, and that viral RNA quantification is comparable to p24 Gag quantification via ELISA, providing a robust measurement for NK-cell-mediated inhibition of viral replication. Overall, the described assay provides an optimized tool to study the antiviral capacity of NK cells against HIV-1 and an additional experimental tool to investigate the molecular determinants of NK-cell recognition of virus-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan He
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Camille R Simoneau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Mitchell E Granoff
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Sebastian Lunemann
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Anne-Sophie Dugast
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Yiming Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Christian Körner
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
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28
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Hens J, Jennes W, Kestens L. The role of NK cells in HIV-1 protection: autologous, allogeneic or both? AIDS Res Ther 2016; 13:15. [PMID: 26997965 PMCID: PMC4799629 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-016-0099-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells specialize in killing virally infected- or tumor cells and are part of the innate immune system. The activational state of NK cells is determined by the balance of incoming activating and inhibitory signals mediated by receptor-ligand binding with the target cell. These receptor-ligand bonds mainly consist of the killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR), which are expressed at the cell surface of NK cells, and their ligands: the highly variable human leukocyte antigen -class I molecules (HLA). Absence of an inhibitory receptor-ligand bond lowers the NK cell activation threshold, whereas an activating receptor-ligand bond stimulates the cell, potentially overcoming this threshold and triggering NK cell activation. NK cells influence the course of infection as well as the acquisition of HIV-1. Several lines of evidence relate the activating NK cell receptor KIR3DS1, in the presence or absence of its putative ligand HLA-Bw4, with slower disease progression as well as resistance to HIV-1 infection. Overall, resistance to HIV-1 infection predominantly correlates with activating KIR/HLA profiles, consisting of e.g. activating KIRs, group B haplotypes, or inhibitory KIRs in absence of their ligands. Such a conclusion is less evident for studies of HIV-1 disease progression, with studies reporting beneficial as well as detrimental effects of activating KIR/HLA genotypes. It is likely that KIR/HLA association studies are complicated by the complexity of the KIR and HLA loci and their mutual interactions, as well as by additional factors like route of HIV exposure, immune activation, presence of co-infections, and the effect of anti-HIV-1 antibodies. One newly discovered NK cell activation pathway associated with resistance to HIV-1 infection involves the presence of an iKIR/HLA mismatch between partners. The absence of such an iKIR/HLA bond renders donor-derived allogeneic HIV-1 infected cells vulnerable to NK cell responses during HIV-1 transmission. Therefore, theoretically, HIV-1 would be eliminated before it has the chance to infect the autologous cells in the recipient. While this “alloreactive” NK cell mechanism is especially relevant to HIV transmission in monogamous couples, it would be interesting to investigate how it could influence resistance to HIV in other settings. The objective of this review is to summarize the knowledge about these autologous and alloreactive NK cell responses with regard to HIV-1 outcome.
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29
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Gooneratne SL, Center RJ, Kent SJ, Parsons MS. Functional advantage of educated KIR2DL1(+) natural killer cells for anti-HIV-1 antibody-dependent activation. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 184:101-9. [PMID: 26647083 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from the RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial implicates anti-HIV-1 antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in vaccine-conferred protection from infection. Among effector cells that mediate ADCC are natural killer (NK) cells. The ability of NK cells to be activated in an antibody-dependent manner is reliant upon several factors. In general, NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent activation is most robust in terminally differentiated CD57(+) NK cells, as well as NK cells educated through ontological interactions between inhibitory killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and their major histocompatibility complex class I [MHC-I or human leucocyte antigen (HLA-I)] ligands. With regard to anti-HIV-1 antibody-dependent NK cell activation, previous research has demonstrated that the epidemiologically relevant KIR3DL1/HLA-Bw4 receptor/ligand combination confers enhanced activation potential. In the present study we assessed the ability of the KIR2DL1/HLA-C2 receptor/ligand combination to confer enhanced activation upon direct stimulation with HLA-I-devoid target cells or antibody-dependent stimulation with HIV-1 gp140-pulsed CEM.NKr-CCR5 target cells in the presence of an anti-HIV-1 antibody source. Among donors carrying the HLA-C2 ligand for KIR2DL1, higher interferon (IFN)-γ production was observed within KIR2DL1(+) NK cells than in KIR2DL1(-) NK cells upon both direct and antibody-dependent stimulation. No differences in KIR2DL1(+) and KIR2DL1(-) NK cell activation were observed in HLA-C1 homozygous donors. Additionally, higher activation in KIR2DL1(+) than KIR2DL1(-) NK cells from HLA-C2 carrying donors was observed within less differentiated CD57(-) NK cells, demonstrating that the observed differences were due to education and not an overabundance of KIR2DL1(+) NK cells within differentiated CD57(+) NK cells. These observations are relevant for understanding the regulation of anti-HIV-1 antibody-dependent NK cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Gooneratne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - R J Center
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - S J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Carlton, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - M S Parsons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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30
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Naranbhai V, de Assis Rosa D, Werner L, Moodley R, Hong H, Kharsany A, Mlisana K, Sibeko S, Garrett N, Chopera D, Carr WH, Abdool Karim Q, Hill AVS, Abdool Karim SS, Altfeld M, Gray CM, Ndung'u T. Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (KIR) gene profiles modify HIV disease course, not HIV acquisition in South African women. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:27. [PMID: 26809736 PMCID: PMC4727384 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1361-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR) interact with Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) to modify natural killer- and T-cell function. KIR are implicated in HIV acquisition by small studies that have not been widely replicated. A role for KIR in HIV disease progression is more widely replicated and supported by functional studies. METHODS To assess the role of KIR and KIR ligands in HIV acquisition and disease course, we studied at-risk women in South Africa between 2004-2010. Logistic regression was used for nested case-control analysis of 154 women who acquired vs. 155 who did not acquire HIV, despite high exposure. Linear mixed-effects models were used for cohort analysis of 139 women followed prospectively for a median of 54 months (IQR 31-69) until 2014. RESULTS Neither KIR repertoires nor HLA alleles were associated with HIV acquisition. However, KIR haplotype BB was associated with lower viral loads (-0.44 log10 copies/ml; SE = 0.18; p = 0.03) and higher CD4+ T-cell counts (+80 cells/μl; SE = 42; p = 0.04). This was largely explained by the protective effect of KIR2DL2/KIR2DS2 on the B haplotype and reciprocal detrimental effect of KIR2DL3 on the A haplotype. CONCLUSIONS Although neither KIR nor HLA appear to have a role in HIV acquisition, our data are consistent with involvement of KIR2DL2 in HIV control. Additional studies to replicate these findings are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Naranbhai
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. .,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,HIV Pathogenesis Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - D de Assis Rosa
- National Institute of Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa. .,University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - L Werner
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - R Moodley
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - H Hong
- Division of Virology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - A Kharsany
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - K Mlisana
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - S Sibeko
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - N Garrett
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - D Chopera
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - W H Carr
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. .,City University of New York - Medgar Evers College, New York, USA. .,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, Boston, USA.
| | - Q Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. .,Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA.
| | - A V S Hill
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - S S Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. .,Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA.
| | - M Altfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, Boston, USA. .,Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - C M Gray
- National Institute of Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa. .,University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - T Ndung'u
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. .,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, Boston, USA. .,KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. .,Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Chariteplatz, D-10117, Berlin, Germany.
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31
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Abstract
Natural killer cells are a diverse group of innate lymphocytes that are specialized to rapidly respond to cancerous or virus-infected cells. NK cell function is controlled by the integration of signals from activating and inhibitory receptors expressed at the cell surface. Variegated expression patterns of these activating and inhibitory receptors at the single cell level leads to a highly diverse NK cell repertoire. Here I review the factors that influence NK cell repertoire diversity and its functional consequences for our ability to fight viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. Blish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine
- Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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32
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Ansari AW, Ahmad F, Meyer-Olson D, Kamarulzaman A, Jacobs R, Schmidt RE. Natural killer cell heterogeneity: cellular dysfunction and significance in HIV-1 immuno-pathogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3037-49. [PMID: 25939268 PMCID: PMC11113101 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune effectors that provide first line of defence against viruses. Human NK cells are heterogeneous in nature, and their functions rely on a dynamic balance between germ-line-encoded activating and inhibitory receptors. HIV-1 infection results in altered NK cell receptor repertoire and impaired effector functions including the ability to lyse virus-infected cells and secretion of antiviral cytokine IFN-γ. Over the last decade, additional NK cell subset-specific molecules have been identified, leading to emergence of a more complex cellular diversity than previously thought. Herein, we discuss NK cell subset redistribution, altered receptor repertoire and influence of interaction of polymorphic leucocyte antigen (HLA) and killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) on HIV-1 disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Wahid Ansari
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lambah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lambah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fareed Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Meyer-Olson
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lambah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lambah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Roland Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold E. Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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33
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Innate immunity against HIV-1 infection. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:554-62. [PMID: 25988887 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During acute HIV-1 infection, viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns are recognized by pathogen-recognition receptors (PRRs) of infected cells, which triggers a signaling cascade that initiates innate intracellular antiviral defenses aimed at restricting the replication and spread of the virus. This cell-intrinsic response propagates outward via the action of secreted factors such as cytokines and chemokines that activate innate immune cells and attract them to the site of infection and to local lymphatic tissue. Antiviral innate effector cells can subsequently contribute to the control of viremia and modulate the quality of the adaptive immune response to HIV-1. The concerted actions of PRR signaling, specific viral-restriction factors, innate immune cells, innate-adaptive immune crosstalk and viral evasion strategies determine the outcome of HIV-1 infection and immune responses.
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